Sweetener and flavor compositions, methods of making and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

Sweetener and flavor compositions with improved taste profiles are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of making and methods of using such sweetener and flavor compositions.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/668,580, filed May 8, 2018, U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/696,481, filed Jul. 11, 2018, U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 62/744,755, filed Oct. 12, 2018, U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/771,485, filed Nov. 26, 2018and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/775,983, filed Dec.6, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/819,980, filed Mar.18, 2019 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/841,858, filed May2, 2019, the contents of which are expressly incorporated herein byreference for all purposes.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to the application of Maillardreaction technology to sweeteners and flavoring agents, and their use infood and beverage products.

BACKGROUND

Caloric sugars are widely used in the food and beverage industry.However, there is a growing trend toward use of more healthyalternatives, including non-caloric or low caloric sweeteners. Popularnon-caloric sweeteners include high intensity synthetic sweeteners, suchas aspartame (e.g., NutraSweet, Equal), sucralose (Splenda), andacesulfame potassium (also known as acesulfame K, or Ace-K), as well ashigh intensity natural sweeteners, which are typically derived fromplants, such as Stevia.

Despite the widespread use of non-caloric sweeteners, which are gainingin popularity, many consumers are reluctant to use these products, sincetheir taste properties are often considered to insufficiently mimic thetaste profile of caloric sugars, such as sucrose. Therefore, there is aneed in further developing and enhancing the taste properties of naturalsweeteners to better reproduce the taste properties associated withconventional sugar products, so as to provide increased consumersatisfaction.

SUMMARY

The inventors of the present application have surprisingly found thatsteviol glycosides can bind the volatiles of various flavors used infood, beverages, cosmetics, feeds and pharmaceuticals. Steviolglycosides treated by the methods disclosed herein are widely soluble inwater, water/alcohol, alcohol, and other organic solvents used for theflavor industry at different temperatures. The Stevia compositions couldnaturally encapsulate the flavor produced during the processes describedherein. Therefore, they are also excellent carriers for encapsulatingmaterial for flavors, including but not limited to flavors and spicesoriginated from plants such as bark, flowers, fruits, leaves, andanimals, including concentrated meat and sea food soups etc., and theirextracts such as essential oils, etc.

In one aspect, a processed flavor is added to a Stevia solution, thendried into a powder by any method, including but not limited tospray-drying, crystallization, tray-drying, freeze drying etc. Thus,volatile flavors can be preserved. Normally, MRP flavors have to bemaintained at low temperatures, such as 10° C. An advantage of thepresent embodiments is that encapsulation of flavors by steviolglycosides can be kept at room temperature or even higher temperatureswithout significant loss of flavor. Further, the antioxidant propertiesof MRPs can play an additional role in protecting these flavors. Inaddition, depending on the desired product(s), compositions can bedesigned to enhance a foam for a specific application, such asfoamed/frothy coffee. In addition, an anti-foaming agent can be addedtogether or separately during the reaction processes described herein,such that the product can be used to prevent foaming for beveragebottling applications.

Maillard reactions create orthonasal and retronasal taste(s). Thetypically associated off-taste of steviol glycosides is either removedor masked with MRPs added to the steviol glycoside(s) and creates anoverall good smell and taste of the resulting composition. MRPs increasethe bitterness threshold of steviol glycosides and enhance intensity ofsweetness, thus making steviol glycosides useful for sugar replacementor sugar reduction in a product. The inventors have surprisingly foundthat the flavors of compositions herein are the result of the processnot only characterized by Maillard reaction between sugar donor andamine donor, but that the flavors are also synergized by differentgroups of steviol glycosides with or without non-steviol glycosidesubstances.

The volatile substances produced during the Maillard reactions aresurprisingly retained by the Stevia, including non-volatiles, so theprocesses described herein substantially improve both the taste and odorand consequently, improve the overall profile of steviol glycosides tobe sugar-like, honey-like, chocolate, caramel, etc. The mixture of MRPs,including initial and final SGs from the Maillard reaction provide newodor and taste profiles. The initial SGs' typical undesired tastefeatures are therefore reduced by the processes and compositionsdescribed herein and are no longer recognized as low purity SGs, whichnormally possess grassy tastes and smells.

In one aspect, the present application provides a sweetening orflavoring composition comprises: (1) a Maillard reaction product (MRP)composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising: (a) one or morereducing sugars having a free carbonyl group, and (b) one or more aminedonors having a free amino group; and (2) a Stevia extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, one or more purified steviol glycosides,and/or one or more glycosylated steviol glycosides, wherein the MRPcomposition is present in the sweetener composition in an amount in therange of 0.1-99 wt %.

In a particular embodiment, the sweetener or flavoring agent compositioncomprises: (1) a first component comprising Maillard reaction product(MRP) composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising: (a) aStevia extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, one or more purifiedsteviol glycosides, and/or one or more glycosylated steviol glycosides;(b) one or more amine donors having a free amino group; and (2) a secondcomponent comprising one or more sweeteners, wherein the first andsecond components are present in the sweetener composition in an amountin the ranges of 1-100% of the sweetener composition.

In another aspect, the present application provides a non-Steviolglycoside sweetener-derived MRP composition comprising: a Maillardreaction product (MRP) composition formed from a reaction mixturecomprising: (A) a non-Stevia sweetener; (B) a reducing sugar having afree carbonyl group; and (C) one or more amine donors having a freeamino group, wherein the non-Stevia sweetener is selected from the groupconsisting of sweet tea extracts, swingle extracts, glycosylated sweettea extracts, glycosylated swingle extracts, glycosylated sweet teaglycosides, glycosylated mogrosides, glycyrrhizin, glycosylatedglycyrrhizin, rubusoside, glycosylated rubusoside, suaviosides,glycosylated suaviosides, mogrosides, glycosylated mogrosides andsucralose, and wherein the MRP composition is present in the compositionin an amount in the range of 0.0001-100 wt %.

In another embodiment, the present application provides a beveragecontaining a non-Steviol glycoside sweetener-derived MRP (NS-MRP)composition, wherein the NS-MRP composition is formed from a reactionmixture comprising: (A) a non-Stevia sweetener; (B) a reducing sugarhaving a free carbonyl group; and (C) one or more amine donors having afree amino group; and wherein the non-Stevia sweetener is selected fromthe group consisting of sweet tea extracts, swingle extracts,glycosylated sweet tea extracts, glycosylated swingle extracts,glycosylated sweet tea glycosides, glycyrrhizin, glycosylatedglycyrrhizin, rubusoside, glycosylated rubusoside, suaviosides,glycosylated suaviosides, mogrosides, glycosylated mogrosides andsucralose, and wherein the MRP composition is present in the thebeverage in an final concentration in the range of 1-15,000 ppm.

In another aspect, the present application provides a beveragecontaining an MRP composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising:(1) one or more Stevia extracts, one or more glycosylated Steviaextracts, one or more steviol glycosides, and/or one or moreglycosylated steviol glycosides, and (2) one or more amine donors havinga free amino group.

In a more particular embodiment, the present application provide abeverage containing an MRP composition formed from a reaction mixturecomprising: (1) an added Maillard reaction product (MRP) compositionformed from a reaction mixture comprising one or more reducing sugarshaving a free carbonyl group, and one or more amine donors having a freeamino group, and (2) one or more Stevia extracts, one or moreglycosylated Stevia extracts, one or more purified steviol glycosides,and/or one or more glycosylated steviol glycosides, wherein the MRPcomposition is present in the beverage at a final concentration of1-15,000 ppm.

In another aspect, the present application provides a beveragecomprising a steviol glycoside-derived MRP (S-MRP) composition, whereinthe S-MRP composition is formed from a reaction mixture comprising: (1)a Stevia extract and/or a glycosylated Stevia extracts; and (2) one ormore amine donors having a free amino group, wherein the MRP compositioncomprises an Amadori product, and wherein the S-MRP composition ispresent in the beverage in a final concentration of 1-15,000 ppm.

In a particular embodiment, the beverage comprises an S-MRP compositionformed from a reaction mixture comprising: (1) a Stevia extract and/or aglycosylated Stevia extract; (2) one or more reducing sugars having afree carbonyl group; and (3) one or more amine donors having a freeamino group, wherein the MRP composition comprises an Amadori product,and wherein the MRP composition is present in the beverage in a finalconcentration of 1-15,000 ppm.

In another aspect, the present application provides a method forimproving the taste profile of a beverage by adding an S-MRP compositionthereto, wherein the S-MRP composition is produced by: (1) heating areaction mixture comprising (a) a steviol glycoside (SG) containingcomposition and one or more amine donors comprising a free amino group;or (2) heating a reaction mixture comprising (a) an SG-containingcomposition, (b) one or more amine donors comprising a free amino group,and (c) one or more reducing sugars comprising a free carbonyl group.

In a particular embodiment, the method for improving the taste profileof a beverage includes the step of adding an MRP composition to thebeverage, wherein the MRP composition is produced by heating a reactionmixture comprising (a) one or more amine donors comprising a free aminogroup; and (b) one or more reducing sugars comprising a free carbonylgroup.

In another embodiment, a method for improving the taste profile of abeverage includes the steps of: (1) adding an MRP composition to thebeverage, wherein the MRP composition is produced by heating a reactionmixture for a period of time sufficient to initiate a Maillard reaction,wherein the reaction mixture comprises: (A) one or more reducing sugarscomprising a free carbonyl group, and (B) one or more amine donorscomprising a free amino group; and (2) adding a sweetener composition tothe beverage to produce a final product, wherein the sweetenercomposition comprises one or more Stevia extracts, one or moreglycosylated Stevia extracts, one or more purified steviol glycosides,and/or one or more glycosylated steviol glycosides, wherein the MRPcomposition is present in the final product in a concentration of0.1-15,000 ppm.

In another aspect, a method for improving the taste profile of a bakeryproduct includes the steps of: (1) preparing a dough comprising: (A) aMaillard reaction product (MRP) composition formed from a reactionmixture comprising: (i) one or more reducing sugars having a freecarbonyl group, and (ii) one or more amine donors having a free aminogroup; and (B) one or more amine donors having a free amino group; and(2) baking the dough to produce the bakery product.

In another aspect, the present application provides a food product orbeverage comprising a non-volatile component from an S-MRP composition.

In one embodiment, the food product includes one or more non-volatilecompounds from an MRP composition formed from a reaction mixturecomprising: (i) a Stevia extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, one ormore purified steviol glycosides, and/or one or more glycosylatedsteviol glycosides; and (ii) one or more amine donors having a freeamino group, wherein the one or more non-volatile compounds are presentin the food product in an amount in the range of 0.0001-99 wt % of thefood product.

In another embodiment, the beverage includes one or more non-volatilecompounds from a Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition formed froma reaction mixture comprising: (i) a Stevia extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, one or more purified steviol glycosides, and/or one ormore glycosylated steviol glycosides; and (ii) one or more amine donorshaving a free amino group, wherein the one or more non-volatilecompounds are present in the beverage in an final concentration in therange of 1 ppm-15,000 ppm.

In another aspect, a method for improving the taste or mouth feel of afood product comprises the steps of adding an MRP composition during thepreparation of a food product to produce a final product, wherein theMRP composition is produced by: (1) heating a reaction mixturecomprising (a) an steviol glycoside (SG)-containing composition and (b)one or more amine donors comprising a free amino group; or (2) heating areaction mixture comprising (a) an SG-containing composition, (b) one ormore amine donors comprising a free amino group, and (c) one or morereducing sugars comprising a free carbonyl group; or (3) heating areaction mixture comprising (a) an SG-containing composition, (b) one ormore amine donors comprising a free amino group, (c) one or morereducing sugars comprising a free carbonyl group, and (d) thaumatin.

In another aspect, a method for improving the taste or mouth feel of asweetener composition comprises the step of adding an MRP composition tothe sweetener composition to produce a final product, wherein the MRPcomposition is produced by heating a reaction mixture comprising: (1)one or more reducing sugars having a free carbonyl group; and (2) one ormore amine donors having a free amino group, wherein the MRP compositionis present in the final product in an amount of 0.0001-10 wt %.

In a further aspect, the present application provides a doughcomprising: (1) a Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition formedfrom a reaction mixture comprising: (a) a first component comprising oneor more reducing sugars having a free carbonyl group, and (b) one ormore amine donors having a free amino group; and (2) a second componentcomprising a Stevia extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, one or morepurified steviol glycosides, and/or one or more glycosylated steviolglycosides, wherein the first and second components are present in thedough in a total amount in the range of 0.0001-20 wt % of the dough.

In another embodiment, the present application provides a doughcomprising: (1) a first component comprising a Maillard reaction product(MRP) composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising: (a) aStevia extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, one or more purifiedsteviol glycosides, and/or one or more glycosylated steviol glycosides,and (b) one or more amine donors having a free amino group; and (2) asecond component comprising one or more sweeteners, wherein the firstand second components are present in the dough in a total amount in therange of 0.0001-50 wt % of the dough.

In a further aspect, the present application provides a dairy productcomprising: (1) a first component comprising an MRP composition formedfrom a reaction mixture comprising: (a) one or more reducing sugarshaving a free carbonyl group, and (b) one or more amine donors having afree amino group; and (2) a second component comprising a Steviaextract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, one or more purified steviolglycosides, and/or one or more glycosylated steviol glycosides, whereinthe first and second components are present in the dairy product in atotal amount in the range of 0.0001-10 wt % of the dairy product.

In another embodiment, the dairy product comprises: (1) a firstcomponent comprising an MRP composition formed from a reaction mixturecomprising: (a) a Stevia extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, one ormore purified steviol glycosides, and/or one or more glycosylatedsteviol glycosides, and (b) one or more amine donors having a free aminogroup; and (2) a second component comprising one or more sweeteners,wherein the first and second components are present in the dairy productin a total amount in the range of 0.0001-10 wt % of the dairy product.

While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of thepresent invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from thefollowing detailed description. As will be apparent, the invention iscapable of modifications in various obvious aspects, without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, thedetailed descriptions herein are to be regarded as illustrative innature and not restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a relationship between the intensity of floral taste tothe ratio of Stevia to glucose and phenylalanine mixtures.

FIG. 2 depicts a relationship between the intensity of tangerine tasteto the ratio of Stevia to galactose and glutamic acid mixtures.

FIG. 3 depicts a relationship between the intensity of peach taste tothe ratio of Stevia to mannose and lysine mixtures.

FIG. 4 depicts a relationship between the intensity of chocolate tasteto the ratio of Stevia to mannose and valine mixtures.

FIG. 5 depicts a relationship between the intensity of popcorn taste tothe ratio of Stevia to mannose and proline mixtures.

FIG. 6 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of X&P mixture to Stevia extract.

FIG. 7 depicts relationship between the Overall-likeability score to theratio of X&P mixture to Stevia extract.

FIG. 8 depicts the comparison between the products of EX41-1 and EX41-2.

FIG. 9 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of R&A mixture to Stevia extract.

FIG. 10 depicts the relationship between the Overall likeability scoreto the ratio of R&A mixture to Stevia extract.

FIG. 11 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of G&P mixture to Stevia extract.

FIG. 12 depicts the relationship between the Overall likeability scoreto the ratio of G&P mixture to Stevia extract.

FIG. 13 depicts the comparison between the products of EX45-3 andEX45-4.

FIG. 14 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of R&V mixture to Stevia extract.

FIG. 15 depicts the relationship between the Overall likeability scoreto the ratio of R&V mixture to Stevia extract.

FIG. 16 depicts the comparison between the products of EX48-1 andEX48-2.

FIG. 17 depicts the comparison between the products of EX49-1 andEX49-2.

FIG. 18 depicts a flow diagram for testing of mixtures of amino acids,steviol glycosides and reaction products.

FIG. 19 depicts an MS-Chromatogram 1, MRP (SIM m/z=309) observed afterreaction of 0.1 mMol Lys+0.1 mMol Gluc in 10 ml glycerin/water=9/1 at100° C. for 40 minutes.

FIG. 20 depicts an MS-spectrum related to FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 depicts an MS-Chromatogram 2, MRI (SIM m/z=309) observed afterreaction of 0.1 mMol Lys+0.1 mMol Reb-A (upper lane) or 0.05 mMolReb-B/Glu (lower lane) in 10 ml glycerin/water=9/1 at 100° C. for 40minutes.

FIG. 22 depicts an MS-Chromatogram 3, MRI (SIM m/z=298 observed afterreaction of 3.3 mMol Phe+10 mMol Xyl in 10 ml glycerin/water=9/1 at 100°C. for 20 minutes.

FIG. 23 depicts an MS-Spectrum related to FIG. 22.

FIG. 24 depicts a UV-Chromatogram, 254 nm observed after reaction of 3.3mMol Phe+10 mMol Xyl in 10 ml glycerin/water=9/1 at 100° C. for 20minutes.

FIG. 25 depicts a MS-Chromatogram (direct injection) obtained forreaction of 3.3 mMol Phe+10 mMol Glu (upper lane) or Xyl (lower lane) in10 ml glycerin/water=9/1 at 100° C. for 20 minutes.

FIG. 26 depicts an MS-Chromatogram (head-space injection) obtained forreaction 0.1 mMol Phe+0.1 mMol Reb-A in 10 ml glycerin/water=9/1 at 100°C. for 40 minutes.

FIG. 27 depicts an MS-Chromatogram (head-space injection) obtained forreaction 0.1 mMol Phe+0.05 mMol Reb-B/0.05 mMol Glu in 10 mlglycerin/water=9/1 at 100° C. for 40 minutes.

FIG. 28 depicts a chromatogram for reacted Phenylalanine and Reb-A,Upper Lane MS (SIM 1146), lower lane UV=205.

FIG. 29 depicts a mass spectrum of Reb-A (m/z 985=M+H₂O+H]⁺).

FIG. 30 depicts a mass spectrum of Reb-B (m/z 823=[M−162+H₂O+H]⁺).

FIG. 31 depicts a mass spectrum of Reb-A MRP (m/z1146=Reb-A+Phenylalanine (Schiff's Base)+H+H₂0]⁺) with proposed m/z1146=[M+H₂O+H]⁺, m/z 1000=[M+H₂O+H−164+H₂O]⁺ indicating loss of Phe andaddition of one molecule H₂O, m/z 582=[2M−H₂O]⁺.

FIG. 32 depicts a chromatogram of the reaction Phe+Glucuronic Acid (SIMmode). Upper Lane: m/z=166 (Phe), m/z=328 (Mill Phe+Glucose), m/z=343.2(Phe+Glucuronic Acid).

FIG. 33 depicts a chromatogram of the reaction of Phe+Glucose+GlucuronicAcid (SIM mode). Upper Lane: m/z=166 (Phe), m/z=328 (MM Phe+Glucose),m/z=343.2 (Phe+Glucuronic Acid).

FIG. 34 depicts a chromatogram of the reaction Phe+Glucuronolactone (SIMmode). Upper Lane: m/z=166 (Phe), m/z=328 (Mill Phe+Glucose), m/z=343.2(Phe+Glucuronolactone).

FIG. 35 depicts a chromatogram of the reaction ofPhe+Glucose+Glucuronolactone (SIM mode). Upper Lane: m/z=166 (Phe),m/z=328 (MM Phe+Glucose), m/z=343.2 (Phe+Glucuronolactone).

FIG. 36 depicts a chromatogram of unreacted reactants, Glucuronic Acid(SIM mode). Upper Lane Glucuronic Acid, medium lane lower Phe+GlucuronicAcid, lower lane Phe+Glu+Glucuronic Acid.

FIG. 37 depicts a chromatogram of unreacted reactants Glucuronolactone(SIM mode). Upper Lane Glucuronolactone, medium lane lowerPhe+Glucuronolactone, lower lane Phe+Glu+Glucuronolactone.

FIG. 38 depicts a chromatogram of Ala+SG Sample No. 1-1, upper laneMS-TIC, lower lane m/z=319 (selective for SGs).

FIG. 39 depicts a chromatogram of Phe+SG Sample No. 1-1, upper laneMS-trace, lower lane UV=254 nm).

FIG. 40 depicts a chromatogram of Lys+SG Sample No. 1-1, upper laneMS-trace, lower lane UV=254 nm).

FIG. 41 depicts a chromatogram of Phe+SG Sample No. 1-1, m/z=1146 (SIM)indicative for MM Phe+SG (SG m_(r)=966).

FIG. 42 depicts chromatogram of Ala+SG Sample No. 1-1, m/z=274 (SIM)indicative for MM Ala+Glu (M+Na⁺).

FIG. 43 depicts a chromatogram of Lys+SG Sample No. 1-1, m/z=969 (SIM)indicative for MRI Lys+SG (SG m_(r)=804, [M+H₂O+H]).

FIG. 44 depicts a chromatogram of a sugar degradation product and MSspectrum with corresponding m/z values. Upper lane Phe+SG Sample No.1-1, medium lane Ala+SG Sample No. 1-1, lower lane Lys+SG Sample No.1-1.

FIG. 45 depicts a chromatogram (UV/VIS=254 nm), upper lane startingconcentration of phenylalanine, lower lane end concentration ofphenylalanine.

FIG. 46 depicts the decay of phenylalanine at 120° C. over time.

FIG. 47 depicts a chromatogram (MS/SIM m/z=175 [M+Na]⁺), upper lanestarting concentration of glucose, lower lane end concentration ofglucose.

FIG. 48 depicts the decay of glucose at 120° C. over time.

FIG. 49 shows active iron-III reduction of combinations of amino acidsand Reb-A.

FIG. 50 shows radical scavenging properties of combinations of aminoacids and Reb-A.

FIG. 51 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of xylose to phenylalanine.

FIG. 52 shows the relationship between the Overall likeability score tothe ratio of xylose to phenylalanine.

FIG. 53 shows the sensory evaluation with respect to coffee sweetenedwith sugar, RA60/SG95 or with Flora MRP.

FIG. 54 shows the sensory evaluation with respect to Red Bull sugar freewith thaumatin or thaumatin and Flora MRP.

FIG. 55 shows the sensory evaluation with respect to Monster Energydrink with thaumatin or thaumatin and Flora MRP.

FIG. 56 shows the sensory evaluation with respect to Starbucks vanillaFrappuccino with thaumatin or thaumatin and Flora MRP.

FIG. 57 shows the sensory evaluation with respect to Starbuck caramelFrappuccino with thaumatin or thaumatin and caramel MRP.

FIG. 58 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of phenylalanine to xylose of example 90.

FIG. 59 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of phenylalanine to xylose of example 90.

FIG. 60 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of sucralose to the mixture of xylose and phenylalanine ofexample 91.

FIG. 61 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of sucralose to the mixture of xylose and phenylalanine ofexample 91.

FIG. 62 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of proline to rhamnose of example 92.

FIG. 63 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of proline to rhamnose of example 92.

FIG. 64 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of sucralose to the mixture of proline and rhamnose of example93.

FIG. 65 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of sucralose to the mixture of proline and rhamnose ofexample 93.

FIG. 66 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of alanine to xylose of example 94.

FIG. 67 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of alanine to xylose of example 94.

FIG. 68 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of sucralose to the mixture of alanine and xylose of example95.

FIG. 69 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of sucralose to the mixture of alanine and xylose ofexample 95.

FIG. 70 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of MRP-CH to RA of example 106.

FIG. 71 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of MRP-CH to RA of example 106.

FIG. 72 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of S-MRP-CH to RA of example 107.

FIG. 73 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-CH to RA of example 107.

FIG. 74 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of TS-MRP-CH to RA of example 108.

FIG. 75 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-CH to RA of example 108.

FIG. 76 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of STV to MRP-FL of example 109.

FIG. 77 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of STV to MRP-FL of example 109.

FIG. 78 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of STV to S-MRP-FL of example 110.

FIG. 79 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of STV to S-MRP-FL of example 110.

FIG. 80 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of STV to TS-MRP-FL of example 111.

FIG. 81 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of STV to TS-MRP-FL of example 111.

FIG. 82 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of RD to MRP-FL of example 112.

FIG. 83 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of RD to MRP-FL of example 112.

FIG. 84 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of RD to S-MRP-FL of example 113.

FIG. 85 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of RD to S-MRP-FL of example 113.

FIG. 86 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of RD to TS-MRP-FL of example 114.

FIG. 87 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of RD to TS-MRP-FL of example 114.

FIG. 88 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of RM to MRP-CA of example 115.

FIG. 89 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of RM to MRP-CA of example 115.

FIG. 90 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of RM to S-MRP-CA of example 116.

FIG. 91 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of RM to S-MRP-CA of example 116.

FIG. 92 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of RM to TS-MRP-CA of example 117.

FIG. 93 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of RM to TS-MRP-CA of example 117.

FIG. 94 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of MRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) of example 118.

FIG. 95 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of MRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) of example 118.

FIG. 96 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of S-MRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) of example 119.

FIG. 97 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) of example 119.

FIG. 98 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of TS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) of example 120.

FIG. 99 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) of example 120.

FIG. 100 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of MRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) of example 121.

FIG. 101 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of MRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) of example 121.

FIG. 102 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) of example 122.

FIG. 103 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) of example 122.

FIG. 104 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) of example 123.

FIG. 105 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) of example 123.

FIG. 106 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) of example 124.

FIG. 107 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) of example 124.

FIG. 108 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) of example 125.

FIG. 109 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) of example 125.

FIG. 110 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) of example 126.

FIG. 111 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) of example 126.

FIG. 112 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of MRP-CA to RU of example 127.

FIG. 113 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of MRP-CA to RU of example 127.

FIG. 114 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-CA to RU of example 128.

FIG. 115 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-CA to RU of example 128.

FIG. 116 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-CA to RU of example 129.

FIG. 117 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-CA to RU of example 129.

FIG. 118 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of mogroside V20 to MRP-FL of example 130.

FIG. 119 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of mogroside V20 to MRP-FL of example 130.

FIG. 120 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of mogroside V20 to S-MRP-FL of example 131.

FIG. 121 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of mogroside V20 to S-MRP-FL of example 131.

FIG. 122 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of mogroside V20 to TS-MRP-FL of example 132.

FIG. 123 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of mogroside V20 to TS-MRP-FL of example 132.

FIG. 124 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of mogroside V50 to MRP-CA of example 133.

FIG. 125 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of mogroside V50 to MRP-CA of example 133.

FIG. 126 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of mogroside V50 to S-MRP-CA of example 134.

FIG. 127 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of mogroside V50 to S-MRP-CA of example 134.

FIG. 128 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of mogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CA of example 135.

FIG. 129 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of mogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CA of example 135.

FIG. 130 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of sucralose, aspartame to MRP-CH of example 136.

FIG. 131 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of sucralose, aspartame to MRP-CH of example 136.

FIG. 132 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of sucralose, aspartame to S-MRP-CH of example 137.

FIG. 133 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of sucralose, aspartame to S-MRP-CH of example 137.

FIG. 134 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of sucralose, aspartame to TS-MRP-CH of example 138.

FIG. 135 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of sucralose, aspartame to TS-MRP-CH of example 138.

FIG. 136 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of sucralose to MRP-CA of example 139.

FIG. 137 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of sucralose to MRP-CA of example 139.

FIG. 138 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of sucralose to S-MRP-CA of example 140.

FIG. 139 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of sucralose to S-MRP-CA of example 140.

FIG. 140 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of sucralose to TS-MRP-CA of example 141.

FIG. 141 shows the relationship between the overall likeability resultsto the ratio of sucralose to TS-MRP-CA of example 141.

FIG. 142 shows the label of Heinz Ketchup Classic.

FIG. 143 shows the label of Heinz Ketchup 50% reduced sugar & salt.

FIG. 144a shows TIC of the Stevia.

FIG. 144b shows TIC of the standard MRPs.

FIG. 144c shows TIC of the Citrus MRPs.

FIG. 145a shows the molecular structure of (−)-Limonene.

FIG. 145b shows the molecular structure of Nerol.

FIG. 145c shows the molecular structure of Bergamot.

FIG. 145d shows the molecular structure of Aromadendrene Oxide.

FIG. 145e shows the molecular structure of β-Calacorene.

FIG. 145f shows the molecular structure of Ionone.

FIGS. 146a through 146j shows sensory analysis results for tests infinal applications.

FIGS. 147a and 147b show the results of SG-MRPs flavor thresholddetermination.

FIGS. 148a through 148d show the HPLC chromatograms of the samples astested.

FIGS. 149a, 149b and 149c show ESI-MS spectra of 3 peaks related to theStevia extract of example 37, sample A and sample B (9.8, 10.8 and 12.3minutes)

FIGS. 150a, 150b and 150c show UV-VIS spectra of 2 peaks related to theStevia extract from example 37, sample A and sample B (9.8, 10.8 and12.3 minutes).

FIG. 151 upper panel depicts Rebaudioside A after reaction withphenylalanine (pH=7.2, Temp=120° C., t=2 h). Middle panel spectrum showsexpected m/z for Reb-A (m/z=965). Lower panel spectrum shows expectedm/z for Phe+Reb-A (m/z=1113).

FIG. 152 upper panel depicts Rebaudioside A after reaction with tyrosine(pH=7.2, Temp=120° C., t=2 h). Middle panel spectrum shows expected m/zfor Reb-A (m/z=965). Lower panel spectrum shows expected m/z forTyr+Reb-A (m/z=1094).

FIG. 153 upper panel depicts Rebaudioside A after reaction with leucine(pH=7.2, Temp=120° C., t=2 h. Middle panel spectrum shows expected m/zfor Reb-A (m/z=965). Lower panel spectrum shows expected m/z forLeu+Reb-A (m/z=1079).

FIG. 154 upper panel depicts Rebaudioside A after reaction withasparagine (pH=7.2, Temp=120° C., t=2 h). Middle panel spectrum showsexpected m/z for Reb-A (m/z=965). Lower panel spectrum shows expectedm/z for Asn+Reb-A (m/z=1080).

FIG. 155 upper panel depicts Rebaudioside A after reaction withtryptophan (pH=7.2, Temp=120° C., t=2 h). Middle panel spectrum showsexpected m/z for Reb-A (m/z=965). Lower panel spectrum shows expectedm/z for Trp+Reb-A (m/z=1080).

FIG. 156 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to MRP-FL.

FIG. 157 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to MRP-FL.

FIG. 158 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to MRP-CH.

FIG. 159 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to MRP-CH.

FIG. 160 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to MRP-CI.

FIG. 161 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to MRP-CI.

FIG. 162 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to S-MRP-FL.

FIG. 163 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to S-MRP-FL.

FIG. 164 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to S-MRP-CH.

FIG. 165 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to S-MRP-CH.

FIG. 166 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to S-MRP-CI.

FIG. 167 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to S-MRP-CI.

FIG. 168 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to TS-MRP-FL.

FIG. 169 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to TS-MRP-FL.

FIG. 170 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CH.

FIG. 171 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CH.

FIG. 172 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CI.

FIG. 173 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CI.

FIG. 174 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to MRP-CH.

FIG. 175 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to MRP-CH.

FIG. 176 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to MRP-CA.

FIG. 177 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to MRP-CA.

FIG. 178 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to MRP-CI.

FIG. 179 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to MRP-CI.

FIG. 180 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to S-MRP-CH.

FIG. 181 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to S-MRP-CH.

FIG. 182 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to S-MRP-CA.

FIG. 183 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to S-MRP-CA.

FIG. 184 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to S-MRP-CI.

FIG. 185 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to S-MRP-CI.

FIG. 186 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CH.

FIG. 187 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CH.

FIG. 188 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CA.

FIG. 189 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CA.

FIG. 190 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CI.

FIG. 191 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of mogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CI.

FIG. 192 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of MRP-CH to RU.

FIG. 193 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of MRP-CH to RU.

FIG. 194 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of MRP-FL to RU.

FIG. 195 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of MRP-FL to RU.

FIG. 196 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of MRP-CI to RU.

FIG. 197 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of MRP-CI to RU.

FIG. 198 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of S-MRP-CH to RU.

FIG. 199 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of S-MRP-CH to RU.

FIG. 200 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of S-MRP-FL to RU.

FIG. 201 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of S-MRP-FL to RU.

FIG. 202 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of S-MRP-CI to RU.

FIG. 203 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of S-MRP-CI to RU.

FIG. 204 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of TS-MRP-CH to RU

FIG. 205 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of TS-MRP-CH to RU.

FIG. 206 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of TS-MRP-FL to RU.

FIG. 207 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of TS-MRP-FL to RU.

FIG. 208 demonstrates the relationship between the sensory evaluationresults to the ratio of TS-MRP-CI to RU.

FIG. 209 demonstrates the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of TS-MRP-CI to RU.

FIG. 210 represents graphically a Citrus beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 2-4° C. over a period of time (flavor intensity).

FIG. 211 represents graphically a Citrus beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 2-4° C. over a period of time (flavor intensity).

FIG. 212 represents graphically a Citrus beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 2-4° C. over a period of time.

FIG. 213 represents graphically a Citrus beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 2-4° C. over a period of time (mouth feel).

FIG. 214 represents graphically a Citrus beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 20-22° C. over a period of time (flavor intensity).

FIG. 215 represents graphically a Citrus beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 20-22° C. over a period of time (flavor intensity).

FIG. 216 represents graphically a Citrus beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 20-22° C. over a period of time.

FIG. 217 represents graphically a Citrus beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 20-22° C. over a period of time (mouth feel).

FIG. 218 represents graphically a cola beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 2-4° C. over a period of time (flavor intensity).

FIG. 219 represents graphically a cola beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 2-4° C. over a period of time (flavor intensity).

FIG. 220 represents graphically a cola beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 2-4° C. over a period of time.

FIG. 221 represents graphically a cola beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 2-4° C. over a period of time (mouth feel).

FIG. 222 represents graphically a cola beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 20-22° C. over a period of time (flavor intensity).

FIG. 223 represents graphically a cola beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 20-22° C. over a period of time (flavor intensity).

FIG. 224 represents graphically a cola beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 20-22° C. over a period of time.

FIG. 225 represents graphically a cola beverage with a Stevia derivedMRP stored at 20-22° C. over a period of time (mouth feel).

FIG. 226 depicts the sweetness, flavor and mouth feel profiles ofsamples of low fat vanilla yogurt (LFVY) with Stevia MRPs.

FIG. 227 depicts the sweetness, flavor and mouth feel profiles ofsamples of low fat vanilla yogurt (LFVY) with Stevia MRPs and thaumatin.

FIG. 228 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of MRP-FL to RA90/RD7+RM (1:9).

FIG. 229 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of MRP-FL to RA90/RD7+RM (1:9).

FIG. 230 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-PC to RA90/RD7+RM (5:5).

FIG. 231 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of S-MRP-PC to RA90/RD7+RM (5:5).

FIG. 232 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-CA to RA90/RD7+RM (9:1).

FIG. 233 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of TS-MRP-CA to RA90/RD7+RM (9:1).

FIG. 234 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of MRP-CA to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM (1:9).

FIG. 235 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of MRP-CA to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM (1:9).

FIG. 236 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-PC to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM (5:5).

FIG. 237 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of S-MRP-PC to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM (5:5).

FIG. 238 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-FL to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM (9:1).

FIG. 239 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of TS-MRP-FL to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM (9:1).

FIG. 240 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-GRA50-FL to RA99.

FIG. 241 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of S-MRP-GRA50-FL to RA99.

FIG. 242 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-GRA80-CA to RD+RM (1:3).

FIG. 243 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of S-MRP-GRA80-CA to RD+RM (1:3).

FIG. 244 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-GRA95-PC to mogroside V50.

FIG. 245 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of S-MRP-GRA95-PC to mogroside V50.

FIG. 246 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-GRA50-FL to aspartame.

FIG. 247 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of TS-MRP-GRA50-FL to aspartame.

FIG. 248 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-GRA80-CA to sucralose.

FIG. 249 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of TS-MRP-GRA80-CA to sucralose.

FIG. 250 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-GRA95-PC to Acesulfame potassium.

FIG. 251 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of TS-MRP-GRA95-PC to Acesulfame potassium.

FIG. 252 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of NVS-MRP-FL to RM.

FIG. 253 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of NVS-MRP-FL to RM.

FIG. 254 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of NVS-MRP-CA to sucralose.

FIG. 255 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of NVS-MRP-CA to sucralose.

FIG. 256 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of MRP-CH to Advantame.

FIG. 257 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of MRP-CH to Advantame.

FIG. 258 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of S-MRP-CH to Advantame.

FIG. 259 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of S-MRP-CH to Advantame.

FIG. 260 depicts the relationship between the sensory evaluation resultsto the ratio of TS-MRP-CH to Advantame.

FIG. 261 depicts the relationship between the overall likeabilityresults to the ratio of TS-MRP-CH to Advantame.

FIG. 262 depicts the GC/MS spectra of standard MRP-CI.

FIG. 263 depicts the GC/MS spectra of CSE.

FIG. 264 depicts the GC/MS spectra of RCSE.

FIG. 265 depicts the GC/MS spectra of RCSE-MRP-CI.

FIG. 266 depicts a graphical representation of the time/intensityprofile of NHDC and thaumatin and combinations thereof.

FIG. 267 depicts a graphical representation of sweetness intensity andmouth-feel of combinations with NHDC and Combination of GSGs and SGs.

FIG. 268 depicts a graphical representation of time/intensity profile ofcombinations with NHDC and Combination of GSGs and SGs.

FIG. 269 depicts a graphical representation of time/intensity profile ofcombinations with NHDC and Combination of GSGs and SGs.

FIG. 270 depicts a graphical representation of the sweetness intensity,lingering and mouth-feel of combinations with NHDC and Combination ofGSGs and SGs/EPCalin.

FIG. 271 depicts a graphical representation of the time/intensityprofile of combinations with NHDC and Combination of GSGs andSGs/EPCalin.

FIG. 272 depicts a graphical description of a Summary View of thesweetness time/intensity profile of the Stevia-derived MRP samples withthaumatin in place of an amino acid.

FIG. 273 depicts a graphical description of the sweetness time/intensityprofile of the Stevia-derived MRP samples with thaumatin in place of anamino acid for selected heating times.

FIG. 274 depicts a graphical description of the sweetness time/intensityprofile of the Stevia-derived MRP samples with thaumatin in place of anamino acid for selected heating times.

FIG. 275 depicts a graphical description of the sensory test results forthe flavor (odor) of Stevia-derived MRPs (Lys/Fru/Zo) with increasedheating time.

FIG. 276 depicts a graphical description of the sensory test results forthe flavor (odor) of Stevia-derived MRPs (Lys/Xyl/Zo) with increasedheating times.

FIG. 277 depicts a graphical description of sensory test results for thetaste of Stevia-derived MRPs (Lys/Fru/Zo) with increased heating time.

FIG. 278 depicts a graphical description of sensory test results for thetaste of Stevia-derived MRPs (Lys/Xyl/Zo) with increased heating times.

FIG. 279 depicts a comparison of added amounts of Stevia-derived MRPs(Lys/Fru/ZO) with different heating times and the perceived addedsweetness.

FIG. 280 depicts a comparison of added amounts of Stevia-derived MRPs(Lys/Fru/ZO) with different heating times and the perceived addedsweetness.

FIG. 281 depicts a comparison of added amounts of Stevia-derived MRPs(Lys/Xyl/ZO) with different heating times and the perceived addedsweetness.

FIG. 282 depicts a comparison of added amounts of Stevia-derived MRPs(Lys/Xyl/ZO) with different heating times and the perceived addedsweetness.

FIG. 283 depicts a comparison of added amounts of Stevia-derived MRPs(Lys/Fru/ZO) with different heating times and the perceived addedsweetness.

FIG. 284 depicts a comparison of added amounts of Stevia-derived MRPs(Lys/Xyl/ZO) with different heating times and the perceived addedsweetness.

FIG. 285 depicts a graphical representation of sensory test results forvarying ratios of lysine: fructose.

FIG. 286 depicts a graphical representation of sensory test results forvarying ratios of SGA (Combination of GSGs and SGs) added to fixed ratioof lysine: fructose.

FIG. 287 depicts Chromatogramme (TIC) and Mass spectra for the reactionof Reb-A and Alanine (reflux heating for 4 hours in ethanol).

FIG. 288 depicts Chromatogramme (TIC) and Mass spectra for the reactionof Reb-A and Glycine (reflux heating for 4 hours in ethanol).

FIG. 289 depicts Chromatogramme (TIC) and Mass spectra for the reactionof Reb-B and Lysine (heating at 90° C. for 2 hours in phosphate buffer,pH=8).

FIG. 290 shows a flow diagram of the MRP reactions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this application belongs. All publications andpatents specifically mentioned herein are incorporated by reference intheir entirety for all purposes including describing and disclosing thechemicals, instruments, statistical analyses and methodologies which arereported in the publications which might be used in connection with theapplication. All references cited in this specification are to be takenas indicative of the level of skill in the art. Nothing herein is to beconstrued as an admission that the application is not entitled toantedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

In the specification and in the claims, the terms “including” and“comprising” are open-ended terms and should be interpreted to mean“including, but not limited to . . . .” These terms encompass the morerestrictive terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of.”

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, thesingular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. Further, the terms “a” (or “an”),“one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. Itis also to be noted that the terms “comprising,” “including,”“characterized by” and “having” can be used interchangeably. Further,any reactant concentrations described herein should be considered asbeing described on a weight to weight (w/w) basis, unless otherwisespecified to the contrary (e.g., mole to mole, weight to volume (w/v),etc.)

As used herein, the term “Maillard reaction” refers to a non-enzymaticreaction of (1) one or more reducing and/or non-reducing sugars, and (2)one or more amine donors in the presence of heat, wherein thenon-enzymatic reaction produces a Maillard reaction product and/or aflavor. Thus, this term is used unconventionally, since it accommodatesthe use of use of non-reducing sweetening agents as substrates, whichwere not heretofore believed to serve as substrates for the Maillardreaction.

The term “reaction mixture” refers to a composition comprising at leastone amine donor and one sugar donor, wherein the reaction mixture is tobe subjected to a Maillard reaction; a “reaction mixture” is not to beconstrued as the reaction contents after a Maillard reaction has beenconducted, unless otherwise noted.

The term “sugar,” as used herein, refers to a sweet-tasting, solublecarbohydrate, typically used in consumer food and beverage products.

The term “sugar donor,” as used herein, refers to a sweet-tastingcompound or substance from natural or synthetic sources, which canparticipate as a substrate in a Maillard reaction with an aminegroup-containing donor molecule.

The term “amine donor,” as used herein, refers to a compound orsubstance containing a free amino group, which can participate in aMaillard reaction.

As used herein, the term “sweetener” generally refers to a consumableproduct, which produces a sweet taste when consumed alone. Examples ofsweeteners include, but are not limited to, high-intensity sweeteners,bulk sweeteners, sweetening agents, and low sweetness products producedby synthesis, fermentation or enzymatic conversion methods.

As used herein the term “high-intensity sweetener,” refers to anysynthetic or semi-synthetic sweetener or sweetener found in nature.High-intensity sweeteners are compounds or mixtures of compounds whichare sweeter than sucrose. High-intensity sweeteners are typically manytimes (e.g., 20 times and more, 30 times and more, 50 times and more or100 times sweeter than sucrose). For example, sucralose is about 600times sweeter than sucrose, sodium cyclamate is about 30 times sweeter,Aspartame is about 160-200 times sweeter, and thaumatin is about 2000times sweeter then sucrose (the sweetness depends on the testedconcentration compared with sucrose).

High-intensity sweeteners are commonly used as sugar substitutes orsugar alternatives because they are many times sweeter than sugar butcontribute only a few to no calories when added to foods. High-intensitysweeteners may also be used to enhance the flavor of foods.High-intensity sweeteners generally will not raise blood sugar levels.

As used herein, the term “high intensity natural sweetener,” refers tosweeteners found in nature, typically in plants, which may be in raw,extracted, purified, refined, or any other form, singularly or incombination thereof. High intensity natural sweetenerscharacteristically have higher sweetness potency, but fewer caloriesthan sucrose, fructose, or glucose.

High intensity natural sweeteners include, but are not limited to, sweettea extracts, Stevia extracts, swingle extracts, sweet tea components,steviol glycosides, mogrosides, glycosylated sweet tea extracts,glycosylated Stevia extracts, glycosylated swingle extracts,glycosylated sweet tea glycosides, glycosylated steviol glycosides,glycosylated mogrosides, licorice extracts, glycyrrhizic acid, includingmixtures, salts and derivatives thereof.

As used herein, the term “high intensity synthetic sweetener” or “highintensity artificial sweetener” refers to high intensity sweeteners thatare not found in nature. High intensity synthetic sweeteners include“high intensity semi-synthetic sweeteners” or “high intensitysemi-artificial sweeteners”, which are synthesized from, artificiallymodified from, or derived from, high intensity natural sweeteners.

Examples of high intensity synthetic sweeteners include, but are notlimited to, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, saccharin andaspartame, glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt, sodium cyclamate, saccharin,advantame, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC) and mixtures, salts andderivatives thereof.

As used herein, the term “sweetening agent” refers to a high intensitysweetener.

As used herein, the term “bulk sweetener” refers to a sweetener, whichtypically adds both bulk and sweetness to a confectionery compositionand includes, but is not limited to, sugars, sugar alcohols, sucrose,commonly referred to as “table sugar,” fructose, commonly referred to as“fruit sugar,” honey, unrefined sweeteners, syrups, such as agave syrupor agave nectar, maple syrup, corn syrup and high fructose corn syrup(or HFCS).

As used herein, the term “sweetener enhancer” refers to a compound (orcomposition) capable of enhancing or intensifying sensitivity of thesweet taste. The term “sweetener enhancer” is synonymous with a“sweetness enhancer,” “sweet taste potentiator,” “sweetnesspotentiator,” and/or “sweetness intensifier.” A sweetener enhancerenhances the sweet taste, flavor, mouth feel and/or the taste profile ofa sweetener without giving a detectable sweet taste by the sweetenerenhancer itself at an acceptable use concentration. In some embodiments,the sweetener enhancer provided herein may provide a sweet taste at ahigher concentration by itself. Certain sweetener enhancers providedherein may also be used as sweetening agents.

Sweetener enhancers can be used as food additives or flavors to reducethe amounts of sweeteners in foods while maintaining the same level ofsweetness. Sweetener enhancers work by interacting with sweet receptorson the tongue, helping the receptor to stay switched “on” once activatedby the sweetener, so that the receptors respond to a lower concentrationof sweetener. These ingredients could be used to reduce the caloriecontent of foods and beverages, as well as save money by using lesssugar and/or less other sweeteners. Examples of sweetener enhancersinclude, but are not limited to, brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, and mixtures thereof.

In some cases, sweetening agents or sweeteners can be used as sweetenerenhancers or flavors when their dosages in food and beverage are low. Insome cases, sweetener enhancers can be utilized as sweeteners wheretheir dosages in foods and beverages are higher than dosages regulatedby FEMA, EFSA or other related authorities.

As used herein, the phrase “low sweetness products produced bysynthesis, fermentation or enzymatic conversion” refers to products thathave less sweetness or similar sweetness than sucrose. Examples of lowsweetness products produced by extraction, synthesis, fermentation orenzymatic conversion method include, but are not limited to, sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, and mixtures thereof.

For example, “sugar alcohols” or “polyols” are sweetening and bulkingingredients used in manufacturing of foods and beverages. As sugarsubstitutes, they supply fewer calories (about a half to one-third fewercalories) than sugar, are converted to glucose slowly, and are notcharacterized as causing spiked increases in blood glucose levels.

Sorbitol, xylitol, and lactitol are exemplary sugar alcohols (orpolyols). These are generally less sweet than sucrose, but have similarbulk properties and can be used in a wide range of food and beverageproducts. In some case, their sweetness profile can be fine-tuned bybeing mixed together with high-intensity sweeteners.

The following table illustrates sweetnesses and energy densities ofvarious materials in compared to sucrose:

Sweetness Sweetness by food Energy Name by weight energy density NotesBrazzein  500-2000 Protein Curculin  430-2070 Protein; also changes thetaste of water and sour solutions to sweet Erythritol 0.6-0.7 14 0.05Fructo- 0.3-0.5 oligosaccharide Glycyrrhizin 30-50 Glycerol 0.6 0.551.075 E422 Hydrogenated 0.4-0.9 0.5 × −1.2 0.75 starch hydrolysatesInulin 0.1 Isomalt 0.45-0.65 0.9-1.3 0.5 E953 Isomalto- 0.5oligosaccharide Isomaltulose 0.5 Lactitol 0.4 0.8 0.5 E966 Mogroside mix300 Mabinlin 100 Protein Maltitol 0.75-0.9  1.7 0.525 E965 Maltodextrin0.15 Mannitol 0.5 1.2 0.4 E421 Miraculin A protein that does not tastesweet by itself but modifies taste receptors to make sour things tastesweet temporarily Monatin 3,000 Sweetener isolated from the plantSclerochiton ilicifolius Monellin   800-2,000 Protein; the sweeteningingredient in serendipity berries Osladin 500 Pentadin 500 ProteinPolydextrose 0.1 Psicose 0.7 Sorbitol 0.6 0.9 0.65 Sugar alcohol, E420Stevia 250 Extracts known as rebiana, Sweet and Fit Stevia, Truvia,PureVia, Enliten; mainly containing rebaudioside A, a steviol glycosideTagatose 0.92 2.4 0.38 Monosaccharide Thaumatin 2,000 Protein; E957

As used herein, the term “glycoside” refers to a molecule in which asugar (the “glycone” part or “glycone component” of the glycoside) isbonded to a non-sugar (the “aglycone” part or “aglycone component”) viaa glycosidic bond.

The terms “terpenoid” are used interchangeably with reference to a largeand diverse class of organic molecules derived from terpenes, morespecifically five-carbon isoprenoid units assembled and modified in avariety of ways and classified in groups based on the number ofisoprenoid units used in group members. The term “terpenoids” includeshemiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids,sesterterpenoids, triterpenoids, tetraterpenoids and polyterpenoids.

The term “terpenoid glycoside” and “terpenoid sweetener” refer to acompound having a terpenoid aglycone linked by a glycosidic bond to aglycone. Exemplary terpenoid glycosides include steviol glycosides,stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudiosideD, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside G, rebaudioside H,rebaudioside I, rebaudioside J, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside O, dulcoside A,steviolbioside, rubusoside, glycosylated steviol glycosides, as well asany other steviol glycoside(s) found in Stevia rebaudiana plant; Luo HanGuo extract, mogrol glycosides, mogrosides, mogroside II, mogroside IIB, mogroside II E, mogroside III, mogroside III A2, mogroside IV,mogroside V, mogroside VI, neomogroside, grosmomoside siamenoside I,7-oxo-mogroside II E, 11-oxo-mogroside A1, 11-deoxy-mogroside III,-oxomogroside IV A, 7-oxo-mogroside V, 11-oxo-mogroside V, as well asany other mogrol glycoside(s) found in the Sirailia grosvenorii plant.

The terms “steviol glycoside,” and “SG” are used interchangeably withreference to a glycoside of steviol, a diterpene compound shown inFormula I, which is found in Stevia leaves. Non-limiting examples ofsteviol glycosides are shown in Tables A and B below. The steviolglycosides for use in the present application are not limited by sourceor origin. Steviol glycosides may be extracted from Stevia leaves,synthesized by enzymatic processes or chemical syntheses, or produced byfermentation.

The terms “rebaudioside A,” “Reb A,” and “RA” are equivalent termsreferring to the same molecule. The same condition applies to alllettered rebaudiosides.

The terms “steviol glycoside composition” and “SG composition” are usedinterchangeably with reference to a composition comprising one or moreSGs.

The term “Stevia extract,” as used herein, refers to a plant extractfrom Stevia that contains varying percentages of SGs.

The terms “glycosylated steviol glycoside” and “GSG” are usedinterchangeably with reference to an SG containing one or moreadditional glucose residues added relative to the parental SGs(including partially glycosylated steviol glycosides) present in e.g.,Stevia leaves. A “GSG” may be produced from any known or unknown SG byenzymatic synthesis, chemical synthesis or fermentation. It should beunderstood that GSG(s) essentially contain a glycosylated steviolglycoside(s), but may also contain unreacted steviol glycosides,dextrins and other non-steviol glycoside substances when using extractsin the starting materials. It should also be understood that the GSG(s)can be purified and/or separated into purified/isolated components.

The terms “glycosylated steviol glycoside composition” or “GSGcomposition” refer to any material comprising one or more GSGs.

As used herein, the term “SG/GSG composition” refers to a genericcomposition that may comprise one or more SGs and/or one or more GSGs.

The terms “SG component,” “SG-containing component,” “SG-containingcomposition,” “SG-containing product,” “Stevia sweetener” and “SGsweetener” are used interchangeably with reference to a component,composition, product or sweetener that contains one or more steviolglycosides and/or one or more glycosylated steviol glycosides.

The terms “non-SG component”, “non-SG-containing component”,“non-SG-containing composition”, “non-SG-containing product”,“non-Stevia sweetener”, “non-SG sweetener” and “non-Stevia sweeteningagent” are used with reference to a component, composition, product,sweetener or sweetening agent that does not contain a steviol glycosideor a glycosylated steviol glycoside.

The phrase “total steviol glycosides” refers to the total amount of SGsand/or GSGs in a composition.

An acronym of the type “YYxx” refers to a composition, where YY refersto a given (such as RA) or collection of compounds (e.g., SGs), where“xx” is typically a percent by weight number between 1 and 100 denotingthe level of purity of a given compound (such as RA) or collection ofcompounds, where the weight percentage of YY in the dried product isequal to or greater than xx. The acronym “YYxx+WWzz” refers to acomposition, where each one of “YY” and “WW” refers to a given compound(such as RA) or a collection of compounds (e.g., SGs), and where each of“xx” and “zz” refers to a percent by weight number between 1 and 100denoting the level of purity of a given compound (such as RA) or acollection of compounds, where the weight percentage of YY in the driedproduct is equal to or greater than xx, and where the weight percentageof WW in the dried product is equal to or greater than zz.

The acronym “RAx” refers to a Stevia composition containing RA in amountof ≥x % and <(x+10)% with the following exceptions: the acronym “RA100”specifically refers to pure RA; the acronym “RA99.5” specifically refersto a composition where the amount of RA is ≥99.5 wt %, but <100 wt %;the acronym “RA99” specifically refers to a composition where the amountof RA is ≥99 wt %, but <100 wt %; the acronym “RA98” specifically refersto a composition where the amount of RA is ≥98 wt %, but <99 wt %; theacronym “RA97” specifically refers to a composition where the amount ofRA is ≥97 wt %, but <98 wt %; the acronym “RA95” specifically refers toa composition where the amount of RA is ≥95 wt %, but <97 wt %; theacronym “RA85” specifically refers to a composition where the amount ofRA is ≥85 wt %, but <90 wt %; the acronym “RA75” specifically refers toa composition where the amount of RA is ≥75 wt %, but <80 wt %; theacronym “RA65” specifically refers to a composition where the amount ofRA is ≥65 wt %, but <70 wt %; the acronym “RA20” specifically refers toa composition where the amount of RA is ≥15 wt %, but <30 wt %. Steviaextracts include, but are not limited to, RA20, RA40, RA50, RA60, RA80,RA 90, RA95, RA97, RA98, RA99, RA99.5, RB8, RB10, RB15, RC15, RD6, andcombinations thereof.

The acronym “GSG-RAxx” refers to a GSG composition prepared in anenzymatically catalyzed glycosylation process with RAxx as the startingSG material. More generally, acronyms of the type “GSG-YYxx” refer to acomposition of the present application where YY refers to a compound(such as RA, RB, RC or RD), or a composition (e.g., RA20), or a mixtureof compositions (e.g., RA40+RB8). For example, GSG-RA20 refers to theglycosylation products formed from RA20.

The abbreviation “GX” refers to a glycosyl group “G” where “X” is avalue from 1 to 20 and refers to the number of glycosyl groups presentin the molecule. For example, Stevioside G1 (ST-G1) has one (1) glycosylgroup (G), thus “G1,” Stevioside G2 (ST-G2) has two (2) glycosyl groupspresent, Stevioside G3 (ST-G3) has three (3) glycosyl groups present,Stevioside G4 (ST-G4) has four (4) glycosyl groups present, SteviosideG5 (ST-G5) has five (5) glycosyl groups present, Stevioside G6 (ST-G6)has six (6) glycosyl groups present, Stevioside G7 (ST-G7) has seven (7)groups present, Stevioside G8 (ST-G8) has eight (8) glycosyl groupspresent, Stevioside G9 (ST-G9) has nine (9) glycosyl groups present,etc. The glycosylation of the molecule can be determined by HPLC-MS.

The term “Maillard reaction product” or “MRP” refers to any compoundproduced by a Maillard reaction between an amine donor and a sugar donorin the form of a reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, or both.Preferably, the sugar donor includes at least one carbonyl group. Incertain embodiments, the MRP is a compound that provides flavor(“Maillard flavor”), color (“Maillard color”), or a combination thereof.

The term “MRP composition” refers to a composition comprising one ormore MRPs produced by a Maillard reaction between an amine donor and asugar donor in the form of a reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, orboth. Preferably, the sugar donor includes at least one carbonyl group.In certain embodiments, the MRP is a compound that provides flavor(“Maillard flavor”), color (“Maillard color”), or a combination thereof.

The terms “steviol glycoside-derived MRP”, “SG-derived MRP”, and “S-MRP”are used interchangeably with reference to an MRP or MRP-containingcomposition produced by a Maillard reaction between an amine donor and asugar donor comprising a steviol glycoside, a glycosylated steviolglycoside, a Stevia extract and/or a glycosylated Stevia extract orcombination thereof with or without an additional reducing sugar addedto the reaction. In some cases, an S-MRP may be used interchangeablywith the term “SG-MRP.” In some embodiments, S-MRP or SG-MRP refers toan MRP composition in which (1) steviol glycosides, glycosylated steviolglycosides, steviol extracts, and glycosylated steviol extracts, orcombination thereof (2) an amine donor, and (3) a reducing sugar, arepresent in a reaction mixture subjected to the Maillard reaction.

The term “thaumatin”, as used herein, is used generically with referenceto thaumatin I, II, III, a, b, c, etc. and/or combinations thereof.

The term “TS-MRP” refers to (1) a thaumatin-containing MRP compositionproduced by a Maillard reaction, wherein the reaction mixture comprisesthaumatin and wherein thaumatin may be present in the beginning of theMaillard reaction or be added during the Maillard reaction, (2) acomposition comprising an MRP prepared in the absence of thaumatin andadditionally added thaumatin, or (3) a composition comprising athaumatin-containing MRP composition and additionally added thaumatin.

The term “sweetener-derived MRP” or “sweetening agent-derived MRP”refers to an MRP or MRP-containing composition produced by a Maillardreaction between (1) an amine donor and (2) a sugar donor comprising asweetener or a sweetening agent, respectively.

The terms “Maillard product composition” and “Maillard flavorcomposition” are used interchangeably (unless otherwise noted) withreference to a composition comprising MRPs, S-MRPs, as well as anydegraded products from the reactants, optionally including any salt(s)present, sweetener(s) present, and/or mixtures thereof.

The term “non-volatile”, as used herein, refers to a compound having anegligible vapor pressure at room temperature, and/or exhibits a vaporpressure of less than about 2 mm. of mercury at 20° C.

The term “volatile”, as used herein, refers to a compound having ameasurable vapor pressure at room temperature, and/or exhibits a vaporpressure of, or greater than, about 2 mm. of mercury at 20° C.

The terms “flavor” and “flavor characteristic” are used interchangeablywith reference to the combined sensory perception of one or morecomponents of taste, odor, and/or texture.

The terms “flavoring agent”, “flavoring” and “flavorant” are usedinterchangeably with reference to a product added to food or beverageproducts to impart, modify, or enhance the flavor of food. As usedherein, these terms do not include substances having an exclusivelysweet, sour, or salty taste (e.g., sugar, vinegar, and table salt).

The term “natural flavoring substance” refers to a flavoring substanceobtained by physical processes that may result in unavoidable butunintentional changes in the chemical structure of the components of theflavoring (e.g., distillation and solvent extraction), or by enzymaticor microbiological processes, from material of plant or animal origin.

The term “synthetic flavoring substance” refers to a flavoring substanceformed by chemical synthesis.

The term “enhance,” as used herein, includes augmenting, intensifying,accentuating, magnifying, and potentiating the sensory perception of aflavor characteristic without changing the nature or quality thereof.

Unless otherwise specified, the terms “modify” or “modified” as usedherein, includes altering, varying, suppressing, depressing, fortifyingand supplementing the sensory perception of a flavor characteristicwhere the quality or duration of such characteristic was deficient.

The phrase “sensory profile” or “taste profile” is defined as thetemporal profile of all basic tastes of a sweetener. The onset and decayof sweetness when a sweetener is consumed, as perceived by trained humantasters and measured in seconds from first contact with a taster'stongue (“onset”) to a cutoff point (typically 180 seconds after onset),is called the “temporal profile of sweetness”. A plurality of such humantasters is called a “sensory panel”. In addition to sweetness, sensorypanels can also judge the temporal profile of the other “basic tastes”:bitterness, saltiness, sourness, piquance (aka spiciness), and umami(aka savoriness or meatiness). The onset and decay of bitterness when asweetener is consumed, as perceived by trained human tasters andmeasured in seconds from first perceived taste to the last perceivedaftertaste at the cutoff point, is called the “temporal profile ofbitterness”.

The phrase “sucrose equivalence” or “SE” is the amount of non-sucrosesweetener required to provide the sweetness of a given percentage ofsucrose in the same food, beverage, or solution. For instance, anon-diet soft drink typically contains 12 grams of sucrose per 100 ml ofwater, i.e., 12% sucrose. This means that to be commercially accepted,diet soft drinks must generally have the same sweetness as a 12% sucrosesoft drink, i.e., a diet soft drink must have a 12% SE. Soft drinkdispensing equipment assumes an SE of 12%, since such equipment is setup for use with sucrose-based syrups.

As used herein, the term “off-taste” refers to an amount or degree oftaste that is not characteristically or usually found in a beverageproduct or a consumable product of the present disclosure. For example,an off-taste is an undesirable taste of a sweetened consumable toconsumers, such as, a bitter taste, a licorice-like taste, a metallictaste, an aversive taste, an astringent taste, a delayed sweetnessonset, a lingering sweet aftertaste, and the like, etc.

The term “orally ingestible product” refers to a composition comprisingsubstances which are contacted with the mouth of man or animal,including substances which are taken into and subsequently ejected fromthe mouth and substances which are drunk, eaten, swallowed or otherwiseingested, and are safe for human or animal consumption when used in agenerally acceptable range.

Unless otherwise noted, the term “ppm” (parts per million) means partsper million on a w/w or wt/wt basis.

II. The Maillard Reaction

The Maillard reaction (MR) generally refers to a non-enzymatic browningreaction of a sugar donor with an amine donor in the presence of heatwhich produces flavor. Common flavors produced as a result of theMaillard reaction include, for example, those associated with red meat,poultry, coffee, vegetables, bread crust etc. subjected to heat. AMaillard reaction relies mainly on sugars and amino acids but it canalso contain other ingredients including: autolyzed yeast extracts(AYE), hydrolyzed vegetable proteins (HVP), gelatin (protein source),vegetable extracts (i.e. onion powder), enzyme treated proteins, meatfats or extracts and acids or bases to adjust the pH of the reaction.The reaction can be in an aqueous environment with an adjusted pH atspecific temperatures for a specified amount of time to produce avariety of flavors. Typical flavors include those associated withchicken, pork, beef, caramel, chocolate etc. However, a wide variety ofdifferent taste and aroma profiles can be achieved by adjusting theingredients, the temperature and/or the pH of the reaction. The mainadvantage of the reaction flavors is that they can producecharacteristic meat, burnt, roasted, caramellic, or chocolate profilesdesired by the food industry, which are not typically achievable byusing compounding of flavor ingredients.

Reducing groups can be found on reducing sugars (sugar donors) and aminogroups can be found on amino donors such as free amino acids, peptides,and proteins. Initially, a reactive carbonyl group of a reducing sugarcondenses with a free amino group, with a concomitant loss of a watermolecule. A reducing sugar substrate for Maillard reaction typically hasa reactive carbonyl group in the form of a free aldehyde or a freeketone. The resultant N-substituted glycoaldosylamine is not stable. Thealdosylamine compound rearranges, through an Amadori rearrangement, toform a ketosamine. Ketosamines that are so-formed may further reactthrough any of the following three pathways: (a) further dehydration toform reductones and dehydroreductones; (b) hydrolytic fission to formshort chain products, such as diacetyl, acetol, pyruvaldehyde, and thelike, which can, in turn, undergo Strecker degradation with additionalamino groups to form aldehydes, and condensation, to form aldols; and(c) loss of water molecules, followed by reaction with additional aminogroups and water, followed by condensation and/or polymerization intomelanoids. Factors that affect the rate and/or extent of Maillardreactions include among others the temperature, water activity, and pH.The Maillard reaction is enhanced by high temperature, low moisturelevels, and alkaline pH.

In the Maillard reaction, suitable carbonyl containing reactants includethose that comprise a reactive aldehyde (—CHO) or keto (—CO—) group,such that the carbonyl free aldehyde or free keto group is available toreact with an amino group associated with the reactant. Typically, thereducing reactant is a reducing sugar, e.g., a sugar that can reduce atest reagent, e.g., can reduce Cu²⁺ to Cu⁺, or can be oxidized by suchreagents.

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (e.g.,dextrins, starches, and edible gums) and their hydrolysis products aresuitable reducing reactants if they have at least one reducing groupthat can participate in a Maillard reaction. Reducing sugars includealdoses or ketoses such as glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose,glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, arabinose, xylose, ribose, mannose,erythrose, threose, and galactose. Other reducing reactants includeuronic acids (e.g., glucuronic acid, glucuronolactone, and galacturonicacid, mannuronic acid, iduronic acid) or Maillard reaction intermediatesbearing at least one carbonyl group such as aldehydes, ketones,alpha-hydroxycarbonyl or dicarbonyl compounds.

A. Maillard Reaction Products (MRPs)

In some embodiments, the Maillard reactants in a reaction mixtureinclude an amino donor and a sugar donor in the form of a reducing sugarand/or a non-reducing sugar that are present as reactants. The Maillardreaction products (MRPs) formed from these reactants encompass MRPsformed with or without sweeteners or sweetening agents.

B. Steviol Glycoside-Derived Maillard Reaction Products (S-MRPs)

In some embodiments, the Maillard reactants in a reaction mixtureinclude (1) an amino donor; and (2) a sugar donor comprising a steviolglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a Stevia extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, or combinations thereof. The resultingproducts are referred to as steviol glycoside-derived MRPs, S-MRPs, orSG-MRPs. In some embodiments, S-MRPs or SG-MRPs are produced from areaction mixture that comprises (1) one or more amine donors, (2) one ormore reducing sugar, and (3) one or more steviol glycosides,glycosylated steviol glycosides, Stevia extracts, and/or glycosylatedStevia extracts.

In one embodiment, the S-MRPs are formed under reaction conditions inwhich no reducing sugar is present.

The inventors of the present application have surprisingly discoveredthat certain non-reducing sugars exemplified by high intensity naturalsweeteners, including steviol glycosides, glycosylated steviolglycosides, Stevia extracts, and/or glycosylated Stevia extracts canserve as substrates in the Maillard reaction and provide Maillardreaction product (MRP) compositions having improved taste profiles overpreviously reported high intensity natural sweetener compositions. Asfurther described herein, steviol glycosides, glycosylated steviolglycosides, Stevia extracts, and/or glycosylated Stevia extracts havebeen surprisingly found to undergo a Maillard type reaction to provideMRPs and/or undergo caramelization (to produce caramelization reactionproducts (CRPs)), even though a ketone or aldehyde is not present in thesweetening agent.

As a result of these unconventional Maillard reactions, steviolglycoside-derived Maillard reaction products (MRPs) can be formed. Asused herein, the terms “steviol glycoside-derived MRP”, “SG-derivedMRP”, and “S-MRP” are used interchangeably with reference to an MRP orMRP-containing composition produced by a Maillard reaction between anamine donor and one or more steviol glycosides, with or without theaddition of reducing sugar(s) being added to the reaction mixture orreaction solution.

Additional high intensity natural sweetening agents for use in thepresent reactions and product compositions include sweet tea extracts(Rubus suavissimus S. Lee (Rosaceae) providing, for example rubusosideand suaviosides which are kaurane-type diterpene glycosides includingsuaviosides B, G, H, I and J), swingle extracts (mogroside extracts),glycosylated sweet tea extracts, glycosylated Stevia extracts,glycosylated swingle extracts, glycosylated sweet tea glycosides,glycosylated steviol glycosides, glycosylated mogrosides, neohesperidindihydrochalcone (NHDC), glycosylated NHDC, glycyrrhizin, glycosylatedglycyrrhizin, hernandulcin, and mixtures thereof.

It is believed that an amine reacts with the non-reducing sugarcomponent with or without an added reducing sugar to provide newpreviously unknown MRP compound(s). As such, the MRP compositions of thepresent application include products preparable (or obtainable) by thereaction of an amine with a non-reducing sugar, for example, a highintensity natural sweetening agent, such as a steviol glycoside (SG), aStevia extract, a mogroside, a sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract (GSG), NHDC, etc.

C. Sweetening Agent-Derived Maillard Reaction Products (SA-MRPs)

In Maillard reactions other than those involving production of S-MRPs,the Maillard reactions described herein utilize an amine donor incombination with at least one sweetening agent (SA) (or natural highintensity sweetener). The terms “sweetening agent-derived MRP” and“SA-MRP” are used interchangeably with reference to an MRP orMRP-containing composition produced by a Maillard reaction between anamine donor and a sweetening agent, i.e., natural high intensitysweetener. Thus, an S-MRP is a particular type of SA-MRP.

In some embodiments, one or more carbohydrate sweeteners may be added toa reaction mixture subjected to the Maillard reaction. In otherembodiments, one or more carbohydrate sweeteners may be added to an MRPcomposition. Non-limiting examples of carbohydrate sweeteners for use inthe present application include caloric sweeteners, such as, sucrose,fructose, glucose, D-tagatose, trehalose, galactose, rhamnose,cyclodextrin (e.g., α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin),ribulose, threose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose, allose, altrose, mannose,idose, lactose, maltose, invert sugar, isotrehalose, neotrehalose,palatinose or isomaltulose, erythrose, deoxyribose, gulose, idose,talose, erythrulose, xylulose, psicose, turanose, cellobiose,glucosamine, mannosamine, fucose, glucuronic acid, gluconic acid,glucono-lactone, abequose, galactosamine, sugar alcohols, such aserythritol, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol, lactitol, mannitol,and inositol; xylo-oligosaccharides (xylotriose, xylobiose and thelike), gentio-oligoscaccharides (gentiobiose, gentiotriose,gentiotetraose and the like), galacto-oligosaccharides, sorbose,nigero-oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides (kestose, nystose andthe like), maltotetraol, maltotriol, malto-oligosaccharides(maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaoseand the like), lactulose, melibiose, raffinose, rhamnose, ribose,isomerized liquid sugars such as high fructose corn/starch syrup(containing fructose and glucose, e.g., HFCS55, HFCS42, or HFCS90),coupling sugars, soybean oligosaccharides, and glucose syrup.Additionally, the above carbohydrates may be in either the D- orL-configuration.

It should be noted, however, that not all carbohydrate sweeteners arereducing sugars. Sugars having acetal or ketal linkages are not reducingsugars, as they do not have free aldehyde chains. They therefore do notreact with reducing-sugar test solutions (e.g, in a Tollens' test orBenedict's test). However, a non-reducing, sugar can be hydrolyzed usingdiluted hydrochloric acid. Exemplary carbohydrate sweeteners that arenot reducing sugars, include e.g., sucrose, trehalose, xylitol, andraffinose.

D. Thaumatin Containing MRPs (TS-MRPs)

Thaumatin is a sweet-tasting protein that can serve as an amino donor inthe Maillard reaction. In certain preferred embodiments, thaumatin isadded to the reaction mixture subjected to the Maillard reaction or isadded to an MRP composition produced with or without thaumatin.

Thaumatin is typically prepared from the katemfe fruit (Thaumatococcusdaniellii Bennett) of West Africa. Wherever thaumatin is mentioned inthis specification, it should be understood to apply to the use ofthaumatin prepared from all types of katemfe fruit extracts or any otherextracts, or from other plants and plant extracts, including geneticallymodified plants, as well as protein preparations derived from cellcultures or fermentation processes.

The inventors surprisingly found that inclusion of thaumatin in theMaillard reaction or added to an MRP composition formed therefrom cansignificantly improve the overall taste profile of food and beverages tohave a better mouth feel, a creamy taste, a reduction of bitterness ofother ingredients in food and beverage, such as astringency of tea,protein, or their extracts, acidic nature and bitterness of coffee, etc.Thaumatin can also help to reduce lingering, bitterness and metallicaftertaste of natural, synthetic high intensity sweeteners, or theircombinations, their combination with other sweeteners, with otherflavors much more than thaumatin itself. Thus, it plays a uniquefunction in sugar reduction or sugar free products, and can be used asan additive for improving the taste performance of food and beverageproducts comprising one or more sweetening agents or sweeteners, such assucralose, acesulfame-K, aspartame, steviol glycosides, swingle extract,sweet tea extracts, allulose, sodium saccharin, sodium cyclamate orsiratose.

In addition to the ability of thaumatin to augment MRP functionalitywith Stevia and other high intensity natural sweeteners, the additionalinclusion of malic acid can further improve the taste profilesubstantially, including less lingering.

E. Flavor Generation

Maillard reaction technology described herein may be used for theproduction of process or reaction flavors. Process flavors are complexaroma building blocks, which provide similar aroma and taste propertiesas thermally treated foodstuffs such as cooked meat, chocolate, coffee,caramel, popcorn and bread. Additionally, they can be combined withother flavor ingredients to impart flavor enhancement and/or specificflavor notes in the applications in which they are used. However, suchtechnology currently is mainly used for producing meat flavor andspiciness to enhance the taste of food. It is seldom considered as atool to improve taste for the beverage industry.

Flavor can be characterized as a complex combination of the olfactory,gustatory and trigeminal sensations perceived during tasting. The flavorcan be influenced by tactile, thermal, painful and/or kinaestheticeffects. However the exact mechanisms that lead to our perception offlavor have not yet been elucidated, due to different reasons: i) flavorperception involves a wide range of stimuli, ii) the chemical compoundsand food structures that activate the flavor sensors change as food iseaten, iii) the individual modalities interact in a complex way. Thereis a need first to identify not only the stimuli involved in flavorperception which includes taste and aroma modalities, but also the othersenses which can affect flavor perception, such as irritation,temperature, color, texture, and sound. It has been shown, for example,that irritants do interact with the perception of both tastes and smellsinhibiting their perceived intensity and that some taste and odorcompounds contain an irritating component. Temperature has an impact ontaste perception through the triggering of cascade reactions inreceptors. In the case of color, learned color-taste associationsinfluence perceived taste. All these sensations experienced while eatingare crucial and should have a tremendous impact on whether foods will beaccepted or rejected. Moreover, one has also to take into account theinfluence of the associations between flavor experiences and feelings ofcontentment or well-being on the overall acceptability of the product.

The Maillard reaction is one of the most important routes to flavorcompounds in cooked foods. The initial stages of the reaction involvethe condensation of the carbonyl group of a reducing sugar with an aminecompound, followed by the degradation of the condensation products togive a number of different oxygenated compounds. The subsequent stagesof the Maillard reaction involve the interaction of these compounds withother reactive components, such as amines, amino acids, aldehydes,hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. These additional reactions lead to manyimportant classes of flavor compounds including furans, pyrazines,pyrroles, oxazoles, thiophenes, thiazoles and other heterocycliccompounds. The large number of different reactive intermediates that canbe generated in the Maillard reaction gives rise to an extremely complexarray of volatile products.

Indeed, the Maillard reaction produces volatile substances (comprisingpure and impure substances) and non-volatile substances (comprising pureand impure substances). The Maillard reaction products include variousproducts that can be isolated, either partially volatile substances orpartially non-volatile substances removed as a direct result of theMaillard reaction. In certain embodiments, volatile compounds may beseparated from non-volatile compounds at e.g., 105° C., which representsa typical temperature to determine the dry mass of compounds. In thiscase, “dry mass” may be interpreted as “compound-water-volatilecompounds”.

Extraction with organic solvents generally provides a more completeprofile of volatile metabolites including representation from polarhydrophilic species such as the lower molecular weight alcohols,hydroxyl-acids, thiols, and flavor compounds such as acetoin, methionoland furaneol. However, non-volatile material such as leaf waxes,triterpenes, sterols, triglycerides and more complex lipids, andsilicones and plasticizers from laboratory apparatuses are also likelyto be extracted and may complicate analysis unless removed or theanalytical method is suitably modified. Solvents chosen to optimize theprofile of extracted metabolites include pentane-ether mixtures anddichloromethane. Unwanted interfering compounds such as lipids, pigmentsand hydrocarbons, may be removed by distillation (simultaneousdistillation-extraction (SDE), vacuum micro distillation or solventassisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), or by adsorption chromatography(solid phase extraction). Vacuum micro distillation, using liquidnitrogen to distill and condense organic extracts under vacuum, alsoappears a useful technique to isolate volatile fractions suitable forinstrumental analysis from complex matrices such as urine and faeces.Atmospheric pressure (SDE) and steam distillation (hydrodistillation)methods used to prepare volatile extracts for GC-MS analysis are liableto artifact formation due to the use of heat.

Solvent extracts are routinely concentrated by evaporation beforeanalysis, increasing sensitivity but resulting in selective loss of themore volatile metabolites as a function of the extent of the volumereduction. These losses may be compensated for by the use of internalstandards which are generally added during sample extraction and areused to correct for any loss of volatiles that occurs during the processof sample preparation. Internal standards are generally more easily usedwith solvent extraction than with headspace methods. Since only a smallportion (1 μL) of the final solvent extract is usually used for GC-MSanalysis, solvent extraction methods offer less sensitivity than directthermal desorption or SPME. Solvent extracts, prepared either by solventextraction or elution of headspace sampling adsorbents provide the mostconvenient method of sample handling. Samples can be easily storedbefore analysis, introduction into the GC is readily and reliablyautomated, and there is usually sufficient sample for multiple analysesfacilitating robust identification and quantification of both known andunknown volatiles.

An alternative to the use of organic solvents is extraction withsupercritical fluids (SCF) usually supercritical carbon dioxide, eitherpure or in the presence of chemical modifiers. Supercritical carbondioxide has a polarity comparable to pentane and has been used to obtainvolatiles and essential oils from a wide range of plant species. WhileSCF extraction has the advantage of using totally volatile solvents,specialized equipment is required. SCF extraction has been compared withconventional solvent and Soxhlet extraction, hydrodistillation, andsimultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) methods of volatileextraction.

As further described in the Examples, profiling of volatile compoundscan be achieved using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Further, in some embodiments, GC may be coupled to detection by electronimpact mass spectrometry (EI-MS) to provide high chromatographicresolution, sensitivity, compound-specific detection, quantification,and the potential to identify unknown volatiles by characteristic andreproducible fragmentation spectra in addition to their retention timeson the gas chromatograph. Sample analysis can be simplified comparedwith silylation-based methods for the GC analysis of primary metabolitesin that no chemical derivatization is required and the chromatogramsgenerally contain fewer metabolites and less chemical noise. A varietyof commercial and web-based resources can be used to identify unknowncompounds in a given volatile sample including large databases ofsearchable mass spectral libraries. High-resolution time-of-flight GC-MSinstruments enable highly accurate measurement of ion masses (m/zratios). This allows the calculation of chemical formulae and aids inthe identification of unknown metabolites. The use of chemical detectorsother than the mass spectrometer, sulfur selective detectors or thehuman nose in gas chromatography-olfactometry (sniffer port, GC-O), mayenable more specific and sensitive detection of particular metabolites.

In addition, Maillard reaction products may include water soluble and/orfat soluble compounds.

F. Maillard Reaction Mechanisms

With respect to flavor generation, the Maillard reaction can be brokendown into four stages. The first stage involves the formation ofglycosylamines. The second stage involves rearrangement of theglycosylamines to form Amadori and Heyns rearrangement products (oftenabbreviated in the literature to “ARPs” and “HRPs”, respectively). Thethird stage involves dehydration and/or fission of the Amadori and Heynsrearrangement products to furan derivatives, reductones and othercarbonyl compounds (which may have significant organoleptic qualities).These “third stage products” may also be produced without the formationof ARP's or HRP's. The fourth stage involves the conversion of thesefuran derivatives, reductones and other carbonyl compounds into coloredand aroma/flavor compounds. Thus, products and reactants present in boththe third and fourth stage of the Maillard reaction contribute towardsaroma and/or flavor. During the Maillard reaction, phosphate can be usedas catalyst to help the conversion of Amadori compounds to flavorcompounds.

The phrase “Amadori rearrangement” refers to an organic reactiondescribing the acid or base catalyzed isomerization or rearrangementreaction of the N-glycoside of an aldose or the glycosylamine to thecorresponding 1-amino-1-deoxy-ketose. The reaction is important incarbohydrate chemistry, specifically the glycation of hemoglobin (asmeasured by the HbA1c test). The rearrangement is usually preceded byformation of an α-hydroxyimine by condensation of an amine with analdose sugar in a reaction known as Schiff base formation. Therearrangement itself entails an intramolecular redox reaction,converting this α-hydroxyimine to an α-ketoamine. The formation ofimines is generally reversible, but subsequent to conversion to theketo-amine, the attached amine is fixed irreversibly.

As used herein, the term “Amadori product” or “Amadori compound” refersto an intermediate in the Maillard reaction between a compound having afree amino group and a compound having a free aldehyde having aketoamine structure represented by a general formula —(CO)—CHR—NH— (Rrepresents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group). The Amadori product isformed by a rearrangement of the Schiff base. Flavor compounds and otherintermediates may be generated from Amadori products via differentdegradation pathways. In certain embodiments, the MRP reaction productsof the present application may include one or more detectable Amadoriproducts in the final reaction products, as documented in Examples 281and 282.

When a ketose sugar having a free keto group (such as fructose) is usedin a Maillard reaction with an amine donor, the intermediate analogousto the Amadori product is referred to as a “Heyn's product” or “Heyn'scompound.” The Heyn's product is formed by a rearrangement of the Schiffbase. Flavor compounds and other intermediates may be generated fromHeyn's products via different degradation pathways. In certainembodiments, the MRP reaction products of the present application mayinclude one or more detectable Heyn's products in the final reactionproducts.

In one embodiment, the present application provides an MRP compositioncomprising one or more Amadori products.

In another embodiment, the present application provides an MRPcomposition comprising one or more Heyn's products.

It should be understood that throughout this specification, whenreference is made to an MRP composition, the MRP composition should beconsidered to further accommodate one or more Amadori products, one ormore Heyn's products or a combination thereof.

The following illustrates a general scheme for the Maillard reaction:

Reaction Scheme I below illustrates a classical Maillard reactionbetween a reducing sugar and an amino group from an amino acid:

The following Reaction Scheme II below illustrates the formation of aSchiff base (a very early reaction product) between a ketone/aldehydeand an amino group from an amino acid:

Reaction Scheme III below illustrates the formation of a Schiff base (avery early Maillard reaction product) between an organic amine and areducing sugar:

In summary, a composition of Maillard reaction products includes the rawmaterials for the reaction, the sugar donor and amine donor; and thefinished Maillard products, which include MRP reactant productsoriginating from the reaction between the sugar donor and the aminedonor, as well as any unreacted reactants remaining after the reaction,i.e., sugar donors and amine donors. The reactants may be completely orpartially consumed.

Where the sugar donor(s) is steviol glycoside, Reaction Scheme IV belowillustrates a proposed reaction between a steviol glycosides and a freeamino group:

Here, the finished S-MRP products are comprised of two parts: (1)unreacted reactants, including sugar donor, amine donor, Stevia extractwith or without non-steviol glycosides; (2) reactant resultants,including any resultants from the reaction of the sugar donor, aminedonor, any resultant from reaction of steviol glycosides and the aminodonor, any resultant from non-steviol glycosides extracted from leaves,or other types of method to produce the steviol glycosides (e.g.,fermentation, bioconversion) during the heated reaction of amine donorswith or without sugar donors.

The proposed Reaction IV is further applicable to other high intensitynatural sweeteners that are not aldoses or ketoses, but have freecarboxylic groups for reaction with an amine donor.

Generally, Maillard reaction products can be classified into four groupsdepending on their aroma type, chemical structure, molecular shape andprocessing parameters. These include, but are not limited to:

Nitrogen heterocyclics-pyrazines, pyrroles, pyridines, alkyl-andacetyl-substituted saturated N-heterocyclics. These compounds areresponsible for corny, nutty, roasted and breadlike odors.

Cylic enolones of maltol or isomaltol, dehydrofuranones, dehydropyrones,cyclopentenolones are responsible for typically caramel like odors.

Moncarbonyls; and

Polycarbonyls-2-furaldehydes, 2-pyrrole aldehydes, C3-C6 methyl ketones;

Maillard reaction products (MRPs) include but are not limited to, forexample, pyrazines, pyrroles, alkyl pyridines, acyl pyridines,furanones, furans, oxazoles, melanoidins, and thiophenes. Such MRPsimpart flavors such as nutty, fruity, caramel, meaty, or combinationsthereof.

For example, pyrazines provide cooked, roasted and/or toasted flavors.Pyrroles provide cereal-like or nutty flavors. Alkylpyridines providebitter, burnt or astringent flavors. Acylpyridines provide cracker-likeor cereal flavors. Furanones provide sweet, caramel or burnt flavors.Furans provide meaty, burnt, or caramel-like flavors. Oxazoles providegreen, nutty or sweet flavors. Thiophenes provide meaty or roastedflavors.

In certain embodiments, the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) producedmay include, but are not limited to, (1) acyclic products, such asmethional, phenylacetylaldehyde, 2-mercaptopropionic acid,(E)-2-((methylthio)methyl)but-2-enal glyoxal, butanedione,pyruvaldehyde, prop-2-ene-1,1-diylbis(methylsulfane), glyceraldehyde,1,3-dihydroxyacetone, acetoin and glycoladehyde; (2) cyclic products,such as cyclic products including 3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2(1H)-one,4,5-dimethyl-2-(2-(methylthio)ethyl)oxazole and1-(3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-4-yl)ethan-1-one; (3) heterocyclic productssuch as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde (5-hydroxymethylfurfural), 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one,2-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-thiophenone, 1-(2,(3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizin-5-yl)ethan-1-one,1-(3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-4-yl)ethan-1-one,3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2(1H)-one and4,5-dimethyl-2-(2-(methylthio)ethyl)oxazole; (4) pyrazine products, suchas 3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2(1H)-one; (5) melanoidins, which are poorlycharacterized, but generally have the following physical propertiesincluding: a mass from 1 kda to >24 kda; form oligomers of heterocycliccompounds and/or sugar fragments; form pyridines, pyrazines, pyrrolesand imidazoles as determined by 13C-NMR, 15N-NMR, MALDI-TOF mass specand IR; form oligomers from 14 to >30 identified; and normally 3-4%nitrogen is present in the molecule.

MRPs can act as a coloring agent by optimization of reaction conditions.The MRPs' own color can be combined with natural colors to create newcolors. The MRPs can be blended with other colors to remove theunpleasant taste associated with the color/coloring agent.

Additionally, Maillard reactions typically create a brownish color,which might not be desirable in certain applications. The inventors ofthe present application have successfully developed a method to selectoptimized reactants and reaction condition for a desired color. Thus thefinal product may be prepared to provide good color, aroma, taste andtexture. Suitable colors include, for example, red, orange, yellow, etc.

Maillard reaction flavors are also called process flavors. Theingredients for reaction or process flavors can include (a) a proteinnitrogen source, (b) a carbohydrate source, (c) a fat or fatty acidsource and (d) other ingredients including herbs and spices; sodiumchloride; polysiloxane acids; bases and salts such as pH regulators;water; the salts and acid forms of thiamine, ascorbic, citric, lactic,inosinic acid and guanylic acids; esters or amino acids; inositol;sodium and ammonium sulfides and hydrosulfides; diacetyl and lecithin.

The Maillard reactions described herein can be advantageously controlledto have only 1^(st) or the 2^(nd) reaction steps in the overall processif necessary. In one embodiment, the composition(s) would include theproduct(s) of the first step or from the second step.

As used herein, the term “Maillard reaction” refers to a non-enzymaticreaction of (1) one or more reducing and/or non-reducing sugars, and (2)one or more amine donors in the presence of heat, wherein thenon-enzymatic reaction produces a flavor. Thus, this term is usedunconventionally, since it accommodates the use of use of non-reducingsweetening agents as substrates, which were not heretofore believed toserve as substrates for the Maillard reaction, such as sweet teaextracts (Rubus suavissimus S. Lee (Rosaceae) providing, for examplerubusoside and suaviosides which are kaurane-type diterpene glycosidesincluding suaviosides B, G, H, I and J), Stevia extracts, swingleextracts (mogroside extracts), glycosylated sweet tea extracts,glycosylated Stevia extracts, glycosylated swingle extracts,glycosylated sweet tea glycosides, glycosylated steviol glycosides,glycosylated mogrosides, glycyrrhizine, glycosylated glycyrrhizinse ormixtures thereof could undergo a Maillard type reaction to provide MRPslike substances and/or caramelization to provide CRPs like substanceseven thought a ketone or aldehyde is not present in the sweeteningagent. Not to be bound by theory, it is believed that an amine reactswith the non-reducing sugar component to provide new previously unknowncompound(s). As such compositions include products preparable (orobtainable) by the reaction of an amine with a non-reducing sugar, forexample, a steviol glycoside, sweet tea extract(s), glycosylated Steviaextracts, etc., noted as sweetening agents herein. Although thesenon-reducing sweetening agents include free carbonyl groups, such asfree carboxyl groups, they do not have free aldehyde or free ketogroups, characteristic of conventional “reducing sugars” or “caloriccarbohydrate sweeteners” used in Maillard reactions.

The Maillard reactions referred to herein result in the formation ofMRPs formed from conventional reducing sugar sweeteners, as well asunconventional non-reducing sweetening agents as described herein. Itshould be understood that Maillard reaction products can include thereaction products resulting from Maillard reactions between one or moredonor amine(s) and one or more reducing sugar(s), non-reducingsweetening agents and/or components from extracts, syrups, plants, etc.that provide a source of the reducing sugar(s) and/or the non-reducingsweetening agent(s).

Steviol glycosides are not regarded as reducing sugars in theconventional sense, however, as further documented in the Examples, theinventors have surprisingly found that steviol glycosides can react withamine donors directly. Therefore, the inventors found that glycosidescan act as sugar donor replacements with in a Maillard reaction withamine donors. In should be noted, however, that in certain instancessteviol glycosides may be degraded to create reducing sugars which canreact with amine donors in a conventional sense.

In certain preferred embodiments, a composition of the presentapplication can comprise one or more MRPs formed where the sugardonor(s) (or sweetening agent(s)) comprise one or more glycosides.

The embodiments described herein can also provide the advantages ofproviding a “kokumi” taste. The term “kokumi” is used for flavors thatcannot be represented by any of the five basic taste qualities. Kokumiis Japanese for “rich taste.” Kokumi is a taste sensation best known forthe hearty, long finish it provides to a flavor. Kokumi also provides amouthful punch at initial taste, and lends an overall balance andrichness to foods, like umami, kokumi heightens the sensation of otherflavors. Therefore, kokumi helps developers respond to consumer demandsfor healthier products, by allowing a reduction of sodium, sugar, oil,fat or MSG content without sacrificing taste.

Kokumi can be classified into four profiles, namely thickness,continuity, mouthfulness and harmony of taste as well aslong-lastingness. Compounds with kokumi properties (such as peptides)increase the perception of other tastes, especially saltiness and umami;as such, with the same amount of salt, a food rich in these kokumicompounds will be perceived as saltier and more flavorful.

One of the key performance characteristics of the MRP compositionsdescribed herein is the development of improved taste characteristics,exemplified by kokumi. The compositions provided herein have a mouthfulpunch at initial quick on site sweet, and overall balance and richness,which make the sweetening agents more sugar-like and overcome thedisadvantages of the sweetening agents having slow onset, void,bitterness, lingering, aftertaste etc.

In addition, besides the steviol glycosides, which are ent-kaurane-typediterpene glycosides, there are many other constituents in highintensity natural sweeteners, such as phytosterols, non-glycosylatedsterebins A-N ent-labdanes glycosides, nonsweet steroid glycosides,lupeol esters, pigments, flavonoids, fatty acids, phospholipids, andglycolipids etc. For example, 30 to over 300 compounds have beendetected within the essential and volatile oils of S. rebaudiana. Theinventors of the present application have surprisingly found thatretention of some amount of these volatile substances, such astrans-β-farnesene, nerolidol, caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide,limonene, spathulenol together with other sesqiterpenes, nonoxygenatedsesquiterpenes, mono-terpenes could improve the taste profile of steviolglycosides and create unique pleasant flavors. These flavors could alsoexist in their intact form, react in Maillard reactions, and/or interactwith other MRPs to create new, interesting flavors. For example, theycan improve the overall taste profile of steviol glycosides and makethem more acceptable for consumers.

III. Maillard Reaction Components

The inventors of the present application have surprisingly discoveredthat non-reducing sugars may serve as substrates in the Maillardreaction and provide Maillard reaction product (MRP) compositions havingimproved taste profiles over previously reported high intensity naturalsweetener compositions.

In one aspect, an MRP sweetening composition comprises one or moreMaillard reaction products (MRPs) formed from a Maillard reactionbetween (1) a high intensity natural sweetening agent compositioncomprising one or more steviol glycosides, one or more Stevia extracts,or a combination thereof: and (2) an amine donor comprising a free aminogroup, wherein the amine donor is a primary amine compound, a secondaryamine compound, an amino acid, a peptide, a protein, a protein extract,or a mixtures thereof.

In another aspect, an MRP sweetening composition comprises one or moreMaillard reaction products (MRPs) formed from a Maillard reactionmixture comprising (1) a high intensity natural sweetening agentcomposition in combination with a reactant mixture comprising (2) anamine donor comprising a free amino group and (3) a reducing sugarcomprising a free aldehyde or free ketone group, wherein the highintensity natural sweetening agent composition comprises one or moresteviol glycosides, one or more Stevia extracts, or a combinationthereof, wherein the amine donor is a primary amine compound, asecondary amine compound, an amino acid, a peptide, a protein, a proteinextract, or a mixtures thereof, and wherein the reducing sugar is amonosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, or acombinations thereof.

In another aspect, an MRP sweetening composition comprises one or moreMRP(s) and at least one sweetening agent or sweetener as defined in thepresent application.

A. Amine Donor

The term “amine reactant” or “amine donor” refers to a compound orsubstance containing a free amino group, which can participate in aMaillard reaction. Amine containing reactants include amino acids,peptides (including dipeptides, tripeptides, and oligopeptides),proteins, proteolytic or nonenzymatic digests thereof, and othercompounds that react with reducing sugars and similar compounds in aMaillard reaction, such as phospholipids, chitosan, lipids, etc. In someembodiments, the amine reactant also provides one or moresulfur-containing groups.

Exemplary amine donors include amino acids, peptides, proteins, proteinextracts.

Exemplary amino acids include, for example, nonpolar amino acids, suchas alanine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, tryptophan,phenylalanine, proline, valine; polar amino acids, such as cysteine,serine, threonine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine; polar basic(positively charged) amino acids, such as histidine and lysine; andpolar acidic (negatively charged) amino acids, such as aspartate andglutamate.

Exemplary peptides include, for example, hydrolyzed vegetable proteins(HVPs) and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary proteins include, for example, sweet taste-modifying proteins,soy protein, sodium caseinate, whey protein, wheat gluten or mixturesthereof. Exemplary sweet taste-modifying proteins include, for example,thaumatin, monellin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the sweet-taste modifyingproteins may be used interchangeably with the term “sweetener enhancer.”

Exemplary protein extracts include yeast extracts, plant extracts,bacterial extracts and the like.

The nature of the amino donor can play an important role in accountingfor the many flavors produced from a Maillard reaction. In someembodiments, the amine donor may account for one or more flavorsproduced from a Maillard reaction. In some embodiments, a flavor may beproduced from a Maillard reaction by using one or more amine donors, ora particular combination of a amine donor and sugar donor.

In certain embodiments, the amine donor is present in the compositionsdescribed herein in a range of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent,from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, from about 1 to about 10 weightpercent, from about 2 to about 9 weight percent, from about 3 to about 8weight percent, from about 4 to about 7 weight percent, from about 5 toabout 6 weight percent and all values and ranges encompassed over therange of from about 1 to about 50 weight percent.

B. Sugar Donor

The sugar donor may be a reducing sugar, a non-reducing sugar, or acombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the MR reactants include one or more reducingsugars in combination with one or more amine donors. When a reactionmixture contains these reactants in the absence of non-reducing sugars(including high intensity natural sweeteners) an MRP composition isformed.

Reducing groups are found on reducing sugars. Initially, a reactivecarbonyl group of a reducing sugar condenses with a free amino group,with a concomitant loss of a water molecule. A reducing sugar substratefor the Maillard reaction typically has a reactive carbonyl group in theform of a free aldehyde (aldose) or a free ketone (ketose).

In some embodiments, the MR reactants include (1) one or more aminedonors and (2) one or more reducing sugars.

In other embodiments, the MR reactants include (1) one or more aminedonors and (2) one or more non-reducing sugars.

In other embodiments, the MR reactants include (1) one or more aminedonors; (2) one or more non-reducing sugars; and (3) one or morereducing sugars.

In some embodiments, non-reducing sugar refers to a sugar or sweeteningagent that does not contain free aldehyde or free keto groups. Exemplarynon-reducing sugars include sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, stachyose,and verbascose. Exemplary non-reducing sweetening agents include highintensity natural sweetening agents.

In some embodiments, the non-reducing sugars include one or more highintensity natural sweetening agents, which may be included asreactant(s) in the Maillard reaction or are added to MRP compositionsformed therefrom. The high intensity natural sweetening agents maycomprise the only sugar donor(s) in the Maillard reaction mixture orthey may be combined with one or more sweetening agents. Alternatively,or in addition, the natural and/or synthetic sweetening agents may beadded to an MRP composition after completion of the MR reaction.

High-intensity natural sweeteners are commonly used as sugar substitutesor sugar alternatives, because they are many times sweeter than sugar,contribute only a few to no calories when added to foods, and enhancethe flavor of foods. Because they are many times sweeter than tablesugar (sucrose), smaller amounts of high-intensity sweeteners are neededto achieve the same level of sweetness as sugar in food. Moreover, theygenerally will not raise blood sugar levels.

High intensity synthetic sweeteners are synthetically produced sugarsubstitutes or sugar alternatives that are similarly many times sweeterthan sugar and contribute few to no calories when added to foods.Moreover, they can be similarly used as Maillard reaction components oras flavor enhancers added to MRP compositions of the presentapplication. High intensity synthetic sweeteners include Advantame,Aspartame, Acesulfame potassium (Ace-K), Neotame, Sucralose, andSaccharin.

The present inventor has found that Advantame can boost the flavor andtaste profile of the compositions disclosed herein, especially whenadded after Maillard reaction. Generally, Advantame and other highintensity synthetic sweeteners can be added in the range of 0.01 ppm to100 ppm.

In some embodiments, the MR reactants include (1) one or more aminedonors; and (2) one or more terpenoid glycosides with or withoutadditional sweetening agents and/or reducing sugars.

In some embodiments, the sugar donor may account for one or more flavorsproduced from a Maillard reaction. More particularly, a flavor may beproduced from a Maillard reaction by using one or more sugar donors,wherein at least one sugar donor is selected from a product comprising aglycoside and a free carbonyl group. In some embodiments, glycosidicmaterials for use in Maillard reactions include naturalconcentrates/extracts selected from bilberry, raspberry, lingonberry,cranberry, apple, peach, apricot, mango, etc.

Reducing sugars can be derived from various sources for use as a sugardonor in the Maillard reaction or as a component added to an MRPcomposition. For example, a sugar syrup may be extracted from a naturalsource, such as Monk fruit, fruit juice or juice concentrate (e.g.,grape juice, apple juice, etc.), vegetable juice (e.g., onion etc.), orfruit (e.g., apples, pears, cherries, etc.), could be used as sugardonor. Such a syrup may include any type of juice regardless whetherthere is any ingredient being isolated from juice, such as purifiedapple juice with trace amount of malic acid etc. The juice could be inthe form of liquid, paste or solid. Reducing sugars may also beextracted from Stevia, sweet tea, luohanguo, etc. after isolation ofhigh intensity sweetening agents described herein (containingnon-reducing sugars) from crude extracts and mixtures thereof.

The natural extracts used in Maillard reactions described herein caninclude any solvent extract-containing substances, such as polyphenols,free amino acids, flavonoids etc. The extracts can be further purifiedby methods such as resin-enriched, membrane filtration, crystallizationetc., as further described herein.

In one embodiment, a Maillard reaction mixture or an MRP compositionproduced thereof may include a sweetener, thaumatin, and optionally oneor more MRP products, wherein the sweetener is selected from date paste,apple juice concentrate, monk fruit concentrate, sugar beet syrup, pearjuice or puree concentrate, apricot juice concentrate. Alternatively, aroot or berry juice may be used as as sugar donor or sweetener added toan MRP composition.

In some embodiments, particular flavors may be produced from a Maillardreaction through the use of one or more sugar donors, where at least onesugar donor is selected from plant juice/powder, vegetable juice/powder,berries juice/powder, fruit juice/powder. In certain preferredembodiments, a concentrate or extract may be used, such as a bilberryjuice concentrate or extract having an abundance of anthocyanins.Optionally, at least one sugar donor and/or one amine donor is selectedfrom animal source based products, such as meat, oil etc. Meat from anypart of an animal, or protein(s) from any part of a plant could be usedas source of amino donor(s) in this application.

In certain embodiments, the sugar donor is present in the compositionsdescribed herein in a range of from about 1 to about 99 weight percent,from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, from about 1 to about 10 weightpercent, from about 2 to about 9 weight percent, from about 3 to about 8weight percent, from about 4 to about 7 weight percent, from about 5 toabout 6 weight percent and all values and ranges encompassed over therange of from about 1 to about 50 weight percent.

B1. Reducing Sugars and Carbohydrate Sweeteners

In certain embodiments, the sugar donor is a reducing sugar orcarbohydrate sweetener. Reducing sugars for use in the presentapplication include, for example, all monosaccharides and somedisaccharides, which can be aldose reducing sugars or ketose reducingsugars. Typically, the reducing sugar may be selected from the groupconsisting of aldotetrose, aldopentose, aldohexose, ketotetrose,ketopentose, and ketohexose reducing sugars. Suitable examples of aldosereducing sugars include erythrose, threose, ribose, arabinose, xylose,lyxose, allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose andtalose. Suitable examples of ketose reducing sugars include erythrulose,ribulose, xylulose, psicose, fructose, sorbose and tagatose. The aldoseor the ketose may also be a deoxy-reducing sugar, for example a 6-deoxyreducing sugar, such as fucose or rhamnose.

Specific monosaccharide aldoses include, for example, reducing agentsinclude, for example, where at least one reducing sugar is amonosaccharide, or the one or more reducing sugars are selected from agroup comprising monosaccharide reducing sugars, typically at least onemonosaccharide reducing sugar is an aldose or a ketose.

Where the reducing sugar is a monosaccharide, the monosaccharide may bein the D- or L-configuration, or a mixture thereof. Typically, themonosaccharide is present in the configuration in which it most commonlyoccurs in nature. For example, the one or more reducing sugars may beselected from the group consisting of D-ribose, L-arabinose, D-xylose,D-lyxose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-psicose, D-fructose,L-fucose and L-rhamnose. In a more particular embodiment, the one ormore reducing sugars are selected from the group consisting of D-xylose,D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose and lactose.

Specific reducing sugars include ribose, glucose, fructose, maltose,lyxose, galactose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, rutinose,lactose, maltose, cellobiose, glucuronolactone, glucuronic acid,D-allose, D-psicose, xylitol, allulose, melezitose, D-tagatose,D-altrose, D-alditol, L-gulose, L-sorbose, D-talitol, inulin, stachyose,including mixtures and derivatives therefrom.

Exemplary disaccharide reducing sugars for use in the presentapplication include maltose, lactose, lactulose, cellubiose, kojibiose,nigerose, sophorose, laminarbiose, gentiobiose, turanose, maltulose,palantinose, gentiobiulose, mannobiose, melibiose, melibiulose,rutinose, rutinulose or xylobiose.

Mannose and glucuronolactone or glucuronic acid can be used as sugardonors under Maillard reaction conditions, although they have seldombeen used. Maillard reaction products of mannose, glucuronolactone orglucuronic acid provide yet another unique approach to provide new tasteprofiles with the sweetening agents described throughout thespecification alone or in combination with additional naturalsweeteners, synthetic sweeteners, and/or flavoring agents describedherein.

Additionally, the reducing sugars for use in the present applicationadditionally include any of the carbohydrate sweeteners described abovein Section II.

B2. Terpenoid Glycosides (“TGs”)

Terpenoid glycosides include steviol glycosides and other high intensitynatural sweetening agents from plants, including glycosides, which mayserve as sugar substitutes, and which are further described below.

A glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to anotherfunctional group via a glycosidic bond. The sugar group is known as theglycone and the non-sugar group as the aglycone or genin part of theglycoside. Glycosides are prevalent in nature and represent asignificant portion of all the pharmacologically active constituents ofbotanicals. As a class, aglycones are much less water-soluble than theirglycoside counterparts.

Depending on whether the glycosidic bond lies “below” or “above” theplane of the cyclic sugar molecule, glycosides of the presentapplication can be classified as α-glycosides or β-glycosides. Someenzymes such as α-amylase can only hydrolyze α-linkages; others, such asemulsin, can only affect β-linkages. Further, there are four types oflinkages present between glycone and aglycone: a C-linked glycosidicbond, which cannot be hydrolyzed by acids or enzymes; an O-linkedglycosidic bond; an N-linked glycosidic bond; or an S-linked glycosidicbond.

The glycone can consist of a single sugar group (monosaccharide) orseveral sugar groups (oligosaccharide). Exemplary glycones includeglucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, rhamnose, rutinose, xylose,lactose, arabinose, glucuronic acid etc. An aglycone is the compoundremaining after the glycosyl group on a glycoside is replaced by ahydrogen atom. When combining a glycone with an aglycone, a number ofdifferent glycosides may be formed, including steviol glycosides,terpenoid glycosides, alcoholic glycosides, anthraquinone glycosides,coumarin glycosides, chromone glycosides, cucurbitane glycosides,cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoid glycosides, phenolic glycosides,steroidal glycosides, iridoid glycosides, and thioglycosides.

For example, the term “flavonoid aglycone” refers to an unglycosylatedflavonoid. Flavonoid aglycones include flavone aglycones, flavanolaglycones, flavanone aglycones, isoflavone aglycones and mixturesthereof. Thus, the terms “flavone aglycone”, “flavanol aglycone”,“flavanone aglycone” and “isoflavone aglycones” refer to unglycosylatedflavones, flavanols, flavanones and isoflavones, respectively. Moreparticularly, the flavonoid aglycone may be selected from the groupconsisting of apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin,naringenin, pinocembrin, hesperetin, genistein, and mixtures thereof.

Terpenoid glycosides (TGs) for use in the present application, includee.g., steviol glycosides, Stevia extracts, mogrosides (MGs), Siraitiagrosvenorii (luo han guo or monk fruit) plant extracts, rubusosides(RUs), Rubus suavissimus (Chinese sweet tea) plant extracts; flavanoidglycosides, such as neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC); osladin, asapogenin steroid glycoside from the rhizome of Polypodium vulgare;trilobatin, a dihydrochalcone glucoside from apple leaves; eriodictyol,a bitter-masking flavonoid glycoside extracted from yerba santa(Eriodictyon californicum), one of the four flavanones extracted fromthis plant as having taste-modifying properties, along homoeriodictyol,its sodium salt, and sterubin; polypodoside A (from the rhizome ofPolypodium glycyrrhiza); phyllodulcin, a coumarin glycoside found inHydrangea macrophylla and Hydrangea serrata; swingle glycosides, such asmogroside V, mogroside IV, siamenoside I, and 11-oxomogroside V, whichare cucurbitane glycosides; monatin, a naturally occurring, highintensity sweetener isolated from the plant Sclerochiton ilicifolius,and its salts (monatin SS, RR, RS, SR); hernandulcin, an intensely sweetchemical compound gained from the chiefly Mexican and South Americanplant Lippia dukis; phlorizin, plant-derived dihydrochalcone that is aglucoside of phloretin, which is found primarily in unripe Malus (apple)and the root bark of apple; glycyphyllin, an alpha-L-rhamnoside derivedfrom phloretin, the aglucone of phlorizin, a plant-deriveddihydrochalcone; baiyunoside, a diterpene glycoside isolated from theChinese drug Bai-Yun-Shen; pterocaryoside A and pterocaryoside B,secodammarane saponin glycosides isolated from Pterocarya paliurusBatal. (Juglandaceae), which are native to China; mukuroziosides Ia, Ib,IIa and Iib, acyclic sesquiterpene oligoglycosides isolated from thepericarp of Sapindus mukurossi and Sapindus rarak; phlomisoside I, afuranolabdane-type diterpene glycoside isolated from the roots of theChinese plant, Phlomis betonicoides Diels (Lamiaceae); periandrin I andV, two sweet-tasting triterpene-glycosides from Periandra dulcis,abrusoside A-D, four sweet tasting triterpine glycosides from the leavesof Abrus precatorius; cyclocariosides I; II, and III, and syntheticallyglycosylated compositions thereof (e.g., GSGs, glycosylated Steviaextracts etc).

It should be understood that throughout this specification, whenreference is made to a specific terpenoid glycoside or high intensitynatural sweetening agent, such as an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside,a swingle extract, a sweet tea extract, NHDC, or any glycosylatedderivative thereof, that the example is meant to be inclusive andapplicable to all of the other terpenoid glycosides or high intensitynatural sweetening agents in these classes. The same applies to othersweeteners; when reference is made to a sweetening agent, such as aterpenoid glycoside sweetener, steviol glycoside sweetener, highintensity natural sweetener, sweetener enhancer, high intensitysynthetic sweetener, reducing sugar, or non-reducing sugar, that theexample is meant to be inclusive and applicable to all of the othersweeteners or sweetening agents in any given class.

B3. Steviol Glycosides (SGs)

Extracts from Stevia plants provide steviol glycosides (“SGs”) withvarying percentages of components, SGs. The phrase “steviol glycoside”is recognized in the art and is intended to include the major and minorconstituents of Stevia. These “SGs” include, for example, stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A (RA), rebaudioside B (RB), rebaudioside C(RC), rebaudioside D (RD), rebaudioside E (RE), rebaudioside F (RF),rebaudioside M (RM), rebaudioside O (RO), rebaudioside H (RH),rebaudioside I (RI), rebaudioside L (RL), rebaudioside N (RN),rebaudioside K (RK), rebaudioside J (RJ), rubusoside, dulcoside A (DA)as well as those listed in Tables A and B (below) or mixtures thereof.

As used herein, the terms “steviol glycoside,” or “SG” refers to aglycoside of steviol, a diterpene compound shown in Formula I.

As shown in Formula II, GSGs are comprised of steviol moleculesglycosylated at the C13 and/or C19 position(s).

Based on the type of sugar (i.e. glucose, rhamnose/deoxyhexose,xylose/arabinose) SGs can be grouped into three families (1) SGs withglucose; (2) SG with glucose and one rhamnose or deoxyhexose moiety; and(3) SGs with glucose and one xylose or arabinose moiety.

Table A provides a non-limiting list of about 80 SGs grouped accordingto the molecular weight. The steviol glycosides for use in the presentapplication are not limited by source or origin. Steviol glycosides maybe extracted from Stevia leaves, synthesized by enzymatic processes,synthesized by chemical syntheses, or produced by fermentation. Steviolglycosides found in the Stevia plant include rebaudioside A (RA),rebaudioside B (RB), rebaudioside D (RD), stevioside, rubusoside, aswell as those in Table B (below) etc., and further includes mixturesthereof. The steviol glycoside of interest can be purified before use.

TABLE A SGs grouped by molecular weight (MW) # Added Rhamnose/ # Added #Added Deoxy- Xylose/ Glucose hexose Arabinose moieties moieties moietiesSG Name MW mw = 180 mw = 164 mw = 150 R1 (C-19) R2 (C-13) BackboneRelated 457 — SvGn#1 Steviol- 479 1 H— Glcβ1- Steviol mono side Steviol-479 1 1 Glcβ1- H— monoside A SG-4 611 1 1 H— Xylβ(1-2)Glcβ1- SteviolDulcoside 625 1 1 H— Rhaα(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol A1 Iso-steviol- 641 2 H—Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Isosteviol bioside Reb-G1 641 2 H— Glcβ(1-3)Glcβ1-Steviol Rubusoside 641 2 Glcβ1- Glcβ1- Steviol Steviolbioside 641 2 H—Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol Related 675 — SvGn#3 Reb-F1 773 2 1 H—Xylβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1- Reb-R1 773 2 1 H— Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1-Steviol 3)]Xylβ1- Stevioside F 773 2 1 Glcβ1- Xylβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol(SG-1) SG-Unk1 773 2 1 — — Steviol Dulcoside A 787 2 1 Glcβ1-Rhaα(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol Dulcoside B 787 2 1 H— Rhaα(1-2)[Glcβ1(1-Steviol (JECFA C) 3)]Glcβ1- SG-3 787 2 1 H— 6-deoxyGlcβ(1- Steviol2)[Glcβ(1-3)]Glcβ1- Stevioside D 787 2 1 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)6- deoxyGlcβ1-Iso-Reb B 803 3 H— Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Isosteviol 3)]Glcβ1- Iso- 803 3Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Isosteviol Stevioside Reb B 803 3 H—Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1- Reb G 803 3 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-3)Glcβ1-Steviol Reb-KA 803 3 Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Glcβ1- Steviol SG-13 803 3 Glcβ1-Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Isomeric steviol (12α- hydroxy) Stevioside 803 3 Glcβ1-Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol Stevioside B 803 3 Glcβ(1-3)Glcβ1- Glcβ1-Steviol (SG-15) Reb F 935 3 1 Glcβ1- Xylβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1-Reb R 935 3 1 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Xylβ1- SG-Unk2 935 3 1— — Steviol SG-Unk3 935 3 1 — — Steviol Reb F3 935 3 1 Xylβ(1-6)Glcβ1-Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol (SG-11) Reb F2 935 3 1 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Xylβ(1-Steviol (SG-14) 3)]Glcβ1- Reb C 949 3 1 Glcβ1- Rhaα(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol3)]Glcβ1- Reb C2/Reb S 949 3 1 Rhaα(1-2)Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- SteviolStevioside E 949 3 1 Glcβ1- 6-DeoxyGlcβ(1- Steviol (SG-9)2)[Glcβ(1-3)]Glcβ1- Stevioside 949 3 1 6-DeoxyGlcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1-E2 3)]Glcβ1- SG-10 949 3 1 Glcβ1- Glcα(1-3)Glcβ(1- Steviol2)[Glcβ1(1-3])Glcβ1- Reb L1 949 3 1 H— Glcβ(1-3)Rhaα(1- Steviol2)[Glcβ(1-3)]Glcβ1- SG-2 949 3 1 Glcβ1- 6-deoxyGlcβ(1- Steviol2)[Glcβ(1-3)]Glcβ1- Reb A3 965 4 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Fruβ(1- (SG-8) (1 Fru)3)]Glcβ1- Iso-Reb A 965 4 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Isosteviol 3)]Glcβ1-Reb A 965 4 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1- Reb A2 965 4Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-6)[Glcβ(1- Steviol (SG-7) 2)]Glcβ1- Reb E 965 4Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol Reb H1 965 4 H— Glcβ(1-6)Glcβ(1-Steviol 3)[Glcβ1-3)]Glcβ1- Related 981 — SvGn#2 Related 981 — SvGn#5 RebU2 1097 4 1 Xylβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb T 1097 4 1Xylβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb W 1097 4 1Glcβ(1-2)[Araβ(1- Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb W2 1097 4 1Araβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb W3 1097 4 1Araβ(1-6)Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb U 1097 4 1Araα(1-2)-Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1- SG-12 1111 4 1Rhaα(1-2)Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1- Reb H 1111 4 1Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-3)Rhaα(1- Steviol 2)[Glcβ(1-3)]Glcβ1- Reb J 1111 4 1Rhaα(1-2)Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1- Reb K 1111 4 1Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Rhaα(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1- Reb K2 1111 4 1Glcβ(1-6)Glcβ1- Rhaα(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1- SG-Unk4 1111 4 1 — —Steviol SG-Unk5 1111 4 1 — — Steviol Reb D 1127 5 Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1-Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1- Reb I 1127 5 Glcβ(1-3)Glcβ1-Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1- Reb L 1127 5 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-6)Glcβ(1-Steviol 2)[Glcβ(1-3)]Glcβ1- Reb I3 1127 5 [Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ(1-Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- 6)]Glcβ1- SG-Unk6 1127 5 — — Steviol Reb Q 1127 5 Glcβ1-Glcα(1-4)Glcβ(1- Steviol (SG-5) 2)[Glcβ(1-3)]Glcβ1- Reb I2 1127 5 Glcβ1-Glcα(1-3)Glcβ1- Steviol (SG-6) 2[Glcβ1-3)]Glcβ(1- Reb Q2 1127 5Glcα(1-2)Glcα(1- Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- 4)Glcβ1- Reb Q3 1127 5 Glcβ1-Glcα(1-4)Glcβ(1- 3)[Glcβ(1-2)]Glcβ1- Reb T1 1127 5 Galβ(1-2)Glcβ1-Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- (1 Gal) 3)]Glcβ1- Related 1127 — SvGn#4 Reb V2 1259 51 Xylβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]-Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb V1259 5 1 Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Xylβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- 3)]-Glcβ1- Reb Y1259 5 1 Glcβ(1-2)[Araβ(1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb N1273 5 1 Rhaα(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1-Reb M 1289 6 Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)]Glcβ1-3)]Glcβ1- 15α-OH 1305 6 Glcβ1-2(Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ1- 15α- Reb M3)Glcβ1- 3]Glcβ1- Hydroxy- steviol Reb O 1435 6 1 Glcβ(1-3)Rhaα(1-Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- Steviol 2)[Glcβ(1-3)]Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb O2 1435 6 1Glcβ(1-4)Rhaα(1- Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- 2)[Glcβ(1-3)]Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1-

Legend: SG-1 to 16: SGs without a specific name; SG-Unk1-6: SGs withoutdetailed structural proof; Glc: Glucose; Rha: Rhamnose; Xyl: Xylose;Ara: Arabinose.

TABLE B Added Added Added Rhamnoe/ Xylose/ Glucose DeoxyHex ArabinoseName MW MW = 180 MW = 164 MW = 150 R1 (C-19) R2 (C-13) Backbone SG-1GSteviol- 480 1 H— Glcβ1- Steviol monoside Steviol- 480 1 Glcβ1- H—Steviol monoside A SG- Dulcoside 626 1 1 H— Rhaα(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol 1G1RA1 Dulcoside 626 1 1 Steviol A1 SG- SG-4 612 1 1 H— Xylβ(1-2)Glcβ1-Steviol 1G1X SG-2G Reb-G1 642 2 H— Glcβ(1-3)Glcβ1- Steviol Rubusoside642 2 Glcβ1- Glcβ1- Steviol Steviolbioside 642 2 H— Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1-Steviol SG- Dulcoside 788 2 1 Glcβ1- Rhaα(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol 2G1R ADulcoside 788 2 1 H— Rhaα(1- Steviol B (JECFA C) 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1-SG-3 788 2 1 H— 6-deoxyGlcβ(1- Steviol 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Stevioside D788 2 1 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)6- Steviol deoxyGlcβ1- SG- Reb-F1 774 2 1 H—Xylβ(1- Steviol 2G1X 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb-R1 774 2 1 H— Glcβ(1-Steviol 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Xylβ1- Stevioside 774 2 1 Glcβ1- Xylβ(1-2)Glcβ1-Steviol F (SG-1) SG-Unk1 774 2 1 — — Steviol SG-3G Reb B 804 3 H—Glcβ(1- Steviol 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb G 804 3 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-3)Glcβ1-Steviol Reb-KA 804 3 Glcβ(1- Glcβ1- Steviol 2)Glcβ1- Stevioside 804 3Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol Stevioside 804 3 Glcβ(1- Glcβ1- Steviol B(SG-15) 3)Glcβ1- SG- Reb A3 966 4 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1- Steviol 3G1Fru (SG-8)(1 Fru) 2)[Fruβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- SG- Reb C 950 3 1 Glcβ1- Rhaα(1- Steviol3G1R 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb C2/ 950 3 1 Rhaα(1- Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1-Steviol Reb S 2)Glcβ1- Stevioside 950 3 1 Glcβ1- 6-DeoxyGlcβ(1- SteviolE (SG-9) 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Stevioside 950 3 1 6- Glcβ(1- Steviol E2DeoxyGlcβ1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- SG-10 950 3 1 Glcβ1- Glcα(1- Steviol3)Glcβ(1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3])Glcβ1- Reb L1 950 3 1 H— Glcβ(1- Steviol3)Rhaα(1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- SG-2 950 3 1 Glcβ1- 6-deoxyGlcβ(1-Steviol 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- SG- Reb F 936 3 1 Glcβ1- Xylβ(1- Steviol3G1X 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb R 936 3 1 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1- Steviol2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Xylβ1- SG-Unk2 936 3 1 — — Steviol SG-Unk3 936 3 1 — —Steviol Reb F3 936 3 1 Xylβ(1- Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol (SG-11) 6)Glcβ1-Reb F2 936 3 1 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1- Steviol (SG-14) 2)[Xylβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- SG-4GReb A 966 4 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1- Steviol 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb A2 966 4Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-6)[Glcβ(1- Steviol (SG-7) 2)]Glcβ1- Reb E 966 4 Glcβ(1-Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol 2)Glcβ1- Reb H1 966 4 H— Glcβ(1- Steviol6)Glcβ(1- 3)[Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1- SG- Reb T1 1128 5 Galβ(1- Glcβ(1- Steviol4G1G (1 Gal) 2)Glcβ1- 2)[Glcβ(1- al 3)]Glcβ1- SG- SG-12 1112 4 1 Rhaα(1-Glcβ(1- Steviol 4G1R 2)Glcβ1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb H 1112 4 1 Glcβ1-Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)Rhaα(1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb J 1112 4 1 Rhaα(1-Glcβ(1- Steviol 2)Glcβ1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb K 1112 4 1 Glcβ(1-Rhaα(1- Steviol 2)Glcβ1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb K2 1112 4 1 Glcβ(1-Rhaα(1- Steviol 6)Glcβ1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- SG-Unk4 1112 4 1 — —Steviol SG-Unk5 1112 4 1 — — Steviol SG- Reb U2 1098 4 1 Xylβ(1-Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol 4G1X 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb T 1098 4 1 Xylβ(1-Glcβ(1- Steviol 2)Glcβ1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb W 1098 4 1 Glcβ(1-Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol 2)[Araβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb W2 1098 4 1 Araβ(1-Glcβ(1- Steviol 2)Glcβ1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb W3 1098 4 1 Araβ(1-Glcβ(1- Steviol 6)Glcβ1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb U 1098 4 1 Araα(1-2)-Glcβ(1- Steviol Glcβ1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- SG-5G Reb D 1128 5 Glcβ(1-Glcβ(1- Steviol 2)Glcβ1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb I 1128 5 Glcβ(1-Glcβ(1- Steviol 3)Glcβ1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb L 1128 5 Glcβ1-Glcβ(1- Steviol 6)Glcβ(1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb I3 1128 5 [Glcβ(1-Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol 2)Glcβ(1- 6)]Glcβ1- SG-Unk6 1128 5 — — SteviolReb Q 1128 5 Glcβ1- Glcα(1- Steviol (SG-5) 4)Glcβ(1- 2)[Glcβ(1-3)]Glcβ1- Reb I2 1128 5 Glcβ1- Glcα(1-3)Glcβ1- Steviol (SG-6) 2[Glcβ1-3)]Glcβ1- Reb Q2 1128 5 Glcα(1- Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Steviol 2)Glcα(1-4)Glcβ1- Reb Q3 1128 5 Glcβ1- Glcα(1- Steviol 4)Glcβ(1- 3)[Glcβ(1-2)]Glcβ1- SG- Reb N 1274 5 1 Rhaα(1- Glcβ(1- Steviol 5G1R 2)[Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1- SG- Reb V2 1260 5 1 Xylβ(1- Glcβ(1-Steviol 5G1X 2)[Glcβ(1-3)]- 2)[Glcβ(1- Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb V 1260 5 1Glcβ(1- Xylβ(1- Steviol 2)[Glcβ(1- 2)[Glcβ(1-3)]- 3)]Glcβ1- Glcβ1- Reb Y1260 5 1 Glcβ(1- Glcβ(1- Steviol 2)[Araβ(1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1-3)]Glcβ1- SG-6G Reb M 1290 6 Glcβ(1- Glcβ(1- Steviol 2)[Glcβ(1-2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1- SG- Reb O 1436 6 1 Glcβ(1- Glcβ(1-Steviol 6G1R 3)Rhaα(1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1- Reb O21436 6 1 Glcβ(1- Glcβ(1- Steviol 4)Rhaα(1- 2)[Glcβ(1- 2)[Glcβ(1-3)]Glcβ1- 3)]Glcβ1- SG- Related 458 — Steviol Rel SvGn#1 SG- Related 982— Steviol Rel SvGn#2 SG- Related 676 — Steviol Rel SvGn#3 SG- Related1128 — Steviol Rel SvGn#4 SG- Related 982 — Steviol Rel SvGn#5 — Iso-642 2 H— Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Isosteviol Steviolbioside — Iso-Reb B 804 3 H—Glcβ(1- Isosteviol 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ(1- — Iso- 804 3 Glcβ1-Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1- Isosteviol Stevioside — Iso-Reb A 966 4 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-Isosteviol 2)[Glcβ(1- 3)]Glcβ1- — SG-13 804 3 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1-Isomeric steviol (12α- hydroxy) — 15α-OH 1306 6 Glcβ1- Glcβ(1-2)Glcβ1-15α- Reb M 2(Glcβ1- 3)Glcβ1- Hydroxy- 3)Glcβ1- steviol

Legend: SG-1 to 16: SGs without a specific name; SG-Unk1-6:Steviolglycosides without detailed structural proof; Glc: Glucose; Rha:Rhamnose; Xyl: Xylose; Ara: Arabinose; Fm: Fructose; Gal: Galactose

Steviol glycosides include a hydrophobic part (steviol) and ahydrophilic part (sugars, such as glucose). When steviol glycosides aredissolved in a suitable solvent, steviol glycosides can form solvate(s).It is assumed that steviol glycosides can form clusters similar withflavor molecules as they do for water and other solvents. Suchstructures can stabilize the flavor, especially volatile substances,either in an aqueous solution or in solid form. It has been found thatthree steviol glycosides share one water molecule in its crystalstructure. Not to be limited by theory, it is believed that steviolglycosides share one or more flavor molecules which can stabilize theflavor molecule better than in the absence of the Stevia. In general,steviol glycosides improve the solubility of flavor substances. It isfurther believed that Stevia extracts and steviol glycosides haveattractive forces to hold the flavor, protect the stability of flavor,and hereafter it is referred to as steviol glycoside flavorate (SGF).One embodiment includes a composition comprising a Stevia extract with aflavor.

In certain embodiments, compositions of RA+RB, RA+RB+RD, RA+RB+RC,RA+RB+RC+RD, RA+RB+RC+RD+RE, RA+RB+RC+RD+RM, RA+RD+RM, RD+RM,RD+RM+RO+RE, etc. are used. These combinations can be either added toMaillard reaction products produced from a sugar donor and an aminedonor, or included in the Maillard reaction with the sugar donor andamine donor, or serve as the substrate(s) for the Maillard reaction inthe presence of an amine donor.

As used herein, the term “steviol glycoside composition” or “SGcomposition” refers to a composition comprising one or more SGs (steviolglycosides).

B4. Steviol Glycoside Extracts

In other embodiments, the sugar donor(s) comprise a plurality of SGs inthe form of a Stevia extract. Extracts from Stevia leaves, for example,provide SGs with varying percentages corresponding to the SGs present ina particular extract. The phrase “steviol glycoside” is recognized inthe art and is intended to include the major and minor constituents ofStevia. These SGs include, for example, stevioside, steviolbioside,rebaudioside A (RA), rebaudioside B (RB), rebaudioside C (RC),rebaudioside D (RD), rebaudioside E (RE), rebaudioside F (RF),rebaudioside M (RM), rebaudioside O (RO), rebaudioside H (RH),rebaudioside I (RI), rebaudioside L (RL), rebaudioside N (RN),rebaudioside K (RK), rebaudioside J (RJ), rubusoside, dulcoside A (DA),mixtures thereof, as well as those listed in Tables A and B.

A Stevia extract may contain various combinations of individual SGs,where the extract may be defined by the proportion of a particular SG inthe extract. For example, an analysis of an exemplary RA50 extractprepared by the process described in Example 81 is shown in Table C. Ananalysis of an exemplary combination extract comprising RA40+RB8 isshown in Table D.

TABLE C Distribution and concentration of SGs in RA50 Name MW mg/10 ml %m/m Related steviol glycoside 517 or <0.01 <0.01 Related steviolglycoside  981  0.23  0.130 Related steviol glycoside 427 or  0.27 0.151 Related steviol glycoside 675 or  0.07  0.037 Related steviolglycoside  981  2.23  1.242 Reb-V 1259 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-T 1127 <0.01<0.01 Reb-E  965  0.87  0.487 Reb-O 1435  0.02  0.009 Reb-D 1127  2.63 1.464 Reb-K 1111  0.06  0.035 Reb-N 1273  0.03  0.014 Reb-M 1289  0.07 0.038 Reb-S  949  0.00  −0.002 Reb-J 1111  0.05  0.028 Reb-W 1097  0.13 0.074 Reb-U2 1097 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-W2/3 1097 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-O2  965 0.08  0.047 Reb-Y 1259  0.09  0.050 Reb-I 1127 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-V2 1259<0.01 <0.01 Reb-K2 1111  1.19  0.661 Reb-H 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-A  96591.72  51.041 Stevioside  803 55.43  30.844 Reb-F  935  0.15  0.086Reb-C  949  7.40  4.118 Dulcoside-A  787  0.45  0.248 Rubusoside  641 0.47  0.260 Reb-B  803  4.02  2.239 Dulcoside B  787  0.65  0.362Steviolbioside  641  0.96  0.531 Reb-R  935  0.01  0.005 Reb-G  803 0.23  0.128 Stevioside-B  787  0.94  0.526 Reb-G1  641 <0.01 <0.01Reb-R1  773  1.39  0.771 Reb-F1  773 <0.01 <0.01 Iso-Steviolbioside  641 0.23  0.130 Sum 171.33  95.34

TABLE D Distribution and concentration of SGs in RA40/RB8 RA40/RB8 Lot174-71-01 ± s.d. % Name MW mg/10 ml % m/m (m/m) Related steviol 517 or427  0.08  0.05  0.01 glycoside #1 Related steviol  981 <0.01 <0.01<0.01 glycoside #2 Related steviol 427 or 735  1.01  0.67  0.13glycoside #3 Related steviol  675 or 1127  0.21  0.14  0.03 glycoside #4Related steviol  981  0.10  0.06  0.01 glycoside #5 Reb-V 1259 <0.01<0.01 <0.01 Reb-T 1127 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-E  965  0.74  0.49  0.10Reb-O 1435  2.53  1.69  0.25 Reb-D 1127  1.73  1.15  0.17 Reb-K 1111<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-N 1273  0.42  0.28  0.06 Reb-M 1289  0.07  0.05 0.01 Reb-S  949  0.11  0.07  0.01 Reb-J 1111  0.11  0.07  0.01 Reb-W1097  0.05  0.03  0.01 Reb-U2 1097 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-W2/3 1097  0.05 0.03  0.01 Reb-O2  965 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-Y 1259  0.38  0.25  0.05Reb-I 1127  1.12  0.75  0.15 Reb-V2 1259 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-K2 1111<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-H 1111 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-A  965 60.36 40.30 6.04 Stevioside  803 26.66 17.80  2.67 Reb-F  935 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01Reb-C  949  2.91  1.94  0.29 Dulcoside-A  787 11.92  7.96  1.19Rubusoside  641  2.50  1.67  0.25 Reb-B  803 12.09  8.07  1.21 DulcosideB  787  0.36  0.24  0.05 Steviolbioside  641  0.37  0.25  0.05 Reb-R 935  0.72  0.48  0.10 Reb-G  803  1.49  1.00  0.20 Stevioside-B  787 1.04  0.69  0.14 Reb-G1  641 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-R1  773 <0.01 <0.01<0.01 Reb-F1  773 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Iso-Steviolbioside  641 <0.01 <0.01<0.01 Sum 129.11  86.19

In some embodiments, the Stevia extract(s) included in the Maillardreaction or added to an MRP composition may be selected from the groupconsisting of RA20, RA40, RA50, RA60, RA80, RA 90, RA95, RA97, RA98,RA99, RA99.5, RB8, RB10, RB 15, RC15, RD6, STV60, STV90, RA75/RB15,RA90/RD7, RA80/RB10/RD6 and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the Stevia extract comprises non-steviolglycoside components. Non-steviol glycoside components are volatilesubstances characterized by a characteristic odor and/or flavor, such asa Citrus flavor and other flavors described herein.

In another embodiment, the Stevia extract comprises a non-volatile typeof non-steviol glycoside substances comprising one or more moleculescharacterized by terpene, di-terpene, or ent-kaurene structure.

In another embodiment, the Stevia extract comprises one or more volatileand one or more non-volatile types of non-steviol glycoside substances.

In some embodiments, the SGs can be fractionated to select for highmolecular weight molecules.

In a particular embodiment, the Stevia extract comprises 25-35 wt %Reb-A, 0.4-4 wt % Reb-B, 5-15 wt % Reb-C, 1-10 wt % Reb-D, 2-5 wt %Reb-F, 1-5 wt % Reb-K, and 20-40 wt % Stevioside.

In another embodiment, the Stevia extract comprises one or more membersselected from the group consisting of 1-5 wt % Rubusoside, 1-3 wt %Dulcoside A, 0.01-3 wt % steviolbioside, 0.2-1.5 wt % Dulcoside B,00.01-2 wt % Reb-O, 0.01-2 wt % Reb-S, 0.01-1.2 wt % Reb-T, 0.01-0.8 wt% Reb-R, 0.01-0.7 wt % Reb-J, 0.01-0.7 wt % Reb-W, 0.01-0.7 wt % Reb-V,0.01-0.6 wt % Reb-V2, 0.01-0.5 wt % Reb-G, 0.01-0.5 wt % Reb-H, 0.01-0.5wt % Reb-K2, 0.01-0.5 wt % Reb-U2, 0.01-0.5% Reb-I, 0.01-0.5 wt % Rel SG#4, 0.01-0.5 wt % Rel SG #5, 0.01-0.4 wt % Reb-M, 0.01-0.4 wt % Reb-N,0.01-0.4 wt % Reb-E, 0.01-0.4 wt % Reb-F1, 0.01-0.4 wt % Reb-Y, andcombinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the Stevia extract comprises at least 20, atleast 21, at least 22, at least 23 or at least 24 members selected fromthe group consisting of: 1-5 wt % Rubusoside, 1-3 wt % Dulcoside A,0.01-3 wt % steviolbioside, 0.2-1.5 wt % Dulcoside B, 00.01-2 wt %Reb-O, 0.01-2 wt % Reb-S, 0.01-1.2 wt % Reb-T, 0.01-0.8 wt % Reb-R,0.01-0.7 wt % Reb-J, 0.01-0.7 wt % Reb-W, 0.01-0.7 wt % Reb-V, 0.01-0.6wt % Reb-V2, 0.01-0.5 wt % Reb-G, 0.01-0.5 wt % Reb-H, 0.01-0.5 wt %Reb-K2, 0.01-0.5 wt % Reb-U2, 0.01-0.5% Reb-I, 0.01-0.5 wt % Rel SG #4,0.01-0.5 wt % Rel SG #5, 0.01-0.4 wt % Reb-M, 0.01-0.4 wt % Reb-N,0.01-0.4 wt % Reb-E, 0.01-0.4 wt % Reb-F1, and 0.01-0.4 wt % Reb-Y.

In another embodiment, the Stevia extract comprises 45-55 wt % Reb-A,20-40 wt % Stevioside, 2-6 wt % Reb-C, 0.5-3 wt % Reb-B, and 0.5-3 wt %Reb-D.

In another embodiment, the Stevia extract comprises one or more membersselected from the group consisting of: 0.1-3 wt % Related SG #5,0.05-1.5 wt % Reb-R1, 0.0.05-1.5 wt % Reb-K2, 0.05-1.5 wt % Reb-E,0.01-1 wt % Dulcoside A, 0.01-1 wt % Dulcoside B, 0.01-1 wt %Rubusoside, 0.01-1 wt % Steviolbioside, 0.01-1 wt % Iso-steviolbioside,0.01-1 wt % Stevioside-B, 0.01-1 wt % Related SG #3, 0.01-1 wt % RelatedSG #2, 0.01-1 wt % Reb-G, 0.01-1 wt % Reb-F, and 0.01-1 wt % Reb-W.

In another embodiment, the Stevia extract comprises at least 12, atleast 13, at least 14 or at least 15 members selected from the groupconsisting of: 0.1-3 wt % Related SG #5, 0.05-1.5 wt % Reb-R1,0.0.05-1.5 wt % Reb-K2, 0.05-1.5 wt % Reb-E, 0.01-1 wt % Dulcoside A,0.01-1 wt % Dulcoside B, 0.01-1 wt % Rubusoside, 0.01-1 wt %Steviolbioside, 0.01-1 wt % Iso-steviolbioside, 0.01-1 wt %Stevioside-B, 0.01-1 wt % Related SG #3, 0.01-1 wt % Related SG #2,0.01-1 wt % Reb-G, 0.01-1 wt % Reb-F, and 0.01-1 wt % Reb-W.

In another embodiment, the Stevia extract comprises 35-45 wt % Reb-A,10-25 wt % Stevioside, 4-12 wt % Reb-B, 4-12 wt % Dulcoside A, 0.5-4 wt% Reb-C, and 0.1-4 wt % Reb-O.

In another embodiment, the Stevia extract comprises one or more membersselected from the group consisting of: 0.3-3 wt % Rubusoside, 0.1-3 wt %Reb-D, 0.1-3 wt % Reb-G, 0.1-3 wt % Reb-I, 0.1-3 wt % Stevioside B,0.1-3 wt % Related SG #3, 0.05-1.5 wt % Reb-E, 0.05-2 wt % Reb-R, 0.05-1wt % Dulcoside B, 0.01-1 wt % Reb-N, 0.01-1 wt % Reb-Y, 0.01-1 wt %Steviolbioside, 0.01-1 wt % Dulcoside B, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the Stevia extract comprises at least 10, atleast 11, at least 12 or at least 13 members selected from the groupconsisting of: 0.3-3 wt % Rubusoside, 0.1-3 wt % Reb-D, 0.1-3 wt %Reb-G, 0.1-3 wt % Reb-I, 0.1-3 wt % Stevioside B, 0.1-3 wt % Related SG#3, 0.05-1.5 wt % Reb-E, 0.05-2 wt % Reb-R, 0.05-1 wt % Dulcoside B,0.01-1 wt % Reb-N, 0.01-1 wt % Reb-Y, 0.01-1 wt % Steviolbioside, and0.01-1 wt % Dulcoside B.

One embodiment includes compositions of Stevia derived MRP(s) and/oralso the Stevia derived MRP(s) and non-steviol glycosides containedwithin the Stevia leaves/extracts. In one embodiment, the steviolglycosides and non-steviol glycoside are extracted directly from leavestogether. In other embodiments, the steviol glycosides and non-steviolglycosides may be blended following separate extraction(s) and/orseparation(s), and then blended back together. In some embodiments, thenon-Stevia glycoside substances can be obtained by fermentation orenzymatic conversion. The non-steviol glycoside substances can be usedas substrates for the Maillard reaction.

In one embodiment, the inventors of the present application havedeveloped an extraction process from the Stevia plant so as to preserveunique flavors, such as Citrus (or tangerine). Without being bound bytheory, it is believed that the unique Citrus (or tangerine) flavororiginates from one or more flavor substances in the Stevia extract. Theflavor substances may be water soluble or they may be dispersible in anoil-in-water solution or Stevia flavorate, where the flavor thresholdvalue can be as low as 10⁻⁹ ppb.

In one embodiment, a composition of steviol glycoside(s) and flavorsubstances originate from a Stevia extract. Flavored Stevia extracts maybe prepared by processes further described in the Examples. Exemplaryflavors that may be formed from the Stevia extracts include floral,caramel, Citrus, chocolate, orange, violet, nectar, peach, jujube,barbecue, green tea, toast, roast barley, and combinations thereof.

Suitable FEMA recognized Stevia based compositions are included hereinas noted in Table E. These Stevia based compositions can be used in theMaillard reaction as described throughout as the sweetening agent(s).

TABLE E FEMA GRAS Stevia Summary FEMA THE IDENTITY DESCRIPTION GRAS FEMASUBSTANCE PRIMARY AS REVIEWED BY THE FEMA LIST NO. NAME AND SYNONYMSEXCEPT PANEL 25 4720 Rebaudioside C Dulcoside B 26 4728 Glucosyl steviolglycosides *Not less than 75% total supra- Stevia extract, enzymaticallyglucosylated steviol glycoside; not modified more than 6% major steviolglycosides not further glucosylated; not more than 4% individual steviolglycosides not further glucosylated; not more than 20% maltodextrin 264763 Stevioside Steviosin (4,alpha)-13 -[(2-0-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-alpha-D- glucopyranosyl)oxy]kaur-16- en-18-oic acidbeta-D- glucopyranosyl ester 26 4771 Steviol glycoside extract, Steviarebaudiana, Rebaudioside A 60% 26 4772 Steviol glycoside extract, Steviarebaudiana, Rebaudioside A 80% 27 4796 Steviol glycoside extract, Totalsteviol glycosides >95%, Stevia rebaudiana, including 28-33%rebaudioside C, Rebaudioside C 30% 17-23% rebaudioside A, 10-15%stevioside, 25-36% other steviol glycosides (including rebaudiosides B,D, E and F, steviolbioside, rubusoside and dulcoside A) 27 4805 Steviolglycoside extract, Total principal steviol glycosides 60- Steviarebaudiana, 63%, including 18-22% rebaudioside Rebaudioside A 22% A,5-8% stevioside, 8-14% rebaudioside D; rebaudiosides B, C, E, F, N, O,M, steviolbioside, rubusoside, and dulcoside A individually present atconcentrations up to 6%. Additional steviol glycosides, 36-42% 27 4806Steviol glycoside extract, Total principal steviol glycosides 56- Steviarebaudiana, 59%, including 13-22% rebaudioside Rebaudioside C 22% C,13-18% rebaudioside A. 5-8% stevioside; rebaudiosides B, D, E, F, N, O,and M, steviolbioside, rubusoside and dulcoside A individually presentat concentrations up to 4%. Additional steviol glycosides, 38-45%. 284728 Glucosyl steviol glycosides Total steviol glycosides 80-90%(Interim) inclusive of supraglucosylated steviol glycosides 75-80%;Rebaudioside A 1-6%; stevioside 2-4% and other individual steviolglycosides not further glucosylated each less than 3%. Maltodextrin3-20% 28 4728 Glucosyl steviol glycosides Total steviol glycosides80-90% inclusive of supraglucosylated steviol glycosides 75-80%;Rebaudioside A 1-6%; stevioside 2-4% and other individual steviolglycosides not further glucosylated each less than 3%. Maltodextrin3-20% 28 4845 Glucosylated Stevia extract At least 80% steviolglycosides, not more than 10% Rebaudioside A, not more than 4%Rebaudioside C, not more than 5% stevioside, and no individual steviolglycosides further glucosylated ≤3%. 28 4876 Enzyme modified Stevia,90-95% steviol glycosides inclusive of stevioside 20% supraglucosylatedsteviol glycosides 64-70%; rebaudioside A 10-13%; stevioside 20-22%,maltodextrin 1-6%, and other individual steviol glycosides not furtherglucosylated each less than 1%.

B5. Glycosylated Steviol Glycosides (GSGs) and Glycosylated SteviaExtracts

In another embodiment, the sugar donor(s) comprise one or moreglycosylated steviol glycosides (GSGs) originating from one or more SGslisted in Table A or Table B. As used herein, a GSG refers to an SGcontaining additional glucose residues added relative to the parental(or native) SGs present in e.g., Stevia leaves. The additional sugargroups can be added at various positions of the SG molecules. A GSG maybe produced from any known or unknown SG by enzymatic synthesis,chemical synthesis or fermentation. In preferred embodiments, theadditional sugar groups are added in an enzymatically catalyzedglycosylation process. The glycosylation of an SG can be determined byHPLC-MS as described herein.

GSGs may be obtained by enzymatic processes, for example, bytransglycosylating Stevia extract containing steviol glycosides, or bycommon known synthetic manipulation. Herein, the GSGs compriseglycosylated Stevia extract containing glycosylated steviol glycoside(s)and also comprises short chain compounds obtained by hydrolyzation ofglycosylated product, as well as non-glycosylated components which arethe residue of unreacted steviol glycosides, or unreacted componentsother than steviol glycosides contained in the Stevia extract.

Any of the SGs in Tables A-D, for example, STB, ST, RA, RB, RC, RD,rebaudioside E (RE), rebaudioside F (RF), rebaudioside M (RM),rubusoside and dulcoside A can be enzymatically modified to afford, forexample, their corresponding multi-glycosylated glycosides as follows:Steviol-G1, Steviol-G2, Steviol-G3, Steviol-G4, Steviol-G5, Steviol-G6,Steviol-G7, Steviol-G8, Steviol-G9, STB-G1, STB-G2, STB-G3, STB-G4,STB-G5, STB-G6, STB-G7, STB-G8, STB-G9, RB-G1, RB-G2, RB-G3, RB-G4,RB-G5, RB-G6, RB-G7, RB-G8, RB-G9, RC-G1, RC-G2, RC-G3, RC-G4, RC-G5,RC-G6, RC-G7, RC-G8, RC-G9, RD-G1, RD-G2, RD-G3, RD-G4, RD-G5, RD-G6,RD-G7, RD-G8, RD-G9, RE-G1, RE-G2, RE-G3, RE-G4, RE-G5, RE-G6, RE-G7,RE-G8, RE-G9, RF-G1, RF-G2, RF-G3, RF-G4, RF-G5, RF-G6, RF-G7, RF-G8,RF-G9, RM-G1, RM-G2, RM-G3, RM-G4, RM-G5, RM-G6, RM-G7, RM-G8, RM-G9,Rubusoside-G1, Rubusoside-G2, Rubusoside-G3, Rubusoside-G4,Rubusoside-G5, Rubusoside-G6, Rubusoside-G7, Rubusoside-G8,Rubusoside-G9, Dulcoside A-G1, Dulcoside A-G2, Dulcoside A-G3, DulcosideA-G4, Dulcoside A-G5, Dulcoside A-G6, Dulcoside A-G7, Dulcoside A-G8,and Dulcoside A-G9.

For example, G1 and G2 of steviol, STB, ST, RA, RB, RC, RD, RE, RF, RM,rubusoside and dulcoside A are shown below.

Further, by way of example, in one embodiment, GSGs may originate froman SG selected from the group consisting of Reb-D, Reb-I, Reb-L, Reb-Q,and Reb-I2. In this case, the resulting GSGs are included in the groupconsisting of GSG-5G-1, GSG-5G-2, GSG-5G-3, GSG-5G-4, and GSG-5G-5.These GSGs originate from the SG-5G group.

More extensive non-limiting lists of GSGs are shown in Tables F, G andG.

Table F depicts GSG groups corresponding to parental SGs with glucose(“G”; i.e., 2nd G after hyphen) moieties added thereto. For example,GSG-1G-2 refers to an SG having one glucose added, and “2” is the seriesnumber in the row of Table F.

TABLE F Steviol + Glucose Parental SG Glycosylated Steviolglycoside(GSG)-group based on SG-group given Steviol- SG- MW = 480 MW = 642 MW =804 MW = 966 MW = 1128 MW = 1290 glycoside group MW SG-1G SG-2G SG-3GSG-4G SG-5G SG-6G Steviolmonoside SG-1G  480 Steviolmonoside A Iso- SG- 642 GSG-1G- Steviolbioside 2G 1 Reb-G1 Rubusoside SteviolbiosideIso-Reb B SG-  804 GSG-1G- GSG-2G- Iso-Stevioside 3G 2 1 Reb B Reb GReb-KA SG-13 Stevioside Stevioside B (SG-15) Reb A3 (SG-8) SG-  966GSG-1G- GSG-2G- GSG-3G- Iso-Reb A 4G 3 2 1 Reb A Reb A2 (SG-7) Reb E RebH1 Reb D SG- 1128 GSG-1G- GSG-2G- GSG-3G- GSG-4G- Reb I 5G 4 3 2 1 Reb LReb I3 SG-Unk6 Reb Q (SG-5) Reb 12 (SG-6) Reb Q2 Reb Q3 Reb T1 RelatedSvGn#4 Reb M SG- 1290 GSG-1G- GSG-2G- GSG-3G- GSG-4G- GSG-5G-1 6G 5 4 32 — — 1452 GSG-1G- GSG-2G- GSG-3G- GSG-4G- GSG-5G-2 GSG-6G-1 6 5 4 3 — —1614 GSG-1G- GSG-2G- GSG-3G- GSG-4G- GSG-5G-3 GSG-6G-2 7 6 5 4 — — 1776GSG-1G- GSG-2G- GSG-3G- GSG-4G- GSG-5G-4 GSG-6G-3 8 7 6 5 — — 1938GSG-2G- GSG-3G- GSG-4G- GSG-5G-5 GSG-6G-4 8 7 6 — — 2100 GSG-3G- GSG-4G-GSG-5G-6 GSG-6G-5 8 7

Similarly, other glucose substitutes can be incorporated into the GSG,such as for example, rhamnose or deoxyhexose (see Table G) below. TableG depicts GSG groups corresponding to parental SGs with glucose (“G”;i.e., 2nd G after hyphen) and one moiety of rhamnose or deoxyhexose(“R”) added thereto.

TABLE G Steviol + Glucose + 1 Rhamnose/Deoxyhexose GlycosylatedSteviolglycoside (GSG)-groups based on SG-group given MW = 626 MW = 788MW = 950 Steviol- SG- SG- SG- SG- MW = 1112 MW = 1274 MW = 1436glycoside group MW 1G1R 2G1R 3G1R SG-4G1R SG-5G1R SG-6G1R Dulcoside A1SG-  626 1G1R Dulcoside A SG-  788 GSG- Dulcoside B 2G1R 1G1R-1 (JECFAC) SG-3 Stevioside D Reb C SG-  950 GSG- GSG- Reb C2/Reb S 3G1R 1G1R-22G1R-1 Stevioside E (SG-9) Stevioside E2 SG-10 Reb L1 SG-2 SG-12 SG-1112 GSG- GSG- GSG- Reb H 4G1R 1G1R-3 2G1R-2 3G1R-1 Reb J Reb K Reb K2SG-Unk4 SG-Unk5 Reb N SG5- 1274 GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- G1R 1G1R-4 2G1R-33G1R-2 4G1R-1 Reb O SG- 1436 GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- Reb O2 6G1R 1G1R-52G1R-4 3G1R-3 4G1R2 5G1R1 — — 1598 GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- 1G1R-62G1R-5 3G1R-4 4G1R-3 5G1R-2 6G1R-1 — — 1760 GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG-GSG- 1G1R-7 2G1R-6 3G1R-5 4G1R-4 5G1R-3 6G1R-2 — — 1922 GSG- GSG- GSG-GSG- GSG- GSG- 1G1R-8 2G1R-7 3G1R-6 4G1R-5 5G1R-4 6G1R-3 — — 2084 GSG-GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- 2G1R-8 3G1R-7 4G1R-6 5G1R-5 6G1R-4 — — 2246 GSG-GSG- GSG- GSG- 3G1R-8 4G1R-7 5G1R-6 6G1R-5

Table H depicts GSG groups corresponding to parental SGs with glucose(“G”; i.e., 2nd G after hyphen) and one moiety of xylose or arabinose(“X”) added thereto.

TABLE H Steviol + Glucose + 1 Xylose/Arabinose GlycosylatedSteviolglycoside (GSG)-groups based on SG-group given Steviol- MW = 612MW = 774 MW = 936 glycoside SG- SG- SG- SG- MW = 1098 MW = 1260 MW =1422 (GS) group MW 1G1X 2G1X 3G1X SG-4G1X SG-5G1X SG-6G1X SG-4 SG-  6121G1X Reb-F1 SG-  774 GSG- Reb-R1 2G1X 1G1X-1 Stevioside F (SG-1) SG-Unk1Reb F SG-  936 GSG- GSG- Reb R 3G1X 1G1X-2 2G1X-1 SG-Unk2 SG-Unk3 Reb F3(SG-11) Reb F2 (SG-14) Reb U2 SG- 1098 GSG- GSG- GSG- Reb T 4G1X 1G1X-32G1X-2 3G1X-1 Reb W Reb W2 Reb W3 Reb U Reb V SG- 1260 GSG- GSG- GSG-GSG- Reb Y 5G1X 1G1X-4 2G1X-3 3G1X-2 4G1X-1 — — 1422 GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG-GSG- 1G1X-5 2G1X-4 3G1X-3 4G1X-2 5G1X-1 — — 1584 GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG-GSG- GSG- 1G1X-6 2G1X-5 3G1X-4 4G1X-3 5G1X-2 6G1X-1 — — 1746 GSG- GSG-GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- 1G1X-7 2G1X-6 3G1X-5 4G1X-4 5G1X-3 6G1X-2 — — 1908GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- 1G1X-8 2G1X-7 3G1X-6 4G1X-5 5G1X-4 6G1X-3— — 2070 GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- 2G1X-8 3G1X-7 4G1X-6 5G1X-5 6G1X-4 — —2232 GSG- GSG- GSG- GSG- 3G1X-8 4G1X-7 5G1X-6 6G1X-5

As noted above, the one or more GSGs comprise at least one GSGrepresenting a further glycosylation product of an SG from Table A orTable B. In some embodiments, the one or more GSGs comprise at least oneGSG representing a further glycosylation product of an SG selected fromthe group consisting of SvGn #1, SG-4, iso-steviolbioside, SvGn #3,rebaudioside R1, stevioside F, SG-Unk1, dulcoside B, SG-3,iso-rebaudioside B, iso-stevioside, rebaudioside KA, SG-13, steviosideB, rebaudioside R, SG-Unk2, SG-Unk3, rebaudioside F3, rebaudioside F2,rebaudioside C2, stevioside E, stevioside E2, SG-10, rebaudioside L1,SG-2, rebaudioside A3, iso-rebaudioside A2, rebaudioside A2,rebaudioside E, rebaudioside H1, SvGn #2, SvGN #5, rebaudioside U2,rebaudioside T, rebaudioside W, rebaudioside W2, rebaudioside W3,rebaudioside U, SG-12, rebaudioside K2, SG-Unk4, SG-Unk5, rebaudiosideI3, SG-Unk6, rebaudioside Q, rebaudioside Q2, rebaudioside Q3,rebaudioside I2, rebaudioside T1, SvGn #4, rebaudioside V, rebaudiosideV2, rebaudioside Y, 15α-OH— rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O2, andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the one or more GSGs comprise one or moreadditional glucose moieties.

In some embodiments, the one or more GSGs are selected from the groupconsisting of: GSG-1G-1, GSG-1G-2, GSG-1G-3, GSG-1G-4, GSG-1G-5,GSG-2G-1, GSG-2G-2, GSG-2G-3, GSG-2G-4, GSG-3G-1, GSG-3G-2, GSG-3G-3,GSG-4G-1, GSG-4G-2, GSG-5G-1, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the one or more GSGs comprise one or moreadditional glucose moieties and are selected from the group consistingof: GSG-3G-2, GSG-3G-3, GSG-3G-4, GSG-3G-7, GSG-3G-8, GSG-4G-1,GSG-4G-2, GSG-4G-3, GSG-4G-7, GSG-5G-1, GSG-5G-2, GSG-5G-3, GSG-5G-4,GSG-5G-5, GSG-6G-3, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the one or more GSGs comprise one or more rhamnosemoieties, one or more deoxyhexose moieties, or a combination thereof.

In certain particular embodiments, the one or more GSGs are selectedfrom the group consisting of: GSG-1G1R-1, GSG-1G1R-2, GSG-2G1R-1,GSG-1G1R-3, GSG-2G1R-2, GSG-3G1R-1, GSG-1G1R-4, GSG-2G1R-3, GSG-3G1R-2,GSG-4G-1R-1, GSG-1G1R-5-1, GSG-2G1R-4, GSG-3G1R-3a, GSG-3G1R-3b,GSG-4G1R-2, GSG-5G1R-1, and combinations thereof.

In other embodiments, the one or more GSGs are selected from the groupconsisting of: GSG-3G1R-3a, GSG-3G1R-3b, GSG-4G1R-2, GSG-4G1R-3,GSG-4G1R-4, GSG-4G1R-6, GSG-5G1R-4, GSG-6G1R-1a, GSG-6G1R-1b,GSG-6G1R-2, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the one or more GSGs comprise one or more xylosemoieties, arabinose moieties, or a combination thereof.

In certain particular embodiments, the one or more GSGs are selectedfrom the group consisting of: GSG-1G1X-1, GSG-1G1X-2, GSG-1G1X-3,GSG-1G1X-4, GSG-2G1X-1, GSG-2G1X-2, GSG-2G1X-3, GSG-3G1X-1, GSG-3G1X-2,GSG-4G1X-1, and combinations thereof.

In certain particular embodiments, the one or more GSGs are selectedfrom the group consisting of: GSG-3G1X-4, GSG-3G1X-5, GSG-4G1X-1,GSG-4G1X-2, GSG-4G1X-3, GSG-4G1X-4, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more GSGs has amolecular weight less than equal to or less than 1128 daltons; less thanequal to or less than 966 daltons; or less than equal to or less than804 daltons.

In other embodiments, at least one of the one or more GSGs has amolecular weight greater than 1128 daltons; equal to or greater than1260 daltons; equal to or greater than 1422 daltons; equal to or greaterthan 1746 daltons; or equal to or greater than 1922 daltons.

The one or more GSGs may be present in the composition in a total amountof 0.1-99.5% of the composition by weight. In some embodiments, the oneor more GSGs comprise are 50-70% of the composition by weight or 55-65%of the composition by weight.

Glycosylated Stevia extracts may be derived from any Stevia extract(s).A non-limiting list of exemplary GSGs includes glycosylated Steviaextracts including, but not limited to, GSG-RA20, GSG-RA30, GSG-RA40,GSG-RA50, GSG-RA60, GSG-RA70, GSG-RA80, GSG-RA90, GSG-RA95, GSG-RA97,GSG-(RA50+RB8), GSG-(RA30+RC15), and GSG-(RA40+RB8).

Different sugar donors, such as glucose, xylose, rhamnose, etc. also canbe obtained during degradation of different compositions of steviolglycosides. These combinations of sugar donors could react withdifferent amino acid donors, thus creating many unique and surprisinglypleasant flavors. The reaction removes the typical grassy, bitter, void,lingering and aftertaste of steviol glycosides.

In one embodiment, glycosylated steviol glycosides (GSGs) are obtainedfor example, by synthetic manipulation or by enzymatic processes. GSGsobtained by these methods are not naturally occurring steviolglycosides. The methods and GSGs found in KR10-2008-0085811 are hereinincorporated by reference. Stevioside G1 (ST-G1), Stevioside G2 (ST-G2),Stevioside G3 (ST-G3), Stevioside G4 (ST-G4), Stevioside G5 (ST-G5),Stevioside G6 (ST-G6), Stevioside G7 (ST-G7), Stevioside G8 (ST-G8),Stevioside G9 (ST-G9), Rebaudioside A G1 (RA-G1), Rebaudioside A G2(RA-G2), Rebaudioside A G3 (RA-G3), Rebaudioside A G4 (RA-G4),Rebaudioside A G5 (RA-G5), Rebaudioside A G6 (RA-G6), Rebaudioside A G7(RA-G7), Rebaudioside A G8 (RA-G8), Rebaudioside A G9 (RA-G9),Rebaudioside B G1 (RB-G1), Rebaudioside B G2 (RB-G2), Rebaudioside B G3(RB-G3), Rebaudioside B G4 (RB-G4), Rebaudioside B G5 (RB-G5),Rebaudioside B G6 (RB-G6), Rebaudioside B G7 (RB-G7), Rebaudioside B G8(RB-G8), Rebaudioside B G9 (RB-G9), Rebaudioside C G1 (RC-G1),Rebaudioside C G2 (RC-G2), Rebaudioside C G3 (RC-G3), Rebaudioside C G4(RC-G4), Rebaudioside C G5 (RC-G5), Rebaudioside C G6 (RC-G6),Rebaudioside C G7 (RC-G7), Rebaudioside C G8 (RC-G8), Rebaudioside C G9(RC-G9), or any combination thereof can be incorporated into thesweetener compositions of the current invention. Alternatively in thecurrent embodiments, the glycosylation process can be modified as toprovide partially glycosylated steviol glycosides that can have furtherunique taste profiles.

A suitable method to prepare glycosylated steviol glycosides can befound, for example, in Examples 1 and 2 of KR10-2008-0085811. It is alsoanticipated that other steviol glycosides, for example, steviolbioside,rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E,rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H,rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K,rebaudioside J, rubusoside and dulcoside A can be enzymatically modifiedto afford their corresponding multiple glycosylated glycosides: SteviolG1, Steviol G2 Steviol G3, Steviol G4, Steviol G5, Steviol G6, SteviolG7, Steviol G8, Steviol G9, Steviobioside G1, Steviobioside G2,Steviobioside G3, Steviobioside G4, Steviobioside G5, Steviobioside G6,Steviobioside G7, Steviobioside G8, Steviobioside G9, Rebaudioside B G1,Rebaudioside B G2, Rebaudioside B G3, Rebaudioside B G4, Rebaudioside BG5, Rebaudioside B G6, Rebaudioside B G7, Rebaudioside B G8,Rebaudioside B G9, Rebaudioside C G1, Rebaudioside C G2, Rebaudioside CG3, Rebaudioside C G4, Rebaudioside C G5, Rebaudioside C G6,Rebaudioside C G7, Rebaudioside C G8, Rebaudioside C G9, Rebaudioside DG1, Rebaudioside D G2, Rebaudioside D G3, Rebaudioside D G4,Rebaudioside D G5, Rebaudioside D G6, Rebaudioside D G7, Rebaudioside DG8, Rebaudioside D G9, Rebaudioside E G1, Rebaudioside E G2,Rebaudioside E G3, Rebaudioside E G4, Rebaudioside E G5, Rebaudioside EG6, Rebaudioside E G7, Rebaudioside E G8, Rebaudioside E G9,Rebaudioside F G1, Rebaudioside F G2, Rebaudioside F G3, Rebaudioside FG4, Rebaudioside F G5, Rebaudioside F G6, Rebaudioside F G7,Rebaudioside F G8, Rebaudioside F G9, Rebaudioside M G1, Rebaudioside MG2, Rebaudioside M G3, Rebaudioside E G4, Rebaudioside M G5,Rebaudioside M G6, Rebaudioside M G7, Rebaudioside M G8, Rebaudioside MG9, Rubusoside G1, Rubusoside G2, Rubusoside G3, Rubusoside G4,Rubusoside G5, Rubusoside G6, Rubusoside G7, Rubusoside G8, RubusosideG9, Dulcoside A G1, Dulcoside A G2, Dulcoside A G3, Dulcoside A G4,Dulcoside A G5, Dulcoside A G6, Dulcoside A G7, Dulcoside A G8, andDulcoside A G9.

In a particular aspect, GSG-RA20, GSG-RA30, GSG-RA40, GSG-RA50,GSG-RA60, GSG-RA70, GSG-RA80, GSG-RA90, GSG-RA95, GSG-RA97,GSG-(RA50+RB8), GSG-(RA30+RC15), and GSG-(RA40+RB8) are GSGs which areused to be combined with steviol glycosides, such as RA, RB, RD, etc.GSG-RA20 is typically prepared from RA20 as a key starting material,GSG-RA30 is typically prepared from RA30 as a key starting material,GSG-RA40 is typically prepared from RA40 as a key starting material,GSG-RA50 is typically prepared from RA50 as a key starting material,GSG-RA60 is typically prepared from RA60 as a key starting material,GSG-RA70 is typically prepared from RA70 as a key starting material,GSG-RA80 is prepared from RA80 as the key starting material, GSG-RA90 istypically prepared from RA90 as a key starting material, GSG-RA95 istypically prepared from RA95 as a key starting material, and GSG-RA97 isprepared from RA97 as a key starting material. Since each compositioncontains varying concentrations of GSGs and steviol glycosides, theneach composition may have different taste profiles. It is envisionedthat specific ratios of GSGs and steviol glycosides may have unique andbeneficial physical and chemical properties that are unknown and havenot been previously disclosed.

In another aspect, GSGs or GSG extracts can be combined with one or moreof steviol, stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B,rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I,rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J,rubusoside and dulcoside A to provide suitable sweetening agentcompositions. The content of GSG or GSGs from any one or more ofGSG-RA20, GSG-RA30, GSG-RA40, GSG-RA50, GSG-RA60, GSG-RA70, GSG-RA80,GSG-RA90, GSG-RA95, GSG-RA97, GSG-(RA50+RB8), GSG-(RA30+RC15), andGSG-(RA40+RB8) mixed with the disclosed steviol glycosides such as thesteviol glycosides found in the Stevia plant or sweet tea extract can befrom 1% wt/wt to 100% wt/wt. A GSG or GSGs, such as any one or more ofGSG-RA20, GSG-RA30, GSG-RA40, GSG-RA50, GSG-RA60, GSG-RA70, GSG-RA80,GSG-RA90, GSG-RA95, GSG-RA97, GSG-(RA50+RB8), GSG-(RA30+RC15), andGSG-(RA40+RB8) can be included in the compositions described herein at1% wt/wt, 2% wt/wt, 3% wt/wt, 4% wt/wt, 5% wt/wt, 6% wt/wt, 7% wt/wt, 8%wt/wt. 9% wt/wt, 10% wt/wt, 11% wt/wt, 12% wt/wt, 13% wt/wt, 14% wt/wt,15% wt/wt, 16% wt/wt, 17% wt/wt, 18% wt/wt, 19% wt/wt, 20% wt/wt, 21%wt/wt, 22% wt/wt, 23% wt/wt, 24% wt/wt, 25% wt/wt, 26% wt/wt, 27% wt/wt,28% wt/wt, 29% wt/wt, 30% wt/wt, 31% wt/wt, 32% wt/wt, 33% wt/wt, 34%wt/wt, 35% wt/wt, 36% wt/wt, 37% wt/wt, 38% wt/wt, 39% wt/wt, 40% wt/wt,41% wt/wt, 42% wt/wt, 43% wt/wt, 44% wt/wt, 45% wt/wt, 46% wt/wt, 47%wt/wt, 48% wt/wt, 49% wt/wt, 50% wt/wt, 51% wt/wt, 52% wt/wt, 53% wt/wt,54% wt/wt, 55% wt/wt, 56% wt/wt, 57% wt/wt, 58% wt/wt, 59% wt/wt, 60%wt/wt, 61% wt/wt, 62% wt/wt, 63% wt/wt, 64% wt/wt, 65% wt/wt, 66% wt/wt,67% wt/wt, 68% wt/wt, 69% wt/wt, 70% wt/wt, 71% wt/wt, 72% wt/wt, 73%wt/wt, 74% wt/wt, 75% wt/wt, 76% wt/wt, 77% wt/wt, 78% wt/wt, 79% wt/wt,80% wt/wt, 81% wt/wt, 82% wt/wt, 83% wt/wt, 84% wt/wt, 85% wt/wt, 86%wt/wt, 87% wt/wt, 88% wt/wt, 89% wt/wt, 90% wt/wt, 91% wt/wt, 92% wt/wt,93% wt/wt, 94% wt/wt, 95% wt/wt, 96% wt/wt, 97% wt/wt, 98% wt/wt, 99%wt/wt, or 100% wt/wt and all ranges between 1 and 100% wt/wt, forexample less than about 70 percentage by weight, less than about 50percentage by weight, from about 1% wt/wt to about 99% wt/wt, from about1% wt/wt to about 98% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 97% wt/wt,from about 1% wt/wt to about 95% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 90%wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 80% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt toabout 70% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 60% wt/wt, from about 1%wt/wt to about 50% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 40% wt/wt, fromabout 1% wt/wt to about 30% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 20%wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 10% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt toabout 5% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 99% wt/wt, from about 2%wt/wt to about 98% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 97% wt/wt, fromabout 2% wt/wt to about 95% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 90%wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 80% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt toabout 70% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 60% wt/wt, from about 2%wt/wt to about 50% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 40% wt/wt, fromabout 2% wt/wt to about 30% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 20%wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 10% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt toabout 5% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 99% wt/wt, from about 3%wt/wt to about 98% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 97% wt/wt, fromabout 3% wt/wt to about 95% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 90%wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 80% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt toabout 70% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 60% wt/wt, from about 3%wt/wt to about 50% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 40% wt/wt, fromabout 3% wt/wt to about 30% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 20%wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 10% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt toabout 5% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 99% wt/wt, from about 5%wt/wt to about 98% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 97% wt/wt, fromabout 5% wt/wt to about 95% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 90%wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 80% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt toabout 70% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 60% wt/wt, from about 5%wt/wt to about 50% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 40% wt/wt, fromabout 5% wt/wt to about 30% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 20%wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 10% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt toabout 99% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt to about 98% wt/wt, from about 10%wt/wt to about 97% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt to about 95% wt/wt, fromabout 10% wt/wt to about 90% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt to about 80%wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt to about 70% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt toabout 60% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt to about 50% wt/wt, from about 10%wt/wt to about 40% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt to about 30% wt/wt, fromabout 10% wt/wt to about 20% wt/wt, from about 20 to less than about 50percentage by weight, from about 30 to less than about 50 percentage byweight, from about 40 to less than about 50 percentage by weight, andfrom about 20 to 45 percentage by weight of the sweetening agentcomposition.

In another aspect, the one or more steviol glycosides (SG's) includingsteviol, stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B,rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I,rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J,rubusoside, and dulcoside A, as well as those included in Table 2, arecontained in the sweetening agent composition. The steviol glycosides ofthe compositions can make up 1% wt/wt, 2% wt/wt, 3% wt/wt, 4% wt/wt, 5%wt/wt, 6% wt/wt, 7% wt/wt, 8% wt/wt, 9% wt/wt, 10% wt/wt, 11% wt/wt, 12%wt/wt, 13% wt/wt, 14% wt/wt, 15% wt/wt, 16% wt/wt, 17% wt/wt, 18% wt/wt,19% wt/wt, 20% wt/wt, 21% wt/wt, 22% wt/wt, 23% wt/wt, 24% wt/wt, 25%wt/wt, 26% wt/wt, 27% wt/wt, 28% wt/wt, 29% wt/wt, 30% wt/wt, 31% wt/wt,32% wt/wt, 33% wt/wt, 34% wt/wt, 35% wt/wt, 36% wt/wt, 37% wt/wt, 38%wt/wt, 39% wt/wt, 40% wt/wt, 41% wt/wt, 42% wt/wt, 43% wt/wt, 44% wt/wt,45% wt/wt, 46% wt/wt, 47% wt/wt, 48% wt/wt, 49% wt/wt, 50% wt/wt, 51%wt/wt, 52% wt/wt, 53% wt/wt, 54% wt/wt, 55% wt/wt, 56% wt/wt, 57% wt/wt,58% wt/wt, 59% wt/wt, 60% wt/wt, 61% wt/wt, 62% wt/wt, 63% wt/wt, 64%wt/wt, 65% wt/wt, 66% wt/wt, 67% wt/wt, 68% wt/wt, 69% wt/wt, 70% wt/wt,71% wt/wt, 72% wt/wt, 73% wt/wt, 74% wt/wt, 75% wt/wt, 76% wt/wt, 77%wt/wt, 78% wt/wt, 79% wt/wt, 80% wt/wt, 81% wt/wt, 82% wt/wt, 83% wt/wt,84% wt/wt, 85% wt/wt, 86% wt/wt, 87% wt/wt, 88% wt/wt, 89% wt/wt, 90%wt/wt, 91% wt/wt, 92% wt/wt, 93% wt/wt, 94% wt/wt, 95% wt/wt, 96% wt/wt,97% wt/wt, 98% wt/wt, 99% wt/wt, or 100% wt/wt and all ranges between 1and 100% wt/wt, for example from about 1% wt/wt to about 99% wt/wt, fromabout 1% wt/wt to about 98% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 97%wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 95% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt toabout 90% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 80% wt/wt, from about 1%wt/wt to about 70% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 60% wt/wt, fromabout 1% wt/wt to about 50% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 40%wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 30% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt toabout 20% wt/wt, from about 1% wt/wt to about 10% wt/wt, from about 1%wt/wt to about 5% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 99% wt/wt, fromabout 2% wt/wt to about 98% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 97%wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 95% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt toabout 90% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 80% wt/wt, from about 2%wt/wt to about 70% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 60% wt/wt, fromabout 2% wt/wt to about 50% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 40%wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 30% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt toabout 20% wt/wt, from about 2% wt/wt to about 10% wt/wt, from about 2%wt/wt to about 5% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 99% wt/wt, fromabout 3% wt/wt to about 98% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 97%wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 95% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt toabout 90% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 80% wt/wt, from about 3%wt/wt to about 70% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 60% wt/wt, fromabout 3% wt/wt to about 50% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 40%wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 30% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt toabout 20% wt/wt, from about 3% wt/wt to about 10% wt/wt, from about 3%wt/wt to about 5% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 99% wt/wt, fromabout 5% wt/wt to about 98% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 97%wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 95% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt toabout 90% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 80% wt/wt, from about 5%wt/wt to about 70% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 60% wt/wt, fromabout 5% wt/wt to about 50% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 40%wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 30% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt toabout 20% wt/wt, from about 5% wt/wt to about 10% wt/wt, from about 10%wt/wt to about 99% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt to about 98% wt/wt, fromabout 10% wt/wt to about 97% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt to about 95%wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt to about 90% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt toabout 80% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt to about 70% wt/wt, from about 10%wt/wt to about 60% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt to about 50% wt/wt, fromabout 10% wt/wt to about 40% wt/wt, from about 10% wt/wt to about 30%wt/wt, and from about 10% wt/wt to about 20% wt/wt, of the sweeteningcomposition.

In certain embodiments, the GSGs used in the present application areprepared as follows: i) dissolving a glucose-donor material in water toform a liquefied glucose-donor material; ii) adding a starting SGcomposition to liquefied glucose-donor material to obtain a mixture;iii) adding an effective amount of an enzyme to the mixture to form areaction mixture, wherein the enzyme catalyzes the transfer of glucosemoieties from the glucose-donor material to SGs in the starting SGcomposition, and incubating the reaction mixture at a desiredtemperature for a desired length of reaction time to glycosylate SGswith glucose moieties present in the glucose-donor molecule. In somefurther embodiments, after achieving a desired ratio of GSG- andresidual SG contents, the reaction mixture can be heated to a sufficienttemperature for a sufficient amount of time to inactivate the enzyme. Insome embodiments, the enzyme is removed by filtration in lieu ofinactivation. In other embodiments, the enzyme is removed by filtrationfollowing inactivation. In some embodiments the resulting solutioncomprising GSG, residual SGs and dextrin is decolorized. In certainembodiments the resulting solution of GSG, residual SGs and dextrin isdried. In some embodiments, the drying is by spray drying. In someembodiments, step (i) comprises the substeps of (a) mixing aglucose-donor material with a desired amount of water to form asuspension, (b) adding a desired amount of enzyme to the suspension and(c) incubate the suspension at a desired temperature for a desired timeto form liquefied glucose-donor material. Starch can be a suitablesubstitute for dextrin(s) and/or dextrin(s) can be obtained by thehydrolysis of starch.

B6. Mogrosides (MGs) and Swingle Extracts

Mogrosides (MGs) are defined by a family of triterpene-glycosides, whichare present in the fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii (formerly calledMomordica grosvenori), a member of the Curcubitaceae (gourd) family,which is native to southern China and northern Thailand. The fruit isalso referred to as Luo Han Guo (luohanguo) or monk fruit. Luohanguo hasbeen used in traditional Chinese medicine as a medicinal herb fortreating cough and sore throat and is popularly considered, in southernChina, to be a longevity aid. The fruit is well-known for its sweettaste, which is attributed to the triterpine glycosides present in thefruit, as well as extracts from the fruit, which are commonly referredto as “swingle” extracts.

Other members of this plant family (Gourd family) also containremarkably sweet components, including additional species of the genusSiraitia (e.g., S. siamensis, S. silomaradjae, S. sikkimensis, S.africana, S. borneensis, and S. taiwaniana) and the popular herbjiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum). The latter herb, which has bothsweet and bitter tasting triterpene glycosides in its leaves, is nowsold worldwide as a tea and made into an extract for use in numeroushealth-care products.

Extracts from the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle), also knownas Momordica grosvenori (Swingle), Luo Han Guo or monk fruit etc.provide a family of triterpene-glycosides and are referred to asmogroside(s) (“MGs”) throughout the specification. The extracts include,for example, mogroside V, mogroside IV, siamenoside I, and11-oxomogroside V. Constituents of the mogroside extracts are referredto by the designation “MG” followed by symbol, such as “V”, thereforemogroside V is “MGV”. Siamenoside I would be “SSI”, 11-oxomogroside Vwould be “OGV”.

The term “mogroside” is used with reference to a triterpene-glycosidethat is recognized in the art and is intended to include the major andminor constituents from mogroside extracts.

Exemplary triterpene glycosides for use in the present applicationinclude mogrosides, such as mogroside II, mogroside IIIA, mogrosideIIIE, mogroside IVA, mogroside WE, siamenoside I, and 11-oxomogroside V.

The juice or extract monk fruit includes mainly non-sugar naturalsweeteners, the triterpenoid glycosides, which include mogroside V(esgoside), mogroside IV, and D-mannitol. The natural sweetness of themis 256-344, 126, and 0.55-0.65 times of that of sugar. The juice/extractcontains large amounts of glucose, 14% fructose, proteins, vitamin C,and 26 inorganic elements, such as manganese, iron, nickel, selenium,tin, iodine, molybdenum and others. The juice/extract also includesfatty acids, such as linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearicacid, palmitic acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, and decanoic acid.

It should be understood that monk fruit extracts can contain, forexample, a mogroside, such as MGV, in an amount of 3% by weight, 5% byweight, 20% by weight, 40% by weight, 50% by weight, 60% by weight orhigher but containing other mogrosides or non-mogrosides in theextracts. In addition, some other polysaccharides or flavonoids may bepresent. The mogroside(s) of interest can be purified before use.

“Glycosylated mogrosides” or “GMGs” refer to mogrosides that areglycosylated at least at one or more positions in addition to thosepositions glycosylated in native form, and may be obtained, for example,by synthetic manipulation or by enzymatic processes.

The terms “swingle extract” and “monk fruit extract” are usedinterchangeably herein. The terms “glycosylated swingle extract” and“glycosylated monk fruit extract” refer to plant extracts comprisingcompounds obtained by transglycosylating a swingle extract containingmogrosides, or transglycosylating purified mogrosides so as to addglucose units, for example, one, two, three, four, five, or more thanfive glucose units to the native mogrosides by a glycosyltransferase,preferably, CGTase enzyme (cyclodextringlycosyltransferase). Herein, theglycosylated mogrosides or glycosylated swingle extracts containingglycosylated mogrosides may further comprise short chain compoundsobtained by hydrolyzation of glycosylated product and also comprisenon-glycosylated ingredients which include the residues of non-reactedmogrosides, or unreacted components other than mogrosides contained inthe swingle extract. It should be understood that GMG(s) essentiallycontains glycosylated mogroside(s), but also contains unreactedmogrosides, dextrin and other non-mogroside substances found inextracts. It should also be understood that the GMG(s) can be purifiedand/or separated into purified/isolated components.

A swingle extract containing mogrosides may be produced by the method ofextracting the fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) with an alcohol,a mixture of alcohol and water, or water to obtain mixtures ofmogrosides, then purified to provide desired mogrosides, such asmogroside V. Specifically, an exemplary method for producing a swingleextract containing mogrosides may involve: extraction of the fruit ofSiraitia grosvenorii with an alcohol, a mixture of alcohol and water, orwater to obtain the mogrosides (such as mogroside V etc.) componentranging from about 0.1% to 99% by weight of the extract. In a preferredembodiment, the swingle extract contains about 10-90% by weightmogrosides. In another preferred embodiment, the swingle extractcontains about 20-80% by weight mogrosides. In another preferredembodiment, the swingle extract contains about 30-70% by weightmogrosides. In another preferred embodiment, the swingle extractcontains about 40-60% by weight mogrosides.

A suitable process to obtain a monk fruit extract (swingle extract) isprovided as follows. Luo Han Guo fruit is extracted with water or amixture of water/alcohol (ethanol or methanol) at a temperature of fromabout 40° C. to about 80° C. with the ratio of fruit to solvent beingabout 1:10 to about 1:20 (weight to volume). The liquid can be clarifiedby flocculation or membrane filtration followed by purification througha macroporous resin and ion exchange resin. Decolorization can beaccomplished with activated carbon. Solids are then filtered and dried.

In one embodiment, glycosylated mogroside V (GMGV) is produced bydissolving dextrin in water (reverse osmosis water). The ratio of GMGVto water is about 1:10 (weight/volume, (w/v)). A swingle extract with amogroside content of between 1% and 99% is added to dextrin solution. Insome embodiments, the ratio of dextrin to mogrosides/extract isoptimized in a ratio of between 100:1 to 1:100 with suitable rangesincluding 3:1, 2:1, 1.5:1 and 1:1. In one embodiment, the dextrin toswingle extract ratio is between 30:70 and 70:30. CGTase enzyme is addedto the mixture (ratio of GMGV to CGTase is about 20:1 (w/v) andincubated at 60-70° C. for a desired length of reaction time (typicallyfrom about 2 hours to about 72 hours, more preferably from about 8 hoursto about 48 hours, even more preferably from about 12 hours to about 24hours) to glycosylate mogrosides with glucose molecules derived fromdextrin, wherein the added amount of CGTase by volume is about 0.1-0.5ml based on 1 g mogrosides. In one embodiment, the ratio of GMGV toCGTase is from about 10:1 to about 20:1 w/v. After the desired ratio ofGMGs and residual mogroside and dextrin contents are achieved (monitoredby HPLC to analyze the content of unreacted MGV), the reaction mixtureis heated to 90-100° C. for 30 minutes to inactivate the CGTase, whichcan then be removed by filtration. The resulting solution of GMGs,residual mogroside and dextrin is decolored and spray dried.

Optionally, amylase can be added to the mixture and the mixture isincubated at 70° C. for a desired length of reaction time to shorten thelength of glucose chain(s) in the GMG molecules.

Decolorization and/or spray drying the resulting mixture of GMG,residual mogrosides and dextrin can then be undertaken.

Use of the monk fruit extracts with Maillard reaction products describedherein are particularly useful in the savory industry to improve overalltaste.

B7. Rubusoside (RU) and Sweet Tea Extracts

Rubusoside (RU), a steviol glycoside, and kaurane-type diterpeneglycosides, such as suaviosides B, G, H, I and J, constitute a varietyof natural sweeteners found in leaves of the Chinese sweet tea plant(Rubus suavissimus S. Lee). Rubusoside is 200 times sweeter than canesugar and is the main steviol glycoside found in the leaves of the sweettea plant. Sweet tea plant extracts contain rubusoside, as well as theaforementioned suaviosides.

The term “glycosylated RU” refers to a glycosylated rubusoside, whilethe term “glycosylated sweet tea extract” refers to a R. suavissimusleaf extract containing glycosylated RU and/or glycosylated suaviosidesB, G, H, I and J. These glycosylated compounds may be obtained bytransglycosylating rubusoside or a sweet tea extract containingrubusoside and/or suaviosides so as to add glucose units, for example,one, two, three, four, five or more than five glucose units, to thenative rubusoside or suavioside(s) by glycosyltransferase, preferably,CGTase enzyme (cyclodextringlycosyltransferase). Herein, the resultingglycosylated sweet tea glycosylates include short chain compoundsobtained by hydrolyzation of glycosylated product and may also includenon-glycosylated ingredients which are residues of non-reactedrubusoside or suavioside(s) or unreacted components other thanrubusoside or suavioside(s) contained in the sweet tea extract.

B8. Neohesperidin and Naringin Glycosides

Neohesperidin and naringin are flavanone glycosides present in Citrusfruits and grapefruit, and are responsible for the bitterness of Citrusjuices, along with limonin. Neohesperidin, naringin, and theirderivatives, such as neohesperidine chalcone, naringin chalcone,phloracetophenone, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, naringindihydrochalcone etc. (as further described herein) are good candidatesfor bitter or sweet enhancers, as they have been found to be effectivein masking the bitter tastes of other compounds found in Citrus,including limonin and naringin.

An important natural source for these flavanone glycosides is Bitterorange (also known as Seville orange, sour orange, bigarade orange, ormarmalade orange) refers to a Citrus tree (Citrus x aurantium) and itsfruit. It is native to Southeast Asia and has been spread by humans tomany parts of the world. The bitter orange is believed to be a crossbetween Citrus maxima x Citrus reticulate.

Industrially, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone (NHDC) is produced byextracting neohesperidin from the bitter orange, and then hydrogenatingneohesperidin to make NHDC. NHDC is roughly 1500-1800 times sweeter thansugar at threshold concentrations and about 340 times sweeter than sugarweight-for-weight. In certain embodiments, glycosylated derivatives ofNHDC prepared by enzymatic processes may be employed.

In certain embodiments, the flavanone glycosides are provided in theform of metal salts. For example, a metal salt of dihydrochalcone hasthe following formula:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and hydroxy,R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy andpropoxy, and R″ is selected from the group consisting ofneohesperidoxyl, B-rutinosyl and ß-D-glucosyl, M is a mono- or divalentmetal selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal and analkaline earth metal, and n is an integer from 1 to 2 corresponding tothe valence of the selected metal M.

Typical compounds of the above formula are the alkali or alkaline earthmetal monosalts having the following structures:

Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (Formula I)

2′,4′,6′,3-tetrahydroxy-4-n-propoxydihydrochalcone 4′-ß neohesperidoside(Formula II):

naringin dihydrochalcone (Formula III):

prunin dihydrochalcone (Formula IV):

hesperidin dihydrochalcone (Formula V):

hesperitin dihydrochalcone (Formula VI):

The “alkali metals” include e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidium,caesium, and ammonium, while the term “alkaline earth metals” includese.g., calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, etc. These may be used assalts of dihydrochalcone, along with other alkali amino acids ascounterpart ions. Thus, certain embodiments of the present applicationcomprise the use of one or more salts of dihydrochalcone.

B9. Glycyrrhizin

Glycyrrhizin (or glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhizinic acid) is the chiefsweet-tasting constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) root.Glycyrrhizin is obtained as an extract from licorice root aftermaceration and boiling in water. Licorice extract provides a source ofglycyrrhizin and is sold as a liquid, paste, or spray-dried powder. Whenused in specified amounts, it is approved for use as a flavor and aromain manufactured foods, beverages, candies, dietary supplements, andseasonings. It is 30 to 50 times as sweet as sucrose (table sugar). Incertain embodiments, glycosylated derivatives of glycyrrhizin preparedby enzymatic processes may be employed.

B10. Fatty Acids

The inventors of the present application have surprisingly found thatfatty acids can act as sugar donors in Maillard reactions in combinationwith Stevia extracts, amino acids, and optionally a reducing sugar, suchas glucose. This was found by evaluating MRP products formed whensubjecting a fatty acid and an amine donor, e.g., an amino acid, to theMaillard reaction. In this context, a fatty acid or its derivativerefers to aliphatic acid or aliphatic esters of aliphatic acid which canbe used as sugar donor in Maillard reaction. An exemplary, non-limitinglist of fatty acids includes cinnamic acid, glyceryl stearate, lacticacid, linolenic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid,docosahexaenoic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, linoleicacid, gamma-linolenic acid, dihommo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonicacid, eicosadienoic acid, docosadienoic acid, adrenic acid,docosapentaenoic acid and combinations thereof.

B11. Additional Embodiments

Various Maillard reaction products (compositions) can be prepared withthe components discussed herein including sweet tea extracts, Steviaextracts, swingle extracts, MG(s), SG(s), as well as components of sweettea extract(s), GMG(s), GSG(s) glycosylated sweet tea glycosylates, incombination with an amine donor, and optionally, in combination any ofthe sugar donors described herein, such as glucose, fructose orgalactose.

Thus, the following forty five embodiments are included as suitableMaillard reaction components (along with one or more amine donors) toprovide suitable ingestible compositions from a Maillard reactionprocess. It should also be understood that an amine donor(s) is used inthe Maillard reaction under appropriate reaction conditions (a pH fromabout 2 to about 14, e.g., pH ≥7, elevated temperature) to produce theresultant Maillard reaction product(s).

(1) A GMG or mixtures of GMGs.

(2) A GMG in combination with a sugar donor.

(3) A GMG in combination with a GSG.

(4) A GMG in combination with an SG.

(5) A GMG in combination with an MG.

(6) A GMG, a GSG and a sugar donor.

(7) A GMG, an SG and a sugar donor.

(8) A GMG, an MG and a sugar donor.

(9) A GMG, a GSG and an SG.

(10) A GMG, a GSG and an MG.

(11) A GMG, an SG and an MG.

(12) A GMG, a GSG, an SG and an MG.

(13) A GMG, a GSG an SG and a sugar donor.

(14) A GMG, a GSG, an MG and a sugar donor.

(15) A GMG, a GSG an SG, an MG and a sugar donor.

(16) An MG, an SG, a GSG and a sugar donor.

(17) An MG and a GSG.

(18) An MG, a GSG and an SG.

(19) An MG, a GSG and a sugar donor.

(20) An MG, a GSG, an SG and a sugar donor.

(21) A Stevia extract.

(22) A Stevia extract and a sugar donor.

(23) A steviol glycoside (SG).

(24) A steviol glycoside (SG) and a sugar donor.

(25) A glycosylated steviol glycoside (GSG).

(26) A glycosylated steviol glycoside (GSG) and a sugar donor.

(27) A swingle extract (mogroside extract).

(28) A swingle extract (mogroside extract) and a sugar donor.

(29) A glycosylated swingle extract.

(30) A glycosylated swingle extract and a sugar donor.

(31) A mogroside (MG) or a mixture of MGs.

(32) A mogroside (MG) and a sugar donor.

(33) A glycosylated mogroside (GMG).

(34) A glycosylated mogroside and a sugar donor.

(35) A sweet tea extract.

(36) A sweet tea extract and a sugar donor.

(37) A glycosylated sweet tea extract.

(38) A glycosylated sweet tea extract and a sugar donor.

(39) A sweet tea component, e.g., rubusosides, suaviosides.

(40) A glycosylated sweet tea component and a sugar donor.

(41) A steviol glycoside (SG) and a glycosylated steviol glycoside(GSG).

(42) A steviol glycoside (SG), a glycosylated steviol glycoside (GSG)and a sugar donor.

(43) Any of the above forty two combinations further including one ormore salts.

(44) Any of the above forty three combinations further including asweetener.

(45) Any of the above forty four combinations further including asweetener enhancer.

It should be understood, that in the 45 combinations noted above, thatwhere the singular is used, e.g., a glycosylated sweet tea extract, thatthe plural of such is included, e.g., glycosylated sweet tea extracts.

B12. Use of Raw Materials in MRP Reactions and/or MRP-ContainingCompositions

In some embodiments, the reactants for the Maillard reaction may includea number of different raw materials for producing MRP compositions.

In one aspect, the raw materials may be categorized into the followinggroups comprising the following exemplary materials:

1) A protein nitrogen source:

Protein nitrogen containing foods (meat, poultry, eggs, dairy products,cereals, vegetable products, fruits, yeasts) and their extracts;

Hydrolysis products of the above, autolyzed yeasts, peptides, aminoacids and/or their salts.

2) A carbohydrate source:

Foods containing carbohydrates (cereals, vegetable products and fruits)and their extracts Mono-, di- and polysaccharides (sugars, dextrins,starches and edible gums)

Hydrolysis products of the above.

3) A fat or fatty acid source:

Foods containing fats and oils.

Edible fats and oil from animal, marine or vegetable origin.

Hydrogenated, trans-esterified and/or fractionated fats and oils.

Hydrolysis products of the above.

4) Miscellaneous list of additional ingredients:

Foodstuffs, herbs, spices, their extracts and flavoring agentsidentified therein

Water

Thiamine and its hydrochloric salt

Ascorbic, Citric, Lactic, Fumaric, Malic, Succinic, Tartaric and the Na,K, Ca, Mg and NH4 salts of these acids

Guanylic acid and inosinic acid and its Na, K and Ca salts

Inositol

Sodium, potassium and ammonium sulphides, hydrosulphides andpolysulphides

Lecithin

Acids, bases and salts as pH regulators:

Acetic, hydrochloric, phosphoric and sulphuric acids

Sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium hydroxide.

Salts of the above acids and bases

Polymethylsiloxane as antifoaming agent.

In another aspect, the present application contemplates the use of anyone of a number of raw materials exemplified below to produce NATURALPRODUCTS:

Sugar Syrups:

Xylose syrup, arabinose syrup and rhamnose syrup manufactured from beechwood. Ardilla Technologies supply these along with natural crystallineL-xylose, L-arabinose and L-rhamnose. Xylose syrup may also be obtainedfrom natural sources, such as the xylan-rich portion of hemicellulose,mannose syrup from ivory nut, etc. These and other types of syrupdescribed herein can be used as sugar donors in the compositionsdescribed herein.

Hydrolyzed Gum Arabic:

Thickeners, such as gum arabic can be hydrolyzed with an organic acid orby enzyme hydrolysis to produce a mixture containing arabinose.Arabinose could also be obtained from other wood-based or biomasshydrolysate. Cellulose enzymes can also be used.

Meat Extracts:

Commercially available from a number of companies, such as Henningsens

(Chicken skin and meat). Gives excellent chicken notes.

Jardox: Meat and poultry extracts and stocks.

Kanegrade: Fish powders, anchovy, squid, tuna and others.

Vegetable Powders:

As well as onion and garlic powders, celery, tomato and leek powders areeffective flavor contributors to reaction flavors.

Egg Yolk:

Contains 50% fat and 50% protein. The fat contains phospholipids andlecithin. The proteins are coagulating proteins and their activity mustbe destroyed by hydrolysis with acid or by the use of proteases prior touse. This will also liberate amino acids and peptides useful in reactionflavors. (Allergen activity)

Vegetable Oils:

Peanut (groundnut) oil—Oleic acid 50%, Linoleic acid 32%—beef and lambprofile. Sunflower—linoleic acid 50-75%, oleic 25%—chicken profile.

Canola (rapeseed)—oleic 60%, linoleic 20%, alpha-linoleic 10%, gadoleic12%.

Sauces:

Fish sauce, soy sauce, oyster sauce, miso.

Enzyme Digests:

Beef heart digest—rich in phospholipids. Liver digest—at low levels <5%gives a rich meaty character. Meat digests can also add authenticity butthey are usually not as powerful as yeast extracts and HVPs.

Enzyme enhanced umami products—shitake or porcini mushrooms, kombu, etc.Enzyme digested fats—beef, lamb, etc.

All of the components of the compositions disclosed herein can bepurchased or made by processes known to those of ordinary skill in theart and combined (e.g., precipitation/co-precipitation, mixing,blending, grounding, mortar and pestle, microemulsion, solvothermal,sonochemical, etc.) or treated as defined by the current invention.

C. Additional Sweeteners

Sweetener(s), including reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, highintensity natural sweeteners, high intensity synthetic sweeteners, andsweet taste-modifying proteins, can be included in a Maillard reactionor they may be added to an MRP composition in an amount in the range of1 to about 99 weight percent, from about 1 to about 75 weight percent 1to about 50 weight percent, from about 1 to about 40 weight percent,from about 1 to about 30 weight percent, from 1 to about 20 weightpercent, from about 1 to about 10 weight percent, from about 2 to about9 weight percent, from about 3 to about 8 weight percent, from about 4to about 7 weight percent, from about 5 to about 6 weight percent andall values and ranges encompassed over the range of from about 1 toabout 99 weight percent including 5 weight percent, 10 weight percent,15, weight percent, 20 weight percent including increments of 5, forexample, through 95 weight percent, and alternatively from about 2weight percent, 4 weight percent, 6 weight percent, including incrementsof 2, for example, through 98 weight percent.

In some embodiments, the MR reactants or the MRP composition preparedtherefrom includes at least one sweetener enhancer. In certainparticular embodiments, the ratio of the MR reactants to the at leastone sweetener enhancer is between 20:1 and 1:1, between 15:1 and 2:1,between 10:1 and 5:1, or any ratio or any range derived from any of theaforementioned ratios.

Sweetener enhancer(s) may be present in the MRP reaction mixture or inthe MRP composition in a range of from about 0.5 ppm to about 1000 ppm,from about 1 ppm to about 900 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 800 ppm,from about 3 ppm to about 700 ppm from about 4 ppm to about 600 ppm,about 500 ppm, and all values and ranges encompassed over the range offrom about 0.5 ppm to about 1000 ppm, including 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm,20 ppm, including increments of 5, for example, through 1000 ppm,alternatively from about 2 ppm, including 4 ppm, 6 ppm, 8 ppm, 10 ppm,including increments of 2, for example, through 1000 ppm.

Thaumatin may be included in the composition, before, during, or afterthe Maillard reaction, in a range from 0.01 ppm to 99.9 wt % on thebasis of the total weight of the composition, including all specificvalues in the range and all subranges between any two specific values.For example, thaumatin may be present in the composition in an amount of0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% byweight of the composition or any range derived therefrom, as well as thesubranges of 0.5-95 wt %, 1-90 wt %, 5-80 wt %, 10-70 wt %, 20-60 wt %or 30-50 wt % on the basis of the total weight of the composition.Likewise, NHDC may be included in the composition, with or withoutthaumatin, before, during, or after the Maillard reaction in these sameamounts.

In a particular embodiment, the MRP composition comprises from 0.01 ppmto 99.9 wt % of thaumatin, one or more MRPs as prepared by the presentembodiments, and optionally 0.1-99.9 wt % of a sweetening agent and/or0.1-99.9 wt % of sweetener. In another embodiment, the MRP compositioncomprises from 0.01 ppm to 30 wt % of thaumatin, 0.01 ppm to 50 wt % ofMRP as prepared by the present embodiments, and optionally 10-30 wt % ofsweetening agent, and optionally 10-30 wt % of sweetener.

In some embodiments where thaumatin is added to an MRP or S-MRPcomposition, the ratio of thaumatin to the MRP or S-MRP may range from1:100 to 1:0.67, based on pure thaumatin. However, considering that incertain embodiments where the preferred dosage of thaumating is 0.5 ppmto 25 ppm, and the preferred dosage of the MRP/S-MRP composition is 10ppm to 500 ppm, typical ratios (by weight) of thaumatin:(MRP/S-MRP) mayrange from 1:1000 to about 1:0.4, more preferably from about 1:200 toabout 1:1. Similar ratios may be utilized when substituting oradditionally incorporated NHDC.

In some embodiments, thaumatin may be used in a Maillard reaction withe.g., suitable natural sweeteners, such as SGs, Stevia extracts, GSGsand/or glycosylated Stevia extracts. In addition, NHDC may be furthercombined in the reaction mixture. Thus, where thaumatin (and/or NHDC) isincluded in a Maillard reaction with e.g., one or more amino acids (asstarting materials) as described in Examples 256, 257, and 261 herein,the ratio of thaumatin to amino acid(s) may encompass exemplary ranges,such as 1:2.64, 1:0, and 1:2424, respectively. Thaumatin, a protein, canbe used as an amino donor alone or in combination with other aminoacid(s).

In other embodiments, the MR reactants or the MRP composition preparedtherefrom includes at least one high intensity synthetic sweetener.Exemplary high intensity synthetic sweeteners include, but are notlimited to sucralose, sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, including salts thereofand combinations thereof. In certain particular embodiments, the ratioof the MR reactants to the at least one high intensity syntheticsweetener is between 20:1 and 1:1, between 15:1 and 2:1, between 10:1and 5:1, or any ratio or any range derived from any of theaforementioned ratios.

In other embodiments, the MR reactants or the MRP composition preparedtherefrom includes at least one at least one sweetener enhancer and atleast one high intensity synthetic sweetener. In certain particularembodiments, the ratio of the MR reactants to the combination of thesweetener enhancer(s) and the high intensity synthetic sweetener(s) isbetween 20:1 and 1:1, between 15:1 and 2:1, between 10:1 and 5:1, or anyratio or any range derived from any of the aforementioned ratios.

D. Flavor Substances

The inventors of the present application have also developed a uniqueprocess which could preserve useful flavor substances originating fromStevia plants and recovered in in the form of Stevia extracts. Suchsubstances are further amplified in Maillard reactions involving SGs andStevia extracts in combination with various amine donors as describedherein.

The flavor substances in Stevia plants include but are not limited toalkanes, ketones, acids, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, alkenes, aromatics,esters, alcohols, aliphatics or amines. Specifically, the acids compriseAcetic acid, Propanoic acid, Pentanoic acid, Hexanoic acid, Trans2-hexenoic acid, Heptanoic acid, Octanoic acid, (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid,decahydro-1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid,2,3-dihyd-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid; the alcohols comprise1-Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-6-ol, 2-Ethyl-1-dodecanol, (+) spathulenol,1,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octahy-1-Naphthalenol; the aldehydes comprise Hexanal,2,4-Pentadienal, Octanal, Nonanal, Decanal,1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, 2,5-dimethyl-5-nitrohexanal,(E)-2-Hexenal, (Z)-2-Heptenal; the amines comprise 4-methyl-Pyrimidine,O-decyl-Hydroxylamine, the esters comprise 3-Methyl pentanoic acid,2-ethyl-4-Pentenal, Triacetin, Heptafluorobutyric acid, n-pentadecyles,Pseudosolasodine diacetate, 2,5,6-trimethyl-Decane; the ketones comprisedihydro-2(3H)-Furanone, 5-ethenyldihydro-5-methy-2(3H)-Furanone,5-ethyldihydro-2(3H)-Furanone, 4-methyl-Cyclopentadecanone,3,3-dimethyl-2,7-octanedione, 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-one,3,5,6,8a-tetrahydro-2,52H-1-Benzopyran,5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-2(4H)-Benzofuranone,6,10,14-trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone, trans-β-Ionone,3-ethyl-4-methyl-1H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione, 1H-Naphtho[2,1-b]pyran,3-ethenyldodecah; the alkanes comprises nitro-Cyclohexane,2,6-dimethyl-Heptadecane, 2,6,7-trimethyl-Decane,2,6,7-trimethyl-Decane, Tetradecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl-Dodecane,2,3-Dimethyldecane, Undecane, 5-methyl-Undecane, Docosane, Dodecane,Heptadecane, Nonadecane, 1-Bromo-2-methyl-decane,2,6,10-trimethyl-Tetradecane; the hydrocarbons compriseBicyclo[4.4.1]undeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaen-1,3-Isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5, the alkenes comprise3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, Caryophyllene oxide, Junipene; the aromaticscomprise Ethylbenzene, pentamethyl-Benzene, 2-methyl-Naphthalene,(+)-Aromadendrene; the aliphatics comprise 1-chloro-Nonadecane,1-chloro-Octadecane. Additionally, the flavor substances in the Steviaplant should also contain any new possible flavor substances from newStevia varieties by hybridizing, grafting and other cultivating methods.

A flavoring agent, other than a flavor derived from a Maillard reactionproduct as described herein, can be added to the compositions describedherein before or after a Maillard reaction has been effected. Suitableflavoring agents include, for example, natural flavors, vitamins, suchas vitamin C, artificial flavors, spices, seasonings, and the like.Exemplary flavor agents include synthetic flavor oils and flavoringaromatics and/or oils, uronic acids (e.g., glucuronic acid andgalacturonic acid) or oleoresins, essences, and distillates, and acombination comprising at least one of the foregoing.

During the Maillard reaction or following completion of the Maillardreaction, “top note” agents may be added, which are often quitevolatile, vaporizing at or below room temperature. “Top notes” are oftenwhat give foods their fresh flavors. Suitable top note agents includebut are not limited to, for example, furfuryl mercaptan, methional,nonanal, trans,trans-2,4-decadienal, 2,2′-(dithiodimethylene) difuran,2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 4-methyl-5-thiazoleethanol, pyrazineethanethiol,bis(2-methyl-3-furyl) disulfide, methyl furfuryl disulfide,2,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-dithiane, 95%, trithioacetone,2,3-butanedithiol, methyl 2-methyl-3-furyl disulfide, 4-methylnonanoicacid, 4-methyloctanoic acid, or 2-methyl-3-tetrahydrofuranthiol.

Flavor oils include spearmint oil, cinnamon oil, oil of wintergreen(methyl salicylate), peppermint oil, Japanese mint oil, clove oil, bayoil, anise oil, eucalyptus oil, thyme oil, cedar leaf oil, oil ofnutmeg, allspice, oil of sage, mace, oil of bitter almonds, and cassiaoil; useful flavoring agents include artificial, natural and syntheticfruit flavors, such as vanilla, and Citrus oils including lemon, orange,lime, grapefruit, yuzu, sudachi, and fruit essences including apple,pear, peach, grape, raspberry, blackberry, gooseberry, blueberry,strawberry, cherry, plum, prune, raisin, cola, guarana, neroli,pineapple, apricot, banana, melon, apricot, cherry, tropical fruit,mango, mangosteen, pomegranate, papaya, and so forth.

Additional exemplary flavors imparted by a flavoring agent include amilk flavor, a butter flavor, a cheese flavor, a cream flavor, and ayogurt flavor; a vanilla flavor; tea or coffee flavors, such as a greentea flavor, an oolong tea flavor, a tea flavor, a cocoa flavor, achocolate flavor, and a coffee flavor; mint flavors, such as apeppermint flavor, a spearmint flavor, and a Japanese mint flavor; spicyflavors, such as an asafetida flavor, an ajowan flavor, an anise flavor,an angelica flavor, a fennel flavor, an allspice flavor, a cinnamonflavor, a chamomile flavor, a mustard flavor, a cardamom flavor, acaraway flavor, a cumin flavor, a clove flavor, a pepper flavor, acoriander flavor, a sassafras flavor, a savory flavor, a ZanthoxyliFructus flavor, a perilla flavor, a juniper berry flavor, a gingerflavor, a star anise flavor, a horseradish flavor, a thyme flavor, atarragon flavor, a dill flavor, a capsicum flavor, a nutmeg flavor, abasil flavor, a marjoram flavor, a rosemary flavor, a bayleaf flavor, awasabi (Japanese horseradish) flavor; a nut flavor, such as an almondflavor, a hazelnut flavor, a macadamia nut flavor, a peanut flavor, apecan flavor, a pistachio flavor, and a walnut flavor; alcoholicflavors, such as a wine flavor, a whiskey flavor, a brandy flavor, a rumflavor, a gin flavor, and a liqueur flavor; floral flavors; andvegetable flavors, such as an onion flavor, a garlic flavor, a cabbageflavor, a carrot flavor, a celery flavor, mushroom flavor, and a tomatoflavor.

Generally any flavoring agent or food additive, such as those describedin “Chemicals Used in Food Processing”, Publication No 1274, pages63-258, by the National Academy of Sciences, can be used. Thispublication is incorporated herein by reference.

As used herein, a “flavoring agent” or “flavorant” herein refers to acompound or an ingestibly acceptable salt or solvate thereof thatinduces a flavor or taste in an animal or a human. The flavoring agentcan be natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic. Suitable flavorants andflavoring agent additives for use in the compositions of the presentapplication include, but are not limited to, vanillin, vanilla extract,mango extract, cinnamon, Citrus, coconut, ginger, viridiflorol, almond,bay, thyme, cedar leaf, nutmeg, allspice, sage, mace, menthol (includingmenthol without mint), an essential oil, such as an oil produced from aplant or a fruit, such as peppermint oil, spearmint oil, other mintoils, clove oil, cinnamon oil, oil of wintergreen, or an oil of almonds;a plant extract, fruit extract or fruit essence from grape skin extract,grape seed extract, apple, banana, watermelon, pear, peach, grape,strawberry, raspberry, cherry, plum, pineapple, apricot, a flavoringagent comprising a Citrus flavor, such as an extract, essence, or oil oflemon, lime, orange, tangerine, grapefruit, citron, kumquat, orcombinations thereof. Flavorants for use in the present applicationinclude both natural and synthetic substances which are safe for humansor animals when used in a generally accepted range.

Non-limiting examples of proprietary flavorants include Dohler™ NaturalFlavoring Sweetness Enhancer K14323 (Dohler™, Darmstadt, Germany),Symrise™ Natural Flavor Mask for Sweeteners 161453 and 164126 (Symrise™,Holzminden, Germany), Natural Advantage™ Bitterness Blockers 1, 2, 9 and10 (Natural Advantage™, Freehold, N.J., U.S.A.), and Sucramask™(Creative Research Management, Stockton, Calif., U.S.A.).

In the any of the embodiments described in the present application, theflavoring agent is present in the composition of the present applicationin an amount effective to provide a final concentration of about 0.1ppm, 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75ppm, 80 ppm, 85 ppm, 90 ppm, 100 ppm, 110 ppm, 120 ppm, 130 ppm, 140ppm, 150 ppm, 160 ppm, 170 ppm, 180 ppm, 190 ppm, 200 ppm, 220 ppm, 240ppm, 260 ppm, 280 ppm, 300 ppm, 320 ppm, 340 ppm, 360 ppm, 380 ppm, 400ppm, 425 ppm, 450 ppm, 475 ppm, 500 ppm, 550 ppm, 600 ppm, 650 ppm, 700ppm, 750 ppm, 800 ppm, 850 ppm, 900 ppm, 950 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm,2000 ppm, 2500 ppm, 3000 ppm, 3500 ppm, 4000 ppm, 4500 ppm, 5000 ppm,6000 ppm, 7000 ppm, 8000 ppm, 9000 ppm, 10,000 ppm, 11,000 ppm, 12,000ppm, 13,000 ppm, 14,000 ppm, or 15,000 ppm; or to provide a finalconcentration corresponding to any one of the aforementioned values inthis paragraph; or to provide a final concentration range correspondingto any pair of the aforementioned values in this paragraph.

In more particular embodiments, the flavoring agent is present in thecomposition of the present application in an amount effective to providea final concentration ranging from 10 ppm to 1000 ppm, from 50 ppm to900 ppm, from 50 ppm to 600 ppm, from 50 ppm to 500 ppm, from 50 ppm to400 ppm, from 50 ppm to 300 ppm, from 50 ppm to 200 ppm, from 75 ppm to600 ppm, from 75 ppm to 500 ppm, from 75 ppm to 400 ppm, from 75 ppm to300 ppm, from 75 ppm to 200 ppm, from 75 ppm to 100 ppm, from 100 ppm to600 ppm, from 100 ppm to 500 ppm, from 100 ppm to 400 ppm, from 100 ppmto 300 ppm, from 100 ppm to 200 ppm, from 125 ppm to 600 ppm, from 125ppm to 500 ppm, from 125 ppm to 400 ppm, from 125 ppm to 300 ppm, from125 ppm to 200 ppm, from 150 ppm to 600 ppm, from 150 ppm to 500 ppm,from 150 ppm to 500 ppm, from 150 ppm to 400 ppm, from 150 ppm to 300ppm, from 150 ppm to 200 ppm, from 200 ppm to 600 ppm, from 200 ppm to500 ppm, from 200 ppm to 400 ppm, from 200 ppm to 300 ppm, from 300 ppmto 600 ppm, from 300 ppm to 500 ppm, from 300 ppm to 400 ppm, from 400ppm to 600 ppm, from 500 ppm to 600 ppm; or to provide a finalconcentration corresponding to any one of the aforementioned values inthis paragraph; or to provide a final concentration range correspondingto any pair of the aforementioned values in this paragraph.

E. Maillard Reaction Conditions

Maillard reaction conditions are affected by temperature, pressure, pH,reaction times, ratio of different reactants, type of solvent(s) andsolvents-to-reactants ratio. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, thereaction mixture may include a pH regulator, which can be an acid or abase. Suitable base regulators include, for example, sodium hydroxide,potassium hydroxide, baking powder, baking soda any usable food gradebase salts including alkaline amino acids. Additionally, the Maillardreaction can be conducted in the presence of alkalinic amino acidswithout the need of an additional base where the alkaline amino acidserves as the base itself. The pH of the reaction mixture can bemaintained at any pH suitable for the Maillard reaction. In certainembodiments, the pH is maintained at a pH of from about 2 to about 14,from about 2 to about 7, from about 3 to about 9, from about 4 to about6, from about 7 to about 14, from about 8 to about 10, from about 9 toabout 11, from about 10 to about 12, or any pH range derived from theseinteger values. In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture containsless than 95 wt %, less than 90 wt %, less than 80 wt %, less than 70 wt%, less than 60 wt %, less than 50 wt %, less than 40 wt %, less than 30wt %, less than 20 wt %, less than 15 wt %, or less than 10 wt % or lessthan 5 wt %, less than 1 wt % solvent.

In any of the embodiments described in the present application, thereaction temperature in any of the MRP reaction mixtures described inthe present application may be 0° C., 5° C., 10° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30°C., 35° C., 40° C., 50° C., 55° C., 60° C., 65° C., 70° C., 80° C., 90°C., 100° C., 110° C., 120° C., 125° C., 130° C., 135° C., 140° C., 150°C., 155° C., 160° C., 165° C., 170° C., 180° C., 190° C., 200° C., 210°C., 220° C., 225° C., 230° C., 235° C., 240° C., 250° C., 255° C., 260°C., 265° C., 270° C., 280° C., 290° C., 300° C., 400° C., 500° C., 600°C., 700° C., 800° C., 900° C., 1000° C., or any temperature rangedefined by any two temperature values in this paragraph.

In more particular embodiments, the reaction temperature in any of theMRP reaction mixtures described in the present application may rangefrom 0° C. to 1000° C., 10° C. to 300° C., from 15° C. to 250° C., from20° C. to 250° C., from 40° C. to 250° C., from 60° C. to 250° C., from80° C. to 250° C., from 100° C. to 250° C., from 120° C. to 250° C.,from 140° C. to 250° C., from 160° C. to 250° C., from 180° C. to 250°C., from 200° C. to 250° C., from 220° C. to 250° C., from 240° C. to250° C., from 30° C. to 225° C., from 50° C. to 225° C., from 70° C. to225° C., from 90° C. to 225° C., from 110° C. to 225° C., from 130° C.to 225° C., from 150° C. to 225° C., from 170° C. to 225° C., from 190°C. to 225° C., from 210° C. to 225° C., from 80° C. to 200° C., from100° C. to 200° C., from 120° C. to 200° C., from 140° C. to 200° C.,from 140° C. to 200° C., from 160° C. to 200° C., from 180° C. to 200°C., from 90° C. to 180° C., from 100° C. to 180° C., from 110° C. to180° C., from 120° C. to 180° C., from 130° C. to 180° C., from 140° C.to 180° C., from 150° C. to 180° C., from 160° C. to 180° C., from 80°C. to 160° C., from 90° C. to 160° C., from 100° C. to 160° C., from110° C. to 160° C., from 120° C. to 160° C., from 130° C. to 160° C.,from 140° C. to 160° C., from 150° C. to 160° C., from 80° C. to 140°C., from 90° C. to 140° C., from 100° C. to 140° C., from 110° C. to140° C., from 120° C. to 140° C., from 130° C. to 140° C., from 80° C.to 120° C., from 85° C. to 120° C., from 90° C. to 120° C., from 95° C.to 120° C., from 100° C. to 120° C., from 110° C. to 120° C., from 115°C. to 120° C., from 80° C. to 100° C., from 85° C. to 100° C., from 90°C. to 100° C., from 95° C. to 100° C.; or any aforementioned temperaturevalue in this paragraph, or a temperature range defined by any pair ofthe aforementioned temperature values in this paragraph.

Maillard reaction(s) can be conducted either under open or sealedconditions. The reaction time is generally from a few seconds to about100 hours, more particularly from about a few minutes to about 24 hours,from about a few minutes to about 12 hours, from about a few minutes toabout 8 hours, from a few minutes to about 5 hours, from about 10minutes to about 1 hour, from about 20 minutes to about 40 minutes, fromabout 1 hour to about 3 hours, from about 2 hours to about 4 hours, orany time range thereof. Depending on the desired taste, the reaction canbe terminated at any time. The Maillard reaction mixture can containunreacted reactants, degraded substances from the reactants, pHregulator(s), and/or salt(s).

The Maillard reactions can be conducted at atmospheric pressure or underpressure. When conducted under pressure, the reaction mixture may besubjected to constant pressure or it may be subjected to varyingpressures over time. In certain embodiments, the pressure in thereaction vessel is at least 10 MPa, at least 20 MPa, at least 30 MPa, atleast 40 MPa, at least 50 1 MPa, at least 75 MPa, at least 100 MPa, atleast 150 MPa, at least 200 MPa, at least 250 MPa, at least 300 MPa, atleast 400 MPa, at least 500 MPa, at least 600 MPa, at least 700 MPa, atleast 800 MPa, and any pressure range derived from the aforementionedpressure values.

In some embodiments, it is desirable to suppress the Maillard reaction,in part. This can be achieved by exercising one or more of the followingapproaches, including the use of raw materials that are not susceptibleto browning, adjusting the factors affecting the browning velocity ofMaillard reaction, lowering the temperature, lowering pH, adjustingwater activity, increasing the level of oxygen, using oxidant,introducing enzymes, etc.

In certain embodiments, the use of low solubility- or insoluble aminoacids in the Maillard reaction may result in insoluble reactants presentin the final MRP composition. In such cases, filtration may be used toremove any insoluble components present in the MRP compositions.

F. Reactant Contents and Reaction Products

In the embodiments of the present application, any one of the highintensity natural sweetening agents described herein, such as steviol,stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudiosideC, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, anddulcoside A, mogrosides, glycosylated mogrosides, GSGs, SGs,rubusosides, glycosylated rubusosides, suaviosides, glycosylatedsuaviosides, sweet tea extracts, glycosylated sweet tea extracts, aswell as those included in Table A; high intensity synthetic sweeteningagents described herein; any one of the sweetener enhancers describedherein; any one of the reducing sugars described herein; any one of thesweetening agents described herein; any one of the non-reducing sugarsdescribed herein; and any one of the amine donors described herein; maybe present, individually or collectively in the Maillard reaction, theMRP composition or compositions described herein in an amount of 1 wt %,2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, 5 wt %, 6 wt %, 7 wt %, 8 wt %. 9 wt %, 10 wt %,11 wt %, 12 wt %, 13 wt %, 14 wt %, 15 wt %, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %,19 wt %, 20 wt %, 21 wt %, 22 wt %, 23 wt %, 24 wt %, 25 wt %, 26 wt %,27 wt %, 28 wt %, 29 wt %, 30 wt %, 31 wt %, 32 wt %, 33 wt %, 34 wt %,35 wt %, 36 wt %, 37 wt %, 38 wt %, 39 wt %, 40 wt %, 41 wt %, 42 wt %,43 wt %, 44 wt %, 45 wt %, 46 wt %, 47 wt %, 48 wt %, 49 wt %, 50 wt %,51 wt %, 52 wt %, 53 wt %, 54 wt %, 55 wt %, 56 wt %, 57 wt %, 58 wt %,59 wt %, 60 wt %, 61 wt %, 62 wt %, 63 wt %, 64 wt %, 65 wt %, 66 wt %,67 wt %, 68 wt %, 69 wt %, 70 wt %, 71 wt %, 72 wt %, 73 wt %, 74 wt %,75 wt %, 76 wt %, 77 wt %, 78 wt %, 79 wt %, 80 wt %, 81 wt %, 82 wt %,83 wt %, 84 wt %, 85 wt %, 86 wt %, 87 wt %, 88 wt %, 89 wt %, 90 wt %,91 wt %, 92 wt %, 93 wt %, 94 wt %, 95 wt %, 96 wt %, 97 wt %, 98 wt %,99 wt %, or 100 wt % and all ranges between 1 and 100 wt %, for exampleless than about 70 wt %, less than about 50 wt %, from about 1 wt % toabout 99 wt %, from about 1 wt % to about 98 wt %, from about 1 wt % toabout 97 wt %, from about 1 wt % to about 95 wt %, from about 1 wt % toabout 90 wt %, from about 1 wt % to about 80 wt %, from about 1 wt % toabout 70 wt %, from about 1 wt % to about 60 wt %, from about 1 wt % toabout 50 wt %, from about 1 wt % to about 40 wt %, from about 1 wt % toabout 30 wt %, from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %, from about 1 wt % toabout 10 wt %, from about 1 wt % to about 5 wt %, from about 2 wt % toabout 99 wt %, from about 2 wt % to about 98 wt %, from about 2 wt % toabout 97 wt %, from about 2 wt % to about 95 wt %, from about 2 wt % toabout 90 wt %, from about 2 wt % to about 80 wt %, from about 2 wt % toabout 70 wt %, from about 2 wt % to about 60 wt %, from about 2 wt % toabout 50 wt %, from about 2 wt % to about 40 wt %, from about 2 wt % toabout 30 wt %, from about 2 wt % to about 20 wt %, from about 2 wt % toabout 10 wt %, from about 2 wt % to about 5 wt %, from about 3 wt % toabout 99 wt %, from about 3 wt % to about 98 wt %, from about 3 wt % toabout 97 wt %, from about 3 wt % to about 95 wt %, from about 3 wt % toabout 90 wt %, from about 3 wt % to about 80 wt %, from about 3 wt % toabout 70 wt %, from about 3 wt % to about 60 wt %, from about 3 wt % toabout 50 wt %, from about 3 wt % to about 40 wt %, from about 3 wt % toabout 30 wt %, from about 3 wt % to about 20 wt %, from about 3 wt % toabout 10 wt %, from about 3 wt % to about 5 wt %, from about 5 wt % toabout 99 wt %, from about 5 wt % to about 98 wt %, from about 5 wt % toabout 97 wt %, from about 5 wt % to about 95 wt %, from about 5 wt % toabout 90 wt %, from about 5 wt % to about 80 wt %, from about 5 wt % toabout 70 wt %, from about 5 wt % to about 60 wt %, from about 5 wt % toabout 50 wt %, from about 5 wt % to about 40 wt %, from about 5 wt % toabout 30 wt %, from about 5 wt % to about 20 wt %, from about 5 wt % toabout 10 wt %, from about 10 wt % to about 99 wt %, from about 10 wt %to about 98 wt %, from about 10 wt % to about 97 wt %, from about 10 wt% to about 95 wt %, from about 10 wt % to about 90 wt %, from about 10wt % to about 80 wt %, from about 10 wt % to about 70 wt %, from about10 wt % to about 60 wt %, from about 10 wt % to about 50 wt %, fromabout 10 wt % to about 40 wt %, from about 10 wt % to about 30 wt %,from about 10 wt % to about 20 wt %, from about 20 to less than about 50wt %, from about 30 wt % to about 50 wt %, from about 40 to about 50percentage by weight, and from about 20 to 45 percentage by weight ofthe sweetening agent composition.

In a particular embodiment, where the Maillard reaction (MR) reactantsare limited to a high intensity natural sweetening agent in combinationwith one or more amino donors, such as one or more amino acids, theratio of the high intensity natural sweetening agent to the one or moreamino acids may be between 99:1 and 85:15, between 95:5 and 90:10,between 90:10 and 85:15, or any ratio or any range derived from any ofthe aforementioned ratios. Further among these embodiments, where twoamino donors or two amino acids are used in the Maillard reaction, theratio of the amino donors or amino acids to one another may rangebetween 5:1 and 1:5, between 4:1 and 1:4, between 3:1 and 1:3, between2:1 and 1:2, or any ratio or any range derived from any of theaforementioned ratios.

In one aspect, in an exemplary composition having two differentcomponents, the components can have ratios of from 1:99, 2:98, 3:97,4:96, 5:95, 6:94, 7:93, 8:92, 9:91, 10:90, 11:89, 12:88, 13:87, 14:86,15:85, 16:84, 17:83, 18:82, 19:81, 20:80, 21:79, 22:78, 23:77, 24:76,25:75, 26:74, 27:73, 28:72, 29:71, 30:70, 31:69, 32:68, 33:67, 34:66,35:65, 36:64, 37:63, 38:62, 39:61, 40:60, 41:59, 42:58, 43:57, 44:56,45:55, 46:54, 47:53, 48:52, 49:51 and 50:50, and all ranges therebetweenwherein the ratios are from 1:99 and vice versa, e.g., a ratio of from1:99 to 50:50, from 30:70 to 42:58, etc.

It should be understood that the different components can be sweeteners,non-nutritive sweeteners, individual components of sweeteners, such asRA, RB, RD, RM, etc., components of Stevia extracts, components ofmogroside extracts, etc.

Generally in the compositions described herein, there is an excess ofMaillard reaction product(s) so if there is a sweetener or sweetenerenhancer present, it is present in a lesser amount by weight incomparison to the Maillard reaction product(s). Ratios of Maillardreaction product(s) to sweetener enhancer(s) may range from e.g., 100:1to 1:100 with all ratios therebetween, including for example 10:1, 20:1,30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1 and including integer valuesthere between, including for example, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1,7:1, 8:1,9:1, 11:1, 12:1, etc. Alternatively, the ratios are from 1:10, 1:20,1:30, 1:40, 1:50, 1:60, 1:70, 1:80, 1:90 and including integer valuesthere between, including for example, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8,1:9, 1:11, 1:12, etc.

In another aspect, in an exemplary MRP composition having threedifferent components, e.g., SGs, the components can have ratios of from1:1:98, 1:2:97, 1:3:96, 1:4:95, 1:5:94, 1:6:93, 1:7:92, 1:8:91, 1:9:90,1:10:89, 1:11:88, 1:12:87, 1:13:86, 1:14:85, 1:15:84, 1:16:83, 1:17:82,1:18:81, 1:19:80, 1:20:79, 1:21:78, 1:22:77, 1:23:76, 1:24:75, 1:25:74,1:26:73, 1:27:72, 1:28:71, 1:29:70, 1:30:69, 1:31:68, 1:32:67, 2:3:95,2:4:94, 2:5:93, 2:6:92, 2:7:91, 2:8:90, 2:9:89, 2:10:88, 2:11:87,2:12:86, 2:13:85, 2:14:84, 2:15:83, 2:16:82, 2:17:81, 2:18:80, 2:19:79,2:20:78, 2:21:77, 2:22:76, 2:23:75, 2:24:74, 2:25:73, 2:26:72, 2:27:71,2:28:70, 2:29:69, 2:30:68, 2:31:67, 2:32:66, 2:3:95, 3:3:94, 3:4:93,3:5:92, 3:6:91, 3:7:90, 3:8:89, 3:9:88, 3:10:87, 3:11:86, 3:12:85,3:13:84, 3:14:83, 3:15:82, 3:16:81, 2:17:80, 3:18:79, 3:19:78, 3:20:77,3:21:76, 3:22:75, 3:23:74, 3:24:73, 3:25:72, 3:26:71, 3:27:70, 3:28:69,3:29:68, 3:30:67, 3:31:66, 3:32:65, 4:4:92, 4:5:91, 4:6:90, 4:7:89,4:8:88, 4:9:87, 4:10:86, 4:11:85, 4:12:84, 4:13:83, 4:14:82, 4:15:81,4:16:80, 4:17:79, 4:18:78, 4:19:77, 4:20:76, 4:21:75, 4:22:74, 4:23:73,4:24:72, 4:25:71, 4:26:70, 4:27:69, 4:28:68, 4:29:67, 4:30:66, 4:31:65,4:32:64, 5:5:90, 5:6:89, 5:7:88, 5:8:87, 5:9:86, 5:10:85, 5:11:84,5:12:83, 5:13:82, 5:14:81, 5:15:80, 5:16:79, 5:17:78, 5:18:77, 5:19:76,5:20:75, 5:21:74, 5:22:73, 5:23:72, 5:24:71, 5:25:70, 5:26:69, 5:27:68,5:28:67, 5:29:66, 5:30:65, 5:31:64, 5:32:63, 6:6:88, 6:7:87, 6:8:86,6:9:85, 6:10:84, 6:11:83, 6:12:82, 6:13:81, 6:14:80, 6:15:79, 6:16:78,6:17:77, 6:18:76, 6:19:75, 6:20:74, 6:21:73, 6:22:72, 6:23:71, 6:24:70,6:25:69, 6:26:68, 6:27:67, 6:28:66, 6:29:65, 6:30:64, 6:31:63, 6:32:62,7:7:86, 7:8:85, 7:9:84, 7:10:83, 7:11:82, 7:12:81, 7:13:80, 7:14:79,7:15:78, 7:16:77, 7:17:76, 7:18:75, 7:19:74, 7:20:73, 7:21:72, 7:22:71,7:23:70, 7:24:69, 7:25:68, 7:26:67, 7:27:66, 7:28:65, 7:29:64, 7:30:63,7:31:62, 7:32:61, 8:8:84, 8:9:83, 8:10:82, 8:11:81, 8:12:80, 8:13:79,8:14:78, 8:15:77, 8:16:76, 8:17:75, 8:18:74, 8:19:73, 8:20:72, 8:21:71,8:22:70, 8:23:69, 8:24:68, 8:25:67, 8:26:66, 8:27:65, 8:28:64, 8:29:63,8:30:62, 8:31:61, 8:32:60, 9:9:82, 9:10:81, 9:11:80, 9:12:79, 9:13:78,9:14:77, 9:15:76, 9:16:75, 9:17:74, 9:18:73, 9:19:72, 9:20:71, 9:21:70,9:22:69, 9:23:68, 9:24:67, 9:25:66, 9:26:65, 9:27:64, 9:28:63, 9:29:62,9:30:61, 9:31:60, 9:32:59, 10:10:80, 10:11:79, 10:12:78, 10:13:77,10:14:76, 10:15:75, 10:16:74, 10:17:73, 10:18:72, 10:19:71, 10:20:70,10:21:69, 10:22:68, 10:23:67, 10:24:66, 10:25:65, 10:26:64, 10:27:63,10:28:62, 10:29:61, 10:30:60, 10:31:59, 10:32:58, 11:11:78, 11:12:77,11:13:76, 11:14:75, 11:15:74, 11:16:73, 11:17:72, 11:18:71, 11:19:70,11:20:69, 11:21:68, 11:22:67, 11:23:66, 11:24:65, 11:25:64, 11:26:63,11:27:62, 11:28:61, 11:29:60, 11:30:59, 11:31:58, 11:32:57, 12:12:76,12:13:75, 12:14:74, 12:15:73, 12:16:72, 12:17:71, 12:18:70, 12:19:69,12:20:68, 12:21:67, 12:22:66, 12:23:65, 12:24:64, 12:25:63, 12:26:62,12:27:61, 12:28:60, 12:29:59, 12:30:58, 12:31:57, 12:32:56, 13:13:74,13:14:73, 13:15:72, 13:16:71, 13:17:70, 13:18:69, 13:19:68, 13:20:67,13:21:66, 13:22:65, 13:23:64, 13:24:63, 13:25:62, 13:26:61, 13:27:60,13:28:59, 13:29:58, 13:30:57, 13:31:56, 13:32:55, 14:14:72, 14:15:71,14:16:70, 14:17:69, 14:18:68, 14:19:67, 14:20:66, 14:21:65, 14:22:64,14:23:63, 14:24:62, 14:25:61, 14:26:60, 14:27:59, 14:28:58, 14:29:57,14:30:56, 14:31:55, 14:32:54, 15:15:70, 15:16:69, 15:17:68, 15:18:67,15:19:66, 15:20:65, 15:21:64, 15:22:63, 15:23:62, 15:24:61, 15:25:60,15:26:59, 15:27:58, 17:28:57, 15:29:56, 15:30:55, 15:31:54, 15:32:53,16:16:68, 16:17:67, 16:18:66, 16:19:65, 16:20:64, 16:21:63, 16:22:62,16:23:61, 16:24:60, 16:25:59, 16:26:58, 16:27:57, 16:28:56, 16:29:55,16:30:54, 16:31:53, 16:32:52, 17:17:66, 17:18:65, 17:19:64, 17:20:63,17:21:62, 17:22:61, 17:23:60, 17:24:59, 17:25:58, 17:26:57, 17:27:56,17:28:55, 17:29:54, 17:30:53, 17:31:52, 17:32:51, 18:18:64, 18:19:63,18:20:62, 18:21:61, 18:22:60, 18:23:59, 18:24:58, 18:25:57, 18:26:56,18:27:55, 18:28:54, 18:29:53, 18:30:52, 18:31:51, 18:32:50, 19:19:62,19:20:61, 19:21:60, 19:22:59, 19:23:58, 19:24:57, 19:25:56, 19:26:55,19:27:54, 19:28:53, 19:29:52, 19:30:51, 19:31:50, 19:32:49, 20:20:60,20:21:59, 20:22:58, 20:23:57, 20:24:56, 20:25:55, 20:26:54, 20:27:53,20:28:52, 20:29:51, 20:30:50, 20:31:49, 20:32:48, 21:21:58, 21:22:57,21:23:56, 21:24:55, 21:25:54, 21:26:53, 21:27:52, 21:28:51, 21:29:50,21:30:49, 21:31:48, 21:32:47, 22:22:56, 22:23:55, 22:24:54, 22:25:53,22:26:52, 22:27:51, 22:28:50, 22:29:49, 22:30:48, 22:31:47, 22:32:46,23:23:54, 23:24:53, 23:25:52, 23:26:51, 23:27:50, 23:28:49, 23:29:48,23:30:47, 23:31:46, 23:32:45, 24:24:52, 24:25:51, 24:26:50, 24:27:49,24:28:48, 24:29:47, 24:30:46, 24:31:45, 24:32:44, 25:25:50, 25:26:49,25:27:48, 25:28:47, 25:29:46, 25:30:45, 25:31:44, 25:32:43, 26:26:48,26:27:47, 26:28:46, 26:29:45, 26:30:44, 26:31:43, 26:32:42, 27:27:46,27:28:45, 27:29:44, 27:30:43, 27:31:42, 27:32:41, 28:28:44, 28:29:43,28:30:42, 28:31:41, 28:32:40, 29:29:42, 29:30:41, 29:31:40, 29:32:39,30:30:40, 30:31:39, 30:32:38, 31:31:38, 31:32:37, 32:32:36, 32:33:35,and 33.3:33.3:33.3, and all ranges therebetween wherein the ratios arefrom 1:1:98 and vice versa, e.g., a ratio of from 1:1:98 to33.3:33.3:33.3, from 10:30:70 to 15:40:45, etc.

It should be understood that the different components can be sweeteners,non-nutritive sweeteners, individual components of sweeteners, such asRA, RB, RD, RM, etc., components of Stevia extracts, components ofmogroside extracts, etc.

It should be noted that the present disclosure is not limited tocompositions having only two or three different components, e.g., SGs,MGs, GSGs, GMGs, non-nutritive sweeteners, etc. herein, and that theexemplary ratios are non-limiting. Rather, the same formula can befollowed for establishing ratios of as many different components as arecontained within a given composition. As a further example, in acomposition that comprises 20 different components described herein, thecomponents can have ratios of from1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:81 to5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5:5, and all possible combinationsof ratios therebetween. In some embodiments, a composition of thepresent disclosure may have up to and including a combination of allcompounds, for example but not limited to, those in Table 2.

In any of the embodiments described in the present application, one ormore components may be added before, during, or after the Maillardreaction to a composition or product, or may be added to an MRPcomposition, or may be added to a consumable product, such as beverageproduct or food product, wherein any one of the components is present inany of the aforementioned composition(s) or product(s) at aparts-per-million (ppm) basis (or concentration) relative to the othercontents in a composition or product, wherein the one or more componentsare selected from any one of the high intensity natural sweetenersdescribed herein; any one of the high intensity synthetic sweetenersdescribed herein; any one of the sweetener enhancers described herein;any one of the reducing sugars described herein; any one of thesweetening agents described herein; any one of the non-reducing sugarsdescribed herein; any one of the amine donors described herein; any oneof the flavor substances described herein, or any of the additionaladditives described herein, such that any one of these component(s) ispresent in a reaction mixture, composition or consumable product at afinal concentration of about 0.0001 ppm, 0.001 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 1ppm, 2 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80 ppm, 85ppm, 90 ppm, 100 ppm, 110 ppm, 120, ppm, 130 ppm, 140 ppm, 150 ppm, 160ppm, 170 ppm, 180 ppm, 190 ppm, 200 ppm, 220 ppm, 240 ppm, 260 ppm, 280ppm, 300 ppm, 320 ppm, 340 ppm, 360 ppm 380 ppm, 400 ppm, 420 ppm, 440ppm, 460 ppm, 480 ppm, 500 ppm, 525 ppm, 550 ppm, 575 ppm, 600 ppm, 625ppm, 650 ppm, 675 ppm, 700 ppm, 725 ppm, 750 ppm, 775 ppm, 800 ppm, 825ppm, 850 ppm, 875 ppm, 900 ppm, 925 ppm, 950 ppm, 975 ppm, 1,000 ppm,1,200 ppm, 1,400 ppm, 1,600 ppm, 1,800 ppm, 2,000 ppm, 2,200 ppm, 2,400ppm, 2,600 ppm, 2,800 ppm, 3,000 ppm, 3,200 ppm, 3,400 ppm, 3,600 ppm,3,800 ppm, 4,000 ppm, 4,200 ppm, 4,400 ppm, 4,600 ppm, 4,800 ppm, 5,000ppm, 5,500 ppm, 6,000 ppm, 6,500 ppm, 7,000 ppm, 7,500 ppm, 8,000 ppm,8,500 ppm, 9,000 ppm, 9,500 ppm, 10,000 ppm, 11,000 ppm, 12,000 ppm,13000 ppm, 14,000 ppm, 15,000 ppm, or a range defined by any pair of theaforementioned concentration values in this paragraph.

In any of the embodiments described in the present application, one ormore components may be added before, during, or after the Maillardreaction to a composition or product, or may be added to an MRPcomposition, or may be added to a consumable product, such as beverageproduct or food product, wherein any one of the components is present inany of the aforementioned composition(s) or product(s) at aparts-per-million (ppm) basis (or concentration) relative to the othercontents in a composition or product, wherein the one or more componentsare selected from any one of the high intensity natural sweetenersdescribed herein; any one of the high intensity synthetic sweetenersdescribed herein; any one of the sweetener enhancers described herein;any one of the reducing sugars described herein; any one of thesweetening agents described herein; any one of the non-reducing sugarsdescribed herein; any one of the amine donors described herein; any oneof the flavor substances described herein, or any of the additionaladditives described herein, such that any one of these component(s) ispresent in a reaction mixture, composition or consumable product at afinal concentration from about 1 ppm to 15,000 ppm, from 1 ppm to 10,000ppm, from 1 ppm to 5,000 ppm, from 10 ppm to 1,000 ppm, from 50 ppm to900 ppm, from 50 ppm to 600 ppm, from 50 ppm to 500 ppm, from 50 ppm to400 ppm, from 50 ppm to 300 ppm, from 50 ppm to 200 ppm, from 100 ppm to600 ppm, from 100 ppm to 500 ppm, from 100 ppm to 400 ppm, from 100 ppmto 300 ppm, from 100 ppm to 200 ppm, from 125 ppm to 600 ppm, from 125ppm to 500 ppm, from 125 ppm to 400 ppm, from 125 ppm to 300 ppm, from125 ppm to 200 ppm, from 150 ppm to 600 ppm, from 150 ppm to 500 ppm,from 150 ppm to 500 ppm, from 150 ppm to 400 ppm, from 150 ppm to 300ppm, from 150 ppm to 200 ppm, from 200 ppm to 600 ppm, from 200 ppm to500 ppm, from 200 ppm to 400 ppm, from 200 ppm to 300 ppm, from 300 ppmto 600 ppm, from 300 ppm to 500 ppm, from 300 ppm to 400 ppm, from 400ppm to 600 ppm, from 500 ppm to 600 ppm, from 20 ppm to 200 ppm, from 20ppm to 180 ppm, from 20 ppm to 160 ppm, from 20 ppm to 140 ppm, from 20ppm to 120 ppm, from 20 ppm to 100 ppm, from 20 ppm to 80 ppm, from 20ppm to 60 ppm, from 20 ppm to 40 ppm, from 40 ppm to 150 ppm, from 40ppm to 130 ppm, from 40 ppm to 100 ppm, from 40 ppm to 90 ppm, from 40ppm to 70 ppm, from 40 ppm to 50 ppm, from 20 ppm to 100 ppm, from 40ppm to 100 ppm, from 50 ppm to 100 ppm, from 60 ppm to 100 ppm, from 80ppm to 100 ppm, from 5 ppm to 100 ppm, from 5 ppm to 95 ppm, from 5 ppmto 90 ppm, from 5 ppm to 85 ppm, from 5 ppm to 80 ppm, from 5 ppm to 75ppm, from 5 ppm to 70 ppm, from 5 ppm to 65 ppm, from 5 ppm to 60 ppm,from 5 ppm to 55 ppm, from 5 ppm to 50 ppm, from 5 ppm to 45 ppm, from 5ppm to 40 ppm, from 5 ppm to 35 ppm, from 5 ppm to 30 ppm, from 5 ppm to25 ppm, from 5 ppm to 20 ppm, from 5 ppm to 15 ppm, from 5 ppm to 10ppm, any aforementioned concentration value in this paragraph, or arange defined by any pair of the aforementioned concentration values inthis paragraph.

As used herein, “final concentration” refers to the concentration of,for example, any one of the aforementioned components present in anyfinal composition or final orally consumable product (i.e., after allingredients and/or compounds have been added to produce the compositionor to produce the orally consumable product).

In some embodiments, one or more components may be added to the Maillardreaction or added to an MRP composition formed therefrom, wherein anyone of the components is expressed in terms of its purity. Thus, withregard to any one of the high intensity natural sweetening agentsdescribed herein; any one of the high intensity synthetic sweeteningagents described herein; any one of the sweetener enhancers describedherein; any one of the reducing sugars described herein; any one of thesweetening agents described herein; any one of the non-reducing sugarsdescribed herein; and any one of the amine donors described herein; anyone of the components may be characterized by a level of purity of about50% to about 100% by weight, about 55% to about 100% by weight, about60% to about 100% by weight, about 65% to about 100% by weight, about70% to about 100% by weight, about 75% to about 100% by weight, about80% to about 100% by weight, about 85% to about 100% by weight, about86% to about 100% by weight, about 87% to about 100% by weight, about88% to about 100% by weight, about 89% to about 100% by weight, about90% to about 100% by weight, about 91% to about 100% by weight, about92% to about 100% by weight, about 93% to about 100% by weight, about94% to about 100% by weight, about 95% to about 100% by weight, about96% to about 100% by weight, about 97% to about 100% by weight, about98% to about 100% by weight, about 99% to about 100% by weight, or anyany range defined by any two of the aforementioned values.Alternatively, the purity of the component (w/w) may be at least 50%, atleast 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, atleast 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, atleast 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, atleast 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, atleast 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.9%, at least 100%, or any anyrange defined by any two of the aforementioned values.

A general method to prepare Stevia derived Maillard reaction product(s)is described as follows. Briefly, an SG or Stevia extract is dissolvedwith or without a sugar donor, and together with amino acid donor inwater, followed by heating of the solution at an elevated temperature,for example from about 50 to about 200 degrees centigrade. The reactiontime can be varied from more than one second to a few days, moregenerally a few hours, until Maillard reaction products (MRPs) areformed or the reaction components have been exhausted or the reactionhas been completed, with or without formation of caramelization reactionproducts (CRPs), which are further described below. When required, a pHadjuster or pH buffer can be added to regulate the pH of the reactionmixture before, during or after reaction as further described herein.The resultant solution is dried by spray dryer or hot air oven to removethe water and to obtain the MRP(s).

Interestingly, when a reaction mixture is dried to a powder, such as byspray drying, the resultant powders only have a slight smell associatedwith them. This is in contrast to regular powdered flavoring agents thatgenerally have a strong smell. The dried powdered reaction mixtures ofthe embodiments, when dissolved in a solvent, such as water or alcoholor mixtures thereof, release the smell. This demonstrates that thevolatile substances of the Maillard reaction products can be preservedby steviol glycosides present in the reaction products and processesemploying the compositions of the present application. Powders withstrong odor can be obtained too, particularly where the carrier, such asStevia extract, is much less compared with MRPs flavors or strong flavorsubstances are used during Maillard reaction.

The Maillard reaction is conducted with a suitable solvent.Additionally, solvents can be employed along with water. Suitablesolvents approved for oral use include, for example, alcohols, such aslow molecular weight alcohols, e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol,butanol, pentanol, hexanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylglycol, etc. The following additional solvents may be used in theMaillard reaction or may act as carriers for Maillard reaction products:acetone, benzyl alcohol, 1,3-butylene glycol, carbon dioxide, castoroil, citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides, ethyl acetate, ethylalcohol, ethyl alcohol denatured with methanol, glycerol (glycerin),glyceryl diacetate, glyceryl triacetate (triacetin), glyceryltributyrate (tributyrin), hexane, isopropyl alcohol, methyl alcohol,methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone), methylene chloride, monoglycerides anddiglycerides, monoglyceride citrate, 1,2-propylene glycol, propyleneglycol mono-esters and diesters, triethyl citrate, and mixtures thereof.

Although recognizing that other suitable solvents may be used forflavoring agents, the The International Organization of the FlavorIndustry (IOFI) Code of Practice (Version 1.3, dated Feb. 29, 2012)lists the following solvents as being appropriate for use in flavoringagents: acetic acid, benzyl alcohol, edible oils, ethyl alcohol,glycerol, hydrogenated vegetable oils, iso-propyl alcohol, mannitol,propylene glycol, sorbitol, sorbitol syrup, water, and xylitol.Accordingly, in certain embodiments, these are preferred solvents.

In some embodiments, the Maillard reaction mixtures may further includeone or more carriers (or flavor carriers) considered acceptable for usein flavoring agents are therefore suitable for use as solvents for theMaillard reaction: acetylated distarch adipate, acetylated distarchphosphate, agar agar, alginic acid, beeswax, beta-cyclodextrine, calciumcarbonate, calcium silicate, calcium sulphate, candelilla wax,carboxymethyl cellulose, Na salt, carnauba wax, carrageenan,microcrystalline cellulose, dextran, dextrin, diammonium phosphate,distarch phosphate, edible fats, elemi resin, ethyl lactate, ethylcellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl tartrate, gelatin, gellangum, ghatti gum, glucose, glyceryl diacetate, glyceryl diesters ofaliphatic fatty acids C6-C18, glyceryl monoesters of aliphatic fattyacids C6-C18, glyceryl triacetate (triacetin), glyceryl triesters ofaliphatic fatty acids C6-C18, glyceryl tripropanoate, guar gum, gumarabic, hydrolyzed vegetable protein, hydroxyproplymethyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate, hydroxypropylstarch, karaya gum, konjac gum, lactic acid, lactose, locust bean gum(carob bean gum), magnesium carbonate, magnesium salts of fatty acids,maltodextrin, methyl cellulose, medium chain triglyceride, modifiedstarches, such as acetylated distarch adipate, acetylated oxidizedstarch, acid-treated starch, alkaline treated starch, bleached starch,roasted starch dextrins, distarch phosphate, hydroxypropyl distarchphosphate, acetylated distarch phosphate, hydroxypropyl starch,monostarch phosphate, oxidized starch, phosphated distarch phosphate,starch acetate, starch sodium octenyl succinate, and enzyme treatedstarches; mono-,di- and tri-calcium orthophosphate, Na, K, NH₄ and Caalginate, pectins, processed euchema seaweed, propylene glycol alginate,sodium chloride (salt), silicon dioxide, sodium aluminium diphosphate,sodium aluminium silicate, Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fattyacids, starch, starch (sodium) octenyl succinate, starch acetate, sucroglycerides, sucrose, sucrose esters of fatty acids, type I and type IIsucrose oligoesters, taragum, tragacanth, triethylcitrate, whey powder,and xanthan gum.

Generally, the amount of solvent is sufficient to dissolve thecomponents or provide a heterogeneous mixture. For example, on a weightby weight basis, the amount of water to reaction products ratio is fromabout 100:1 to about 1:100, for example from about 6:1, 1:1 to about1:4. Ratios for the Maillard reaction components to solvent are thusfrom 100:1 to 1:100, e.g., 1:99 to 80:20, with all ratios there between,including for example 10:1, 20:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1,90:1 and including integer values there between, including for example,2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1,7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 11:1, 12:1, etc. Alternatively,the ratios are from 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50, 1:60, 1:70, 1:80, 1:90and including integer values there between, including for example, 1:2,1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:11, 1:12, etc.

When the reaction is completed, the product mixture does not need to beneutralized or it can be neutralized. Water and/or solvent(s) do notnecessarily need to be removed but can be removed by distillation, spraydrying or other known methods if the product is desired as a powder orliquid, whatever the case may be.

It should be understood that the Maillard reaction products can includeone or more of the following components after the reaction has occurred.These components include, for example, remaining sweetening agent(s),remaining reducing sugar (sugar donor(s)), remaining amine donor(s),degraded sweetening agent(s); degraded sugar donor(s), degraded aminedonor(s), possible salt(s) that occur naturally from the Maillardreaction process and/or added salt(s), remaining sweetener(s), degradedsweetener(s), remaining sweetener enhancer(s), degraded sweetenerenhancer(s), MRP(s), CRP(s), additional MRP(s) added to the reactionproduct and/or additional CRP(s) added to the reaction product.

It should also be understood, for example, that the Maillard reactioncan be performed such that there can be an excess of amine donor(s) incomparison to reducing sugar(s) or much less than the amount of reducingsugar present. In the first instance then the resultant Maillardreaction mixture would include remaining amine donor(s), degraded aminedonor(s) and/or residue(s) or amine donor(s). Conversely, when there isless amine donor(s) present in the Maillard reaction, the amine donor(s)would be reacted during the course of the reaction. Likewise, insurprising results, where the reducing sugar is replaced with asweetening agent (e.g., a material such as a Stevia extract that doesnot include a reactive aldehydic or ketone moiety) and subjected toamine donor(s), the amine donor(s) may be present in amounts that wouldbe fully consumed by a Maillard type reaction or be present in an amountthat would provide excess amine donor(s) and consequently aminedonor(s), amine donor residue(s) and/or amine degradation product(s)would be present in the Maillard reaction mixture.

There are many ways to control the resulting MRPs. For instance,adjusting pH value, pressure, reaction time, addition of differentingredients, to optimize the ratio of raw materials etc. On top of it,the inventors found separation of MRPs products could be another methodto have different types of flavor enhancers and flavors. MRPs consist ofvolatile substances and non-volatile substances. By evaporating thevolatile substances, purified non-volatile substances can be obtained.These non-volatile substances (or products) can be used as flavormodifiers or with the top note of final products.

The volatile substances can be used as flavor or flavors enhancers, too.Partial separation of MRPs to remove partial volatile substances,further separation of volatile substances for instance by distillationetc., and non-volatile substances for instance by recrystallization,chromatograph etc. could be done to meet different targets of taste andflavor. Therefore, in this specification, MRPs include a compositionincluding one or more volatile substances, one or more non-volatilesubstances or mixtures thereof. Non-volatile substances in MRPs orisolated from MRPs can provide a good mouth feel, umami and Kukumitaste.

Stevia extracts and MRP compositions derived therefrom contain volatileand unvolatile terpine and/or terpinoid substances that can be furtherpurified in order to obtain substance providing a tasteful, sweet and/oraromatic profile. Treatment of Stevia extracts and S-MRP compositionsusing column chromatography, separation resins, and/or other separationmethods, such as distillation, can be employed to retain most of thetasteful aroma terpine and/or terpinoid substances containing oxygen inthe structure, while removing other unpleasant taste substances.

In some embodiments, a Stevia extract can be enriched for the presenceof aromatic terpene substances containing oxygen in the structure. Inparticular, the inventors of the present application have found a way toenhance a Citrus or tangerine taste by heat-treating a terpine- and/orterpinoid rich Stevia extract under acidic conditions comprising e.g.,citric acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid etc.,more preferably citric acid. In addition, substances such as linaloolcan react with citric acid with or without Maillard reaction. Vacuumdistillation of fractions or column chromatography employing macroporousresins and/or silica gels, including ion exchange resins produced by Dowand Sunresin can be used for further purification.

In one embodiment, the present application provides a compositioncomprising a tangerine (or Citrus) flavored Stevia extract and methodfor producing the same as further described in the Examples. In aparticular embodiment, a method to produce a Citrus flavored Steviaextract involves a heat process with or without Maillard reaction underacid conditions, more preferably in a Maillard reaction with citricacid.

One embodiment includes compositions comprising flavor substances fromthe Stevia plant or other natural sweetener plants described herein,including leaves, roots, seeds, etc. therefrom.

In some embodiments, vanilla, maltol or other flavor modifier product(s)“FMPs” can be added to the compositions described herein to furtherimprove the taste. FMPs, such as maltol, ethyl-maltol, vanillin, ethylvanillin, m-methylphenol, and m-n-propylphenol can further enhance themouthfeel, sweetness and aroma of the MRP compositions described herein.Thus, in some embodiments, one or more FMPs may be added before or afterthe Maillard reaction, such as maltol, ethyl-maltol, vanillin, ethylvanillin, m-methylphenol, m-n-propylphenol, or combinations thereof. Incertain embodiments, MRPs and/or sweeteners may be combined with one ormore FMPs. Particular MRP/FMP combinations include MRPs and maltol; MRPsand vanillin; sweetener(s) and maltol; sweetener(s) and vanillin etc.Such compositions may be used in any of the food or beverage productsdescribed herein.

Production of MRPs or S-MRPs may comprise the use of any of thefollowing methodologies, including reflux at atmospheric pressure,reaction under pressure, oven drying, vacuum oven drying, roller/drumdrying, surface scraped heat exchange, and/or extrusion.

G. Taste Profiles and Taste Testing of MRP Compositions

The MRP compositions and methods described herein are useful forimproved taste and aroma profiles relative to control samples and forother natural sweeteners and mixtures therefrom, including but notlimited to licorice, thaumatin etc., and mixtures with steviolglycosides, mogrosides, rubusosides etc. The phrase “taste profile”,which is interchangeable with “sensory profile” and “sweetness profile”,may be defined as the temporal profile of all basic tastes of asweetener. The “temporal profile” may be considered to represent theintensity of sweetness perceived over time in tasting of the compositionby a human, especially a trained “taster”. Carbohydrate and polyolsweeteners typically exhibit a quick onset followed by a rapid decreasein sweetness, which disappears relatively quickly on swallowing a foodor beverage containing the same. In contrast, high intensity naturalsweeteners typically have a slower sweet taste onset reaching a maximalresponse more slowly, followed by a decline in intensity more slowlythan with carbohydrate and polyol sweeteners. This decline in sweetnessis often referred to as “sweetness linger” and is a major limitationassociated with the use of high intensity natural sweeteners.

In the context of taste tasting, the terms “improve”, “improved” and“improvement” are used interchangeably with reference to a perceivedadvantageous change in a composition or consumable product uponintroduction of an MRP composition of the present application from theoriginal taste profile of the composition or consumable product withoutthe added MRP composition in any aspect, such as less bitterness, bettersweetness, better sour taste, better aroma, better mouth feel, betterflavor, less aftertaste, etc. Depending on the nature of the reactants,ingredients added, and dosages used in the reaction mixtures or MRPcompositions described herein, the terms “improve” or “improvement” canrefer to a slight change, a change, or a significant change of theoriginal taste profile, etc., which makes the composition more palatableto an individual.

In some embodiments, the MRP compositions and methods described hereinare useful for improving the taste and aroma profiles for othersynthetic sweeteners, including but not limited to sucralose, ACE-K,aspartame, sodium saccharin, and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the MRP compositions of the present application maybe evaluated with reference to the degree of their sucrose equivalence.Accordingly, the MRP compositions of the present application may bediluted or modified with respect to its ingredients to conform with thissucrose equivalence.

The onset and decay of sweetness when an MRP composition is consumed canbe perceived by trained human tasters and measured in seconds from firstcontact with a taster's tongue (“onset”) to a cutoff point (typically180 seconds after onset) to provide a “temporal profile of sweetness”. Aplurality of such human tasters is called a “sensory panel.” In additionto sweetness, sensory panels can also judge the temporal profile of theother “basic tastes”: bitterness, saltiness, sourness, piquance (akaspiciness), and umami (aka savoriness or meatiness). The onset and decayof bitterness when a sweetener is consumed, as perceived by trainedhuman tasters and measured in seconds from first perceived taste to thelast perceived aftertaste at the cutoff point, is called the “temporalprofile of bitterness”. Aromas from aroma producing substances arevolatile compounds which are perceived by the odor receptor sites of thesmell organ, i.e., the olfactory tissue of the nasal cavity. They reachthe receptors when drawn in through the nose (orthonasal detection) andvia the throat after being released by chewing (retronasal detection).The concept of aroma substances, like the concept of taste substances,is to be used loosely, since a compound might contribute to the typicalodor or taste of one food, while in another food it may cause a faultyodor or taste, or both, resulting in an off-flavor. Thus, sensoryprofile may include evaluation of aroma as well.

The term “mouth feel” involves the physical and chemical interaction ofa consumable in the mouth. More specifically, as used herein, the term“mouth feel” refers to the fullness sensation experienced in the mouth,which relates to the body and texture of the consumable such as itsviscosity. Mouth feel is one of the most important organolepticproperties and the major criteria that consumers use to judge thequality and freshness of foods. Subtle changes in a food and beverageproduct's formulation can change mouth feel significantly. Simply takingout sugar and adding a high intensity sweetener can cause noticeablealterations in mouth feel, making a formerly good product unacceptableto consumers. Sugar not only sweetens, it also builds body and viscosityin food and beverage products, and leaves a slight coating on thetongue. For example, reducing salt levels in soup changes not onlytaste, but can alter mouth feel as well. Primarily it is the mouth feelthat is always the compliant with non-sugar sweeteners.

The inventors have surprisingly found Maillard reaction products,commonly taken as volatile substances, can provide great mouth feel andincrease consumers' acceptance of using high intensity sweeteners infood and beverage products, preferably high intensity sweetener(s)involved during the Maillard reaction. Maillard reaction products can beused individually or combined with other sweeteners, especially“sugar-free” natural or synthetic sweeteners used for foods andbeverages, such as tea, milk, coffee, chocolate etc. Advantageously,when using Maillard reaction products with high intensity sweetenerssuch as sucralose, the inventors surprisingly found that Maillardreaction products can act as flavor modifier products to improve thetaste profile of high intensity natural sweeteners, such as steviolglycosides and/or high intensity synthetic sweeteners, such assucralose, as reflected in overall-likeability, less lingering, lessastringency, less bitterness, quick upfront sweetness, umami, sensationenjoyment, fullness etc. Therefore, MRPs can be excellent flavorenhancers when blended with e.g., steviol glycosides and/or sucralose.This can extend the utility of SGs and others natural or syntheticintensive sweeteners when used in beverages, dairy products, condiments,baked goods, oral care products and other consumable products, asdescribed herein. Depending on the desired target, Maillard reactionproducts can provide high or low volatile substances especially lowvolatile flavors to enhance the overall enjoyment of steviol glycosides,sucralose and/or other natural, synthetic intensity sweeteners. Thus,the MRPs disclosed herein can be used as mouth feel enhancers.

The phrase “sweetness detection threshold” refers to the minimumconcentration at which panelists consisting of 1-10 persons are able todetect sweetness in a composition, liquid or solid. This is furtherdefined as provided in the Examples herein and are conducted by themethods described in Sensory Testing for Flavorings with ModifyingProperties by Christie L. Harman, John B. Hallagan, and the FEMAScience, Committee Sensory Data Task Force, November 2013, Volume 67,No. 11 and Appendix A attached thereto, the teachings of which areincorporated herein by reference.

“Threshold of sweetness” refers to a concentration of a material belowwhich sweetness cannot be detected, but can still impart a flavor to aconsumable (including water). When half of a trained panel of testersdetermines something is “sweet” at a given concentration, then thesample meets the threshold. When less than half of a panel of testerscannot discern sweetness at a given concentration, then concentrationsof the substance below the sweetness level are considered a flavoringagent.

It should be understood that the flavoring agents described herein,including Maillard reaction products, can be used in combination withStevia blends, including steviol glycosides, to encapsulate and reduceor eliminate the unwanted off taste of the Stevia component(s) presentin the composition. There is a sequence of steps in Maillard reaction(s)that can be used to produce flavor(s). That is, there can be a firststep where a first reaction takes place between a first sugar donor anda first amine donor under appropriate conditions followed by a secondreaction with a second sugar donor and a second amine donor, andpossible subsequent reactions to provide a complex flavorant compositionthat is a combination of various Maillard reaction products between, forexample, the first sugar donor and first amine donor, along with thereaction between the first sugar donor and a second amine donor or asecond sugar donor reacting with the first sugar donor, etc. under theMaillard reaction conditions described herein. The processes describedherein can be used to preserve flavors.

For example, to dissolve any flavor or flavor combination in a dissolvedsteviol glycosides solution, afterwards, the solution could be ready touse, or it could be further concentrated to syrup or powder form. Forevaluating the taste profile of a given MRP composition, a sample may betested by e.g., a panel of 1-10 people. In some cases, a trained tastermay independently taste the sample(s) first. The taster may be asked todescribe the taste profile and score 0-5 according to the increasingsugar like, bitterness, aftertaste and lingering taste profiles. Thetaster may be allowed to re-taste, and then make notes for the sensoryattributes perceived. Afterwards, another group of 1-10 tasters maysimilarly taste the sample(s), record its taste attributes and discussthe samples openly to find a suitable description. Where more than 1taster disagrees with the results, the tasting may be repeated. Forexample, a “5” for sugar like is the best score for having a taste thatis sugar like and conversely a value of 0 or near zero is not sugarlike. Similarly, a “5” for bitterness, aftertaste and lingering is notdesired. A value of zero or near zero means that the bitterness,aftertaste and/or lingering is reduced or is removed. Other tasteattributes may include astringency and overall likeability.

H. Additional Additives

In some embodiments, the composition of the present application furthercomprises one or more additional additives. Any of the additivesdescribed herein may be added before or after the Maillard reaction.Exemplary additives include, but are not limited to, salts, flavoringagents, minerals, organic acids and inorganic acids, polyols,nucleotides, bitter compounds, astringent compounds, proteins or proteinhydrolysates, surfactants, gums and waxes, antioxidants, polymers, fattyacids, vitamins, preservatives, hydration agents, dietary fiber,glucosamine, probiotics, prebiotics, weight management agents,osteoporosis management agents, phytoestrogens, and phytosterols, asfurther described below.

I1. Salts

The Maillard reaction mixture and MRP products can further include asalt. The salt can be added during the Maillard reaction or after thereaction is complete. Suitable salts include, for example, sodiumcarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride,magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfateor mixtures thereof. Salts may form during the Maillard reaction itselffrom reactants or degraded reactants and be present in the Maillardreaction product(s).

The salt(s) present in the Maillard reaction mixture can be from about 0percent by weight to about 50 percent by weight, more particularly fromabout 0 percent to about 15 percent by weight, even more particularlyfrom about 0 percent to about 5 percent by weight, e.g., 0.1, 0.2, 0.5,0.75, 1, 2, 3 or 4 percent by weight of the Maillard reaction mixture.

The Maillard reaction product(s) and reaction mixture can include asweetener. The sweetener can be added before, during the Maillardreaction or after the reaction is completed. Suitable sweeteners includenon-nutritive sweeteners, such as for example, sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, saccharin, or mixturesthereof.

The composition of the present application can comprise one or moresalts. As used herein, the term “salt” refers to salts that retain thedesired chemical activity of the compositions of the present applicationand are safe for human or animal consumption in a generally acceptablerange.

The one or more salts may be organic or inorganic salts. Nonlimitingexamples of salts include sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodiumchloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate,magnesium sulfate, and potassium sulfate, or any edible salt, forexample calcium salts, metal alkali halides, metal alkali carbonates,metal alkali bicarbonates, metal alkali phosphates, metal alkalisulfates, biphosphates, pyrophospates, triphosphates, metaphosphates,and metabisulfates.

In some embodiments, the one or more salts are salts formed with metalcations such as calcium, bismuth, barium, magnesium, aluminum, copper,cobalt, nickel, cadmium, sodium, potassium, and the like, or with acation formed from ammonia, N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine, D-glucosamine,ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucaminetetraethylammonium, or ethylenediamine.

In some embodiments, the one or more salts are formed with inorganicacids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid,nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organicacids, such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid,cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid,malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid,tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoicacid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonicacid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid,benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid,2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonicacid, 4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonicacid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylaceticacid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid,hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid and muconic acid.

In particular embodiments, non-limiting inorganic salts may be selectedfrom the group consisting of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodiumbicarbonate, sodium acetate, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfate, sodiumphosphate, potassium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium carbonate,potassium bicarbonate, potassium acetate, europium chloride (EuCl₃),gadolinium chloride (GdCl₃), terbium chloride (TbCl₃), magnesiumsulfate, alum, magnesium chloride, mono-, di-, tri-basic sodium orpotassium salts of phosphoric acid (e.g., inorganic phosphates), saltsof hydrochloric acid (e.g., inorganic chlorides), sodium carbonate,sodium bisulfate, and sodium bicarbonate. Exemplary organic salts may beselected from the group consisting of choline chloride, alginic acidsodium salt (sodium alginate), glucoheptonic acid sodium salt, gluconicacid sodium salt (sodium gluconate), gluconic acid potassium salt(potassium gluconate), guanidine HCl, glucosamine HCl, amiloride HCl,monosodium glutamate (MSG), adenosine monophosphate salt, magnesiumgluconate, potassium tartrate (monohydrate), and sodium tartrate(dihydrate).

In certain embodiments, the salt is a metal or metal alkali halide, ametal or metal alkali carbonate or bicarbonate, or a metal or metalalkali phosphate, bisphosphate, pyrophosphate, triphosphate,metaphosphate, or metabisulfate thereof. In certain particularembodiments, the salt is an inorganic salt that comprises sodium,potassium, calcium, or magnesium. In some embodiments, the salt is asodium salt or a potassium salt.

The salt forms can be added to the sweetener compositions in the sameamounts as their acid or base forms.

Alternative salts include various chloride or sulfate salts, such assodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate,magnesium sulfate, and potassium sulfate, or any edible salt.

In some embodiments, the one or more salts comprise one or more salts ofsteviol glycosides (SG salts) and/or salts of glycosylated steviolglycosides (GSG-salts). In some further embodiments, the one or more SGsalts comprise a salt of RB and/or STB.

In some embodiments, the one or more salts comprise one or more aminoacid salts. In some embodiments, the one or more salts comprise one ormore poly-amino acid salts.

In some embodiments, the one or more salts comprise one or more sugaracid salts, including e.g., aldonic, uronic, aldaric, alginic, gluconic,glucuronic, glucaric, galactaric, galacturonic, and their salts (e.g.,sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium salts or other physiologicallyacceptable salts), and combinations thereof.

The one or more salts can make up anywhere from about 0.01 wt. % toabout 30 wt. % of the composition of the present application,specifically about 0.01 wt. %, about 0.02 wt. %, about 0.03 wt. %, about0.04 wt. %, about 0.05 wt. %, about 0.06 wt. %, about 0.07 wt. %, about0.08 wt. %, about 0.09 wt. %, 0.1 wt. %, about 0.2 wt. %, about 0.3 wt.%, about 0.4 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. %, about 0.6 wt. %, about 0.7 wt. %,about 0.8 wt. %, about 0.9 wt. %, about 1 wt. %, about 2 wt. %, about 3wt. %, about 4 wt. %, about 5 wt. %, about 6 wt. %, about 7 wt. %, about8 wt. %, about 9 wt. %, about 10 wt. %, about 11 wt. %, about 12 wt. %,about 13 wt. %, about 14 wt. %, about 15 wt. %, about 16 wt. %, about 17wt. %, about 18 wt. %, about 19 wt. %, about 20 wt. %, about 21 wt. %,about 22 wt. %, about 23 wt. %, about 24 wt. %, about 25 wt. %, about 26wt. %, about 27 wt. %, about 28 wt. %, about 29 wt. %, about 30 wt. %,about 31 wt. %, about 32 wt. %, about 33 wt. %, about 34 wt. %, about 35wt. %, about 36 wt. %, about 37 wt. %, about 38 wt. %, about 39 wt. %,about 40 wt. %, about 41 wt. %, about 42 wt. %, about 43 wt. %, about 44wt. %, about 45 wt. %, about 46 wt. %, about 47 wt. %, about 48 wt. %,about 49 wt. %, about 50 wt. %, and all ranges there between, includingfor example from about 0.01 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 0.03 wt % toabout 10 wt %, about 0.05 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 0.07 wt % toabout 10 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 0.3 wt % to about10 wt %, about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 0.7 wt % to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 3 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 5wt % to about 10 wt %, about 7 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 0.01 wt % toabout 3 wt %, about 0.03 wt % to about 3 wt %, about 0.05 wt % to about3 wt %, about 0.07 wt % to about 3 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %,about 0.3 wt % to about 3 wt %, about 0.5 wt % to about 3 wt %, about0.7 wt % to about 3 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 3 wt %, about 0.01 wt %to about 1 wt %, about 0.03 wt % to about 1 wt %, about 0.05 wt % toabout 1 wt %, about 0.07 wt % to about 1 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 1wt %, about 0.3 wt % to about 1 wt %, about 0.5 wt % to about 1 wt %,about 0.7 wt % to about 1 wt %, about 0.01 wt % to about 0.3 wt %, about0.03 wt % to about 0.3 wt %, about 0.05 wt % to about 0.3 wt %, about0.07 wt % to about 0.3 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 0.3 wt %, about0.01 wt % to about 0.1 wt %, about 0.03 wt % to about 0.1 wt %, about0.05 wt % to about 0.1 wt %, about 0.07 wt % to about 0.1 wt %, about0.01 wt % to about 0.03 wt %, about 0.01 wt % to about 0.05 wt %, about0.01 wt % to about 0.07 wt %, about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, fromabout 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, or from about 20 wt. % to about 30 wt.% of the composition of the present application.

Regardless of the salt used in the present compositions, the saltcontent in a composition is calculated based on the weight of sodiumchloride. More specifically, the salt content (based on weight of NaCl)may be determined by determining the total ash content of a sampleaccording to the general method for determining total ash content as setforth in FAO JECFA MONOGRAPHS, vol. 4, 2007. The weight of sodiumchloride is determined from the weight of sodium oxide multiplied by afactor of 1.89. For example, if the total ash content of 100 g thecomposition of the present application is 1 g, the composition of thepresent application has a salt content of 1.89 wt %.

I2. Minerals

Minerals comprise inorganic chemical elements required by livingorganisms. Minerals are comprised of a broad range of compositions(e.g., elements, simple salts, and complex silicates) and also varybroadly in crystalline structure. They may naturally occur in foods andbeverages, may be added as a supplement, or may be consumed oradministered separately from foods or beverages.

Minerals may be categorized as either bulk minerals, which are requiredin relatively large amounts, or trace minerals, which are required inrelatively small amounts. Bulk minerals generally are required inamounts greater than or equal to about 100 mg per day and trace mineralsare those that are required in amounts less than about 100 mg per day.

In some embodiments of the present application, the minerals are chosenfrom bulk minerals, trace minerals or combinations thereof. Non-limitingexamples of bulk minerals include calcium, chlorine, magnesium,phosphorous, potassium, sodium, and sulfur. Non-limiting examples oftrace minerals include chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iron,manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, and iodine. Although iodinegenerally is classified as a trace mineral, it is required in largerquantities than other trace minerals and often is categorized as a bulkmineral.

In some embodiments, the mineral is a trace mineral, believed to benecessary for human nutrition, non-limiting examples of which includebismuth, boron, lithium, nickel, rubidium, silicon, strontium,tellurium, tin, titanium, tungsten, and vanadium.

The minerals embodied herein may be in any form known to those ofordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the minerals are intheir ionic form, having either a positive or negative charge. Forexample, sulfur and phosphorous often are found naturally as sulfates,sulfides, and phosphates. In some embodiment, the minerals are presentin their molecular form.

In some embodiments, minerals are present in the composition of thepresent application in an amount effective to provide an amount of fromabout 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm in the final product.

I3. Organic Acids and Inorganic Acids

Suitable organic acid additives include any compound which comprises a—COOH moiety, such as, for example, C2-C30 carboxylic acids, substitutedhydroxyl C2-C30 carboxylic acids, butyric acid (ethyl esters),substituted butyric acid (ethyl esters), benzoic acid, substitutedbenzoic acids (e.g., 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid), substituted cinnamicacids, hydroxyacids, substituted hydroxybenzoic acids, anisic acidsubstituted cyclohexyl carboxylic acids, tannic acid, aconitic acid,lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, isocitric acid, gluconic acid,glucoheptonic acids, adipic acid, hydroxycitric acid, malic acid,fruitaric acid (a blend of malic, fumaric, and tartaric acids), fumaricacid, maleic acid, succinic acid, chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid,creatine, caffeic acid, bile acids, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, alginicacid, erythorbic acid, polyglutamic acid, glucono delta lactone, andtheir alkali or alkaline earth metal salt derivatives thereof. Inaddition, the organic acid additives also may be in either the D- orL-configuration.

The examples of the organic acid additives described optionally may besubstituted with at least one group chosen from hydrogen, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, carboxyl, acyl, acyloxy, amino,amido, carboxyl derivatives, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino,alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfo, thiol, imine, sulfonyl, sulfenyl,sulfinyl, sulfamyl, carboxalkoxy, carboxamido, phosphonyl, phosphinyl,phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximino,hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphor or phosphonato. In some embodiments, theorganic acid additive is present in the composition of the presentapplication in an amount effective to provide an amount of from about0.5 ppm to about 5,000 ppm in the final product.

Organic acids also include amino acids such as, aspartic acid, arginine,glycine, glutamic acid, proline, threonine, theanine, cysteine, cystine,alanine, valine, tyrosine, leucine, arabinose, trans-4-hydroxyproline,isoleucine, asparagine, serine, lysine, histidine, ornithine,methionine, carnitine, aminobutyric acid (α-, β-, and/or δ-isomers),glutamine, hydroxyproline, taurine, norvaline and sarcosine. The aminoacid may be in the D- or L-configuration and in the mono-, di-, ortri-form of the same or different amino acids. Additionally, the aminoacids may be α-, β-, γ- and/or δ-isomers if appropriate. Combinations ofthe foregoing amino acids and their corresponding salts (e.g., sodium,potassium, calcium, magnesium salts or other alkali or alkaline earthmetal salts thereof, or acid salts) also are suitable additives in someembodiments. The amino acids may be natural or synthetic. The aminoacids also may be modified. Modified amino acids refers to any aminoacid wherein at least one atom has been added, removed, substituted, orcombinations thereof (e.g., N-alkyl amino acid, N-acyl amino acid, orN-methyl amino acid). Non-limiting examples of modified amino acidsinclude amino acid derivatives such as trimethyl glycine,N-methyl-glycine, and N-methyl-alanine. As used herein, modified aminoacids encompass both modified and unmodified amino acids.

As used herein, amino acids also encompass both peptides andpolypeptides (e.g., dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, andpentapeptides) such as glutathione and L-alanyl-L-glutamine. Suitablepolyamino acid additives include poly-L-aspartic acid, poly-L-lysine(e.g., poly-L-a-lysine or poly-L-s-lysine), poly-L-ornithine (e.g.,poly-L-a-ornithine or poly-L-s-ornithine), poly-L-arginine, otherpolymeric forms of amino acids, and salt forms thereof (e.g., calcium,potassium, sodium, or magnesium salts such as L-glutamic acid monosodium salt). The poly-amino acid additives also may be in the D- orL-configuration. Additionally, the poly-amino acids may be α-, β-, γ-,δ-, and ε-isomers if appropriate. Combinations of the foregoingpoly-amino acids and their corresponding salts (e.g., sodium, potassium,calcium, magnesium salts or other alkali or alkaline earth metal saltsthereof or acid salts) also are suitable additives in some embodiments.The poly-amino acids described herein also may comprise co-polymers ofdifferent amino acids. The poly-amino acids may be natural or synthetic.The poly-amino acids also may be modified, such that at least one atomhas been added, removed, substituted, or combinations thereof (e.g.,N-alkyl poly-amino acid or N-acyl poly-amino acid). As used herein,poly-amino acids encompass both modified and unmodified poly-aminoacids. For example, modified poly-amino acids include, but are notlimited to, poly-amino acids of various molecular weights (MW), such aspoly-L-a-lysine with a MW of 1,500, MW of 6,000, MW of 25,200, MW of63,000, MW of 83,000, or MW of 300,000.

In some embodiments, the amino acid is present in the composition of thepresent application in an amount effective to provide an amount of fromabout 10 ppm to about 50,000 ppm in the final product.

Suitable inorganic acid additives include, but are not limited to,phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, polyphosphoric acid, hydrochloricacid, sulfuric acid, carbonic acid, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, andalkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof (e.g., inositolhexaphosphate Mg/Ca).

In some embodiments, the in organic acid is present in the compositionof the present application in an amount effective to provide an amountof from about 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm in the final product.

I4. Polyols

The term “polyol,” as used herein, refers to a molecule that containsmore than one hydroxyl group.

A polyol may be a diol, triol, or a tetraol which contains 2, 3, and 4hydroxyl groups respectively. A polyol also may comprise more than 4hydroxyl groups, such as a pentaol, hexaol, heptaol, or the like, whichcomprise 5, 6, or 7 hydroxyl groups, respectively. Additionally, apolyol also may be a sugar alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, or polyalcoholwhich is a reduced form of carbohydrate, wherein the carbonyl group(aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary orsecondary hydroxyl group.

Non-limiting examples of polyols in some embodiments include maltitol,mannitol, sorbitol, lactitol, xylitol, isomalt, propylene glycol,glycerol (glycerin), threitol, galactitol, palatinose, reducedisomalto-oligosaccharides, reduced xylo-oligosaccharides, reducedgentio-oligosaccharides, reduced maltose syrup, reduced glucose syrup,and sugar alcohols or any other carbohydrates capable of being reducedwhich do not adversely affect taste.

In some embodiments, polyol is present in the compositions of thepresent application in an amount effective to provide an amount of fromabout 100 ppm to about 250,000 ppm in the final product.

I5. Nucleotides

Suitable nucleotide additives include, but are not limited to, inosinemonophosphate (“IMP”), guanosine monophosphate (“GMP”), adenosinemonophosphate (“AMP”), cytosine monophosphate (CMP), uracilmonophosphate (UMP), inosine diphosphate, guanosine diphosphate,adenosine diphosphate, cytosine diphosphate, uracil diphosphate, inosinetriphosphate, guanosine triphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, cytosinetriphosphate, uracil triphosphate, alkali or alkaline earth metal saltsthereof, or combinations thereof. The nucleotides described herein alsomay comprise nucleotide-related additives, such as nucleosides ornucleic acid bases (e.g., guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine, uracil).

In some embodiments, nucleotide is present in the compositions of thepresent application in an amount effective to provide an amount of fromabout 5 ppm to about 1,000 ppm in the final product.

I6. Bitter Compounds

Suitable bitter compound additives include, but are not limited to,caffeine, quinine, urea, bitter orange oil, naringin, quassia, and saltsthereof.

In some embodiments, bitter compounds are present in the compositions ofthe present application in an amount effective to provide an amount offrom about 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm in the final product.

I7. Astringent Compounds

Suitable astringent compound additives include, but are not limited to,tannic acid, europium chloride (EuCl3), gadolinium chloride (GdCl3),terbium chloride (TbCl3), alum, tannic acid, and polyphenols (e.g., teapolyphenols).

In some embodiments, astringent compound is present in the compositionsof the present application in an amount effective to provide an amountof from about 0.5 ppm to about 5,000 ppm in the final product.

I8. Proteins or Protein Hydrolysates

Suitable protein or protein hydrolysate additives include, but are notlimited to, bovine serum albumin (BSA), whey protein (includingfractions or concentrates thereof such as 90% instant whey proteinisolate, 34% whey protein, 50%>hydrolyzed whey protein, and 80%>wheyprotein concentrate), soluble rice protein, soy protein, proteinisolates, protein hydrolysates, reaction products of proteinhydrolysates, glycoproteins, and/or proteoglycans containing amino acids(e.g., glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine,arginine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, norvaline, methionine, proline,tyrosine, hydroxyproline, and the like), collagen (e.g., gelatin),partially hydrolyzed collagen (e.g., hydrolyzed fish collagen), andcollagen hydrolysates (e.g., porcine collagen hydrolysate).

In some embodiments, proteins or protein hydrolysates are present in thecompositions of the present application in an amount effective toprovide an amount of from about 100 ppm to about 50,000 ppm in the finalproduct.

I9. Surfactants

Suitable surfactant additives include, but are not limited to,polysorbates (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate80), polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate,dioctyl sulfosuccinate or dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium, sodium dodecylsulfate, cetylpyridinium chloride (hexadecylpyridinium chloride),hexadecyltnmethylammonium bromide, sodium cholate, carbamoyl, cholinechloride, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurodeoxycholate, lauricarginate, sodium stearoyl lactylate, sodium taurocholate, lecithins,sucrose oleate esters, sucrose stearate esters, sucrose palmitateesters, sucrose laurate esters, and other emulsifiers, and the like.

In some embodiments, surfactants are present in the compositions of thepresent application in an amount effective to provide an amount of fromabout 20 ppm to about 20,000 ppm in the final product.

I10. Gums and Waxes

Gums and mucilages represent a broad array of different branchedstructures. Guar gum is a galactomannan produced from the groundendosperm of the guar seed. Guar gum is commercially available (e.g.,Benefiber by Novartis AG). Other gums, such as gum arabic and pectins,have still different structures. Still other gums include xanthan gum,gellan gum, tara gum, psylium seed husk gum, and locust been gum.

Waxes are esters of ethylene glycol and two fatty acids, generallyoccurring as a hydrophobic liquid that is insoluble in water.

In some embodiments, gums or waxes are present in the compositions ofthe present application in an amount effective to provide an amount offrom about 100 ppm to about 100,000 ppm in the final product.

I11. Antioxidants

As used herein “antioxidant” refers to any substance which inhibits,suppresses, or reduces oxidative damage to cells and biomolecules.Without being bound by theory, it is believed that antioxidants inhibit,suppress, or reduce oxidative damage to cells or biomolecules bystabilizing free radicals before they can cause harmful reactions. Assuch, antioxidants may prevent or postpone the onset of somedegenerative diseases.

Examples of suitable antioxidants for embodiments of this applicationinclude, but are not limited to, vitamins, vitamin cofactors, minerals,hormones, carotenoids, carotenoid terpenoids, non-carotenoid terpenoids,flavonoids, flavonoid polyphenolics (e.g., bioflavonoids), flavonols,flavones, phenols, polyphenols, esters of phenols, esters ofpolyphenols, nonflavonoid phenolics, isothiocyanates, or combinationsthereof. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is vitamin A, vitamin C,vitamin E, ubiquinone, mineral selenium, manganese, melatonin,α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeanthin, crypoxanthin,reservatol, eugenol, quercetin, catechin, gossypol, hesperetin,curcumin, ferulic acid, thymol, hydroxytyrosol, tumeric, thyme, oliveoil, lipoic acid, glutathinone, gutamine, oxalic acid,tocopherol-derived compounds, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA),tert-butylhydroquinone, acetic acid, pectin, tocotrienol, tocopherol,coenzyme Q10, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxantin, saponins,limonoids, kaempfedrol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, proanthocyanidins,quercetin, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, tangeritin, hesperetin,naringenin, erodictyol, flavan-3-ols (e.g., anthocyanidins),gallocatechins, epicatechin and its gallate forms, epigallocatechin andits gallate forms (ECGC) theaflavin and its gallate forms, thearubigins,isoflavone, phytoestrogens, genistein, daidzein, glycitein,anythocyanins, cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin,petunidin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, salicylic acid, rosmarinic acid,cinnamic acid and its derivatives (e.g., ferulic acid), chlorogenicacid, chicoric acid, gallotannins, ellagitannins, anthoxanthins,betacyanins and other plant pigments, silymarin, citric acid, lignan,antinutrients, bilirubin, uric acid, R-a-lipoic acid, N-acetylcysteine,emblicanin, apple extract, apple skin extract (applephenon), rooibosextract red, rooibos extract, green, hawthorn berry extract, redraspberry extract, green coffee antioxidant (GCA), aronia extract 20%,grape seed extract (VinOseed), cocoa extract, hops extract, mangosteenextract, mangosteen hull extract, cranberry extract, pomegranateextract, pomegranate hull extract, pomegranate seed extract, hawthornberry extract, pomella pomegranate extract, cinnamon bark extract, grapeskin extract, bilberry extract, pine bark extract, pycnogenol,elderberry extract, mulberry root extract, wolfberry (gogi) extract,blackberry extract, blueberry extract, blueberry leaf extract, raspberryextract, turmeric extract, Citrus bioflavonoids, black currant, ginger,acai powder, green coffee bean extract, green tea extract, and phyticacid, or combinations thereof. In alternate embodiments, the antioxidantis a synthetic antioxidant such as butylated hydroxytolune or butylatedhydroxyanisole, for example. Other sources of suitable antioxidants forembodiments of this application include, but are not limited to, fruits,vegetables, tea, cocoa, chocolate, spices, herbs, rice, organ meats fromlivestock, yeast, whole grains, or cereal grains.

Although recognizing that other suitable antioxidants may be used forflavoring agents, the IOFI has acknowledged the following antioxidantsfor use in flavoring agents: ascorbic acid and salts thereof, ascorbylpalmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT), dodecyl gallate, erythorbic acid and salts thereof, octylgallate, propyl gallate, tert.-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), naturaltocopherols, and synthetic tocopherols.

Particular antioxidants belong to the class of phytonutrients calledpolyphenols (also known as “polyphenolics”), which are a group ofchemical substances found in plants, characterized by the presence ofmore than one phenol group per molecule. A variety of health benefitsmay be derived from polyphenols, including prevention of cancer, heartdisease, and chronic inflammatory disease and improved mental strengthand physical strength, for example. Suitable polyphenols for embodimentsof this application include catechins, proanthocyanidins, procyanidins,anthocyanins, quercerin, rutin, reservatrol, isoflavones, curcumin,punicalagin, ellagitannin, hesperidin, naringin, Citrus flavonoids,chlorogenic acid, other similar materials, or combinations thereof.

For example, polyphenolic flavonoids are an an important and widespreadgroup of plant natural products that possess many biological activitiesand are present in many human dietary sources. Neohesperidin andnaringin are flavanone glycosides present in Citrus fruits andgrapefruit, and are responsible for the bitterness of Citrus juices.Neohesperidin, naringin, and their derivatives, such as neohesperidinechalcone, naringin chalcone, phloracetophenone, neohesperidinedihydrochalcone, naringin dihydrochalcone etc. (as further describedherein) are good candidates for bitter or sweet enhancers. It has beensurprisingly found that adding these components to the MRP compositionsof the present invention can help to mask the bitterness and/oraftertaste of other ingredients and make the taste cleaner.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant is a Citrus flavonoid or flavanoneglycoside, such as hesperidin or naringin. Suitable natural sources ofCitrus flavonoids, such as hesperidin or naringin, for embodiments ofthis application include, but are not limited to, oranges, grapefruits,and Citrus juices. The ratio of flavonoids in the MRP compositions canrange from 0.1 ppm to 99.9% (w/w).

In some embodiments, the antioxidant is a catechin such as, for example,epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Suitable sources of catechins forembodiments of this application include, but are not limited to, greentea, white tea, black tea, oolong tea, chocolate, cocoa, red wine, grapeseed, red grape skin, purple grape skin, red grape juice, purple grapejuice, berries, pycnogenol, and red apple peel.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant is chosen from proanthocyanidins,procyanidins or combinations thereof. Suitable sources ofproanthocyanidins and procyanidins for embodiments of this applicationinclude, but are not limited to, red grapes, purple grapes, cocoa,chocolate, grape seeds, red wine, cacao beans, cranberry, apple peel,plum, blueberry, black currants, choke berry, green tea, sorghum,cinnamon, barley, red kidney bean, pinto bean, hops, almonds, hazelnuts,pecans, pistachio, pycnogenol, and colorful berries.

In particular embodiments, the antioxidant is an anthocyanin. Suitablesources of anthocyanins for embodiments of this application include, butare not limited to, red berries, blueberries, bilberry, cranberry,raspberry, cherry, pomegranate, strawberry, elderberry, choke berry, redgrape skin, purple grape skin, grape seed, red wine, black currant, redcurrant, cocoa, plum, apple peel, peach, red pear, red cabbage, redonion, red orange, and blackberries.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant is chosen from quercetin, rutin orcombinations thereof. Suitable sources of quercetin and rutin forembodiments of this application include, but are not limited to, redapples, onions, kale, bog whortleberry, lingonberrys, chokeberry,cranberry, blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, black currant,green tea, black tea, plum, apricot, parsley, leek, broccoli, chilipepper, berry wine, and Ginkgo.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant is reservatrol. Suitable sources ofreservatrol for embodiments of this application include, but are notlimited to, red grapes, peanuts, cranberry, blueberry, bilberry,mulberry, Japanese Itadori tea, and red wine.

In particular embodiments, the antioxidant is an isoflavone. Suitablesources of isoflavones for embodiments of this application include, butare not limited to, soy beans, soy products, legumes, alfalfa sprouts,chickpeas, peanuts, and red clover.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant is curcumin. Suitable sources ofcurcumin for embodiments of this application include, but are notlimited to, turmeric and mustard.

In particular embodiments, the antioxidant is chosen from punicalagin,ellagitannin or combinations thereof. Suitable sources of punicalaginand ellagitannin for embodiments of this application include, but arenot limited to, pomegranate, raspberry, strawberry, walnut, and oak-agedred wine.

In particular embodiments, the antioxidant is chlorogenic acid. Suitablesources of chlorogenic acid for embodiments of this application include,but are not limited to, green coffee, yerba mate, red wine, grape seed,red grape skin, purple grape skin, red grape juice, purple grape juice,apple juice, cranberry, pomegranate, blueberry, strawberry, sunflower,Echinacea, pycnogenol, and apple peel.

In some embodiments, antioxidants are present in the compositions of thepresent application in an amount effective to provide an amount of fromabout 100 ppm to about 250,000 ppm in the final product.

I12. Polymers

Suitable polymer additives include, but are not limited to, chitosan,pectin, pectic, pectinic, polyuronic, polygalacturonic acid, starch,food hydrocolloid or crude extracts thereof (e.g., gum acacia Senegal(Fibergum™), gum acacia seyal, carageenan), poly-L-lysine (e.g.,poly-L-α-lysine or poly-L-ε-lysine), poly-L-ornithine (e.g.,poly-L-α-ornithine or poly-L-ε-ornithine), polypropylene glycol,polyethylene glycol, poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether), polyarginine,polyaspartic acid, polyglutamic acid, polyethylene imine, alginic acid,sodium alginate, propylene glycol alginate, and sodiumpolyethyleneglycolalginate, sodium hexametaphosphate and its salts, andother cationic polymers and anionic polymers.

In some embodiments, a polymer is present in the compositions of thepresent application in an amount effective to provide an amount of fromabout 10 ppm to about 10,000 ppm in the final product.

I13. Fatty Acids

As used herein, a “fatty acid” refers to any straight chainmonocarboxylic acid and includes saturated fatty acids, unsaturatedfatty acids, long chain fatty acids, medium chain fatty acids, shortchain fatty acids, fatty acid precursors (including omega-9 fatty acidprecursors), and esterified fatty acids. As used herein, a “long chainpolyunsaturated fatty acid” refers to any polyunsaturated carboxylicacid or organic acid with a long aliphatic tail. As used herein,“omega-3 fatty acid” refers to any polyunsaturated fatty acid having afirst double bond as the third carbon-carbon bond from the terminalmethyl end of its carbon chain. In particular embodiments, the omega-3fatty acid may comprise a long chain omega-3 fatty acid. As used herein,an “omega-6 fatty acid” refers to any polyunsaturated fatty acid havinga first double bond as the sixth carbon-carbon bond from the terminalmethyl end of its carbon chain.

Suitable omega-3 fatty acids for use in embodiments of the presentapplication can be produced from algae, fish, animals, plants, orcombinations thereof, for example. Examples of suitable omega-3 fattyacids include, but are not limited to, linolenic acid, alpha-linolenicacid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, stearidonic acid,eicosatetraenoic acid or combinations thereof. In some embodiments,suitable omega-3 fatty acids can be provided in fish oils, (e.g.,menhaden oil, tuna oil, salmon oil, bonito oil, and cod oil), microalgaeomega-3 oils or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments,suitable omega-3 fatty acids may be produced from commercially availableomega-3 fatty acid oils, such as Microalgae DHA oil (from Martek,Columbia, Md.), OmegaPure (from Omega Protein, Houston, Tex.), MarinolC-38 (from Lipid Nutrition, Channahon, Ill.), Bonito oil and MEG-3 (fromOcean Nutrition, Dartmouth, NS), Evogel (from Symrise, Holzminden,Germany), Marine Oil, from tuna or salmon (from Arista Wilton, Conn.),OmegaSource 2000, Marine Oil, from menhaden and Marine Oil, from cod(from OmegaSource, RTP, NC).

Suitable omega-6 fatty acids include, but are not limited to, linoleicacid, gamma-linolenic acid, dihommo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonicacid, eicosadienoic acid, docosadienoic acid, adrenic acid,docosapentaenoic acid, or combinations thereof.

Suitable esterified fatty acids for embodiments of the presentapplication may include, but are not limited to, monoacylgycerolscontaining omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids, diacylgycerols containingomega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids, triacylgycerols containing omega-3and/or omega-6 fatty acids, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, fatty acids are present in the compositions of thepresent application in an amount from about 100 ppm to about 100,000ppm.

I14. Vitamins

Vitamins are organic compounds that the human body needs in smallquantities for normal functioning. The body uses vitamins withoutbreaking them down, unlike other nutrients such as carbohydrates andproteins. To date, thirteen vitamins have been recognized, and one ormore can be used in the compositions herein. Suitable vitamins and theiralternative chemical names are provided in the accompanying parentheseswhich follow include, vitamin A (retinol, retinaldehyde), vitamin D(calciferol, cholecalciferol, lumisterol, ergocalciferol,dihydrotachysterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol), vitamin E (tocopherol,tocotrienol), vitamin K (phylloquinone, naphthoquinone), vitamin B1(thiamin), vitamin B2 (riboflavin, vitamin G), vitamin B3 (niacin,nicotinic acid, vitamin PP), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6(pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine), vitamin B7 (biotin, vitamin H),vitamin B9 (folic acid, folate, folacin, vitamin M, pteroyl-L-glutamicacid), vitamin B12 (cobalamin, cyanocobalamin), and vitamin C (ascorbicacid).

Various other compounds have been classified as vitamins by someauthorities. These compounds may be termed pseudo-vitamins and include,but are not limited to, compounds such as ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10),pangamic acid, dimethylglycine, taestrile, amygdaline, flavanoids,para-aminobenzoic acid, adenine, adenylic acid, and s-methylmethionine.As used herein, the term vitamin includes pseudo-vitamins.

In some embodiments, the vitamin is a fat-soluble vitamin chosen fromvitamin A, D, E, K or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, thevitamin is a water-soluble vitamin chosen from vitamin B1, vitamin B2,vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, biotin, pantothenicacid, vitamin C or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, vitamins are present in the compositions of thepresent application in an amount effective to provide an amount of fromabout 10 ppm to about 10,000 ppm in the final product.

I15. Preservatives

In some embodiments of this application, the preservative is chosen fromantimicrobials, antienzymatics or combinations thereof.

Non-limiting examples of antimicrobials include sulfites, propionates,benzoates, sorbates, nitrates, nitrites, bacteriocins such as nisin,salts, sugars, acetic acid, dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC), ethanol, andozone.

Sulfites include, but are not limited to, sulfur dioxide, sodiumbisulfite, and potassium hydrogen sulfite. Propionates include, but arenot limited to, propionic acid, calcium propionate, and sodiumpropionate. Benzoates include, but are not limited to, sodium benzoateand benzoic acid. Sorbates include, but are not limited to, potassiumsorbate, sodium sorbate, calcium sorbate, and sorbic acid. Nitrates andnitrites include, but are not limited to, sodium nitrate and sodiumnitrite.

Non-limiting examples of antienzymatics suitable for use aspreservatives in particular embodiments of the application includeascorbic acid, citric acid, and metal chelating agents such asethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In certain embodiments,preservatives are present in the compositions of the present applicationin an amount from about 100 ppm to about 5000 ppm.

I16. Hydration Agents

Hydration agents help the body to replace fluids that are lost throughexcretion. For example, fluid is lost as sweat in order to regulate bodytemperature, as urine in order to excrete waste substances, and as watervapor in order to exchange gases in the lungs. Fluid loss can also occurdue to a wide range of external causes, non-limiting examples of whichinclude physical activity, exposure to dry air, diarrhea, vomiting,hyperthermia, shock, blood loss, and hypotension. Diseases causing fluidloss include diabetes, cholera, gastroenteritis, shigellosis, and yellowfever. Forms of malnutrition causing fluid loss include excessiveconsumption of alcohol, electrolyte imbalance, fasting, and rapid weightloss.

In some embodiments, the hydration agent helps the body replace fluidsthat are lost during exercise. Accordingly, in some embodiments, thehydration agent is an electrolyte, non-limiting examples of whichinclude sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate,bicarbonate, or combinations thereof. Suitable electrolytes for use insome embodiments of this application are also described in U.S. Pat. No.5,681,569, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein byreference. In some embodiments, the electrolytes are obtained from theircorresponding water-soluble salts. Non-limiting examples of salts foruse in some embodiments include chlorides, carbonates, sulfates,acetates, bicarbonates, citrates, phosphates, hydrogen phosphates,tartrates, sorbates, citrates, benzoates, or combinations thereof. Inother embodiments, the electrolytes are provided by juice, fruitextracts, vegetable extracts, tea, or tea extracts.

In some embodiments, the hydration agent is a flavanol that providescellular rehydration. Flavanols are a class of natural substancespresent in plants, and generally comprise a 2-phenylbenzopyronemolecular skeleton attached to one or more chemical moieties.Non-limiting examples of flavanols suitable for use herein includecatechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechingallate, epigallocatechin 3-gallate, theaflavin, theaflavin 3-gallate,theaflavin 3′-gallate, theaflavin 3,3′ gallate, thearubigin orcombinations thereof. Several common sources of flavanols include teaplants, fruits, vegetables, and flowers. In preferred embodiments, theflavanol is extracted from green tea.

In some embodiments, the hydration agent is a glycerol solution toenhance exercise endurance. The ingestion of a glycerol containingsolution has been shown to provide beneficial physiological effects,such as expanded blood volume, lower heart rate, and lower rectaltemperature.

In some embodiments, hydration agents are present in the compositions ofthe present application in an amount effective to provide an amount offrom about 100 ppm to about 250,000 ppm in the final product.

In other embodiments, the composition of the present application furthercomprises one or more functional ingredients. Examples of additionaladditives include, but are not limited to, dietary fiber sources,glucosamine, probiotics, prebiotics, weight management agents,osteoporosis management agents, phytoestrogens, phytosterols andcombinations thereof.

I17. Dietary Fiber

In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least onedietary fiber source. As used herein, the at least one dietary fibersource can comprise a single dietary fiber source or a plurality ofdietary fiber sources as a functional ingredient for the compositionsprovided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of thisinvention, the at least one dietary fiber source is present in thecomposition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Numerous polymeric carbohydrates having significantly differentstructures in both composition and linkages fall within the definitionof dietary fiber. Such compounds are well known to those skilled in theart, non-limiting examples of which include non-starch polysaccharides,lignin, cellulose, methylcellulose, the hemicelluloses, β-glucans,pectins, gums, mucilage, waxes, inulins, oligosaccharides,fructooligosaccharides, cyclodextrins, chitins, and combinationsthereof.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of monosaccharidesjoined by glycosidic linkages. Non-starch polysaccharides are bondedwith β-linkages, which humans are unable to digest due to a lack of anenzyme to break the β-linkages. Conversely, digestible starchpolysaccharides generally comprise α(1-4) linkages.

Lignin is a large, highly branched and cross-linked polymer based onoxygenated phenylpropane units. Cellulose is a linear polymer of glucosemolecules joined by a β(1-4) linkage, which mammalian amylases areunable to hydrolyze. Methylcellulose is a methyl ester of cellulose thatis often used in foodstuffs as a thickener, and emulsifier. It iscommercially available (e.g., Citrucel by GlaxoSmithKline, Celevac byShire Pharmaceuticals). Hemicelluloses are highly branched polymersconsisting mainly of glucurono- and 4-O-methylglucuroxylans. β-glucansare mixed-linkage (1-3), (1-4) β-D-glucose polymers found primarily incereals, such as oats and barley. Pectins, such as beta pectin, are agroup of polysaccharides composed primarily of D-galacturonic acid,which is methoxylated to variable degrees.

Gums and mucilages represent a broad array of different branchedstructures. Guar gum, derived from the ground endosperm of the guarseed, is a galactomannan. Guar gum is commercially available (e.g.,Benefiber by Novartis AG). Other gums, such as gum arabic and pectins,have still different structures. Still other gums include xanthan gum,gellan gum, tara gum, psylium seed husk gum, and locust been gum.

Waxes are esters of ethylene glycol and two fatty acids, generallyoccurring as a hydrophobic liquid that is insoluble in water.

Inulins comprise naturally occurring oligosaccharides belonging to aclass of carbohydrates known as fructans. They generally are comprisedof fructose units joined by β(2-1) glycosidic linkages with a terminalglucose unit. Oligosaccharides are saccharide polymers containingtypically three to six component sugars. They are generally found either0- or N-linked to compatible amino acid side chains in proteins or tolipid molecules. Fructooligosaccharides are oligosaccharides consistingof short chains of fructose molecules.

Food sources of dietary fiber include, but are not limited to, grains,legumes, fruits, and vegetables. Grains providing dietary fiber include,but are not limited to, oats, rye, barley, wheat. Legumes providingfiber include, but are not limited to, peas and beans such as soybeans.Fruits and vegetables providing a source of fiber include, but are notlimited to, apples, oranges, pears, bananas, berries, tomatoes, greenbeans, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, potatoes, celery. Plant foodssuch as bran, nuts, and seeds (such as flax seeds) are also sources ofdietary fiber. Parts of plants providing dietary fiber include, but arenot limited to, the stems, roots, leaves, seeds, pulp, and skin.

Although dietary fiber generally is derived from plant sources,indigestible animal products such as chitins are also classified asdietary fiber. Chitin is a polysaccharide composed of units ofacetylglucosamine joined by β(1-4) linkages, similar to the linkages ofcellulose.

Sources of dietary fiber often are divided into categories of solubleand insoluble fiber based on their solubility in water. Both soluble andinsoluble fibers are found in plant foods to varying degrees dependingupon the characteristics of the plant. Although insoluble in water,insoluble fiber has passive hydrophilic properties that help increasebulk, soften stools, and shorten transit time of fecal solids throughthe intestinal tract.

Unlike insoluble fiber, soluble fiber readily dissolves in water.Soluble fiber undergoes active metabolic processing via fermentation inthe colon, increasing the colonic microflora and thereby increasing themass of fecal solids. Fermentation of fibers by colonic bacteria alsoyields end-products with significant health benefits. For example,fermentation of the food masses produces gases and short-chain fattyacids. Acids produced during fermentation include butyric, acetic,propionic, and valeric acids that have various beneficial propertiessuch as stabilizing blood glucose levels by acting on pancreatic insulinrelease and providing liver control by glycogen breakdown. In addition,fiber fermentation may reduce atherosclerosis by lowering cholesterolsynthesis by the liver and reducing blood levels of LDL andtriglycerides. The acids produced during fermentation lower colonic pH,thereby protecting the colon lining from cancer polyp formation. Thelower colonic pH also increases mineral absorption, improves the barrierproperties of the colonic mucosal layer, and inhibits inflammatory andadhesion irritants. Fermentation of fibers also may benefit the immunesystem by stimulating production of T-helper cells, antibodies,leukocytes, splenocytes, cytokinins and lymphocytes.

I18. Glucosamine

In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is glucosamine.

Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention,glucosamine is present in the compositions in an amount sufficient topromote health and wellness.

Glucosamine, also called chitosamine, is an amino sugar that is believedto be an important precursor in the biochemical synthesis ofglycosylated proteins and lipids. D-glucosamine occurs naturally in thecartilage in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, which is synthesizedfrom fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine. However, glucosamine also isavailable in other forms, non-limiting examples of which includeglucosamine hydrochloride, glucosamine sulfate, N-acetyl-glucosamine, orany other salt forms or combinations thereof. Glucosamine may beobtained by acid hydrolysis of the shells of lobsters, crabs, shrimps,or prawns using methods well known to those of ordinary skill in theart. In a particular embodiment, glucosamine may be derived from fungalbiomass containing chitin, as described in U.S. Patent Publication No.2006/0172392.

The compositions can further comprise chondroitin sulfate.

I19. Probiotics/Prebiotics

In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is chosen from atleast one probiotic, prebiotic and combination thereof.

As used herein, the at least one probiotic or prebiotic may be singleprobiotic or prebiotic or a plurality of probiotics or prebiotics as afunctional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally,according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least oneprobiotic, prebiotic or combination thereof is present in thecomposition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Probiotics, in accordance with the teachings of this invention, comprisemicroorganisms that benefit health when consumed in an effective amount.Desirably, probiotics beneficially affect the human body'snaturally-occurring gastrointestinal microflora and impart healthbenefits apart from nutrition. Probiotics may include, withoutlimitation, bacteria, yeasts, and fungi.

Prebiotics, in accordance with the teachings of this invention, arecompositions that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in theintestines. Prebiotic substances can be consumed by a relevantprobiotic, or otherwise assist in keeping the relevant probiotic aliveor stimulate its growth. When consumed in an effective amount,prebiotics also beneficially affect the human body's naturally-occurringgastrointestinal microflora and thereby impart health benefits apartfrom just nutrition. Prebiotic foods enter the colon and serve assubstrate for the endogenous bacteria, thereby indirectly providing thehost with energy, metabolic substrates, and essential micronutrients.The body's digestion and absorption of prebiotic foods is dependent uponbacterial metabolic activity, which salvages energy for the host fromnutrients that escaped digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

According to particular embodiments, the probiotic is a beneficialmicroorganism that beneficially affects the human body'snaturally-occurring gastrointestinal microflora and imparts healthbenefits apart from nutrition. Examples of probiotics include, but arenot limited to, bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria,Streptococcus, or combinations thereof, that confer beneficial effectsto humans.

In particular embodiments of the invention, the at least one probioticis chosen from the genus Lactobacillus. Lactobacilli (i.e., bacteria ofthe genus Lactobacillus, hereinafter “L.”) have been used for severalhundred years as a food preservative and for promoting human health.Non-limiting examples of Lactobacillus species found in the humanintestinal tract include L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. fermentum, L.saliva roes, L brevis, L. leichmannii, L. plantarum, L. cellobiosus, L.reuteri, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaricus, and L. thermophilus.

According to other particular embodiments of this invention, theprobiotic is chosen from the genus Bifidobacteria. Bifidobacteria alsoare known to exert a beneficial influence on human health by producingshort chain fatty acids (e.g., acetic, propionic, and butyric acids),lactic, and formic acids as a result of carbohydrate metabolism.Non-limiting species of Bifidobacteria found in the humangastrointestinal tract include B. angulatum, B. animalis, B. asteroides,B. bifdum, B. bourm, B. breve, B. catenulatum, B. choerinum. B.coryneforme, B. cuniculi, B. dentiumn, B. gallicum, B. gallinarum, Bindicum, B. longwn, B. magnum, B. merycicum, B. minimum, B.pseudocatenulatum, B. pseudolongwn, B. psychraerophilum, B. pullorum, B.ruminantium, B. saeculare, B. scardovil, B. simiae, B. subtile, B.thermacidophilum, B. thermophilum, B. urinalis, and other B. sp.

According to other particular embodiments of this invention, theprobiotic is chosen from the genus Streptococcus. Streptococcusthermophilus is a gram-positive facultative anacrobe. It is classifiedas a lactic acid bacterium, is commonly found in milk and milk products,and is used in the production of yogurt. Other non-limiting probioticspecies include Streptococcus salivarus and Streptococcus cremoris.

Probiotics that may be used in accordance with this invention arewell-known to those of skill in the art. Non-limiting examples offoodstuffs comprising probiotics include yogurt, sauerkraut, kefir,kimchi, fermented vegetables, and other foodstuffs containing amicrobial element that beneficially affects the host animal by improvingthe intestinal microbalance.

Prebiotics, in accordance with the embodiments of this invention,include, without limitation, mucopolysaccharides, oligosaccharides,polysaccharides, amino acids, vitamins, nutrient precursors, proteinsand combinations thereof.

According to a particular embodiment of this invention, the prebiotic ischosen from dietary fibers, including, without limitation,polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. These compounds have the abilityto increase the number of probiotics, which leads to the benefitsconferred by the probiotics. Non-limiting examples of oligosaccharidesthat are categorized as prebiotics in accordance with particularembodiments of this invention include fructooligosaccharides, inulins,isomalto-oligosaccharides, lactilol, lactosucrose, lactulose,pyrodextrins, soy oligosaccharides, transgalacto-oligosaccharides, andxylo-oligosaccharides.

According to other particular embodiments of the invention, theprebiotic is an amino acid. Although a number of known prebiotics breakdown to provide carbohydrates for probiotics, some probiotics alsorequire amino acids for nourishment.

Prebiotics are found naturally in a variety of foods including, withoutlimitation, bananas, berries, asparagus, garlic, wheat, oats, barley(and other whole grains), flaxseed, tomatoes, Jerusalem artichoke,onions and chicory, greens (e.g., dandelion greens, spinach, collardgreens, chard, kale, mustard greens, turnip greens), and legumes (e.g.,lentils, kidney beans, chickpeas, navy beans, white beans, black beans).

I20. Weight Management Agents

In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one weightmanagement agent.

As used herein, the at least one weight management agent may be singleweight management agent or a plurality of weight management agents as afunctional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally,according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least oneweight management agent is present in the composition in an amountsufficient to promote health and wellness.

As used herein, “a weight management agent” includes an appetitesuppressant and/or a thermogenesis agent. As used herein, the phrases“appetite suppressant”, “appetite satiation compositions”, “satietyagents”, and “satiety ingredients” are synonymous. The phrase “appetitesuppressant” refers to macronutrients, herbal extracts, exogenoushormones, anorectics, anorexigenics, pharmaceutical drugs, andcombinations thereof, that when delivered in effective amount(s),suppress, inhibit, reduce, or otherwise curtail a person's appetite. Thephrase “thermogenesis agent” describes macronutrients, herbal extracts,exogenous hormones, anorectics, anorexigenics, pharmaceutical drugs, andcombinations thereof, that when delivered in effective amount(s),activate or otherwise enhance a person's thermogenesis or metabolism.

Suitable weight management agents include macronutrient selected fromthe group consisting of proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fats, andcombinations thereof. Consumption of proteins, carbohydrates, anddietary fats stimulates the release of peptides withappetite-suppressing effects. For example, consumption of proteins anddietary fats stimulates the release of the gut hormone cholecytokinin(CCK), while consumption of carbohydrates and dietary fats stimulatesrelease of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1).

Suitable macronutrient weight management agents also includecarbohydrates. Carbohydrates generally comprise sugars, starches,cellulose and gums that the body converts into glucose for energy.Carbohydrates often are classified into two categories, digestiblecarbohydrates (e.g., monosaccharides, disaccharides, and starch) andnon-digestible carbohydrates (e.g., dietary fiber). Studies have shownthat non-digestible carbohydrates and complex polymeric carbohydrateshaving reduced absorption and digestibility in the small intestinestimulate physiologic responses that inhibit food intake. Accordingly,the carbohydrates embodied herein desirably comprise non-digestiblecarbohydrates or carbohydrates with reduced digestibility. Non-limitingexamples of such carbohydrates include polydextrose; inulin;monosaccharide-derived polyols such as erythritol, mannitol, xylitol,and sorbitol; disaccharide-derived alcohols such as isomalt, lactitol,and maltitol; and hydrogenated starch hydrolysates. Carbohydrates aredescribed in more detail herein.

In another particular embodiment weight management agent is a dietaryfat. Dietary fats are lipids comprising combinations of saturated andunsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown tohave a greater satiating power than mono-unsaturated fatty acids.Accordingly, the dietary fats embodied herein desirably comprisepoly-unsaturated fatty acids, non-limiting examples of which includetriacylglycerols.

In a particular embodiment, the weight management agent is an herbalextract. Extracts from numerous types of plants have been identified aspossessing appetite suppressant properties. Non-limiting examples ofplants whose extracts have appetite suppressant properties includeplants of the genus Hoodia, Trichocaulon, Caralluma, Stapelia, Orbea,Asclepias, and Camelia. Other embodiments include extracts derived fromGymnema sylvestre, Citrus aurantium, Griffonia simplicifolia, Paulliniiacupana (also known as Guarana), kola nut, Yerba mate, myrrh, guggullipid, and black current seed oil.

The herbal extracts may be prepared from any type of plant material orplant biomass. Non-limiting examples of plant material and biomassinclude the stems, roots, leaves, dried powder obtained from the plantmaterial, and sap or dried sap. The herbal extracts generally areprepared by extracting sap from the plant and then spray-drying the sap.Alternatively, solvent extraction procedures may be employed. Followingthe initial extraction, it may be desirable to further fractionate theinitial extract (e.g., by column chromatography) in order to obtain anherbal extract with enhanced activity. Such techniques are well known tothose of ordinary skill in the art.

In a particular embodiment, the herbal extract is derived from a plantof the genus Hoodia, species of which include H. alstonii, H. currorii,H. dregei, H. flava, H. gordonii, H. julatae, H. mossamedensis, H.oficinalis, H. parviflorai, H. pedicellata, H. pilifera, H. ruschii, andH. triebneri. Hoodia plants are stem succulents native to southernAfrica. A sterol glycoside of Hoodia, known as P57, is believed to beresponsible for the appetite-suppressant effect of the Hoodia species.

In another particular embodiment, the herbal extract is derived from aplant of the genus Caralluma, species of which include C. indica, C.fimbriata, C. attenuate, C. ruberculata, C. edulis, C. adscendens, C.stalagmifera, C. umbellate, C. penicillata, C. russeliana, C.retrospicens, C. Arabica, and C. lasiantha. Carralluma plants belong tothe same Subfamily as Hoodia and Asclepiadaceae. Caralluma are small,erect and fleshy plants native to India having medicinal properties,such as appetite suppression, that generally are attributed toglycosides belonging to the pregnane group of glycosides, non-limitingexamples of which include caratuberside A, caratuberside B, boucerosideI, bouceroside II, bouceroside III, bouceroside IV, bouceroside V,bouceroside VI, bouceroside VII, bouceroside VIII, bouceroside IX, andbouceroside X.

In another particular embodiment, the at least one herbal extract isderived from a plant of the genus Trichocaulon. Trichocaulon plants aresucculents that generally are native to southern Africa, similar toHoodia, and include the species T. piliferum and T. officinale.

In another particular embodiment, the herbal extract is derived from aplant of the genus Slapelia or Orbea, species of which include S.gigantean and O. variegate, respectively. Both Stapelia and Orbea plantsbelong to the same Subfamily as Hoodia and Asclepiadaceae. Not wishingto be bound by any theory, it is believed that the compounds exhibitingappetite suppressant activity are saponins, such as pregnane glycosides,which include stavarosides A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, and K.

In another particular embodiment, the herbal extract is derived from aplant of the genus Asclepias. Asclepias plants also belong to theAsclepiadaceae family of plants. Non-limiting examples of Asclepiasplants include A. incarnate, A. curassayica, A. syriaca, and A.tuberose. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that theextracts comprise steroidal compounds, such as pregnane glycosides andpregnane aglycone, having appetite suppressant effects.

In a particular embodiment, the weight management agent is an exogenoushormone having a weight management effect. Non-limiting examples of suchhormones include CCK, peptide YY, ghrelin, bombesin andgastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), enterostatin, apolipoprotein A-IV,GLP-1, amylin, somastatin, and leptin.

In another embodiment, the weight management agent is a pharmaceuticaldrug. Non-limiting examples include phentenime, diethylpropion,phendimetrazine, sibutramine, rimonabant, oxyntomodulin, floxetinehydrochloride, ephedrine, phenethylamine, or other stimulants.

I21. Osteoporosis Management Agents

In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least oneosteoporosis management agent.

As used herein, the at least one osteoporosis management agent may besingle osteoporosis management agent or a plurality of osteoporosismanagement agent as a functional ingredient for the compositionsprovided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of thisinvention, the at least one osteoporosis management agent is present inthe composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder of compromised bone strength,resulting in an increased risk of bone fracture. Generally, osteoporosisis characterized by reduction of the bone mineral density (BMD),disruption of bone micro-architecture, and changes to the amount andvariety of non-collagenous proteins in the bone.

In certain embodiments, the osteoporosis management agent is at leastone calcium source. According to a particular embodiment, the calciumsource is any compound containing calcium, including salt complexes,solubilized species, and other forms of calcium. Non-limiting examplesof calcium sources include amino acid chelated calcium, calciumcarbonate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium sulfate, calciumchloride, calcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, calciumdihydrogen phosphate, calcium citrate, calcium malate, calcium citratemalate, calcium gluconate, calcium tartrate, calcium lactate,solubilized species thereof, and combinations thereof.

According to a particular embodiment, the osteoporosis management agentis a magnesium source. The magnesium source is any compound containingmagnesium, including salt complexes, solubilized species, and otherforms of magnesium. Non-limiting examples of magnesium sources includemagnesium chloride, magnesium citrate, magnesium gluceptate, magnesiumgluconate, magnesium lactate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium picolate,magnesium sulfate, solubilized species thereof, and mixtures thereof. Inanother particular embodiment, the magnesium source comprises an aminoacid chelated or creatine chelated magnesium.

In other embodiments, the osteoporosis agent is chosen from vitamins D,C, K, their precursors and/or beta-carotene and combinations thereof.

Numerous plants and plant extracts also have been identified as beingeffective in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Not wishingto be bound by any theory, it is believed that the plants and plantextracts stimulates bone morphogenic proteins and/or inhibits boneresorption, thereby stimulating bone regeneration and strength.Non-limiting examples of suitable plants and plant extracts asosteoporosis management agents include species of the genus Taraxacumand Amelanchier, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No.2005/0106215, and species of the genus Lindera, Artemisia, Acorns,Carthamus, Carum, Cnidium, Curcwna, Cyperus, Juniperus, Prunus, Iris,Cichorium, Dodonaea, Epimedium, Erigonoum, Soya, Mentha, Ocimum, thymus,Tanacetum, Planiago, Spearmint, Bixa, Vitis, Rosemarinus, Rhus, andAnethum, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0079232.

I22. Phytoestrogens

In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least onephytoestrogen.

As used herein, the at least one phytoestrogen may be singlephytoestrogen or a plurality of phytoestrogens as a functionalingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according toparticular embodiments of this invention, the at least one phytoestrogenis present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote healthand wellness.

Phytoestrogens are compounds found in plants which can typically bedelivered into human bodies by ingestion of the plants or the plantparts having the phytoestrogens. As used herein, “phytoestrogen” refersto any substance which, when introduced into a body causes anestrogen-like effect of any degree. For example, a phytoestrogen maybind to estrogen receptors within the body and have a smallestrogen-like effect.

Examples of suitable phytoestrogens for embodiments of this inventioninclude, but are not limited to, isoflavones, stilbenes, lignans,resorcyclic acid lactones, coumestans, coumestrol, equol, andcombinations thereof. Sources of suitable phytoestrogens include, butare not limited to, whole grains, cereals, fibers, fruits, vegetables,black cohosh, agave root, black currant, black haw, chasteberries, crampbark, dong quai root, devil's club root, false unicorn root, ginsengroot, groundsel herb, licorice, liferoot herb, motherwort herb, peonyroot, raspberry leaves, rose family plants, sage leaves, sarsaparillaroot, saw palmetto berried, wild yam root, yarrow blossoms, legumes,soybeans, soy products (e.g., miso, soy flour, soymilk, soy nuts, soyprotein isolate, tempen, or tofu) chick peas, nuts, lentils, seeds,clover, red clover, dandelion leaves, dandelion roots, fenugreek seeds,green tea, hops, red wine, flaxseed, garlic, onions, linseed, borage,butterfly weed, caraway, chaste tree, vitex, dates, dill, fennel seed,gotu kola, milk thistle, pennyroyal, pomegranates, southernwood, soyaflour, tansy, and root of the kudzu vine (pueraria root) and the like,and combinations thereof.

Isoflavones belong to the group of phytonutrients called polyphenols. Ingeneral, polyphenols (also known as “polyphenolics”), are a group ofchemical substances found in plants, characterized by the presence ofmore than one phenol group per molecule.

Suitable phytoestrogen isoflavones in accordance with embodiments ofthis invention include genistein, daidzein, glycitein, biochanin A,formononetin, their respective naturally occurring glycosides andglycoside conjugates, matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol, enterolactone,enterodiol, textured vegetable protein, and combinations thereof.

Suitable sources of isoflavones for embodiments of this inventioninclude, but are not limited to, soy beans, soy products, legumes,alfalfa sprouts, chickpeas, peanuts, and red clover.

I23. Phytosterols

In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least onephytosterol, phytostanol or combination thereof.

Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the atleast one phytosterol, phytostanol or combination thereof is present inthe composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

As used herein, the phrases “stanol”, “plant stanol” and “phytostanol”are synonymous.

Plant sterols and stanols are present naturally in small quantities inmany fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, cereals, legumes, vegetable oils,bark of the trees and other plant sources. Although people normallyconsume plant sterols and stanols every day, the amounts consumed areinsufficient to have significant cholesterol-lowering effects or otherhealth benefits. Accordingly, it would be desirable to supplement foodand beverages with plant sterols and stanols.

Sterols are a subgroup of steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3.Generally, phytosterols have a double bond within the steroid nucleus,like cholesterol; however, phytosterols also may comprise a substitutedsidechain (R) at C-24, such as an ethyl or methyl group, or anadditional double bond. The structures of phytosterols are well known tothose of skill in the art.

At least 44 naturally-occurring phytosterols have been discovered, andgenerally are derived from plants, such as corn, soy, wheat, and woodoils; however, they also may be produced synthetically to formcompositions identical to those in nature or having properties similarto those of naturally-occurring phytosterols. According to particularembodiments of this invention, non-limiting examples of phytosterolswell known to those or ordinary skill in the art include4-desmethylsterols (e.g., β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol,brassicasterol, 22-dehydrobrassicasterol, and Δ5-avenasterol),4-monomethyl sterols, and 4,4-dimethyl sterols (triterpene alcohols)(e.g., cycloartenol, 24-methylenecycloartanol, and cyclobranol).

As used herein, the phrases “stanol”, “plant stanol” and “phytostanol”are synonymous. Phytostanols are saturated sterol alcohols present inonly trace amounts in nature and also may be synthetically produced,such as by hydrogenation of phytosterols. According to particularembodiments of this invention, non-limiting examples of phytostanolsinclude β-sitostanol, campestanol, cycloartanol, and saturated forms ofother triterpene alcohols.

Both phytosterols and phytostanols, as used herein, include the variousisomers such as the α and β isomers (e.g., α-sitosterol andβ-sitostanol, which comprise one of the most effective phytosterols andphytostanols, respectively, for lowering serum cholesterol in mammals).

The phytosterols and phytostanols of the present invention also may bein their ester form. Suitable methods for deriving the esters ofphytosterols and phytostanols are well known to those of ordinary skillin the art, and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,589,588, 6,635,774,6,800,317, and U.S. Patent Publication Number 2003/0045473, thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. Non-limiting examples of suitable phytosterol and phytostanolesters include sitosterol acetate, sitosterol oleate, stigmasterololeate, and their corresponding phytostanol esters. The phytosterols andphytostanols of the present invention also may include theirderivatives.

I24. Miscellaneous Additives

Other additives can be used in the MRP compositions described herein toenhance flavor characteristics that are sweet, fruity, floral,herbaceous, spicy, aromatic, pungent, “nut-like” (e.g., almond, pecan),“spicy” (e.g., cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, anise and wintergreen),“non-Citrus fruit” flavor (e.g., strawberry, cherry, apple, grape,currant, tomato, gooseberry and blackberry), “Citrus fruit” flavor(e.g., orange, lemon and grapefruit), and other useful flavors,including coffee, cocoa, peppermint, spearmint, vanilla and maple.

Thickening agents can be included in the compositions described herein.Examples of the thickening agents include, but are not limited to,carbomers, cellulose base materials, gums, algin, agar, pectins,carrageenan, gelatin, mineral or modified mineral thickeners,polyethylene glycol and polyalcohols, polyacrylamide and other polymericthickeners. Thickening agents which provide stability and optimal flowcharacteristics of the composition are preferably used.

Emulsification agents can also be included in the compositions describedherein. Suitable examples of emulsification agents include, but are notlimited to, agar, albumin, alginates, casein, egg yolk, glycerolmonostearate, gums, Irish moss, lecithin, and some soaps.

Generally, the amount of functional ingredients in the composition mayvary widely depending on the particular composition and the desiredfunctional ingredient.

IV. Caramelization Reaction Products (CRPs) and CRP-ContainingCompositions

In addition to Maillard reaction products, caramelization can occur withthe compositions disclosed herein. Caramelization may sometimes causebrowning in which Maillard reactions occur, but the two processes aredistinct. They both are promoted by heating, but the Maillard reactioninvolves amino acids, as discussed above, whereas caramelizationinvolves the pyrolysis of certain sugars. Such pyrolyzed materials arereferred to caramelization reaction products (CRPs). CRPs are alsoincluded within the scope of the present embodiments. Thus, embodimentsdisclosed herein may include MRP(s), CRP(s), or combinations thereof.

Like the Maillard reaction, caramelization is a type of non-enzymaticbrowning. However, unlike the Maillard reaction, caramelization ispyrolytic, as opposed to being a reaction with amino acids. Whencaramelization involves the disaccharide sucrose, it is broken down intothe monosaccharides fructose and glucose.

The caramelization process is temperature-dependent. Specific sugarseach have their own point at which the reactions begin to proceedreadily. Impurities in the sugar, such as the molasses remaining inbrown sugar, greatly speed the reactions.

In certain embodiments, the present application provides methods andcompositions producing caramelized products from high intensity naturalsweeteners, such as steviol glycosides. This can be accomplished byheating these sweeteners at high temperatures that are sufficient tocause caramelization reactions to occur (e.g., from about 100° C. toabout 250° C.). The resulting caramelized products, includingcaramelized steviol glycoside(s) can be further dried to a powder ormade into a syrup. These embodiments provide a Stevia composition havinga strong caramel aroma.

In certain exemplary embodiments, caramelization reaction is initiatedby heating a solution comprising a carbohydrate and acid to atemperature of at least about 100° C., at least about 110° C., at leastabout 120° C., at least about 130° C., at least about 140° C., at leastabout 150° C., at least about 160° C., at least about 170° C., at leastabout 180° C., at least about 190° C., at least about 200° C., at leastabout 210° C., at least about 220° C., at least about 230° C., at leastabout 240° C., at least about 250° C., or any temperature range derivedfrom any of the aforementioned temperatures.

In certain non-limiting embodiments, when utilizing fructose as asubstrate, the reaction solution may be heated to a temperature betweenabout 100° C. and 120° C. In other non-limiting embodiments, whenutilizing glucose, galactose, or sucrose, the reaction solution may beheated to a temperature between about 150° C. and 170° C. When utilizingmaltose, the reaction solution may be heated to a temperature betweenabout 170° C. and 190° C.

Caramelization reactions are also sensitive to the chemical environment.By controlling the level of acidity (pH), the reaction rate (or thetemperature at which the reaction occurs readily) can be altered. Therate of caramelization is generally lowest at near-neutral acidity (pHaround 7), and accelerated under both acidic (especially pH below 3) andbasic (especially pH above 9) conditions.

In exemplary embodiments, the method of the present invention is carriedout under acid conditions. In certain embodiments, the pH of thereaction mixture is maintained between about 1.2 and about 3.0, or moreparticularly, between about 1.5 and about 1.8. In one embodiment, the pHof the reaction mixture is between about 1.2 and about 3.0, or moreparticularly, about 1.2 and about 2.0, and even more particularly, about1.5 and about 1.8. In a particular embodiment, the pH of the reactionmixture is about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about1.7 or about 1.8.

In one embodiment, a method for producing caramelization products (CRPs)includes the steps of: (a) providing a solution comprising a sweeteningagent and an acid; (b) initiating a caramelization reaction; (d) addingammonium and sulfite to the caramelization reaction; and (e) continuingthe caramelization reaction, thereby producing one or more CRPs.

In exemplary embodiments, all ammonium and sulfite to be used in themethod are added after the caramelization reaction has initiated, i.e.,after step (b). In exemplary embodiments, at least a portion of theammonium and sulfite to be utilized in the method is added before thecaramelization reaction has begun, i.e., before step (b).

Caramelization can occur in the course of Maillard reaction. Exemplarycaramelization reactions include, for example, equilibration of anomericand ring forms sucrose inversion to fructose and glucose, condensation,intramolecular bonding, isomerization of aldoses to ketoses, dehydrationreactions, fragmentation reactions, and unsaturated polymer formation

In some embodiments, one or more of these non-volatile flavor compoundsmay be produced, along with unreacted sugar donor(s), unreacted aminodonor(s), and may further includes caramelized substances such asdisaccharides, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides etc. formed from sugardonors, dimer-peptides, tri-peptides, tetra-peptides etc. resulting fromreactions between amine donors, glycosylamine and their derivatives,such as amadori compounds, heyns compounds, enolisated compounds, sugarfragments, amino acid fragments, as well as non-volatile flavorcompounds formed by Maillard reactions of sugar- and amine donors.

It should be understood that throughout this specification, whenreference is made to a caramelized reaction products or CRPs, thecitation is meant to be inclusive and applicable to all applications ofMRPs described herein when possible or feasible, unless otherwise noted,or unless the context expressly excludes such an application.

V. Consumable Products Comprising MRP Compositions

As described in the previous section, the MRP compositions and methodsdescribed herein are useful in a wide range of orally consumableproducts.

In one aspect, the present application provides an orally consumableproduct comprising one or more MRP composition(s) of the presentapplication described herein. The term “consumables”, as used herein,refers to substances which are contacted with the mouth of man oranimal, including substances, which are taken into and subsequentlyejected from the mouth, substances which are drunk, eaten, swallowed orotherwise ingested, and are safe for human or animal consumption whenused in a generally acceptable range.

The MRP compositions of the present application can be incorporated intoany oral consumable, including but not limited to, for example,beverages and beverage products, food products or foodstuffs (e.g.,confections, condiments, baked goods, cereal compositions, dairyproducts, chewing compositions, and tabletop sweetener compositions),pharmaceutical compositions, smoking compositions, oral hygienecompositions, dental compositions, and the like. Consumables can besweetened or unsweetened. Consumables employing the MRP compositions ofthe present application are also suitable for use in processedagricultural products, livestock products or seafood; processed meatproducts such as sausage and the like; retort food products, pickles,preserves boiled in soy sauce, delicacies, side dishes; soups; snacks,such as potato chips, cookies, or the like; as shredded filler, leaf,stem, stalk, homogenized leaf cured and animal feed.

The MRP compositions of the present application can be added to theconsumable composition to provide a sweetened consumable composition ora flavored consumable composition. As described above, the MRPcomposition(s) may be combined, before or after the Maillard reaction,with one or more sweetening enhancers, one or more high intensitynatural sweeteners, one or more high intensity synthetic sweeteners,and/or one or more additives and/or functional ingredients describedherein.

A. Beverages and Beverage Products

In some embodiments, a beverage or beverage product comprises an MRPcomposition of the present application or a sweetener compositioncomprising the same. The beverage may be sweetened or unsweetened. Thecomposition of the present application, or sweetener compositioncomprising the same, may be added to a beverage to sweeten the beverageor enhance its existing sweetness or flavor profile.

A “beverage” or “beverage product,” is used herein with reference to aready-to-drink beverage, beverage concentrate, beverage syrup, orpowdered beverage. Suitable ready-to-drink beverages include carbonatedand non-carbonated beverages. Carbonated beverages include, but are notlimited to, frozen carbonated beverages, enhanced sparkling beverages,cola, fruit-flavored sparkling beverages (e.g., lemon-lime, orange,grape, strawberry and pineapple), ginger-ale, soft drinks and root beer.Non-carbonated beverages include, but are not limited to, fruit juice,fruit-flavored juice, juice drinks, nectars, vegetable juice,vegetable-flavored juice, sports drinks, energy drinks, enhanced waterdrinks, enhanced water with vitamins, near water drinks (e.g., waterwith natural or synthetic flavorants), coconut water, tea type drinks(e.g., black tea, green tea, red tea, oolong tea), coffee, cocoa drink,broths, beverages comprising milk components (e.g., milk beverages,coffee comprising milk components, cafe au lait, milk tea, fruit milkbeverages), beverages comprising cereal extracts, and smoothies.Beverages may be frozen, semi-frozen (“slush”), non-frozen,ready-to-drink, concentrated (powdered, frozen, or syrup), dairy,non-dairy, probiotic, prebiotic, herbal, non-herbal, caffeinated,non-caffeinated, alcoholic, non-alcoholic, flavored, non-flavored,vegetable-based, fruit-based, root/tuber/corm-based, nut-based, otherplant-based, cola-based, chocolate-based, meat-based, seafood-based,other animal-based, algae-based, calorie enhanced, calorie-reduced, andcalorie-free.

The resulting beverages may be dispensed in open containers, cans,bottles or other packaging. Such beverages and beverage preparations canbe in ready-to-drink, ready-to-cook, ready-to-mix, raw, or ingredientform and can use the composition as a sole sweetener or as aco-sweetener.

A significant challenge in the beverage industry is to preserve flavorin drinks. Normally, essential oils and their fractions are used as keyflavors. They are prone to be oxidized to create unpleasant flavor(s) orthe components easily evaporate to cause the food or beverage to losetheir initial designed flavors as they sit on shelves. The embodimentsherein provide new methods and compositions to overcome thosedisadvantages and provide new solutions to the food and flavor industry.

Compared with conventional flavors, which are mainly preserved indifferent oils or oil soluble solvents, the present embodiments providenew methods to provide water soluble solutions, syrups and powders forflavoring agents.

Compared to conventional isolated flavors, often as extracts from plantor animal sources, which are not always compatible for top note flavorand/or taste when sugar replacement sweeteners are added, the currentembodiments provide new types of combined multi components which arecompatible for a designed flavor.

The embodiments surprisingly create sugar reduced sweeteners which havebetter taste than sugar including, for example, sweetening agents suchas Stevia, monk fruit, licorice etc. and synthetic sweetener such assucralose.

Beverage concentrates and beverage syrups can be prepared with aninitial volume of liquid matrix (e.g., water) and the desired beverageingredients. Full strength beverages are then prepared by adding furthervolumes of water. Powdered beverages are prepared by dry-mixing all ofthe beverage ingredients in the absence of a liquid matrix. Fullstrength beverages are then prepared by adding the full volume of water.

Beverages comprise a matrix, i.e., the basic ingredient in which theingredients—including the MRP compositions of the presentapplication—are dissolved. In one embodiment, a beverage comprises waterof beverage quality as the matrix, such as, for example deionized water,distilled water, reverse osmosis water, carbon-treated water, purifiedwater, demineralized water or combinations thereof, can be used.Additional suitable matrices include, but are not limited to phosphoricacid, phosphate buffer, citric acid, citrate buffer and carbon-treatedwater.

The beverage concentrations below can be provided by the composition ofthe present application or sweetener composition of the presentapplication.

Compared with simple blends of all ingredients together, the degradationof steviol glycosides generates different compositions of sugar donors,which react with amine donors, and have interactions with the tasteprofile of remaining steviol glycosides, remaining added sugar donor,MRPs, and caramelized substances, thus creating complicated, compatibletastes and aromas with steviol glycosides and other flavors, andsubstantially enriches the stereoscopic feeling of aroma and tasteprofile.

Traditionally, the use of regular guar gum and other thickeners havebeen limited to certain applications due to their notable “beany” or“grassy” off notes in both flavor and odor. These “off notes” are theresult of volatile organic compounds such as hexanal and hexanoic acidetc. These compounds can influence the sensation of many delicateflavors in food and beverage applications. The MRPs (as well as thecompositions and components described herein) can modify the taste ofthickeners, such as guar gum, caragum, xanthan gum etc. so that thetaste is more pleasing to the consumer. The MRPs described herein couldalso partially or totally replace thickeners used in the food andbeverage industry. There is a synergy between the MRPs and thickeners toobtain a balance of taste and cost. Use of the MRP compositionsdescribed herein can reduce the amount of thickener, antioxidants,emulsifiers etc. required when applied to food and beverages. A desiredtaste and aroma of a food or beverage product can be obtained byadjusting the type of steviol glycosides and ratio of reactants andreaction conditions, such as temperature, pressure, reaction time etc.

The size of bubbles in a carbonated beverage can significantly affectthe mouth feel and flavor of the beverage. It is desirable to manipulateone or more properties of the bubbles produced in a beverage. Suchproperties can include the size of bubbles produced, the shape ofbubbles, the amount of bubbles generated, and the rate at which bubblesare released or otherwise generated. Taste tests revealed a preferencefor carbonated beverage containing bubbles of smaller size. Theinventors of the present application have surprisingly found that adding(1) MRPs, (2) MRPs with sweetening agent(s), or (3) MRPs, sweeteningagent(s) and thaumatin can minimize the size of bubbles, thus improvingthe mouth feel and flavor of beverages. Accordingly, in someembodiments, compositions of MRPs, MRPs with sweetening agent(s), MRPs,sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin, with or without other additives, canbe used as additives to manipulate the size of bubbles, preferably forreducing the size of bubbles.

The inventors surprisingly found that inclusion of thaumatin in theMaillard reaction or inclusion of thaumatin in combination of MRPs cansignificantly improve the overall taste profile of food and beverages tohave a better mouth feel, a creamy taste, a reduction of bitterness ofother ingredients in food and beverage, such as astringency of tea,protein, or their extracts, acidic nature and bitterness of coffee, etc.It can also reduce lingering, bitterness and metallic aftertaste ofnatural, synthetic high intensity sweeteners, or their combinations,their combination with other sweeteners, with other flavors much morethan thaumatin itself. Thus, it plays a unique function in sugarreduction or sugar free products, and can be used as an additive forimproving the taste performance of food and beverage products comprisingone or more sweetening agents or sweeteners such as sucralose,acesulfame-K, aspartame, steviol glycosides, swingle extract, sweet teaextracts, allulose, sodium saccharin, sodium cyclamate or siratose.

A probiotic beverage normally is made by fermenting milk, or skimmedmilk powder, sucrose and/or glucose with selected bacteria strains, bymanufacturers such as Yakult or Weichuan. Normally, a large amount ofsugar is added to the probiotic beverage to provide nutrients to theprobiotics in order to keep them alive during shelf life. Actually, themain function of such a large amount of sugar is also needed tocounteract the sourness of probiotic beverage and enhance its taste.Sweetness and the thickness are the two key attributes that are mostaffected for the acceptability of the beverage. It is a challenge forthe manufacturers to produce tasteful probiotic beverages of reducedsugar versions. The inventors surprisingly found that addingcompositions described herein, such as MRPs, sweetening agent(s) andMRPs, sweetening agent(s), or MRPs and thaumatin could substantiallyimprove the overall-likeability, aroma, and mouth feel of probioticbeverages, especially for reduced sugar, or reduced fat versions. Thusembodiments of probiotic beverages include those with MRPs, combinationsof MRPs and thaumatin, combinations of sweetening agent(s) and MRPs, orcombination of MRPs, sweetening agent and thaumatin.

In any of the embodiments described in the present application, thefinal concentration of the MRP and/or sweetening agent in the beveragemay be 0.0001 ppm, 0.001 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 5 ppm, 10ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70 ppm, 75 ppm, 80 ppm, 85 ppm, 90 ppm, 100 ppm,110 ppm, 120, ppm, 130 ppm, 140 ppm, 150 ppm, 160 ppm, 170 ppm, 180 ppm,190 ppm, 200 ppm, 220 ppm, 240 ppm, 260 ppm, 280 ppm, 300 ppm, 320 ppm,340 ppm, 360 ppm 380 ppm, 400 ppm, 420 ppm, 440 ppm, 460 ppm, 480 ppm,500 ppm, 525 ppm, 550 ppm, 575 ppm, 600 ppm, 625 ppm, 650 ppm, 675 ppm,700 ppm, 725 ppm, 750 ppm, 775 ppm, 800 ppm, 825 ppm, 850 ppm, 875 ppm,900 ppm, 925 ppm, 950 ppm, 975 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 1,200 ppm, 1,400 ppm,1,600 ppm, 1,800 ppm, 2,000 ppm, 2,200 ppm, 2,400 ppm, 2,600 ppm, 2,800ppm, 3,000 ppm, 3,200 ppm, 3,400 ppm, 3,600 ppm, 3,800 ppm, 4,000 ppm,4,200 ppm, 4,400 ppm, 4,600 ppm, 4,800 ppm, 5,000 ppm, 5,500 ppm, 6,000ppm, 6,500 ppm, 7,000 ppm, 7,500 ppm, 8,000 ppm, 8,500 ppm, 9,000 ppm,9,500 ppm, 10,000 ppm, 11,000 ppm, 12,000 ppm, 13000 ppm, 14,000 ppm,15,000 ppm, or a range defined by any pair of the aforementionedconcentration values in this paragraph.

In more particular embodiments, the sweetening agent may be present inthe beverage at a final concentration ranging from 1 ppm to 15,000 ppm,from 1 ppm to 10,000 ppm, from 1 ppm to 5,000 ppm, from 10 ppm to 1,000ppm, from 50 ppm to 900 ppm, from 50 ppm to 600 ppm, from 50 ppm to 500ppm, from 50 ppm to 400 ppm, from 50 ppm to 300 ppm, from 50 ppm to 200ppm, from 100 ppm to 600 ppm, from 100 ppm to 500 ppm, from 100 ppm to400 ppm, from 100 ppm to 300 ppm, from 100 ppm to 200 ppm, from 125 ppmto 600 ppm, from 125 ppm to 500 ppm, from 125 ppm to 400 ppm, from 125ppm to 300 ppm, from 125 ppm to 200 ppm, from 150 ppm to 600 ppm, from150 ppm to 500 ppm, from 150 ppm to 500 ppm, from 150 ppm to 400 ppm,from 150 ppm to 300 ppm, from 150 ppm to 200 ppm, from 200 ppm to 600ppm, from 200 ppm to 500 ppm, from 200 ppm to 400 ppm, from 200 ppm to300 ppm, from 300 ppm to 600 ppm, from 300 ppm to 500 ppm, from 300 ppmto 400 ppm, from 400 ppm to 600 ppm, from 500 ppm to 600 ppm, from 20ppm to 200 ppm, from 20 ppm to 180 ppm, from 20 ppm to 160 ppm, from 20ppm to 140 ppm, from 20 ppm to 120 ppm, from 20 ppm to 100 ppm, from 20ppm to 80 ppm, from 20 ppm to 60 ppm, from 20 ppm to 40 ppm, from 40 ppmto 150 ppm, from 40 ppm to 130 ppm, from 40 ppm to 100 ppm, from 40 ppmto 90 ppm, from 40 ppm to 70 ppm, from 40 ppm to 50 ppm, from 20 ppm to100 ppm, from 40 ppm to 100 ppm, from 50 ppm to 100 ppm, from 60 ppm to100 ppm, from 80 ppm to 100 ppm, from 5 ppm to 100 ppm, from 5 ppm to 95ppm, from 5 ppm to 90 ppm, from 5 ppm to 85 ppm, from 5 ppm to 80 ppm,from 5 ppm to 75 ppm, from 5 ppm to 70 ppm, from 5 ppm to 65 ppm, from 5ppm to 60 ppm, from 5 ppm to 55 ppm, from 5 ppm to 50 ppm, from 5 ppm to45 ppm, from 5 ppm to 40 ppm, from 5 ppm to 35 ppm, from 5 ppm to 30ppm, from 5 ppm to 25 ppm, from 5 ppm to 20 ppm, from 5 ppm to 15 ppm,from 5 ppm to 10 ppm, any aforementioned concentration value in thisparagraph, or a range defined by any pair of the aforementionedconcentration values in this paragraph. As used herein, “finalconcentration” refers to the concentration of, for example, any one ofthe aforementioned components present in any final composition or finalorally consumable product (i.e., after all ingredients and/or compoundshave been added to produce the composition or to produce the orallyconsumable product).

B. Confections

In some embodiments, the orally consumable composition comprising an MRPcomposition of the present application is a confection. In someembodiments, a “confection” refers to a sweet, a lollipop, aconfectionery, or similar term. The confection generally contains a basecomposition component and a sweetener component. A “base composition”refers to any composition which can be a food item and provides a matrixfor carrying the sweetener component. An MRP composition of the presentapplication comprising the same can serve as the sweetener component.The confection may be in the form of any food that is typicallyperceived to be rich in sugar or is typically sweet.

In other embodiments of the present application, the confection may be abakery product, such as a pastry, Bavarian cream, blancmange, cake,brownie, cookie, mousse and the like; a dessert, such as yogurt, ajelly, a drinkable jelly, a pudding; a sweetened food product eaten attea time or following meals; a frozen food; a cold confection, such asice, ice milk, lacto-ice and the like (food products in which sweetenersand various other types of raw materials are added to milk products, andthe resulting mixture is agitated and frozen); ice confections, such assherbets, dessert ices and the like (food products in which variousother types of raw materials are added to a sugary liquid, and theresulting mixture is agitated and frozen); general confections, e.g.,baked confections or steamed confections such as crackers, biscuits,buns with bean-jam filling, halvah, alfajor, and the like; rice cakesand snacks; table top products; general sugar confections such aschewing gum (e.g., including compositions which comprise a substantiallywater-insoluble, chewable gum base, such as chicle or substitutesthereof, including jetulong, guttakay rubber or certain comestiblenatural synthetic resins or waxes), hard candy, soft candy, mints,nougat candy, jelly beans, fudge, toffee, taffy, Swiss milk tablet,licorice candy, chocolates, gelatin candies, marshmallow, marzipan,divinity, cotton candy, and the like; sauces including fruit flavoredsauces, chocolate sauces and the like; edible gels; cremes includingbutter cremes, flour pastes, whipped cream and the like; jams includingstrawberry jam, marmalade and the like; and breads including sweetbreads and the like or other starch products, or combinations thereof.

Suitable base compositions for embodiments of this application mayinclude flour, yeast, water, salt, butter, eggs, milk, milk powder,liquor, gelatin, nuts, chocolate, citric acid, tartaric acid, fumaricacid, natural flavors, artificial flavors, colorings, polyols, sorbitol,isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, malic acid, magnesium stearate, lecithin,hydrogenated glucose syrup, glycerine, natural or synthetic gum, starch,and the like, or combinations thereof. Such components generally arerecognized as safe (GRAS) and/or are U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA)-approved.

In any of the condiments described herein, an MRP composition of thepresent application may be present in the condiment at a final weightconcentration of 0.0001 wt %, 0.001 wt %, 0.01 wt %, 0.1 wt %, 1 wt %, 2wt %,3 wt %, 4 wt %, 5 wt %, 6 wt %, 7 wt %, 8 wt %. 9 wt %, 10 wt %, 11wt %, 12 wt %, 13 wt %, 14 wt %, 15 wt %, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %, 19wt %, 20 wt %, 21 wt %, 22 wt %, 23 wt %, 24 wt %, 25 wt %, 26 wt %, 27wt %, 28 wt %, 29 wt %, 30 wt %, 31 wt %, 32 wt %, 33 wt %, 34 wt %, 35wt %, 36 wt %, 37 wt %, 38 wt %, 39 wt %, 40 wt %, 41 wt %, 42 wt %, 43wt %, 44 wt %, 45 wt %, 46 wt %, 47 wt %, 48 wt %, 49 wt %, 50 wt %, 51wt %, 52 wt %, 53 wt %, 54 wt %, 55 wt %, 56 wt %, 57 wt %, 58 wt %, 59wt %, 60 wt %, 61 wt %, 62 wt %, 63 wt %, 64 wt %, 65 wt %, 66 wt %, 67wt %, 68 wt %, 69 wt %, 70 wt %, 71 wt %, 72 wt %, 73 wt %, 74 wt %, 75wt %, 76 wt %, 77 wt %, 78 wt %, 79 wt %, 80 wt %, or a weightconcentration range defined by any two of the aforementioned weightpercentages in this paragraph.

In more particular embodiments, an MRP composition of the presentapplication may be present in any of the condiments described herein ata final weight percentage range from 0.001 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.001 wt %to 75 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 25 wt %. 0.001 wt % to10 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 1 wt%, 0.001 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.01 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 99 wt%, 0.01 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 25 wt %.,0.01 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.01 wt% to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 50 wt%, 0.1 wt % to 25 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.1 wt% to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 1 wt % to 99 wt%, 1 wt % to 75 wt %, 1 wt % to 50 wt %, 1 wt % to 25 wt %, 1 wt % to 10wt %, 1 wt % to 5 wt %, 5 wt % to 99 wt %, 5 wt % to 75 wt %, 5 wt % to50 wt %, 5 wt % to 25 wt %, 5 wt % to 10 wt %, 10 wt % to 99 wt %, 10 wt% to 75 wt %, 10 wt % to 50 wt %, 10 wt % to 25 wt %, 10 wt % to 15 wt%, 20 wt % to 99 wt %, 20 wt % to 75 wt %, 20 wt % to 50 wt %, 30 wt %to 99 wt %, 30 wt % to 75 wt %, 30 wt % to 50 wt %, 40 wt % to 99 wt %,40 wt % to 75 wt %, 40 wt % to 50 wt %, 50 wt % to 99 wt %, 50 wt % to75 wt %, 60 wt % to 99 wt %, 60 wt % to 75 wt %, 70 wt % to 99 wt %, 70wt % to 75 wt %, 80 wt % to 99 wt %, 80 wt % to 90 wt %, 90 wt % to 99wt %, or a weight concentration range defined by any two of theaforementioned weight percentages in this paragraph.

The base composition of the confection may optionally include otherartificial or natural sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, or combinationsthereof. Bulk sweeteners include both caloric and non-caloric compounds.Non-limiting examples of bulk sweeteners include sucrose, dextrose,maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose or fruit sugar, levulose,honey, unrefined sweetener, galactose, syrups, such as agave syrup oragave nectar, maple syrup, corn syrup, including high fructose cornsyrup (HFCS); solids, tagatose, polyols (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol,xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, and maltitol), hydrogenated starchhydrolysates, isomalt, trehalose, or mixtures thereof. Generally, theamount of bulk sweetener present in the confection ranges widelydepending on the particular embodiment of the confection and the desireddegree of sweetness. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readilyascertain the appropriate amount of bulk sweetener.

C. Condiments

In some embodiments, the consumable MRP-containing composition of thepresent application is a condiment. Condiments, as used herein, arecompositions used to enhance or improve the flavor of a food orbeverage. Non-limiting examples of condiments include ketchup (catsup);mustard; barbecue sauce; butter; chili sauce; chutney; cocktail sauce;curry; dips; fish sauce; horseradish; hot sauce; jellies, jams,marmalades, or preserves; mayonnaise; peanut butter; relish; remoulade;salad dressings (e.g., oil and vinegar, Caesar, French, ranch, bluecheese, Russian, Thousand Island, Italian, and balsamic vinaigrette),salsa; sauerkraut; soy sauce; steak sauce; syrups; tartar sauce; andWorcestershire sauce.

Condiment bases generally comprise a mixture of different ingredients,non-limiting examples of which include vehicles (e.g., water andvinegar); spices or seasonings (e.g., salt, pepper, garlic, mustardseed, onion, paprika, turmeric, or combinations thereof); fruits,vegetables, or their products (e.g., tomatoes or tomato-based products(paste, puree), fruit juices, fruit juice peels, or combinationsthereof); oils or oil emulsions, particularly vegetable oils; thickeners(e.g., xanthan gum, food starch, other hydrocolloids, or combinationsthereof); and emulsifying agents (e.g., egg yolk solids, protein, gumarabic, carob bean gum, guar gum, gum karaya, gum tragacanth,carageenan, pectin, propylene glycol esters of alginic acid, sodiumcarboxymethyl-cellulose, polysorbates, or combinations thereof). Recipesfor condiment bases and methods of making condiment bases are well knownto those of ordinary skill in the art.

Generally, condiments also comprise caloric sweeteners, such as sucrose,high fructose corn syrup, molasses, honey, or brown sugar. In exemplaryembodiments of the condiments provided herein, an MRP composition of thepresent application is used instead of traditional caloric sweeteners.Accordingly, a condiment composition desirably comprises an MRPcomposition of the present application and a condiment base.

The condiment composition optionally may include other natural and/orsynthetic high-potency sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, pH modifying agents(e.g., lactic acid, citric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid,acetic acid, or combinations thereof), fillers, functional agents (e.g.,pharmaceutical agents, nutrients, or components of a food or plant),flavoring agents, colorings, or combinations thereof.

In any of the confections described herein, an MRP composition of thepresent application may be present in the confection at a final weightconcentration of 0.0001 wt %, 0.001 wt %, 0.01 wt %, 0.1 wt %, 1 wt %, 2wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, 5 wt %, 6 wt %, 7 wt %, 8 wt %. 9 wt %, 10 wt %,11 wt %, 12 wt %, 13 wt %, 14 wt %, 15 wt %, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %,19 wt %, 20 wt %, 21 wt %, 22 wt %, 23 wt %, 24 wt %, 25 wt %, 26 wt %,27 wt %, 28 wt %, 29 wt %, 30 wt %, 31 wt %, 32 wt %, 33 wt %, 34 wt %,35 wt %, 36 wt %, 37 wt %, 38 wt %, 39 wt %, 40 wt %, 41 wt %, 42 wt %,43 wt %, 44 wt %, 45 wt %, 46 wt %, 47 wt %, 48 wt %, 49 wt %, 50 wt %,51 wt %, 52 wt %, 53 wt %, 54 wt %, 55 wt %, 56 wt %, 57 wt %, 58 wt %,59 wt %, 60 wt %, 61 wt %, 62 wt %, 63 wt %, 64 wt %, 65 wt %, 66 wt %,67 wt %, 68 wt %, 69 wt %, 70 wt %, 71 wt %, 72 wt %, 73 wt %, 74 wt %,75 wt %, 76 wt %, 77 wt %, 78 wt %, 79 wt %, 80 wt %, or a weightconcentration range defined by any two of the aforementioned weightpercentages in this paragraph.

In more particular embodiments, an MRP composition of the presentapplication may be present in any of the confections described herein,at a final weight percentage range from 0.001 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.001 wt% to 75 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 25 wt %. 0.001 wt %to 10 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 1wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.01 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 99wt %, 0.01 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 25 wt %.,0.01 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.01 wt% to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 50 wt%, 0.1 wt % to 25 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.1 wt% to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 1 wt % to 99 wt%, 1 wt % to 75 wt %, 1 wt % to 50 wt %, 1 wt % to 25 wt %, 1 wt % to 10wt %, 1 wt % to 5 wt %, 5 wt % to 99 wt %, 5 wt % to 75 wt %, 5 wt % to50 wt %, 5 wt % to 25 wt %, 5 wt % to 10 wt %, 10 wt % to 99 wt %, 10 wt% to 75 wt %, 10 wt % to 50 wt %, 10 wt % to 25 wt %, 10 wt % to 15 wt%, 20 wt % to 99 wt %, 20 wt % to 75 wt %, 20 wt % to 50 wt %, 30 wt %to 99 wt %, 30 wt % to 75 wt %, 30 wt % to 50 wt %, 40 wt % to 99 wt %,40 wt % to 75 wt %, 40 wt % to 50 wt %, 50 wt % to 99 wt %, 50 wt % to75 wt %, 60 wt % to 99 wt %, 60 wt % to 75 wt %, 70 wt % to 99 wt %, 70wt % to 75 wt %, 80 wt % to 99 wt %, 80 wt % to 90 wt %, 90 wt % to 99wt %, or a weight concentration range defined by any two of theaforementioned weight percentages in this paragraph.

D. Dairy Products

A wide variety of dairy products can be made using the methods and MRPcompositions of the present invention. Such products include withoutlimitation, milk, whole milk, buttermilk, skim milk, infant formula,condensed milk, dried milk, evaporated milk, fermented milk, butter,clarified butter, cottage cheese, cream cheese, and various types ofcheese.

In any of the solid dairy compositions described herein, an MRPcomposition of the present application may be present in the solid dairycomposition at a final weight concentration of 0.0001 wt %, 0.001 wt %,0.01 wt %, 0.1 wt %, 1 wt %, 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, 5 wt %, 6 wt %, 7wt %, 8 wt %. 9 wt %, 10 wt %, 11 wt %, 12 wt %, 13 wt %, 14 wt %, 15 wt%, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %, 19 wt %, 20 wt %, 21 wt %, 22 wt %, 23 wt%, 24 wt %, 25 wt %, 26 wt %, 27 wt %, 28 wt %, 29 wt %, 30 wt %, 31 wt%, 32 wt %, 33 wt %, 34 wt %, 35 wt %, 36 wt %, 37 wt %, 38 wt %, 39 wt%, 40 wt %, 41 wt %, 42 wt %, 43 wt %, 44 wt %, 45 wt %, 46 wt %, 47 wt%, 48 wt %, 49 wt %, 50 wt %, 51 wt %, 52 wt %, 53 wt %, 54 wt %, 55 wt%, 56 wt %, 57 wt %, 58 wt %, 59 wt %, 60 wt %, 61 wt %, 62 wt %, 63 wt%, 64 wt %, 65 wt %, 66 wt %, 67 wt %, 68 wt %, 69 wt %, 70 wt %, 71 wt%, 72 wt %, 73 wt %, 74 wt %, 75 wt %, 76 wt %, 77 wt %, 78 wt %, 79 wt%, 80 wt %, or a weight concentration range defined by any two of theaforementioned weight percentages in this paragraph.

In more particular embodiments, an MRP composition of the presentapplication may be present in any of the confections described herein,at a weight percentage range from 0.001 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.001 wt % to75 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 25 wt %. 0.001 wt % to 10wt %, 0.001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 1 wt %,0.001 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.01 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 99 wt %,0.01 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 25 wt %., 0.01wt % to 10 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.01 wt % to1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 50 wt %,0.1 wt % to 25 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.1 wt %to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 1 wt % to 99 wt %,1 wt % to 75 wt %, 1 wt % to 50 wt %, 1 wt % to 25 wt %, 1 wt % to 10 wt%, 1 wt % to 5 wt %, 5 wt % to 99 wt %, 5 wt % to 75 wt %, 5 wt % to 50wt %, 5 wt % to 25 wt %, 5 wt % to 10 wt %, 10 wt % to 99 wt %, 10 wt %to 75 wt %, 10 wt % to 50 wt %, 10 wt % to 25 wt %, 10 wt % to 15 wt %,20 wt % to 99 wt %, 20 wt % to 75 wt %, 20 wt % to 50 wt %, 30 wt % to99 wt %, 30 wt % to 75 wt %, 30 wt % to 50 wt %, 40 wt % to 99 wt %, 40wt % to 75 wt %, 40 wt % to 50wt %, 50 wt % to 99 wt %, 50 wt % to 75 wt%, 60 wt % to 99 wt %, 60 wt % to 75 wt %, 70 wt % to 99 wt %, 70 wt %to 75 wt %, 80 wt % to 99 wt %, 80 wt % to 90 wt %, 90 wt % to 99 wt %,or a weight concentration range defined by any two of the aforementionedweight percentages in this paragraph.

Alternatively, in any of the liquid dairy compositions described herein,an MRP composition of the present application may be present in theliquid dairy composition at a final concentration of 0.0001 ppm, 0.001ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, 25ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm, 40 ppm, 45 ppm, 50 ppm, 55 ppm, 60 ppm, 65 ppm, 70ppm, 75 ppm, 80 ppm, 85 ppm, 90 ppm, 100 ppm, 110 ppm, 120, ppm, 130ppm, 140 ppm, 150 ppm, 160 ppm, 170 ppm, 180 ppm, 190 ppm, 200 ppm, 220ppm, 240 ppm, 260 ppm, 280 ppm, 300 ppm, 320 ppm, 340 ppm, 360 ppm 380ppm, 400 ppm, 420 ppm, 440 ppm, 460 ppm, 480 ppm, 500 ppm, 525 ppm, 550ppm, 575 ppm, 600 ppm, 625 ppm, 650 ppm, 675 ppm, 700 ppm, 725 ppm, 750ppm, 775 ppm, 800 ppm, 825 ppm, 850 ppm, 875 ppm, 900 ppm, 925 ppm, 950ppm, 975 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 1,200 ppm, 1,400 ppm, 1,600 ppm, 1,800 ppm,2,000 ppm, 2,200 ppm, 2,400 ppm, 2,600 ppm, 2,800 ppm, 3,000 ppm, 3,200ppm, 3,400 ppm, 3,600 ppm, 3,800 ppm, 4,000 ppm, 4,200 ppm, 4,400 ppm,4,600 ppm, 4,800 ppm, 5,000 ppm, 5,500 ppm, 6,000 ppm, 6,500 ppm, 7,000ppm, 7,500 ppm, 8,000 ppm, 8,500 ppm, 9,000 ppm, 9,500 ppm, 10,000 ppm,11,000 ppm, 12,000 ppm, 13000 ppm, 14,000 ppm, 15,000 ppm, or a rangedefined by any pair of the aforementioned concentration values in thisparagraph.

In more particular embodiments, the MRP composition may be present inthe liquid dairy composition at a final concentration ranging from 1 ppmto 15,000 ppm, from 1 ppm to 10,000 ppm, from 1 ppm to 5,000 ppm, from10 ppm to 1,000 ppm, from 50 ppm to 900 ppm, from 50 ppm to 600 ppm,from 50 ppm to 500 ppm, from 50 ppm to 400 ppm, from 50 ppm to 300 ppm,from 50 ppm to 200 ppm, from 100 ppm to 600 ppm, from 100 ppm to 500ppm, from 100 ppm to 400 ppm, from 100 ppm to 300 ppm, from 100 ppm to200 ppm, from 125 ppm to 600 ppm, from 125 ppm to 500 ppm, from 125 ppmto 400 ppm, from 125 ppm to 300 ppm, from 125 ppm to 200 ppm, from 150ppm to 600 ppm, from 150 ppm to 500 ppm, from 150 ppm to 500 ppm, from150 ppm to 400 ppm, from 150 ppm to 300 ppm, from 150 ppm to 200 ppm,from 200 ppm to 600 ppm, from 200 ppm to 500 ppm, from 200 ppm to 400ppm, from 200 ppm to 300 ppm, from 300 ppm to 600 ppm, from 300 ppm to500 ppm, from 300 ppm to 400 ppm, from 400 ppm to 600 ppm, from 500 ppmto 600 ppm, from 20 ppm to 200 ppm, from 20 ppm to 180 ppm, from 20 ppmto 160 ppm, from 20 ppm to 140 ppm, from 20 ppm to 120 ppm, from 20 ppmto 100 ppm, from 20 ppm to 80 ppm, from 20 ppm to 60 ppm, from 20 ppm to40 ppm, from 40 ppm to 150 ppm, from 40 ppm to 130 ppm, from 40 ppm to100 ppm, from 40 ppm to 90 ppm, from 40 ppm to 70 ppm, from 40 ppm to 50ppm, from 20 ppm to 100 ppm, from 40 ppm to 100 ppm, from 50 ppm to 100ppm, from 60 ppm to 100 ppm, from 80 ppm to 100 ppm, from 5 ppm to 100ppm, from 5 ppm to 95 ppm, from 5 ppm to 90 ppm, from 5 ppm to 85 ppm,from 5 ppm to 80 ppm, from 5 ppm to 75 ppm, from 5 ppm to 70 ppm, from 5ppm to 65 ppm, from 5 ppm to 60 ppm, from 5 ppm to 55 ppm, from 5 ppm to50 ppm, from 5 ppm to 45 ppm, from 5 ppm to 40 ppm, from 5 ppm to 35ppm, from 5 ppm to 30 ppm, from 5 ppm to 25 ppm, from 5 ppm to 20 ppm,from 5 ppm to 15 ppm, from 5 ppm to 10 ppm, any aforementionedconcentration value in this paragraph, or a range defined by any pair ofthe aforementioned concentration values in this paragraph.

E. Cereal Compositions

In some embodiments, the consumable comprising an MRP composition of thepresent application is a cereal composition. Cereal compositionstypically are eaten either as staple foods or as snacks. Non-limitingexamples of cereal compositions for use in some embodiments includeready-to-eat cereals as well as hot cereals. Ready-to-eat cereals arecereals which may be eaten without further processing (i.e., cooking) bythe consumer. Examples of ready-to-eat cereals include breakfast cerealsand snack bars. Breakfast cereals typically are processed to produce ashredded, flaky, puffy, or extruded form. Breakfast cereals generallyare eaten cold and are often mixed with milk and/or fruit. Snack barsinclude, for example, energy bars, rice cakes, granola bars, andnutritional bars. Hot cereals generally are cooked, usually in eithermilk or water, before being eaten. Non-limiting examples of hot cerealsinclude grits, porridge, polenta, rice, oatmeal, and rolled oats.

Cereal compositions generally comprise at least one cereal ingredient.As used herein, the term “cereal ingredient” denotes materials such aswhole or part grains, whole or part seeds, and whole or part grass.Non-limiting examples of cereal ingredients for use in some embodimentsinclude maize, wheat, rice, barley, bran, bran endosperm, bulgur,sorghums, millets, oats, rye, triticale, buckwheat, fonio, quinoa, bean,soybean, amaranth, teff, spelt, and kaniwa.

The cereal composition comprises an MRP composition of the presentapplication and at least one cereal ingredient. An MRP composition ofthe present application may be added to the cereal composition in avariety of ways, such as, for example, as a coating, as a frosting, as aglaze, or as a matrix blend (i.e., added as an ingredient to the cerealformulation prior to the preparation of the final cereal product).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, an MRP composition of the presentapplication is added to the cereal composition as a matrix blend. In oneembodiment, the MRP composition of the present application is blendedwith a hot cereal prior to cooking to provide a sweetened hot cerealproduct. In another embodiment, an MRP composition of the presentapplication is blended with the cereal matrix before the cereal isextruded.

In some embodiments, the MRP composition of the present application isadded to the cereal composition as a coating, such as, for example, incombination with food grade oil and applying the mixture onto thecereal. In a different embodiment, an MRP composition of the presentapplication and the food grade oil may be applied to the cerealseparately, by applying either the oil or the sweetener first.Non-limiting examples of food grade oils for use some embodimentsinclude vegetable oils such as corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil,peanut oil, coconut oil, canola oil, olive oil, sesame seed oil, palmoil, palm kernel oil, or mixtures thereof. In yet another embodiment,food grade fats may be used in place of the oils, provided that the fatis melted prior to applying the fat onto the cereal.

In another embodiment, the MRP composition of the present application isadded to the cereal composition as a glaze. Non-limiting examples ofglazing agents for use in some embodiments include corn syrup, honeysyrups and honey syrup solids, maple syrups and maple syrup solids,sucrose, isomalt, polydextrose, polyols, hydrogenated starchhydrolysate, aqueous solutions thereof, or mixtures thereof. In anothersuch embodiment, an MRP composition of the present application is addedas a glaze by combining with a glazing agent and a food grade oil or fatand applying the mixture to the cereal. In yet another embodiment, a gumsystem, such as, for example, gum acacia, carboxymethyl cellulose, oralgin, may be added to the glaze to provide structural support. Inaddition, the glaze also may include a coloring agent, and also mayinclude a flavor.

In another embodiment, an MRP composition of the present application isadded to the cereal composition as a frosting. In one such embodiment,the MRP composition of the present application is combined with waterand a frosting agent and then applied to the cereal. Non-limitingexamples of frosting agents for use in some embodiments includemaltodextrin, sucrose, starch, polyols, or mixtures thereof. Thefrosting also may include a food grade oil, a food grade fat, a coloringagent, and/or a flavor.

In any of the cereal compositions described herein, an MRP compositionof the present application may be present in the cereal composition at afinal weight concentration of 0.0001 wt %, 0.001 wt %, 0.01 wt %, 0.1 wt%, 1 wt %, 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, 5 wt %, 6 wt %, 7 wt %, 8 wt %. 9 wt%, 10 wt %, 11 wt %, 12 wt %, 13 wt %, 14 wt %, 15 wt %, 16 wt %, 17 wt%, 18 wt %, 19 wt %, 20 wt %, 21 wt %, 22 wt %, 23 wt %, 24 wt %, 25 wt%, 26 wt %, 27 wt %, 28 wt %, 29 wt %, 30 wt %, 31 wt %, 32 wt %, 33 wt%, 34 wt %, 35 wt %, 36 wt %, 37 wt %, 38 wt %, 39 wt %, 40 wt %, 41 wt%, 42 wt %, 43 wt %, 44 wt %, 45 wt %, 46 wt %, 47 wt %, 48 wt %, 49 wt%, 50 wt %, 51 wt %, 52 wt %, 53 wt %, 54 wt %, 55 wt %, 56 wt %, 57 wt%, 58 wt %, 59 wt %, 60 wt %, 61 wt %, 62 wt %, 63 wt %, 64 wt %, 65 wt%, 66 wt %, 67 wt %, 68 wt %, 69 wt %, 70 wt %, 71 wt %, 72 wt %, 73 wt%, 74 wt %, 75 wt %, 76 wt %, 77 wt %, 78 wt %, 79 wt %, 80 wt %, or aweight concentration range defined by any two of the aforementionedweight percentages in this paragraph.

In more particular embodiments, an MRP composition of the presentapplication may be present in any of the cereal compositions describedherein, at a weight percentage range from 0.001 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.001wt % to 75 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 25 wt %. 0.001 wt% to 10 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.01 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 99wt %, 0.01 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 25 wt %.,0.01 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.01 wt% to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 50 wt%, 0.1 wt % to 25 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.1 wt% to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 1 wt % to 99 wt%, 1 wt % to 75 wt %, 1 wt % to 50 wt %, 1 wt % to 25 wt %, 1 wt % to 10wt %, 1 wt % to 5 wt %, 5 wt % to 99 wt %, 5 wt % to 75 wt %, 5 wt % to50 wt %, 5 wt % to 25 wt %, 5 wt % to 10 wt %, 10 wt % to 99 wt %, 10 wt% to 75 wt %, 10 wt % to 50 wt %, 10 wt % to 25 wt %, 10 wt % to 15 wt%, 20 wt % to 99 wt %, 20 wt % to 75 wt %, 20 wt % to 50 wt %, 30 wt %to 99 wt %, 30 wt % to 75 wt %, 30 wt % to 50 wt %, 40 wt % to 99 wt %,40 wt % to 75 wt %, 40 wt % to 50 wt %, 50 wt % to 99 wt %, 50 wt % to75 wt %, 60 wt % to 99 wt %, 60 wt % to 75 wt %, 70 wt % to 99 wt %, 70wt % to 75 wt %, 80 wt % to 99 wt %, 80 wt % to 90 wt %, 90 wt % to 99wt %, or a weight concentration range defined by any two of theaforementioned weight percentages in this paragraph.

F. Chewing Compositions

In some embodiments, the consumable comprising an MRP composition of thepresent application is a chewing composition. The term “chewingcompositions” include chewing gum compositions, chewing tobacco,smokeless tobacco, snuff, chewing gum and other compositions which aremasticated and subsequently expectorated.

Chewing gum compositions generally comprise a water-soluble portion anda water-insoluble chewable gum base portion. The water soluble portion,which typically includes an MRP composition of the present application,dissipates with a portion of the flavoring agent over a period of timeduring chewing while the insoluble gum base portion is retained in themouth. The insoluble gum base generally determines whether a gum isconsidered chewing gum, bubble gum, or a functional gum.

The insoluble gum base, which is generally present in the chewing gumcomposition in an amount in the range of about 15 to about 35 weightpercent of the chewing gum composition, generally comprises combinationsof elastomers, softeners (plasticizers), emulsifiers, resins, andfillers. Such components generally are considered food grade, recognizedas safe (GRA), and/or are U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA)-approved.

Elastomers, the primary component of the gum base, provide the rubbery,cohesive nature to gums and can include one or more natural rubbers(e.g., smoked latex, liquid latex, or guayule); natural gums (e.g.,jelutong, perillo, sorva, massaranduba balata, massaranduba chocolate,nispero, rosindinha, chicle, and gutta hang kang); or syntheticelastomers (e.g., butadiene-styrene copolymers, isobutylene-isoprenecopolymers, polybutadiene, polyisobutylene, and vinyl polymericelastomers). In a particular embodiment, the elastomer is present in thegum base in an amount in the range of about 3 to about 50 weight percentof the gum base.

Resins are used to vary the firmness of the gum base and aid insoftening the elastomer component of the gum base. Non-limiting examplesof suitable resins include a rosin ester, a terpene resin (e.g., aterpene resin from α-pinene, β-pinene and/or D-limonene), polyvinylacetate, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl acetate, and vinylacetate-vinyl laurate copolymers. Non-limiting examples of rosin estersinclude a glycerol ester of a partially hydrogenated rosin, a glycerolester of a polymerized rosin, a glycerol ester of a partially dimerizedrosin, a glycerol ester of rosin, a pentaerythritol ester of a partiallyhydrogenated rosin, a methyl ester of rosin, or a methyl ester of apartially hydrogenated rosin. In some embodiment, the resin is presentin the gum base in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 75 weightpercent of the gum base.

Softeners, which also are known as plasticizers, are used to modify theease of chewing and/or mouth feel of the chewing gum composition.Generally, softeners comprise oils, fats, waxes, and emulsifiers.Non-limiting examples of oils and fats include tallow, hydrogenatedtallow, large, hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oils(e.g., soybean, canola, cottonseed, sunflower, palm, coconut, corn,safflower, or palm kernel oils), cocoa butter, glycerol monostearate,glycerol triacetate, glycerol abietate, lecithin, monoglycerides,diglycerides, triglycerides acetylated monoglycerides, and free fattyacids. Non-limiting examples of waxes includepolypropylene/polyethylene/Fisher-Tropsch waxes, paraffin, andmicrocrystalline and natural waxes (e.g., candelilla, beeswax andcarnauba). Microcrystalline waxes, especially those with a high degreeof crystallinity and a high melting point, also may be considered asbodying agents or textural modifiers. In some embodiments, the softenersare present in the gum base in an amount in the range of about 0.5 toabout 25 weight percent of the gum base.

Emulsifiers are used to form a uniform dispersion of the insoluble andsoluble phases of the chewing gum composition and also have plasticizingproperties. Suitable emulsifiers include glycerol monostearate (GMS),lecithin (phosphatidyl choline), polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid(PPGR), mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, glycerol distearate,tracetin, acetylated monoglyceride, glycerol triacetate, and magnesiumstearate. In some embodiments, the emulsifiers are present in the gumbase in an amount in the range of about 2 to about 30 weight percent ofthe gum base.

The chewing gum composition also may comprise adjuvants or fillers ineither the gum base and/or the soluble portion of the chewing gumcomposition. Suitable adjuvants and fillers include lecithin, inulin,polydextrin, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium silicate,ground limestone, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum silicate, talc, clay,alumina, titanium dioxide, and calcium phosphate. In some embodiments,lecithin can be used as an inert filler to decrease the stickiness ofthe chewing gum composition. In other some embodiments, lactic acidcopolymers, proteins (e.g., gluten and/or zein) and/or guar can be usedto create a gum that is more readily biodegradable. The adjuvants orfillers are generally present in the gum base in an amount up to about20 weight percent of the gum base. Other optional ingredients includecoloring agents, whiteners, preservatives, and flavors.

In some embodiments of the chewing gum composition, the gum basecomprises about 5 to about 95 weight percent of the chewing gumcomposition, more desirably about 15 to about 50 weight percent of thechewing gum composition, and even more desirably from about 20 to about30 weight percent of the chewing gum composition.

The soluble portion of the chewing gum composition may optionallyinclude other artificial or natural sweeteners, bulk sweeteners,softeners, emulsifiers, flavoring agents, coloring agents, adjuvants,fillers, functional agents (e.g., pharmaceutical agents or nutrients),or combinations thereof. Suitable examples of softeners and emulsifiersare described above.

Bulk sweeteners include both caloric and non-caloric compounds.Non-limiting examples of bulk sweeteners include sucrose, dextrose,maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, high fructose cornsyrup, levulose, galactose, corn syrup solids, tagatose, polyols (e.g.,sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, and maltitol),hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, trehalose, or mixturesthereof. In some embodiments, the bulk sweetener is present in thechewing gum composition in an amount in the range of about 1 to about 75weight percent of the chewing gum composition.

Flavoring agents may be used in either the insoluble gum base or solubleportion of the chewing gum composition. Such flavoring agents may benatural or artificial flavors. In some embodiments, the flavoring agentcomprises an essential oil, such as an oil produced from a plant or afruit, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, other mint oils, clove oil,cinnamon oil, oil of wintergreen, bay, thyme, cedar leaf, nutmeg,allspice, sage, mace, and almonds. In another embodiment, the flavoringagent comprises a plant extract or a fruit essence such as apple,banana, watermelon, pear, peach, grape, strawberry, raspberry, cherry,plum, pineapple, apricot, or mixtures thereof. In still anotherembodiment, the flavoring agent comprises a Citrus flavor, such as anextract, essence, or oil of lemon, lime, orange, tangerine, grapefruit,citron, or kumquat.

In some embodiments, the chewing gum composition comprises an MRPcomposition of the present application and a gum base.

In any of the chewing gum compositions described herein, an MRPcomposition of the present application may be present in the chewing gumcomposition at a final weight concentration of 0.0001 wt %, 0.001 wt %,0.01 wt %, 0.1 wt %, 1 wt %, 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, 5 wt %, 6 wt %, 7wt %, 8 wt %. 9 wt %, 10 wt %, 11 wt %, 12 wt %, 13 wt %, 14 wt %, 15 wt%, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %, 19 wt %, 20 wt %, 21 wt %, 22 wt %, 23 wt%, 24 wt %, 25 wt %, 26 wt %, 27 wt %, 28 wt %, 29 wt %, 30 wt %, 31 wt%, 32 wt %, 33 wt %, 34 wt %, 35 wt %, 36 wt %, 37 wt %, 38 wt %, 39 wt%, 40 wt %, 41 wt %, 42 wt %, 43 wt %, 44 wt %, 45 wt %, 46 wt %, 47 wt%, 48 wt %, 49 wt %, 50 wt %, 51 wt %, 52 wt %, 53 wt %, 54 wt %, 55 wt%, 56 wt %, 57 wt %, 58 wt %, 59 wt %, 60 wt %, 61 wt %, 62 wt %, 63 wt%, 64 wt %, 65 wt %, 66 wt %, 67 wt %, 68 wt %, 69 wt %, 70 wt %, 71 wt%, 72 wt %, 73 wt %, 74 wt %, 75 wt %, 76 wt %, 77 wt %, 78 wt %, 79 wt%, 80 wt %, or a weight concentration range defined by any two of theaforementioned weight percentages in this paragraph.

In more particular embodiments, an MRP composition of the presentapplication may be present in any of the chewing gum compositionsdescribed herein, at a weight percentage range from 0.001 wt % to 99 wt%, 0.001 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 25 wt %.0.001 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001wt % to 1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.01 wt %, 0.01 wt% to 99 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.01 wt % to25 wt %., 0.01 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 2 wt%, 0.01 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.1 wt% to 50 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 25 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 5 wt%, 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 1 wt %to 99 wt %, 1 wt % to 75 wt %, 1 wt % to 50 wt %, 1 wt % to 25 wt %, 1wt % to 10 wt %, 1 wt % to 5 wt %, 5 wt % to 99 wt %, 5 wt % to 75 wt %,5 wt % to 50 wt %, 5 wt % to 25 wt %, 5 wt % to 10 wt %, 10 wt % to 99wt %, 10 wt % to 75 wt %, 10 wt % to 50 wt %, 10 wt % to 25 wt %, 10 wt% to 15 wt %, 20 wt % to 99 wt %, 20 wt % to 75 wt %, 20 wt % to 50 wt%,30 wt % to 99 wt %,30 wt % to 75 wt %,30wt % to 50 wt %, 40 wt % to 99wt %, 40 wt % to 75 wt %, 40 wt % to 50 wt %, 50 wt % to 99 wt %, 50 wt% to 75 wt %, 60 wt % to 99 wt %, 60 wt % to 75 wt %, 70 wt % to 99 wt%, 70 wt % to 75 wt %, 80 wt % to 99 wt %, 80 wt % to 90 wt %, 90 wt %to 99 wt %, or a weight concentration range defined by any two of theaforementioned weight percentages in this paragraph.

G. Tabletop Sweetener Compositions

In general, tabletop sugar replacements lack certain taste attributesassociated with sugar, especially for solid tabletop sweeteners. Inaddressing this need, the inventor of the present application hasdeveloped more palatable tabletop sugar replacements than commonlyknown. Specifically, in some embodiments, the present applicationprovides an orally consumable composition comprising an MRP compositionof the present application in the form of an orally consumable tabletopsweetener composition. In one embodiment, the orally consumable tabletopsweetener composition has a taste similar to molasses (Example 241).

In some embodiments, the tabletop sweetener replacement includes one ormore Stevia-based MRP compositions utilizing glycosylated steviolglycosides as described in the present application. Compared withstandard steviol glycosides, such as RA50SG95 and RA80SG95, adding MRPsor S-MRPs in tabletop sweeteners can tastefully enhance, for example,the flavor of tea or coffee. Similarly, these MRPs or S-MRPs can play asimilar role when applied to powdered beverages.

In some embodiments, the tabletop sweetener composition may furtherinclude at least one bulking agent, additive, anti-caking agent,functional ingredient or combination thereof.

Suitable “bulking agents” include, but are not limited to, maltodextrin(10 DE, 18 DE, or 5 DE), corn syrup solids (20 or 36 DE), sucrose,fructose, glucose, invert sugar, sorbitol, xylose, ribulose, mannose,xylitol, mannitol, galactitol, erythritol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt,maltose, tagatose, lactose, inulin, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyols,polydextrose, fructooligosaccharides, cellulose and cellulosederivatives, and the like, or mixtures thereof. Additionally, inaccordance with still other embodiments of the application, granulatedsugar (sucrose) or other caloric sweeteners such as crystallinefructose, other carbohydrates, or sugar alcohol can be used as a bulkingagent due to their provision of good content uniformity without theaddition of significant calories.

As used herein, the phrase “anti-caking agent” and “flow agent” refersto any composition which assists in content uniformity and uniformdissolution. In some embodiments, non-limiting examples of anti-cakingagents include cream of tartar, aluminium silicate (Kaolin), calciumaluminium silicate, calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, magnesiumcarbonate, magnesium silicate, mono-, di- and tri-calciumorthophosphate, potassium aluminium silicate, silicon dioxide, sodiumaluminium silicate, salts of stearic acid, microcrystalline cellulose(Avicel, FMC BioPolymer, Philadelphia, Pa.), and tricalcium phosphate.In one embodiment, the anti-caking agents are present in the tabletopsweetener composition in an amount from about 0.001 to about 3% byweight of the tabletop sweetener composition.

The tabletop sweetener compositions can be packaged in any form known inthe art. Non-limiting forms include, but are not limited to, powderform, granular form, packets, tablets, sachets, pellets, cubes, solids,and liquids.

In one embodiment, the tabletop sweetener composition is asingle-serving (portion control) packet comprising a dry-blend.Dry-blend formulations generally may comprise powder or granules.Although the tabletop sweetener composition may be in a packet of anysize, an illustrative non-limiting example of conventional portioncontrol tabletop sweetener packets are approximately 2.5 by 1.5 inchesand hold approximately 1 gram of a sweetener composition having asweetness equivalent to 2 teaspoons of granulated sugar (˜8 g). Theamount of an MRP composition of the present application in a dry-blendtabletop sweetener formulation can vary. In some embodiments, adry-blend tabletop sweetener formulation may comprise a Composition ofthe present application in an amount from about 1% (w/w) to about 10%(w/w) of the tabletop sweetener composition.

Solid tabletop sweetener embodiments include cubes and tablets. Anon-limiting example of conventional cubes is equivalent in size to astandard cube of granulated sugar, which is approximately 2.2×2.2×2.2cm³ and weighs approximately 8 g. In one embodiment, a solid tabletopsweetener is in the form of a tablet or any other form known to thoseskilled in the art.

A tabletop sweetener composition also may be embodied in the form of aliquid, wherein an MRP composition of the present application iscombined with a liquid carrier. Suitable non-limiting examples ofcarrier agents for liquid tabletop sweeteners include water, alcohol,polyol, glycerin base or citric acid base dissolved in water, ormixtures thereof. The sweetness equivalent of a tabletop sweetenercomposition for any of the forms described herein or known in the artmay be varied to obtain a desired sweetness profile. For example, atabletop sweetener composition may have a degree of sweetness comparableto that of an equivalent amount of standard sugar. In anotherembodiment, the tabletop sweetener composition may comprise a sweetnessof up to 100 times that of an equivalent amount of sugar. In anotherembodiment, the tabletop sweetener composition may comprise a sweetnessof up to 90 times, 80 times, 70 times, 60 times, 50 times, 40 times, 30times, 20 times, 10 times, 9 times, 8 times, 7 times, 6 times, 5 times,4 times, 3 times, and 2 times that of an equivalent amount of sugar.

In any of the tabletop sweetener compositions described herein, an MRPcomposition of the present application may be present in the tabletopsweetener composition at a final weight concentration of 0.0001 wt %,0.001 wt %, 0.01 wt %, 0.1 wt %, 1 wt %, 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, 5 wt %,6 wt %, 7 wt %, 8 wt %. 9 wt %, 10 wt %, 11 wt %, 12 wt %, 13 wt %, 14wt %, 15 wt %, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %, 19 wt %, 20 wt %, 21 wt %, 22wt %, 23 wt %, 24 wt %, 25 wt %, 26 wt %, 27 wt %, 28 wt %, 29 wt %, 30wt %, 31 wt %, 32 wt %, 33 wt %, 34 wt %, 35 wt %, 36 wt %, 37 wt %, 38wt %, 39 wt %, 40 wt %, 41 wt %, 42 wt %, 43 wt %, 44 wt %, 45 wt %, 46wt %, 47 wt %, 48 wt %, 49 wt %, 50 wt %, 51 wt %, 52 wt %, 53 wt %, 54wt %, 55 wt %, 56 wt %, 57 wt %, 58 wt %, 59 wt %, 60 wt %, 61 wt %, 62wt %, 63 wt %, 64 wt %, 65 wt %, 66 wt %, 67 wt %, 68 wt %, 69 wt %, 70wt %, 71 wt %, 72 wt %, 73 wt %, 74 wt %, 75 wt %, 76 wt %, 77 wt %, 78wt %, 79 wt %, 80 wt %, 81 wt %, 82 wt %, 83 wt %, 84 wt %, 85 wt %, 86wt %, 87 wt %, 88 wt %, 89 wt %, 90 wt %, 91 wt %, 92 wt %, 93 wt %, 94wt %, 95 wt %, 96 wt %, 97 wt %, 98 wt %, 99 wt %, or 100 wt %, or aweight concentration range defined by any two of the aforementionedweight percentages in this paragraph.

In more particular embodiments, an MRP composition of the presentapplication may be present in any of the tabletop sweetener compositionsdescribed herein, at a weight percentage range from 0.001 wt % to 99 wt%, 0.001 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 25 wt %.0.001 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001wt % to 1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.01 wt %, 0.01 wt% to 99 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.01 wt % to25 wt %., 0.01 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 2 wt%, 0.01 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.1 wt% to 50 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 25 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 5 wt%, 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 1 wt %to 99 wt %, 1 wt % to 75 wt %, 1 wt % to 50 wt %, 1 wt % to 25 wt %, 1wt % to 10 wt %, 1 wt % to 5 wt %, 5 wt % to 99 wt %, 5 wt % to 75 wt %,5 wt % to 50 wt %, 5 wt % to 25 wt %, 5 wt % to 10 wt %, 10 wt % to 99wt %, 10 wt % to 75 wt %, 10 wt % to 50 wt %, 10 wt % to 25 wt %, 10 wt% to 15 wt %, 20 wt % to 99 wt %, 20 wt % to 75 wt %, 20 wt % to 50 wt%,30 wt % to 99 wt %,30 wt % to 75 wt %,30wt % to 50 wt %, 40 wt % to 99wt %, 40 wt % to 75 wt %, 40 wt % to 50 wt %, 50 wt % to 99 wt %, 50 wt% to 75 wt %, 60 wt % to 99 wt %, 60 wt % to 75 wt %, 70 wt % to 99 wt%, 70 wt % to 75 wt %, 80 wt % to 99 wt %, 80 wt % to 90 wt %, 90 wt %to 99 wt %, or a weight concentration range defined by any two of theaforementioned weight percentages in this paragraph.

H. Medicinal Compositions

In certain embodiments, the MRP compositions of the present applicationmay be used in medicinal compositions. As used herein, the term“medicinal composition” includes solids, gases and liquids which areingestible materials having medicinal value, such as cough syrups, coughdrops, medicinal sprays, vitamins, and chewable medicinal tablets thatare administered orally or used in the oral cavity in the form of e.g.,a pill, tablet, spray, capsule, syrup, drop, troche agent, powder, andthe like.

I. Oral Hygiene Compositions

In some embodiments, the MRP compositions of the present application maybe used in an oral hygiene composition. As used herein, the “oralhygiene composition” includes mouthwashes, mouth rinses, breathfresheners, toothpastes, tooth polishes, dentifrices, mouth sprays,teeth whitening agents, soaps, perfumes, and the like.

J. Cosmetic Compositions

In some embodiments, the MRP compositions of the present application maybe utilized in a cosmetic composition for enhancing the aroma of acosmetic or skin-care product. As used herein, the term “cosmeticcomposition” means a composition that is formulated for topicalapplication to skin, which has a pleasant colour, odour and feel, andwhich does not cause unacceptable discomfort (stinging, tautness orredness) liable to discourage the consumer from using it.

Cosmetic composition may be preferably formulated in the form of anemulsion, e.g., W/O (water-in-oil), O/W (oil-in-water), W/O/W(water-in-oil-in-water), O/W/O (oil-in-water-in-oil) emulsion, PITemulsion, Pickering emulsion, emulsion with a low oil content, micro- ornanoemulsion, a solution, e.g., in oil (fatty oils or fatty acid esters,in particular C₆-C₃₂ fatty acid C₂-C₃₀ esters) or silicone oil,dispersion, suspension, creme, lotion or milk, depending on theproduction method and ingredients, a gel (including hydrogel,hydrodispersion gel, oleogel), spray (e.g., pump spray or spray withpropellant) or a foam or an impregnating solution for cosmetic wipes, adetergent, e.g., soap, synthetic detergent, liquid washing, shower andbath preparation, bath product (capsule, oil, tablet, salt, bath salt,soap, etc.), effervescent preparation, a skin care product such as e.g.,an emulsion (as described above), ointment, paste, gel (as describedabove), oil, balsam, serum, powder (e.g., face powder, body powder), amask, a pencil, stick, roll-on, pump, aerosol (foaming, non-foaming orpost-foaming), a deodorant and/or antiperspirant, mouthwash and mouthrinse, a foot care product (including keratolytic, deodorant), an insectrepellent, a sunscreen, aftersun preparation, a shaving product,aftershave balm, pre- and aftershave lotion, a depilatory agent, a haircare product such as e.g., shampoo (including 2-in-1 shampoo,anti-dandruff shampoo, baby shampoo, shampoo for dry scalps,concentrated shampoo), conditioner, hair tonic, hair water, hair rinse,styling creme, pomade, perm and setting lotion, hair spray, styling aid(e.g., gel or wax), hair smoothing agent (detangling agent, relaxer),hair dye such as e.g., temporary direct-dyeing hair dye, semi-permanenthair dye, permanent hair dye, hair conditioner, hair mousse, eye careproduct, make-up, make-up remover or baby product.

K. Smokable Compositions

In some embodiments, the MRP compositions of the present application maybe used in a smokable composition. The term “smokable composition,” asused herein, includes any material that can be smoked or inhaled, suchas tobacco and Cannabis, as well as any smokable material that is burnedto provide desirable aromas (e.g., charcoal briquettes for grillingfoods, incense etc). The smoking compositions may encompass cigarettes,electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), cigars, pipe and cigar tobacco,chew tobacco, vaporizable liquids, and all forms of tobacco such asshredded filler, leaf, stem, stalk, homogenized leaf cured,reconstituted binders, reconstituted tobacco from tobacco dust, fines,or other sources in sheet, pellet or other forms. “Smokablecompositions” also include Cannabis compositions (e.g., flowermaterials, leaf materials, extracts, oils, edible candies, vaporizableliquids, Cannabis-infused beverages, etc.) and tobacco substitutesformulated from non-tobacco materials.

VI. Use of the MRP Compositions

The compositions and methods described herein are useful in a wide rangeof orally consumable products. A non-limiting outline of products forapplication of the MRP compositions described herein includes thefollowing:

1 Dairy Products

1.1 Milk and dairy-based drinks

Milk and buttermilk

Buttermilk (plain)

Dairy based drinks, flavored and/or fermented

1.2 Fermented, renneted milk products (excluding drinks)

1.3 Condensed milk and analogues

Condensed milk (plain)

Beverage whiteners

1.4 Cream (plain) and similar products

Pasteurized cream

Sterilized, UHT, whipping or whipped and reduced-fat creams

Clotted cream

Cream analogues

1.5 Milk or cream powders

Milk or cream powders

Milk or cream powders analogues

1.6 Cheese

Unripened cheese

Ripened cheese

Whey cheese

Processed cheese

Cheese analogues

1.7 Dairy-based desserts (e.g., ice cream, ice milk, pudding, fruit orflavored yogurt)

1.8 Whey and whey products, excluding whey cheese

2 Fats and oils and fat emulsions (type water-in-oil)

2.1 Fats and oils essentially free from water

2.2 Fat emulsions, water-in-oil

2.3 Fat emulsions other than 2.2, including mixed and/or flavoredproducts based on fat emulsions.

2.4 Fat-based desserts (excluding dairy-based desserts)

3 Edible ices, including sherbet and sorbet

4, Fruits and vegetables (including mushrooms and fungi, roots andtubers, pulses and legumes) and nuts and seeds

4.1 Fruit

4.1.1 Fresh fruit

Untreated fruit

Surface-treated fruit

Peeled or cut fruit

4.1.2 Processed fruit

Frozen fruit

Dried fruit

Fruit in vinegar, oil or brine

Canned or bottled (pasteurized) fruit

Jams, jellies and marmalades

Fruit-based spread

Candied fruit

Fruit preparations, including pulp and fruit toppings

Fruit-based desserts, including fruit-flavored water-based desserts

Fermented fruit products

Fruit fillings for pastries

Cooked or fried fruits

4.2 Vegetables (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulsesand legumes) and nuts and seeds

4.2.1 Fresh vegetables

Untreated vegetables

Surface treated vegetables

Peeled or cut vegetables

4.2.2 Processed vegetable and nuts and seeds

Frozen vegetable

Dried vegetables

Vegetables in vinegar, oil or brine

Canned or bottled (pasteurized) vegetables

Vegetable, nut and seed purees and spreads

Vegetable, nut and seed pulps and preparations

Fermented vegetable products

Cooked or fried vegetables

5 Confectionery

5.1 Cocoa products and chocolate products, including imitations andchocolate substitutes

Cocoa mixes (powder and syrups)

Cocoa based spreads, including fillings

Cocoa and chocolate products (e.g., milk chocolate bars, chocolateflakes, white chocolate)

Imitation chocolate and chocolate substitute products

5.2 Sugar-based confectionery other than 5.1, 5.3 and 5.4, includinghard and soft candy and nougats

5.3 Chewing gum

5.4 Decorations (e.g., for fine bakery wares), toppings (non-fruit) andsweet sauces

6 Cereals and cereal products, including flours and starches from rootsand tubers, and pulses and legumes, excluding bakery wares

Whole, broken or flaked grain, including rice

Flours and starches

Breakfast cereals, including rolled oats

Pastas and noodles

Cereals and starch-based desserts (e.g., rice pudding, tapioca pudding)

Batters (e.g., for fish or poultry)

7 Bakery wares

7.1 Bread and ordinary bakery wares

Breads and rolls

Crackers, excluding sweet crackers

Other ordinary bakery products (e.g., bagels, pitta, English muffins)

Bread-type products, including bread stuffing and breadcrumbs

7.2 Fine bakery wares

Cakes, cookies and pies (e.g., fruit-filled or custard types)

Other fine bakery products (e.g., doughnuts, sweet rolls, scones andmuffins)

Mixes for fine bakery wares (e.g., cakes, pancakes)

8 Meat and meat products, including poultry and game

8.1 Fresh meat, poultry and game

Fresh meat, poultry and game, whole pieces or cuts

Fresh meat, poultry and game, comminuted

8.2 Processed meat, poultry and game products in whole pieces or cuts

8.3 Processed comminuted meat, poultry and game products

8.4 Edible casings (e.g., sausage casings)

9, Fish and fish products, including mollusks, crustaceans andechinoderms

9.1 Fish and fish products

9.2 Processed fish and fish products

9.3 Semi-preserved fish and fish products

9.4 Fully preserved fish and fish products

10 Eggs and egg products

10.1 Fresh egg

10.2 Egg products

10.3 Preserved eggs

10.4 Egg-based desserts

11 Sweeteners, including honey

11.1 White and semi-white sugar (sucrose or sacharose), fructose,glucose (dextrose), xylose, sugar solutions and syrups, and (partially)inverted sugars, including molasses, treacle and sugar toppings.

11.2 Other sugar and syrups (e.g., brown sugar, maple syrup)

11.3 Honey

11.4 Table-top sweeteners, including those containing high-intensitysweeteners, other than 11.1-11.3

12 Salt, spices, soups, sauces, salads, protein products, etc

12.1 Salt

12.2 Herbs, spices, seasonings (including salt substitutes) andcondiments

12.3 Vinegars

12.4 Mustards

12.5 Soups and broths

Ready-to-eat soups and broths, including canned, bottled and frozen

Mixes for soups and broths

12.6 Sauces and similar products

Emulsified sauces (e.g., mayonnaise, salad dressing)

Non-emulsified sauces (e.g., ketchup, cheese sauce, cream sauce, browngravy)

Mixes for sauces and gravies

12.7 Salads (e.g., macaroni salad, potato salad) and sandwich spreads(excluding cocoa- and nut-based spreads)

12.8 Yeast

12.9 Protein products

13 Foodstuffs intended for particular nutritional uses

13.1 Infant formulae and follow-up formulae

13.2 Foods for young children (weaning food)

13.3 Diabetic foods intended for special medical purposes

13.4 Diabetic formulae for slimming purposes and weight reduction

13.5 Diabetic foods other than 13.1-13.4

13.6 Food supplements

14 Beverage excluding dairy products

14.1 Non-alcoholic (“soft”) beverages

14.1.1 Waters

Natural mineral waters and source waters

Table waters and soda waters

14.1.2 Fruit and vegetable juices

Canned or bottled (pasteurized) fruit juice

Canned or bottled (pasteurized) vegetable juice

Concentrates (liquid or solid) for fruit juice

Concentrates (liquid or solid) for vegetable juice

14.1.3 Fruit and vegetable nectars

Canned or bottled (pasteurized) fruit nectar

Canned or bottled (pasteurized) vegetable nectar

Concentrate (liquid or solid) for fruit nectar

Concentrate (liquid or solid) for vegetable nectar

14.1.4 Water-based flavored drinks, including ‘sport’ or ‘electrolyte”drinks

Carbonated drinks

Non-carbonated drinks, including punches

Concentrates (liquid or solid) for drinks

14.1.15 Coffee, coffee substitutes, tea, herbal infusions and other hotcereal beverages, excluding cocoa

14.2 Alcoholic beverages, including alcohol-free and low-alcoholiccounterparts

14.2.1 Beer or malt beverage

14.2.2 Cider and perry

14.2.3 Wines

Still wine

Sparking and semi-sparkling wines

Fortified wine and liquor wine

Aromatized wine

14.2.4 Fruit wine

14.2.5 Mead

14.2.6 Spirituous beverages

Spirituous beverage containing at least 15% alcohol

Spirituous beverage containing less than 15% alcohol

15 Ready-to-eat savories

Snacks, potato-, cereal-, flour-, or starch-based (from roots andtubers, pulses and legumes)

Processed nuts, including coated nuts and nut mixtures (with e.g., driedfruit)

16 Composite foods (e.g., casseroles, meat pies, mincemeat)—foods thatcould not be placed in categories 1-15.

The MRP compositions of the present application address needs in variousindustries. For example, in view of the increasing demand of naturalflavors, such as vanilla, Citrus, cocoa, coffee etc., the food andbeverage industries face a big challenge to meet consumers'requirements. For example, the harvest of Citrus in recent years hasbeen heavily influenced by fruit disease which has created a shortage.Vanilla, coffee and cocoa supply is always strongly influenced byclimate. To increase their availability, farmers have to use more landto compete with other necessary cultivation of food and vegetableproducts, thus there is an additional danger of deforestation.Therefore, there is a need to find alternative sources to complement themarket demand. The inventors surprisingly found that adding MRPs couldsignificantly improve the taste profile of flavors, lower the thresholdof flavors and reduce the amount of flavors to be used. An embodimentcomprises MRPs (or mixture of MRPs and sweetening agent, or mixture ofMRPs, sweetening agent and thaumatin) and flavor.

While consumers demand “cleaner” labels, retailers demand longer shelflife. The use of natural antioxidants such as tocopherols and rosemaryextracts can solve these problems simultaneously. However, naturalantioxidants always retain their own characteristic aroma, which makesit difficult to incorporate them in food and beverages. There is a needto look for alternative solutions. The inventors surprisingly found thatadding MRPs to food or beverages can significantly reduce the negativearoma of antioxidants and provide a synergy of positive antioxidantproperties. In one embodiment, a composition comprising MRPs (or amixture of MRPs and sweetening agent(s) with or without thaumatin) and anatural antioxidant is disclosed.

Thaumatin is a good alternative solution for sugar reduction. However,its lingering taste makes it difficult to be used at higher dosages. Theinventors surprisingly found adding MRPs could substantially reduce thelingering and bitterness of thaumatin and widen its usage in foods andbeverages. In one aspect, compositions comprising MRPs and thaumatin aredisclosed, including food or beverages comprising MRPs and thaumatin.Addition, of a sweetening agent, such as Stevia, together with MRPs cansignificantly improve the taste profile of thaumatin, reducing itslingering taste. Thaumatin has synergy with MRPs to reduce thebitterness and/or aftertaste of Stevia.

It should be understood throughout that various compositions can includecombinations of one or more MRP(s); or one or more MRP(s) with thaumatin(or one or more sweetener(s)); or one or more MRP(s) with one or moresweetening agent(s); or one or more MRP(s) with one or more sweeteningagent(s) and one or more sweeteners, e.g., thaumatin.

The intense sweetness and flavor/aroma enhancement properties associatedwith the MRP technology described herein provides useful applications inimproving the palatability of medicines, traditional Chinese medicine,food supplements, beverage, food containing herbs, particularly thosewith unpleasant long-lasting active ingredients not easily masked bysugar or glucose syrups, let alone sweetening agents or synthetic highintensity sweeteners. The inventor of the present application hassurprisingly found that the compositions described herein can mask theunpleasant taste and smell for products containing these substances, forinstance Goji berries juice, sea buckthorn juice, milk thistle extract,Ginkgo biloba extract etc. Thus, in medicinal compositions, includingtraditional Chinese medicine, and in food supplements, one or more ofcompositions described herein may be particularly useful as maskingagents.

Thickeners, including hydrocolloids and polyols, may be included in aliquid composition to improve the mouth feel by increasing viscosity,and may also be used in solid base products, as fillers for low costsugar products. However, they could create a chalky or a floury taste,and higher viscosities would make a beverage less palatable. Therefore,there is a need to find a solution to reduce the amount of thickeners tobe used for food and beverage especially for sugar, fat and saltreduction products. The inventors surprisingly found that adding MRPscould enhance the mouth feel of thickeners and have a synergistic effectwithout necessarily increasing the viscosity, thus improving thepalatability of the food or beverage. An embodiment comprises MRPs (ormixture of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), or mixture of MRPs, sweeteningagents and thaumatin) and a thickener, wherein the thickener is selectedfrom one or more hydrocolloids and/or polyols.

MRPs create significant challenges for the food industry. A lot ofresources have been expended to prevent Maillard reactions in foodproceeding in order to preserve food quality. Therefore, there is a needto find methods to produce useful MRPs which the food and beverageindustry could benefit from.

In one aspect, 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo (4,5-b)pyridine (PhlP)is formed in high amounts and is usually responsible for around 80% ofthe aromatic amines present in cooked meat products. It is listed on theIARC list of carcinogens. It is now understood that (HAAs) are over 100fold more mutagenic than Aflatoxin B 1. For example, heterocyclicaromatic amines (HAAs) can be formed under mild conditions—when glucose,glycine and creatine/creatinine are left at room temperature in aphosphate buffer for 84 days HAA's are formed. HAA's are reported in allkinds of cooked meat and fish products especially those that have beengrilled, barbecued or roasted. Traditional restaurant food preparationtends to produce more HAA's than fast food outlets. With chicken, deepfat frying produces the highest levels of HAA's. Increasing mutagenicactivity correlates with increased weight loss during cooking. In BBQ'dbeef additional mutagenic components are present.

Acrylamide, for example, was first identified in 2002 by MargaretTornquist of Stockholm University. She compared the blood samples ofSwedish tunnel builders working with a sealant containing acrylamidewith those of the general population. The results showed that thegeneral population was regularly exposed to high levels of acrylamide.Rat feeding studies revealed that acrylamide increased the rates ofseveral types of cancer. All these results showed that there is a needto find alternative solutions to provide the desired taste without theseharmful substances, especially for bread, grilled meat, roasted coffeeand chocolate.

The inventors' solution was to select suitable sugars and amine donorsto create tastes or flavors, which can be added in food or beverages,especially for sweet foods and beverages. The addition of healthier MRPscan allow for conditions of baking, frying, grilling, and roasting offoods to be conducted at lower temperatures, to have shorter heatingtimes, and to reduce the amount of harmful substances, and/or avoidcreating harmful substances compared with traditional food processmethods. Meanwhile, traditional methods for heating whole foods consumea lot of energy and create more pollution when compared to the methodsand compositions of the present invention. The present inventionfacilitates the use of new methods of baking, frying, grilling androasting without compromising taste. In one aspect, a food or beveragecan include healthier and less harmful MRPs.

The naturally formed MRPs in bread upon baking or in meat products upongrilling do not necessarily provide predictable and/or reproduciblearomas or tastes when prepared. The MRP technology employed herein canserve to render the aroma and taste profiles of food and beverages to bemore predictable and reproducible, since the same amount(s) of MRPs canbe added from different batches to yield the same aroma/taste in thesame product.

Proteins constitute an important constituent in foods and beverages forpromoting health. However, protein's raw egg taste and smell is anobstacle for wider use. Bean protein, whey protein and coconut proteinpossess characteristic unpleasant tastes after drying. Accordingly,there is a need for solutions to make them more palatable. The presentinventors have surprisingly found that adding compositions of thisinvention can significantly block the unpleasant taste of certainproteins so as to make them more palatable to consumers.

For example, one embodiment pertains to a composition of protein(s) andMRPs (or mixtures of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), or mixtures of MRPs,sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin). Such compositions may be included infood products and beverages.

Reduced fat foods and beverages are prevalent in the market. However,lack of mouth feel and saturated fat taste on the tongue make themunpalatable for some consumers. Thus, there exists a need to addressthis problem. The inventors have surprisingly found that addingcompositions this invention can significantly improve the mouth feel andoverall taste of reduced fat foods and beverages. One embodimentpertains to compositions comprising fats and MRPs (or mixtures of MRPsand sweetening agent(s), or mixture(s) of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) andthaumatin). Another embodiment pertains to partially or completelyreduced fat foods and beverages comprising MRPs, mixture(s) of MRPs andsweetening agent(s), or mixture(s) of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) andthaumatin. Furthermore, the present inventors further surprisinglydiscovered that the Maillard reaction products as prepared herein can beused as a fat substitute in the food and beverage industries.

Reduced salt foods and beverages are in high demand. However, the tasteis not very satisfying to most consumers. Thus, there is a need to finda solution to enhance the salty taste without increasing sodium intake.The inventors surprisingly found there is synergy of MRPs, mixture(s) ofMRPs and sweetening agent(s), mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s)and thaumatin with salt. One embodiment pertains to reduced compositionsof salt with MRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s),mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin. Otherembodiments provide salted foods or beverages with MRPs, mixture(s) ofMRPs and sweetening agent(s), or mixture(s) of MRPs, sweetening agent(s)and thaumatin.

Foods and beverages containing vegetable or vegetable juices, especiallygarlic, ginger, beet root etc. have strong characteristic flavors, whichcan present significant taste barriers for certain consumers. Thus,there is need to neutralize negative tastes and/or enhance positivetastes corresponding to such foods or beverages. The inventors havesurprisingly found that adding the compositions the present applicationcan harmonize the taste of such foods and beverages so as to make themmore palatable and delicious to consumers. One embodiment providesvegetable-containing foods and beverages comprising MRPs, mixture(s) ofMRPs and sweetening agent(s), or mixture(s) of MRPs, sweetening agent(s)and thaumatin.

Vegetables with a bitter taste, such as artichokes, broccoli, radicchio,arugula, brussels sprouts, chicory, white asparagus, endives, kale,Brassica plants, dandelions, eggplant and bitter melon provide healthyand nutritious nutrients when present in foods and beverages. However,in view of their bitter and/or otherwise undesirable tastes, there is aneed to neutralize or mask the bitter tastes associated with thesevegetables. The inventors of the present application have surprisinglyfound that adding the compositions of the present application canharmonize the taste of such foods and beverages and make them morepalatable and delicious. One embodiment pertain to vegetable containingfoods and beverages comprising MRPs, mixture(s) of MRPs and sweeteningagent(s), or mixture of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Foods and beverages containing juices, juice concentrate, or fruitextract such as cranberry, pomegranate, bilberry, raspberry,lingonberry, grapefruit, lime and Citrus have a sour and astringenttaste. The inventors surprisingly found that adding compositions of thisinvention could harmonize the taste and make it acceptable to consumers.One embodiment contains fruit or fruit juice foods or beveragescomprising MRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), ormixture of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Foods and beverages containing minerals and trace elements can have ametallic taste. There is a need to find a solution to overcome thisdrawback. The inventors surprisingly found that adding compositions ofthis invention could block the metallic taste of minerals, thusimproving the palatable taste of foods and beverages to consumers. Oneembodiment pertains to mineral enriched foods or beverages with MRPs, ormixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), or mixture(s) of MRPs,sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Vitamin fortified foods and beverages provide challenges to acceptabletaste due to bitterness or stale taste associated with Vitamin B seriesand sour and tingling tastes for Vitamin C. The inventors surprisinglyfound that adding composition of this invention could block thebitterness of Vitamin B series and improve the taste and mouth feel ofVitamin C as well as overall likeability. One embodiment is a vitaminfortified food or beverage with MRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs andsweetening agent(s), or mixture of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) andthaumatin.

Foods and beverages containing amino acids such as arginine, asparticacid, cysteine HCl, glutamine, histidine HCl, isoleucine, lysine HCl,methionite, proline, tryptophan and valine have bitter, metallic or analkaline taste. A solution is required to overcome these drawbacks. Theinventors surprisingly found that adding compositions of this inventionto amino acids could block the bitter, metallic or alkaline taste. Oneembodiment pertains to amino acid enriched foods and beverages withMRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), or mixture(s) ofMRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Foods and beverages containing fatty acids such as linoleic acid,linolenic acid and palmitoleic acid have a mineral or pungent taste.There is a need to find a solution to overcome these drawbacks. Theinventors surprisingly found that adding composition of this inventioncould block the mineral or pungent taste of fatty acids. One embodimentpertains to fatty acid containing foods and beverages with MRPs, ormixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), or mixture(s) of MRPs,sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Foods and beverages that contain natural herbs, natural herb extracts,concentrates, purified substances from herbs such as tonic water, etc.have earthy, grassy, herb tastes which are unpalatable to a lot ofconsumers. There is need to find a solution. The inventors surprisinglyfound that adding the compositions this invention could significantlymask or reduce the grassy, earthy or herb taste in such foods andbeverages. One embodiment provides an herb or herb extract enriched foodor beverage with MRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), ormixture of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Foods and beverages that contain caffeine, tea extract, ginseng juice orginseng extract, taurine or guarana that function to boost energy, whilehaving an earthy or bitter taste, which requires a solution. Theinventors surprisingly found that adding the compositions of thisinvention could significantly mask or reduce the earthy or bitter tasteof such foods and beverages. One embodiment provides an energy food orbeverage with MRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), ormixture(s) of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Foods and beverages that contain cocoa powder or coffee powder, cocoa orcoffee extract, have a bitter taste. The inventors surprisingly foundthat adding the compositions of this invention could significantly maskthe bitter taste and/or enhance the flavor of such foods and beverages.One embodiment provides a cocoa or coffee containing foods or beveragescomprising MRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), ormixture(s) of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Foods and beverages that contain tea powder or tea extract, or flavoredtea have a bitter taste or astringent mouth feel. The inventorssurprisingly found that adding the compositions of this invention couldsignificantly mask the bitter taste and/or improve the mouth feel.

An embodiment provides a tea containing food or beverage with MRPs, ormixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), or mixture(s) of MRPs,sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Alcoholic products such as wine, liquor, whiskey etc. have hugevariations in taste due to changes in quality of raw materials from yearto year. Also there are customers that can not accept the astringenttaste etc. of the alcohol, thus, there is a need to find a solution toproduce tasty alcohol products. The inventors surprisingly found thatadding the compositions of this invention could block the astringenttaste and make the product taste more full. One embodiment of alcohol inproducts includes MRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s),or mixture(s) of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Sauces, such as soy bean sauces, jams, chocolate, butter, cheese etc.can not depend upon fermentation to create flavors to meet consumers'demands. There is a need to find a simple solution to enhance the tasteand flavor of these products. The inventors found that adding thecompositions of this invention could improve the overall taste of thesefermented products. One embodiment provides sauces or fermented productswith MRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), or mixture(s)of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin

With the increase of obesity and a diabetic population, limiting sugarhas become a top concern for consumers seeking healthy diet choicesworldwide, with consumers preferring low sugar foods and beverages, butwithout the sacrifice in taste. High intensive natural sugaralternatives, such as Stevia extract, swingle extract and sweet teaextract, and artificial high intensive sweetener, such as sucralose,ACE-K and aspartame can be utilized to provide reduced sugar foods andbeverages, where these highly intensive sugar alternatives have a uniquetaste profile, but do not taste exactly like sugar. Some bring bitter ormetallic off notes, which result in low sugar food and beverages havingan unsatisfactory taste to consumers' palates. A solution to improve thetaste of low sugar foods and beverages is imperative in the promotion ofa healthy diet.

Current beverages with low sugar or sugar free, such as fruit juices andconcentrates for fruit juice, vegetable juice and concentrate forvegetable juice, fruit nectars and concentrates from fruit nectar,vegetable nectar and concentrate from vegetable nectar, tastes flat andwatery with an unpleasant aftertaste. The inventors surprisingly foundthat adding the composition of this invention could improve the tasteprofile, remove bitter or metallic aftertaste, and make the beveragetaste more like sugar. One embodiment of low sugar or sugar freebeverages includes MRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s),or mixture(s) of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Water-based flavored beverages, including “sport”, “energy” or“electrolyte” beverages and in particular, beverages such as carbonatedwater-based flavored beverages, non-carbonated water based flavoredbeverages, concentrates (liquid or solid) for water-based flavoredbeverages, often taste flat and watery with an unpleasant aftertaste.The inventors surprisingly found that by adding the compositions of thisinvention to the beverages could improve the taste profile, removebitter or metallic aftertaste, and/or the flavor is enhanced. Oneembodiment pertains to low sugar or sugar free water-based flavoredbeverages with MRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), ormixture(s) of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Low sugar or sugar free dairy foods and beverages such as milk andflavored milk, butter milk and flavored butter milk, fermented andrenneted milk, flavored fermented and renneted milk, condensed milk andflavored condensed milk, and flavored ice-cream taste flat and waterywith an unpleasant aftertaste. The inventors surprisingly found thatadding the compositions of this invention can improve the taste profile,remove bitter or metallic aftertaste(s), enhance flavor, improve mouthfeel, and/or improve overall likeability. One embodiment pertains to lowsugar or sugar free dairy products with MRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs andsweetening agent(s), or mixture(s) of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) andthaumatin.

Cannabidiol (CBD) oil, for example, is extracted from the stalks, seedsand flower of plants like hemp and has a taste that is commonlydescribed as nutty, earthy or grassy. There is a need to find a solutionto make it palatable for eating and smoking. Adding the compositions ofthis invention to CBD oil could mask the unpleasant taste. Oneembodiment pertains to of CBD oil with MRPs or mixture(s) of MRPs andsweetening agent(s) or mixture(s) of MRPs, sweetening agent(s) andthaumatin.

Nicotine has a bitter or astringent taste and aroma when inhaled.Popular electronic cigarettes require an improved taste and aroma.Adding the compositions of this invention to nicotine could masknicotine's unpleasant taste. One embodiment pertains to nicotinecontained in a cigarette product, either in solid or liquid form, withMRPs, or mixture(s) of MRPs and sweetening agent(s), or mixture of MRPs,sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Compositions of the present application can be applied to products fromthe cosmetic industry, pharmaceutical industry, feed industry etc. Suchproducts may employ MRPs, including MRPs with other additives, such asthickener(s), flavor(s), salt(s), fat(s), sweetening agent(s),thaumatin, and combinations thereof.

MRPs produced from Maillard reactions when cooking foods or heatingbeverages can taste bitter, especially when the reaction times areincreased, when the heating is conducted at elevated temperatures, orwhen the MRPs are produced at higher dosages. For bitterness-sensitivepeople, however, MRPs are bitter at extended concentrations in foods orin beverages. The inventors have surprisingly found that combiningsweetening agent(s) into MRPs can block the bitterness of the MRPs.Moreover, the resulting MRP compositions can modify the lingering,bitterness, aftertaste etc. Surprisingly, the bitterness from MRPs andStevia are not superimposed or multiplied.

Further, although thaumatin has a slow onset of sweetness, the inventorshave surprisingly found that when combining MRPs, sweetening agent(s)and thaumatin together, the lingering of Stevia and thaumatin are notsuperimposed or multiplied. Moreover, the bitterness of Stevia and MRPsare not superimposed or multiplied, either. On the contrary, Stevia actsas bridge between MRPs and thaumatin, such that MRPs act as a bridgebetween Stevia and thaumatin to create a more pleasant integrated tasteprofile.

In some embodiments, MRP compositions of the present applicationcomprising thaumatin described herein can be added to a food or beverageproduct. The amount of the thaumatin in the food or beverage product canbe from 0.05-20 ppm based on the total weight of the composition and thefood or beverage product(s), including any specific value in the range,and all subranges between any two specific values. For example, thespecific values may include 0.1 ppm, 0.2 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3ppm, 4 ppm, 5 ppm, 6 ppm, 8 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm and 20 ppm; and thesubranges may include 0.1-15 ppm, 0.2-10 ppm, 0.5-8 ppm, 1-3 ppm, etc.based on the total weight of the composition and the food or beverageproduct(s).

The inventors surprisingly found the combination of MRPs with thaumatincould significantly improve the overall taste profile of food andbeverage to have a better mouth feel, creamy taste, a reduction ofbitterness of other ingredients in food and beverage, such asastringency of tea, protein, or their extracts, acidic nature andbitterness of coffee, etc. It could also reduce lingering, bitternessand metallic aftertaste of natural, synthetic high intensity sweeteners,or their combinations, their combination with other sweeteners, withother flavors much more than thaumatin itself. Thus, it plays a uniquefunction in sugar reduction or sugar free products, and can be used asadditives to improve taste performance of food and beverage productscomprising one or more sweetening agents or sweeteners such assucralose, acesulfame K, aspartame, sodium saccharin, sodium cyclamateor siratose.

Depending on the flavor or flavor enhancing intensity requirements for agiven use, sweetener-derived MRPs can be further blended with additionalsweetening agent(s), or other ingredients to obtain acceptable taste andaroma profiles.

In one aspect, a flavoring agent(s) in combination with one or moresteviol glycosides is provided. It has been found that steviolglycoside(s) surprisingly protect the flavoring agent. Not to be boundby theory, there is a surprising protective effect exerted by the Steviamaterial on the flavoring agent(s).

For example, unlike typical powdered flavoring agents, which have astrong odor, the inventors have surprisingly found that the combinationof steviol glycoside(s) and flavoring agent(s) can result in acomposition with minimal smell. However, when the steviolglycoside(s)/flavoring agent(s) are dissolved in a solution (e.g.,water, alcohol or mixtures thereof), the odor of the flavoring agent(s)are released so as to produce a strong odor.

The above observations are not meant to be limited to powders. Thesteviol glycoside(s) and the flavoring agent(s) can be part of a liquidcomposition, such as a syrup.

In some embodiments, the reaction products of the embodiments describedherein can be dissolved at neutral pH.

The embodiments described above are applicable for any syntheticsweetener, blends thereof and other natural sweeteners, blends thereof,or mixtures of synthetic and natural sweetener(s), especially sucralose.

The instant application also includes the following aspects.

A first aspect of the application relates to a product preparable by thereaction of starting materials, wherein the starting materials compriseone or more sweeteners, one or more amine donors and optionally one ormore reducing sugars. Typically, the product is preparable by thereaction of the starting materials in one or more solvents. Typically,the reaction occurs in a reaction mixture, wherein the reaction mixturecomprises the starting materials and one or more solvents.

A second aspect of the application relates to a method of preparing aproduct, wherein the method comprises the step of reacting startingmaterials to afford the product, wherein the starting materials compriseone or more sweeteners, one or more amine donors and optionally one ormore reducing sugars. Typically, the method comprises the step ofreacting the starting materials in one or more solvents. Typically, thereaction occurs in a reaction mixture, wherein the reaction mixturecomprises the starting materials and one or more solvents. Alsoenvisaged is a product prepared by or preparable by the method of thesecond aspect of the application. Typically, the method of the secondaspect of the application is a method of preparing a product accordingto the first aspect of the application.

A third aspect of the application relates to a product obtainable by theheat treatment of starting materials, wherein the starting materialscomprise one or more sweeteners, one or more amine donors, andoptionally one or more reducing sugars. Typically, the product isobtainable by the heat treatment of the starting materials in one ormore solvents. Typically, the heat treatment occurs in a treatmentmixture, wherein the treatment mixture comprises the starting materialsand one or more solvents.

A fourth aspect of the application relates to a method of preparing aproduct, wherein the method comprises the step of heat treating startingmaterials to afford the product, wherein the starting materials compriseone or more sweeteners, one or more amine donors, and optionally one ormore reducing sugars. Typically, the method comprises the step of heattreating the starting materials in one or more solvents. Typically, theheat treatment occurs in a treatment mixture, wherein the treatmentmixture comprises the starting materials and one or more solvents. Alsoenvisaged is a product obtained by or obtainable by the method of thefourth aspect of the application. Typically, the method of the fourthaspect of the application is a method of preparing a product accordingto the third aspect of the application.

A fifth aspect of the application relates to a product preparable by thereaction of starting materials, wherein the starting materials compriseone or more amine donors and one or more reducing sugars. Typically, theproduct is preparable by the reaction of the starting materials in oneor more solvents. Typically, the reaction occurs in a reaction mixture,wherein the reaction mixture comprises the starting materials and one ormore solvents.

A sixth aspect of the application relates to a method of preparing aproduct, wherein the method comprises the step of reacting startingmaterials to afford the product, wherein the starting materials compriseone or more amine donors and one or more reducing sugars. Typically, themethod comprises the step of reacting the starting materials in one ormore solvents. Typically, the reaction occurs in a reaction mixture,wherein the reaction mixture comprises the starting materials and one ormore solvents. Also envisaged is a product prepared by or preparable bythe method of the sixth aspect of the application. Typically, the methodof the sixth aspect of the application is a method of preparing aproduct according to the fifth aspect of the application.

A seventh aspect of the application relates to a composition comprisingone or more sweeteners, one or more amine donors and optionally one ormore reducing sugars. In one embodiment, the composition consistsessentially of one or more sweeteners, one or more amine donors andoptionally one or more reducing sugars.

An eighth aspect of the application relates to a method of preparing acomposition, wherein the method comprises mixing one or more sweetenerswith one or more amine donors and optionally one or more reducingsugars. Typically, the method of the eighth aspect of the application isa method of preparing a composition according to the seventh aspect ofthe application.

A ninth aspect of the application relates to a composition comprisingone or more sweeteners and one or more products of the fifth aspect ofthe application.

A tenth aspect of the application relates to a method of preparing acomposition, wherein the method comprises combining one or moresweeteners with one or more products of the fifth aspect of theapplication. Typically, the method of the tenth aspect of theapplication is a method of preparing a composition according to theninth aspect of the application.

In any of the first to sixth aspects of the application, where theproduct is preparable by, prepared by, obtainable by or obtained by thereaction or heat treatment of starting materials, the starting materialsmay be combined in any order, including sequentially or simultaneously.Where the product is preparable by, prepared by, obtainable by orobtained by the reaction or heat treatment of starting materials in areaction mixture or a treatment mixture, any two or more of the startingmaterials may be added to the reaction mixture or the treatment mixturein a pre-combined form, or separately. For example, in respect of any ofthe first to fourth aspects of the application, the one or moresweeteners, one or more amine donors and (if present) one or morereducing sugars may be blended and added to the solvent in a combinedform. Alternatively, the one or more sweeteners, one or more aminedonors and (if present) one or more reducing sugars may be added to thesolvent separately, or for example the one or more sweeteners and theone or more amine donors may be blended and added to the solvent in acombined form, and the one or more reducing sugars (if present) may beadded to the solvent separately. Where two or more starting materialsare added to the solvent separately, the separate additions may besimultaneous, substantially simultaneous (e.g. within 10 minutes), ornon-simultaneous. Each starting material or blend of starting materialsmay be added to the solvent as a single batch, in multiple batches, orcontinuously. Where each starting material or blend of startingmaterials is added to the solvent continuously, typically the reactionor heat treatment is part of a continuous flow process. Where eachstarting material or blend of starting materials is added to the solventas a single batch, or in multiple batches, typically all startingmaterials are added to the solvent within a 24 hour period. Moretypically, all starting materials are added to the solvent within a 1hour period. More typically still, all starting materials are added tothe solvent within a 10 minute period.

Typically, in any of the first to sixth aspects of the application, theproduct is a mixture of products. For example, the product may be amixture of reaction or heat treatment products. In one embodiment, themixture is a crude or semi-purified mixture of reaction or heattreatment products. More typically, the mixture is a crude mixture ofreaction or heat treatment products.

In one embodiment of either of the first or fifth aspects of theapplication, the product is prepared by the reaction of the startingmaterials.

In one embodiment of the third aspect of the application, the product isobtained by the heat treatment of the starting materials.

As will be understood, any sweetener, amine donor or reducing sugar thatis added to a reaction mixture or a treatment mixture of any of thefirst to sixth aspects of the application is to be considered a startingmaterial.

For the avoidance of doubt, where it is stated that a product ispreparable or prepared by the reaction of starting materials, it is tobe understood that to prepare the product by the specified route atleast some of each class of the specified starting materials must reactwith each other, in any order. For example, where the starting materialscomprise one or more sweeteners and one or more amine donors, at leastone of the one or more sweeteners must react with at least one of theone or more amine donors, in order to prepare the product. Where, forexample, the starting materials comprise one or more sweeteners, one ormore amine donors, and one or more reducing sugars, at least onesweetener may react with at least one amine donor, with the resultingproduct reacting with at least one reducing sugar, or at least onereducing sugar may react with at least one amine donor, with theresulting product reacting with at least one sweetener, or at least onesweetener may react with at least one reducing sugar, with the resultingproduct reacting with at least one amine donor, or at least onesweetener, at least one amine donor and at least one reducing sugar mayreact with each other simultaneously.

Likewise, where it is stated that a product is preparable or prepared bythe reaction of starting materials, it is to be understood that theproduct may consist essentially of reaction products, or may compriseone or more reaction products of the starting materials and one or moreunreacted starting materials.

Typically, in any of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh, eighth,ninth or tenth aspects of the application, at least one sweetener is ahigh intensity sweetener. For example, the one or more sweeteners may beselected from the group consisting of high intensity natural sweetenersand high intensity synthetic sweeteners.

In one embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh, eighth,ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweetener is notan aldose; such sweeteners may be described as non-aldose sweeteners.For example, the one or more sweeteners may be selected from the groupconsisting of non-aldose sweeteners. Typically, at least one sweeteneris not a monosaccharide; such sweeteners may be described asnon-monosaccharide sweeteners. For example, the one or more sweetenersmay be selected from the group consisting of non-monosaccharidesweeteners. More typically still, at least one sweetener is not a sugar;such sweeteners may be described as non-sugar sweeteners. For example,the one or more sweeteners may be selected from the group consisting ofnon-sugar sweeteners.

In one embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh, eighth,ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweetener is nota bulk sweetener.

In another embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh,eighth, ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweetenercomprises at least one carbonyl, ketal, hemi-ketal, acetal orhemi-acetal group. For example, at least one sweetener may be asweetening agent, as defined herein, such as a non-reducing sugar.Typically, at least one sweetener is a non-aldose sweetener comprisingat least one carbonyl, ketal, hemi-ketal, acetal or hemi-acetal group.For example, the one or more sweeteners may be selected from the groupconsisting of non-aldose sweeteners comprising at least one carbonyl,ketal, hemi-ketal, acetal or hemi-acetal group. More typically, at leastone sweetener is a non-monosaccharide sweetener comprising at least onecarbonyl, ketal, hemi-ketal, acetal or hemi-acetal group. For example,the one or more sweeteners may be selected from the group consisting ofnon-monosaccharide sweeteners comprising at least one carbonyl, ketal,hemi-ketal, acetal or hemi-acetal group. More typically still, at leastone sweetener is a non-sugar sweetener comprising at least one carbonyl,ketal, hemi-ketal, acetal or hemi-acetal group. For example, the one ormore sweeteners may be selected from the group consisting of non-sugarsweeteners comprising at least one carbonyl, ketal, hemi-ketal, acetalor hemi-acetal group.

In yet another embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh,eighth, ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweeteneris a sweet tea (Rubus suavissimus) extract, a glycosylated sweet teaextract, a Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a swingle (Siraitia grosvenorii or monk fruit) extract, aglycosylated swingle extract, a liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extractor a glycosylated liquorice extract. Typically, at least one sweeteneris a sweet tea extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a swingle extract or aglycosylated swingle extract. For example, the one or more sweetenersmay be selected from the group consisting of sweet tea extracts,glycosylated sweet tea extracts, Stevia extracts, glycosylated Steviaextracts, swingle extracts and glycosylated swingle extracts.

In one embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh, eighth,ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweetener is aterpenoid sweetener or a terpenoid glycoside sweetener. Typically insuch an embodiment, at least one sweetener is a terpenoid glycosidesweetener. Typically, at least 50 wt. % of the one or more sweetenersare terpenoid glycoside sweeteners. More typically, at least 75 wt. % orat least 90 wt. % of the one or more sweeteners are terpenoid glycosidesweeteners. More typically still, at least 95 wt. % of the one or moresweeteners are terpenoid glycoside sweeteners. In one aspect of such anembodiment, the one or more sweeteners may be selected from the groupconsisting of terpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners,typically wherein at least one sweetener is a terpenoid glycosidesweetener. In one embodiment, the one or more sweeteners are selectedfrom the group consisting of terpenoid glycoside sweeteners.

As used herein, the term “terpenoid sweetener” refers to anysweet-tasting terpenoid. Such terpenoid sweeteners include, for example,steviol and mogrol. Similarly, the term “terpenoid glycoside sweetener”refers to any sweet-tasting glycoside of a terpenoid. Terpenoidglycoside sweeteners that may be used in the application include, forexample, diterpenoid glycoside sweeteners such as steviol glycosides,gaudichaudiosides and sweet tea glycosides (e.g. rubusosides andsauviosides), and triterpenoid glycoside sweeteners such as mogrosides,glycyrrhizin, periandrins, abrusosides and pterocaryosides. Typically,in any embodiment of the first to fourth aspects of the applicationwhere at least one sweetener is a terpenoid sweetener or a terpenoidglycoside sweetener, the product comprises at least one terpenoidderivative.

In one embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh, eighth,ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweetener is asteviol glycoside, a sweet tea glycoside, a mogroside or glycyrrhizin,or a corresponding terpenoid sweetener such as steviol or mogrol.Typically in such an embodiment at least one sweetener is a steviolglycoside, a sweet tea glycoside, a mogroside or glycyrrhizin. Forexample the one or more sweeteners may be an extract selected from asweet tea extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated swingleextract, a liquorice extract or a glycosylated liquorice extract,wherein the extract comprises at least one steviol glycoside, sweet teaglycoside, mogroside or glycyrrhizin. Typically, at least 50 wt. % ofthe one or more sweeteners are steviol glycosides, sweet tea glycosides,mogrosides or glycyrrhizin. More typically, at least 75 wt. % or atleast 90 wt. % of the one or more sweeteners are steviol glycosides,sweet tea glycosides, mogrosides or glycyrrhizin. More typically still,at least 95 wt. % of the one or more sweeteners are steviol glycosides,sweet tea glycosides, mogrosides or glycyrrhizin. In one aspect of suchan embodiment, the one or more sweeteners may be selected from the groupconsisting of steviol glycosides, sweet tea glycosides, mogrosides,glycyrrhizin and corresponding terpenoid sweeteners. In one embodiment,the one or more sweeteners are selected from the group consisting ofsteviol glycosides, sweet tea glycosides, mogrosides and glycyrrhizin.

In another embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh,eighth, ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweeteneris a steviol glycoside, a sweet tea glycoside or a mogroside, or acorresponding terpenoid sweetener such as steviol or mogrol. Typicallyin such an embodiment at least one sweetener is a steviol glycoside, asweet tea glycoside or a mogroside. For example the one or moresweeteners may be an extract selected from a sweet tea extract, aglycosylated sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a swingle extract or a glycosylated swingle extract, whereinthe extract comprises at least one steviol glycoside, sweet teaglycoside or mogroside. Typically, at least 50 wt. % of the one or moresweeteners are steviol glycosides, sweet tea glycosides or mogrosides.More typically, at least 75 wt. % or at least 90 wt. % of the one ormore sweeteners are steviol glycosides, sweet tea glycosides ormogrosides. More typically still, at least 95 wt. % of the one or moresweeteners are steviol glycosides, sweet tea glycosides or mogrosides.In one aspect of such an embodiment, the one or more sweeteners may beselected from the group consisting of steviol glycosides, sweet teaglycosides, mogrosides, and corresponding terpenoid sweeteners,typically wherein at least one sweetener is a steviol glycoside, a sweettea glycoside, or a mogroside. In one embodiment, the one or moresweeteners are selected from the group consisting of steviol glycosides,sweet tea glycosides and mogrosides.

In yet another embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh,eighth, ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweeteneris a sweet tea glycoside, a mogroside or glycyrrhizin, or acorresponding terpenoid sweetener such as mogrol. Typically in such anembodiment at least one sweetener is a sweet tea glycoside, a mogrosideor glycyrrhizin. For example the one or more sweeteners may be anextract selected from a sweet tea extract, a glycosylated sweet teaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a liquoriceextract or a glycosylated liquorice extract, wherein the extractcomprises at least one sweet tea glycoside, mogroside or glycyrrhizin.Typically, at least 50 wt. % of the one or more sweeteners are sweet teaglycosides, mogrosides or glycyrrhizin. More typically, at least 75 wt.% or at least 90 wt. % of the one or more sweeteners are sweet teaglycosides, mogrosides or glycyrrhizin. More typically still, at least95 wt. % of the one or more sweeteners are sweet tea glycosides,mogrosides or glycyrrhizin. In one aspect of such an embodiment, the oneor more sweeteners may be selected from the group consisting of sweettea glycosides, mogrosides, glycyrrhizin and corresponding terpenoidsweeteners. In one embodiment, the one or more sweeteners are selectedfrom the group consisting of sweet tea glycosides, mogrosides andglycyrrhizin.

In one embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh, eighth,ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweetener issteviol or a steviol glycoside. Typically in such an embodiment, atleast one sweetener is a steviol glycoside. For example the one or moresweeteners may be an extract selected from a Stevia extract or aglycosylated Stevia extract, wherein the extract comprises at least onesteviol glycoside.

Typically, at least 50 wt. % of the one or more sweeteners are steviolglycosides. More typically, at least 75 wt. % or at least 90 wt. % ofthe one or more sweeteners are steviol glycosides. More typically still,at least 95 wt. % of the one or more sweeteners are steviol glycosides.In one aspect of such an embodiment, the one or more sweeteners may beselected from the group consisting of steviol and steviol glycosides.For example, the one or more sweeteners may be selected from the groupconsisting of steviol and steviol glycosides, provided that at least onesweetener is a steviol glycoside. Alternatively, the one or moresweeteners may be selected from the group consisting of steviolglycosides. Typically, in any embodiment of the first to fourth aspectsof the application where at least one sweetener is steviol or a steviolglycoside, the product comprises at least one steviol derivative.

Where at least one sweetener is a steviol glycoside, typically at leastone steviol glycoside is selected from the group consisting ofstevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudiosideC, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, anddulcoside A. More typically, where at least one sweetener is a steviolglycoside, at least one sweetener is rebaudioside A. For example, theone or more sweeteners may be selected from the group consisting ofsteviol and steviol glycosides, provided that at least one sweetener isrebaudioside A. Alternatively, the one or more sweeteners may beselected from the group consisting of steviol glycosides, provided thatat least one sweetener is rebaudioside A.

In another embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh,eighth, ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweeteneris mogrol or a mogroside. Typically in such an embodiment, at least onesweetener is a mogroside. For example the one or more sweeteners may bean extract selected from a swingle extract or a glycosylated swingleextract, wherein the extract comprises at least one mogroside.Typically, at least 50 wt. % of the one or more sweeteners aremogrosides. More typically, at least 75 wt. % or at least 90 wt. % ofthe one or more sweeteners are mogrosides. More typically still, atleast 95 wt. % of the one or more sweeteners are mogrosides. In oneaspect of such an embodiment, the one or more sweeteners may be selectedfrom the group consisting of mogrol and mogrosides. For example, the oneor more sweeteners may be selected from the group consisting of mogroland mogrosides, provided that at least one sweetener is a mogroside.Alternatively, the one or more sweeteners may be selected from the groupconsisting of mogrosides. Typically, in any embodiment of the first tofourth aspects of the application where at least one sweetener is mogrolor a mogroside, the product comprises at least one mogrol derivative.

Where at least one sweetener is a mogroside, typically at least onemogroside is selected from the group consisting of mogroside IA1,mogroside IE, mogroside IE1, mogroside IIA1, mogroside IIA2, mogrosideIIB, mogroside IIE, mogroside III, mogroside IIIA1, mogroside IIIA2,mogroside IIIE, mogroside IV, mogroside IVA, mogroside WE, mogroside V,mogroside VI, mogroside VIA, mogroside VIB, siamenoside I,11-oxomogroside V and iso-mogroside V. More typically, where at leastone sweetener is a mogroside, at least one sweetener is mogroside V. Forexample, the one or more sweeteners may be selected from the groupconsisting of mogrol and mogrosides, provided that at least onesweetener is mogroside V. Alternatively, the one or more sweeteners maybe selected from the group consisting of mogrosides, provided that atleast one sweetener is mogroside V.

In one embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh, eighth,ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweetener is anaturally occurring terpenoid sweetener or a naturally occurringterpenoid glycoside sweetener. For example, the one or more sweetenersmay be selected from the group consisting of naturally occurringterpenoid sweeteners and naturally occurring terpenoid glycosidesweeteners. Typically, at least one sweetener is a naturally occurringterpenoid glycoside sweetener. For example, the one or more sweetenersmay be selected from the group consisting of naturally occurringterpenoid sweeteners and naturally occurring terpenoid glycosidesweeteners, provided that at least one sweetener is a naturallyoccurring terpenoid glycoside sweetener.

As used herein, the terms “naturally occurring terpenoid sweetener” and“naturally occurring terpenoid glycoside sweetener” refer to anyterpenoid sweetener or terpenoid glycoside sweetener respectively thatmay be extracted from a natural, e.g. plant, source without chemicalmodification. For example, naturally occurring steviol glycosidesinclude any steviol glycosides that may be extracted from the Steviarebaudiana plant, naturally occurring sweet tea glycosides include anysweet tea glycosides that may be extracted from the Rubus suavissimusplant, and naturally occurring mogrosides include any mogrosides thatmay be extracted from the Siraitia grosvenorii plant.

In another embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh,eighth, ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweeteneris a glycosylated terpenoid glycoside sweetener. For example, the one ormore sweeteners may be selected from the group consisting of terpenoidsweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners, provided that at leastone sweetener is a glycosylated terpenoid glycoside sweetener. Typicallyin such an embodiment, the one or more sweeteners are selected from thegroup consisting of terpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycosidesweeteners, provided that at least 50 wt. % of the one or moresweeteners are glycosylated terpenoid glycoside sweeteners. Moretypically, at least 75 wt. % or at least 90 wt. % of the one or moresweeteners are glycosylated terpenoid glycoside sweeteners. Moretypically still, at least 95 wt. % of the one or more sweeteners areglycosylated terpenoid glycoside sweeteners.

In another embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh,eighth, ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweeteneris a glucosylated terpenoid glycoside sweetener. For example, the one ormore sweeteners may be selected from the group consisting of terpenoidsweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners, provided that at leastone sweetener is a glucosylated terpenoid glycoside sweetener. Typicallyin such an embodiment, the one or more sweeteners are selected from thegroup consisting of terpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycosidesweeteners, provided that at least 50 wt. % of the one or moresweeteners are glucosylated terpenoid glycoside sweeteners. Moretypically, at least 75 wt. % or at least 90 wt. % of the one or moresweeteners are glucosylated terpenoid glycoside sweeteners. Moretypically still, at least 95 wt. % of the one or more sweeteners areglucosylated terpenoid glycoside sweeteners.

As used herein, the term “glycosylated terpenoid glycoside sweetener”refers to any terpenoid glycoside sweetener that is preparable by theglycosylation of a naturally occurring terpenoid or terpenoid glycoside.Likewise the term “glucosylated terpenoid glycoside sweetener” refers toany terpenoid glycoside sweetener that is preparable by theglucosylation of a naturally occurring terpenoid or terpenoid glycoside.

Examples of glycosylated terpenoid glycoside sweeteners includeglycosylated steviol glycosides, glycosylated sweet tea glycosides,glycosylated mogrosides and glycosylated glycyrrhizin. Similarlyexamples of glucosylated terpenoid glycoside sweeteners includeglucosylated steviol glycosides, glucosylated sweet tea glycosides,glucosylated mogrosides and glucosylated glycyrrhizin.

In one embodiment of the first, second, third, fourth, seventh, eighth,ninth or tenth aspect of the application, at least one sweetener issucralose.

In a first mode of the first aspect of the application, the product ispreparable by the reaction of starting materials comprising one or moresweeteners and one or more amine donors, without the addition of one ormore reducing sugars. In a corresponding first mode of the second aspectof the application, the method comprises the step of reacting startingmaterials comprising one or more sweeteners and one or more aminedonors, without the addition of one or more reducing sugars. Forexample, in the first or second aspect of the application, the productmay be preparable by or prepared by the reaction of the startingmaterials in a reaction mixture, wherein the reaction mixture comprisesthe starting materials and one or more solvents, wherein the startingmaterials comprise one or more sweeteners and one or more amine donors,but substantially no reducing sugars, and wherein no reducing sugars areadded to the reaction mixture. In one aspect of such a mode, thestarting materials consist essentially of one or more sweeteners and oneor more amine donors. Typically in such a mode, the starting materialscomprise one or more terpenoid glycoside sweeteners and one or moreamine donors, but substantially no reducing sugars. For example, in sucha mode the ratio of the total amount of the one or more terpenoidglycoside sweeteners to the total amount of any reducing sugars presentin the starting materials may be >100:1 by weight. More typically, theratio of the total amount of the one or more terpenoid glycosidesweeteners to the total amount of any reducing sugars present is >1000:1or >10000:1 by weight. For the avoidance of doubt, such a mode does notexclude the possibility that one or more reducing sugars may be presentin trace amounts, for example as impurities in the starting materials,or as intermediates generated by the hydrolysis of glycosylatedcompounds.

In a first mode of the third aspect of the application, the product isobtainable by the heat treatment of starting materials comprising one ormore sweeteners and one or more amine donors, without the addition ofone or more reducing sugars. In a corresponding first mode of the fourthaspect of the application, the method comprises the step of heattreating starting materials comprising one or more sweeteners and one ormore amine donors, without the addition of one or more reducing sugars.For example, in the third or fourth aspect of the application, theproduct may obtainable by or obtained by the heat treatment of thestarting materials in a treatment mixture, wherein the treatment mixturecomprises the starting materials and one or more solvents, wherein thestarting materials comprise one or more sweeteners and one or more aminedonors, but substantially no reducing sugars, and wherein no reducingsugars are added to the treatment mixture. In one aspect of such a mode,the starting materials consist essentially of one or more sweeteners andone or more amine donors. Typically in such a mode, the startingmaterials comprise one or more terpenoid glycoside sweeteners and one ormore amine donors, but substantially no reducing sugars. For example, insuch a mode the ratio of the total amount of the one or more terpenoidglycoside sweeteners to the total amount of any reducing sugars presentin the starting materials may be >100:1 by weight. More typically, theratio of the total amount of the one or more terpenoid glycosidesweeteners to the total amount of any reducing sugars present is >1000:1or >10000:1 by weight.

In a first mode of the seventh or eighth aspect of the application, thecomposition comprises one or more sweeteners and one or more aminedonors, but substantially no reducing sugars. In one embodiment of sucha mode, the composition consists essentially of one or more sweetenersand one or more amine donors. Typically, the composition of the firstmode of the seventh or eighth aspect of the application is suitable foruse as a blend of starting materials to manufacture the product of thefirst mode of any of the first to fourth aspects of the application.

In one embodiment of the first mode of any of the first to fourth orseventh or eighth aspects of the application, the ratio of the totalamount of the one or more sweeteners to the total amount of the one ormore amine donors in the starting materials or the composition is from500:1 to 1:2 by weight. More typically, the ratio is from 250:1 to 1:1,more typically still from 150:1 to 2:1, and even more typically from100:1 to 3:1 by weight. In an exemplary embodiment of the first mode ofany of the first to fourth or seventh or eighth aspects of theapplication, the ratio of the total amount of the one or more sweetenersto the total amount of the one or more amine donors in the startingmaterials or the composition is from 99:1 to 4:1 by weight. Moretypically still, the ratio is from 40:1 to 8:1 by weight.

In a second mode of the first aspect of the application, the product ispreparable by the reaction of starting materials, wherein the startingmaterials comprise one or more sweeteners, one or more amine donors andone or more reducing sugars. In a corresponding second mode of thesecond aspect of the application, the method comprises the step ofreacting starting materials comprising one or more sweeteners, one ormore amine donors, and one or more reducing sugars. In one aspect ofsuch a mode of either the first or the second aspect of the application,the starting materials consist essentially of one or more sweeteners,one or more amine donors, and one or more reducing sugars.

In a second mode of the third aspect of the application, the product isobtainable by the heat treatment of starting materials, wherein thestarting materials comprise one or more sweeteners, one or more aminedonors and one or more reducing sugars. In a corresponding second modeof the fourth aspect of the application, the method comprises the stepof heat treating starting materials comprising one or more sweeteners,one or more amine donors and one or more reducing sugars. In one aspectof such a mode of either the third or the fourth aspect of theapplication, the starting materials consist essentially of one or moresweeteners, one or more amine donors, and one or more reducing sugars.

In a second mode of the seventh or eighth aspect of the application, thecomposition comprises one or more sweeteners, one or more amine donorsand one or more reducing sugars. In one embodiment of such a mode, thecomposition consists essentially of one or more sweeteners, one or moreamine donors, and one or more reducing sugars. Typically, thecomposition of the second mode of the seventh or eighth aspect of theapplication is suitable for use as a blend of starting materials tomanufacture the product of the second mode of any of the first to fourthaspects of the application.

In one embodiment of the second mode of any of the first to fourth orseventh or eighth aspects of the application, at least one reducingsugar is a monosaccharide or a disaccharide. Similarly, in oneembodiment of the fifth or sixth aspect of the application, at least onereducing sugar is a monosaccharide or a disaccharide. For example, inany of these embodiments, the one or more reducing sugars may beselected from the group consisting of monosaccharide reducing sugars anddisaccharide reducing sugars. Where at least one reducing sugar is adisaccharide, or the one or more reducing sugars are selected from agroup comprising disaccharide reducing sugars, typically at least onedisaccharide reducing sugar is maltose, lactose, lactulose, cellubiose,kojibiose, nigerose, sophorose, laminarbiose, gentiobiose, turanose,maltulose, palantinose, gentiobiulose, mannobiose, melibiose,melibiulose, rutinose, rutinulose or xylobiose. Where at least onereducing sugar is a monosaccharide, or the one or more reducing sugarsare selected from a group comprising monosaccharide reducing sugars,typically at least one monosaccharide reducing sugar is an aldose or aketose. For example, the one or more reducing sugars may be selectedfrom the group consisting of aldose and ketose reducing sugars.Typically the one or more reducing sugars are selected from the groupconsisting of aldotetrose, aldopentose, aldohexose, ketotetrose,ketopentose, and ketohexose reducing sugars. Suitable examples of aldosereducing sugars include erythrose, threose, ribose, arabinose, xylose,lyxose, allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose andtalose. Suitable examples of ketose reducing sugars include erythrulose,ribulose, xylulose, psicose, fructose, sorbose and tagatose. The aldoseor the ketose may also be a deoxy-reducing sugar, for example a 6-deoxyreducing sugar such as fucose or rhamnose.

Where the reducing sugar is a monosaccharide, the monosaccharide may bein the D- or L-configuration, or a mixture thereof. Typically, themonosaccharide is present in the configuration in which it most commonlyoccurs in nature. For example, the one or more reducing sugars may beselected from the group consisting of D-ribose, L-arabinose, D-xylose,D-lyxose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-psicose, D-fructose,L-fucose and L-rhamnose.

In an exemplary embodiment, the one or more reducing sugars are selectedfrom the group consisting of D-xylose, D-glucose, D-mannose,D-galactose, L-rhamnose and lactose.

In one embodiment of the second mode of any of the first to fourth orseventh or eighth aspects of the application, the ratio of the totalamount of the one or more sweeteners to the total combined amount of theone or more amine donors and the one or more reducing sugars in thestarting materials or the composition is from 99:1 to 1:99 by weight.More typically, the ratio is from 95:5 to 10:90 by weight, moretypically still from 90:10 to 20:80 by weight. In an exemplaryembodiment of the second mode of any of the first to fourth or seventhor eighth aspects of the application, the ratio of the total amount ofthe one or more sweeteners to the total combined amount of the one ormore amine donors and the one or more reducing sugars in the startingmaterials or the composition is from 80:20 to 40:60 by weight.

In another embodiment of the second mode of any of the first to fourthor seventh or eighth aspects of the application, the ratio of the totalamount of the one or more reducing sugars to the total amount of the oneor more amine donors in the starting materials or the composition isfrom 99:1 to 1:99 by weight. More typically, the ratio is from 95:5 to5:95 by weight, more typically still from 90:10 to 10:90 by weight. Inan exemplary embodiment of the second mode of any of the first to fourthor seventh or eighth aspects of the application, the ratio of the totalamount of the one or more reducing sugars to the total amount of the oneor more amine donors in the starting materials or the composition isfrom 5:1 to 1:5 by weight. More typically still, the ratio is from 2:1to 1:1 by weight.

In one embodiment of the fifth or sixth aspect of the application, thestarting materials consist essentially of one or more amine donors andone or more reducing sugars.

In another embodiment of the fifth or sixth aspect of the application,the ratio of the total amount of the one or more reducing sugars to thetotal amount of the one or more amine donors in the starting materialsis from 99:1 to 1:99 by weight. More typically, the ratio is from 95:5to 10:90 by weight, more typically still from 90:10 to 25:75 by weight.In an exemplary embodiment of the fifth or sixth aspect of theapplication, the ratio of the total amount of the one or more reducingsugars to the total amount of the one or more amine donors in thestarting materials is from 75:25 to 50:50 by weight. More typically insuch an embodiment, the ratio is from 70:30 to 60:40 by weight. Moretypically still, the ratio is about 2:1 by weight.

In one embodiment of the ninth or tenth aspect of the application, thetotal amount of the one or more products of the fifth aspect of theapplication constitutes from 0.1 to 99 wt. % of the composition. Moretypically in such an embodiment, the total amount of the one or moreproducts of the fifth aspect of the application constitutes from 1 to 99wt. % of the composition.

In one embodiment of the ninth or tenth aspect of the application, theratio of the total amount of the one or more sweeteners to the totalamount of the one or more products of the fifth aspect of theapplication in the composition is from 200:1 to 1:100 by weight. Moretypically, the ratio is from 150:1 to 5:95, more typically still from100:1 to 1:10, and even more typically from 95:5 to 20:80 by weight. Inan exemplary embodiment of ninth or tenth aspect of the application, theratio of the total amount of the one or more sweeteners to the totalamount of the one or more products of the fifth aspect of theapplication in the composition is from 90:10 to 70:30 by weight.

In one embodiment of any of the first to eighth aspects of theapplication, at least one amine donor is a primary amine, a secondaryamine, an amino acid, a peptide, or a protein. More typically, at leastone amine donor is an amino acid, a peptide, or a protein. For example,the one or more amine donors may be selected from the group consistingof amino acids, peptides and proteins.

In another embodiment of any of the first to eighth aspects of theapplication, at least one amine donor is an amino acid. For example, theone or more amine donors may be selected from the group consisting ofamino acids. Typically, at least one amine donor is an α-amino acid.More typically, the one or more amine donors are selected from the groupconsisting of α-amino acids. For example, the one or more amine donorsmay be selected from the group consisting of alanine, arginine,asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine. Moretypically still, at least one amino acid is a proteinogenic amino acid.For example, the one or more amine donors may be selected from the groupconsisting of L-alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid,L-cysteine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, L-glycine, L-histidine,L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine,L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine and L-valine.

In another embodiment of any of the first to eighth aspects of theapplication, at least one amine donor is L-alanine, L-arginine,L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-threonine orL-valine. For example, the one or more amine donors may be selected fromthe group consisting of L-alanine, L-arginine, L-glutamic acid,L-lysine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-threonine and L-valine.

In an exemplary embodiment of the first mode of any of the first tofourth or seventh or eighth aspects of the application, at least oneamine donor is L-alanine or L-phenylalanine. For example, the one ormore amine donors may be selected from the group consisting of L-alanineand L-phenylalanine.

In an exemplary embodiment of the second mode of any of the first tofourth or seventh or eighth aspects of the application, at least oneamine donor is L-alanine, L-arginine, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine,L-phenylalanine, L-proline or L-valine. For example, the one or moreamine donors may be selected from the group consisting of L-alanine,L-arginine, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline andL-valine.

In a further exemplary embodiment of the first mode of the first aspectof the application, the product is preparable by the reaction ofstarting materials in a reaction mixture, wherein the reaction mixturecomprises the starting materials and one or more solvents, wherein thestarting materials comprise:

(i) one or more sweeteners selected from the group consisting ofterpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners, wherein atleast one sweetener is a terpenoid glycoside sweetener;

(ii) one or more amine donors selected from the group consisting ofα-amino acids; and

(iii) substantially no reducing sugars;

wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one or more sweeteners tothe total amount of the one or more amine donors in the startingmaterials is from 99:1 to 4:1 by weight.

In a corresponding exemplary embodiment of the first mode of the thirdaspect of the application, the product is obtainable by the heattreatment of starting materials in a treatment mixture, wherein thetreatment mixture comprises the starting materials and one or moresolvents, wherein the starting materials comprise:

(i) one or more sweeteners selected from the group consisting ofterpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners, wherein atleast one sweetener is a terpenoid glycoside sweetener;

(ii) one or more amine donors selected from the group consisting ofα-amino acids; and

(iii) substantially no reducing sugars;

wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one or more sweeteners tothe total amount of the one or more amine donors in the startingmaterials is from 99:1 to 4:1 by weight.

In an exemplary embodiment of the second mode of the first aspect of theapplication, the product is preparable by the reaction of startingmaterials in a reaction mixture, wherein the reaction mixture comprisesthe starting materials and one or more solvents, wherein the startingmaterials comprise:

(i) one or more sweeteners selected from the group consisting ofterpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners, wherein atleast one sweetener is a terpenoid glycoside sweetener;

(ii) one or more amine donors selected from the group consisting ofα-amino acids; and

(iii) one or more reducing sugars selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharide reducing sugars and disaccharide reducing sugars;

wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one or more sweeteners tothe total combined amount of the one or more amine donors and the one ormore reducing sugars in the starting materials is from 90:10 to 20:80 byweight; and

wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one or more reducing sugarsto the total amount of the one or more amine donors in the startingmaterials is from 5:1 to 1:5 by weight.

In a corresponding exemplary embodiment of the second mode of the thirdaspect of the application, the product is obtainable by the heattreatment of starting materials in a treatment mixture, wherein thetreatment mixture comprises the starting materials and one or moresolvents, wherein the starting materials comprise:

(i) one or more sweeteners selected from the group consisting ofterpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners, wherein atleast one sweetener is a terpenoid glycoside sweetener;

(ii) one or more amine donors selected from the group consisting ofα-amino acids; and

(iii) one or more reducing sugars selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharide reducing sugars and disaccharide reducing sugars;

wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one or more sweeteners tothe total combined amount of the one or more amine donors and the one ormore reducing sugars in the starting materials is from 90:10 to 20:80 byweight; and

wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one or more reducing sugarsto the total amount of the one or more amine donors in the startingmaterials is from 5:1 to 1:5 by weight.

In an exemplary embodiment of the ninth aspect of the application, thecomposition comprises one or more sweeteners and one or more productspreparable by the reaction of starting materials in a reaction mixture,wherein the one or more sweeteners are selected from the groupconsisting of terpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners,wherein at least one sweetener is a terpenoid glycoside sweetener,wherein the starting materials comprise:

(i) one or more amine donors selected from the group consisting ofα-amino acids; and

(ii) one or more reducing sugars selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharide reducing sugars and disaccharide reducing sugars;

wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one or more reducing sugarsto the total amount of the one or more amine donors in the startingmaterials is from 75:25 to 50:50 by weight; and

wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one or more sweeteners tothe total amount of the one or more products in the composition is from90:10 to 70:30 by weight.

In one embodiment any of the first to eighth aspects of the application,at least one amine donor is thaumatin. For example, the one or moreamine donors may consist substantially of thaumatin. In another aspectof such an embodiment, the one or more amine donors comprise thaumatinand one or more amino acids, such as any of the amino acids discussedabove. For example, the one or more amine donors may be selected fromthe group consisting of thaumatin and amino acids, provided that atleast one amine donor is thaumatin and at least one amine donor is anamino acid.

Where the one or more amine donors comprise thaumatin and one or moreamino acids, the ratio of the amount of thaumatin to the total amount ofthe one or more amino acids in the starting materials may be from 100:1to 1:100 by weight. Typically, the ratio is from 1:1 to 1:10 by weight.More typically, the ratio is from 1:2 to 1:3 by weight.

In another embodiment of any of the first to eighth aspects of theapplication, at least one amine donor is provided in the form of avegetable, fungal or meat extract, wherein the vegetable, fungal or meatextract comprises one or more amine donors such as amino acids, peptidesand/or proteins. Typically in such an embodiment, the at least one aminedonor is provided in the form of a yeast extract. More typically, theone or more amine donors are a yeast extract.

In an exemplary embodiment of the first mode of any of the first tofourth or seventh or eighth aspects of the application, at least oneamine donor is a yeast extract. Typically in such an embodiment, thestarting materials comprise one or more sweeteners and one or more yeastextracts. More typically, the starting materials consist essentially ofone or more sweeteners and one or more yeast extracts.

In one embodiment of the first, second, fifth or sixth aspect of theapplication, the product is preparable by or prepared by the reaction,in the substantial absence of additional acids or bases, of the startingmaterials. Typically in such an embodiment, the product is preparable byor prepared by the reaction of the starting materials in a reactionmixture, wherein the reaction mixture comprises the starting materialsand one or more solvents, and wherein the reaction mixture comprisessubstantially no additional acids or bases. For example, the reactionmixture may comprise less than 0.1% by weight of additional acids orbases, or more typically less than 0.01% or less than 0.001% by weightof additional acids or bases, relative to the total amount of thestarting materials.

As used herein, the term “additional acids or bases” is understood torefer to any acids or bases other than any sweeteners, amine donors orreducing sugars which form the starting materials and which maythemselves be considered acids or bases. In other words, in the aboveembodiment the one or more sweeteners, one or more amine donors, and (ifpresent) one or more reducing sugars may be acids or bases, but thereaction mixture is substantially free of other acids or bases.

In a corresponding embodiment of the third or fourth aspect of theapplication, the product is obtainable by the heat treatment, in thesubstantial absence of additional acids or bases, of the startingmaterials. Typically in such an embodiment, the product is obtainable bythe heat treatment of the starting materials in a treatment mixture,wherein the treatment mixture comprises the starting materials and oneor more solvents, and wherein the treatment mixture comprisessubstantially no additional acids or bases. For example, the treatmentmixture may comprise less than 0.1% by weight of additional acids orbases, or more typically less than 0.01% or less than 0.001% by weightof additional acids or bases, relative to the total amount of thestarting materials.

In another embodiment of the first, second, fifth or sixth aspect of theapplication, the product is preparable by the reaction of the startingmaterials, in the presence of one or more additional acids or bases.Typically in such an embodiment, the product is preparable by thereaction of the starting materials in a reaction mixture, wherein thereaction mixture comprises the starting materials, one or moreadditional acids or bases, and one or more solvents. In one aspect ofsuch an embodiment, the product is preparable by the reaction of thestarting materials, in the presence of one or more additional acids. Inanother aspect of such an embodiment, the product is preparable by thereaction of the starting materials, in the presence of one or moreadditional bases.

In a corresponding embodiment of the third or fourth aspect of theapplication, the product is obtainable by the heat treatment of thestarting materials, in the presence of one or more additional acids orbases. Typically in such an embodiment, the product is obtainable by theheat treatment of the starting materials in a treatment mixture, whereinthe treatment mixture comprises the starting materials, one or moreadditional acids or bases, and one or more solvents. In one aspect ofsuch an embodiment, the product is obtainable by the heat treatment ofthe starting materials, in the presence of one or more additional acids.In another aspect of such an embodiment, the product is obtainable bythe heat treatment of the starting materials, in the presence of one ormore additional bases.

Typically, in either of the above two embodiments, the one or moreadditional acids are suitable for human consumption. Typically, the oneor more additional acids are selected from the group consisting ofcarboxylic acids, such as acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid andmalic acid. In an exemplary embodiment, the additional acid is citricacid.

Typically, in either of the above two embodiments, the one or moreadditional bases are suitable for human consumption. Typically, the oneor more additional bases are selected from the group consisting ofcarbonate or bicarbonate bases, such as sodium carbonate, potassiumcarbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and potassiumbicarbonate. In an exemplary embodiment, the additional base is sodiumcarbonate.

In one embodiment of any of the first to sixth aspects of theapplication, the product is preparable by, prepared by, obtainable by orobtained by the reaction or heat treatment of the starting materials ata pH of from 2 to 14. For example, the reaction mixture or treatmentmixture may contain one or more additional acids or bases in an amountsufficient to achieve the specified pH. In one aspect of such anembodiment, the product is preparable by, prepared by, obtainable by orobtained by the reaction or heat treatment of the starting materials ata pH of from 7 to 14, more typically at a pH of from 7.5 to 12, and moretypically still at a pH of from 8 to 10. For example, the reactionmixture or treatment mixture may contain one or more additional bases inan amount sufficient to achieve a pH of from 8 to 10. In another aspectof such an embodiment, the product is preparable by, prepared by,obtainable by or obtained by the reaction or heat treatment of thestarting materials at a pH of from 2 to 7, more typically at a pH offrom 2.5 to 6, and more typically still at a pH of from 3 to 5. Forexample, the reaction mixture or treatment mixture may contain one ormore additional acids in an amount sufficient to achieve a pH of from 3to 5.

As stated above, in one embodiment of any of the first to sixth aspectsof the application, the product is preparable by, prepared by,obtainable by or obtained by the reaction or heat treatment of thestarting materials in one or more solvents. The starting materials mayform a slurry and/or a solution in the one or more solvents. Typically,the one or more solvents are selected from the group consisting of waterand alcohols. More typically, the one or more solvents are selected fromthe group consisting of water, monohydric aliphatic alcohols (such asmethanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and pentanol), and glycols (such asethylene glycol and propylene glycol). Typically at least one solvent iswater. For instance, the one or more solvents may be water or a mixtureof water and an alcohol such as propylene glycol. More typically, thesolvent is water, i.e. the product is preparable by the reaction of thestarting materials in water. Typically, the water is deionised water.

Typically, where the product is preparable by, prepared by, obtainableby or obtained by the reaction or heat treatment of the startingmaterials in one or more solvents, the total amount of the one or moresolvents constitutes from 5 wt. % to 99 wt. % of the reaction mixture orthe heat treatment mixture. More typically, the total amount of the oneor more solvents constitutes from 10 wt. % to 95 wt. % of the reactionmixture or the heat treatment mixture. Yet more typically, the totalamount of the one or more solvents constitutes from 15 wt. % to 90 wt. %of the reaction mixture or the heat treatment mixture. More typicallystill, the total amount of the one or more solvents constitutes from 30wt. % to 80 wt. % of the reaction mixture or the heat treatment mixture.

Typically, where the product is preparable by, prepared by, obtainableby or obtained by the reaction or heat treatment of the startingmaterials in one or more solvents, the total amount of the startingmaterials (before reaction or heat treatment) constitutes from 1 wt. %to 95 wt. % of the reaction mixture or the heat treatment mixture. Moretypically, the total amount of the starting materials constitutes from 5wt. % to 90 wt. % of the reaction mixture or the heat treatment mixture.Yet more typically, the total amount of the starting materialsconstitutes from 10 wt. % to 85 wt. % of the reaction mixture or theheat treatment mixture. More typically still, the total amount of thestarting materials constitutes from 20 wt. % to 70 wt. % of the reactionmixture or the heat treatment mixture.

In one embodiment of the first or second aspect of the application, theproduct is preparable by or prepared by the reaction of the startingmaterials in a reaction mixture, wherein the reaction mixture consistsessentially of one or more sweeteners, one or more amine donors, one ormore solvents, optionally one or more reducing sugars, optionally one ormore acids or bases, optionally one or more inert components, and anyreaction product or products.

In one embodiment of the third or fourth aspect of the application, theproduct is obtainable by or obtained by the heat treatment of thestarting materials in a treatment mixture, wherein the treatment mixtureconsists essentially of one or more sweeteners, one or more aminedonors, one or more solvents, optionally one or more reducing sugars,optionally one or more acids or bases, optionally one or more inertcomponents, and any heat treatment product or products.

In one embodiment of the fifth or sixth aspect of the application, theproduct is preparable by or prepared by the reaction of the startingmaterials in a reaction mixture, wherein the reaction mixture consistsessentially one or more amine donors, one or more reducing sugars, oneor more solvents, optionally one or more acids or bases, optionally oneor more inert components, and any reaction product or products.

As used herein, the term “inert component” refers to any component ofthe reaction or treatment mixture that does not undergo chemicaltransformation under the reaction or heat treatment conditions.

In one embodiment of any of the first to sixth aspects of theapplication of the application, the product is preparable by, preparedby, obtainable by or obtained by the reaction or heat treatment of thestarting materials at a temperature of at least 50° C. Typically, theproduct is preparable by, prepared by, obtainable by or obtained by thereaction or heat treatment at a temperature of from 50 to 200° C. Moretypically, the temperature is from 60 to 150° C. More typically still,the temperature is from 80 to 120° C.

In one embodiment of any of the first, second, fifth or sixth aspects ofthe application, the product is preparable by or prepared by thereaction of the starting materials for a reaction period of from 1minute to one week. In a corresponding embodiment of the third andfourth aspects of the application, the product is obtainable by orobtained by the heat treatment of the starting materials for a treatmentperiod of from 1 minute to one week. More typically, the reaction periodor the treatment period is from 10 minutes to 48 hours. Yet moretypically, the reaction period or the treatment period is from 30minutes to 24 hours. More typically still, the reaction period or thetreatment period is from 45 minutes to 6 hours.

In another embodiment of the first, second, fifth or sixth aspects ofthe application, the product is preparable by or prepared by the stepsof (i) reacting the starting materials in a reaction mixture, whereinthe reaction mixture comprises the starting materials and one or moresolvents; and (ii) removing the one or more solvents from the reactionmixture to afford the product. In a corresponding embodiment of thethird and fourth aspects of the application, the product is obtainableby or obtained by the steps of (i) heating the starting materials in atreatment mixture, wherein the treatment mixture comprises the startingmaterials and one or more solvents; and (ii) removing the one or moresolvents from the treatment mixture to afford the product. Typically insuch embodiments, the one or more solvents are removed from the reactionmixture without any intermediate work-up steps.

In one aspect of the above embodiments, substantially all of the one ormore solvents are removed from the reaction mixture or the treatmentmixture. For example, at least 90% by weight of the one or more solventsmay be removed from the reaction mixture or the treatment mixture.Typically, at least 95% by weight of the one or more solvents areremoved from the reaction mixture or the treatment mixture. Moretypically, at least 99% by weight of the one or more solvents areremoved from the reaction mixture or the treatment mixture.

In one aspect of the above embodiments, the one or more solvents areremoved by evaporating the solvent, typically at elevated temperature.For example, the one or more solvents may be removed by evaporating thesolvent at a temperature of at least 50° C. Typically, the one or moresolvents may be removed by evaporating the solvent at a temperature offrom 50° C. to 150° C. More typically, the one or more solvents may beremoved by evaporating the solvent at a temperature of from 60° C. to100° C.

In another aspect of the above embodiments, the one or more solvents maybe removed by spray drying the reaction mixture or the treatmentmixture.

In one embodiment of any of the first to sixth aspects of theapplication, the product is suitable for human consumption. Typicallythe product is suitable for use as a food or drink additive. Moretypically, the product is suitable for use as a sweetener.

In one embodiment of any of the first to sixth aspects of theapplication, the product is a sensory modulator. For example the productmay be a taste modulator, such as flavour and/or smell modulator. Inanother embodiment, the sensory modulator is a mouthfeel (or kokumi)modulator.

In one embodiment of any of the first to sixth aspects of theapplication, the product has a Citrus or tangerine flavor.

In one embodiment of any of the first to sixth aspects of theapplication, the product is a solid. Typically, the product is inpowdered form.

In one embodiment of any of the first to sixth aspects of theapplication, the product is a Maillard reaction product, or a mixture ofMaillard reaction products. Typically in such an embodiment, the productcomprises at least one Amadori product. In one embodiment, at least oneAmadori product is an Amadori product of rebaudioside A, rebaudiosode B,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside I or rebaudioside M.Typically, at least one Amadori product is an Amadori product ofrebaudioside A, rebaudiosode B or rebaudioside M.

In another embodiment of any of the first to sixth aspects of theapplication, the product comprises one or more non-volatile compounds.For example, the product may be a product of the first aspect of theapplication, wherein the product is a Maillard reaction product, or amixture of Maillard reaction products, comprising one or morenon-volatile compounds. Typically, where the product comprises one ormore non-volatile compounds, the total amount of the one or morenon-volatile compounds constitutes from 0.0001 to 99.99 wt. % of theproduct, More typically, the total amount of the non-volatile compoundsconstitutes from 50 to 99.9 wt. % of the product. More typically still,the total amount of the non-volatile compounds constitutes from 95 to 99wt. % of the product.

Optionally the composition of the ninth aspect of the applicationfurther comprises one or more additional components that are suitablefor human consumption. Similarly the method of the tenth aspect of theapplication may comprise combining the one or more sweeteners and theone or more products of the fifth aspect of the application with one ormore additional components that are suitable for human consumption.Typically such additional components are non-sweetening components, suchas non-sweetening food or drink additives.

In one embodiment of the ninth or tenth aspect of the application, thetotal amount of the one or more sweeteners and the one or more productsof the fifth aspect of the application constitutes at least 0.1 wt. % ofthe composition. In further embodiments, the total amount of the one ormore sweeteners and the one or more products of the fifth aspect of theapplication constitutes at least 1 wt. %, at least 10 wt. %, or at least50 wt. % of the composition. Typically, the total amount of the one ormore sweeteners and the one or more products of the fifth aspect of theapplication constitutes at least 75 wt. %, at least 90 wt. %, or atleast 95 wt. % of the composition. In one embodiment of the ninth ortenth aspect of the application, the composition consists essentially ofone or more sweeteners and one or more products of the fifth aspect ofthe application.

An eleventh aspect of the application relates to a compositioncomprising one or more products of the first or third or fifth aspectsof the application, wherein the composition further comprises one ormore additional components that are suitable for human consumption.

A twelfth aspect of the application relates to a method of preparing acomposition, wherein the method comprises combining one or more productsof the first, third or fifth aspects of the application with one or moreadditional components that are suitable for human consumption.Typically, the method of the twelfth aspect of the application is amethod of preparing a composition according to the eleventh aspect ofthe application.

In one embodiment of the eleventh aspect of the application, thecomposition comprises one or more products of the first or third aspectsof the application, and one or more additional components that aresuitable for human consumption. In a corresponding embodiment of thetwelfth aspect of the application, the method comprises combining one ormore products of the first or third aspects of the application with oneor more additional components that are suitable for human consumption.

In one embodiment of the eleventh or twelfth aspect of the application,the total amount of the one or more products of the first, third orfifth aspects of the application constitutes at least 0.01 wt. % of thecomposition. More typically, the total amount of the one or moreproducts of the first, third or fifth aspects of the applicationconstitutes at least 0.1 wt. % or at least 1 wt. % of the composition.For example, the total amount of the one or more products of the first,third or fifth aspects of the application may constitute from 0.1 to 99wt. % of the composition, or from 1 to 99 wt. % of the composition. Inone embodiment, the total amount of the one or more products of thefirst, third or fifth aspects of the application constitutes at least 10wt. % of the composition.

Typically, in accordance with any of the ninth to twelfth aspects of theapplication, the one or more additional components that are suitable forhuman consumption are selected from the group consisting ofco-sweeteners and non-sweetening components. More typically, the one ormore additional components that are suitable for human consumption areselected from the group consisting of co-sweeteners, sweetener enhancersand non-sweetening food or drink additives.

The non-sweetening food or drink additives may comprise one or moreflavourings or flavour agents (such as those described herein), one ormore thickening agents (such as those described herein), one or moreemulsification agents (such as those described herein), and/or one ormore salts (such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride). In oneembodiment, the non-sweetening food or drink additives are selected fromthe group consisting of flavourings, flavour agents, thickening agents,emulsification agents and salts.

The co-sweeteners may be any of the one or more sweeteners discussedabove in relation to the first to fourth or seventh to tenth aspects ofthe application, or may be a sugar such as a reducing sugar.

In one embodiment, the co-sweeteners are selected from the groupconsisting of any bulk sweetener or high intensity sweetener as definedherein. Typically, at least one co-sweetener is a high intensitysweetener.

In one embodiment, at least one co-sweetener is a high intensity naturalsweetener. For example, at least one co-sweetener may be a steviolglycoside, such as a naturally occurring steviol glycoside or aglycosylated steviol glycoside.

In another embodiment, at least one co-sweetener is a high intensitysynthetic sweetener, typically selected from the group consisting ofsorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose,allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame. More typically still, atleast one co-sweetener is sucralose or aspartame.

The one or more sweetener enhancers may be selected from the groupconsisting of

brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin and thaumatin.Typically the one or more sweetener enhancers comprise thaumatin.

In one embodiment of the ninth or tenth aspect of the application, wherethe composition comprises thaumatin, the ratio of the amount ofthaumatin to the total amount of the one or more products of the fifthaspect of the application in the composition is from 1:1000 to 5:2 byweight. More typically, the ratio is from 1:500 to 3:2 by weight. Moretypically still, the ratio is from 1:200 to 1:1 by weight.

In one embodiment of the eleventh aspect of the application, thecomposition comprises one or more products of the first or third aspectsof the application, and one or more co-sweeteners. In a correspondingembodiment of the twelfth aspect of the application, the methodcomprises combining one or more products of the first or third aspectsof the application with one or more co-sweeteners. Typically in suchembodiments, the one or more products of the first or third aspects ofthe application are one or more products of the second mode of the firstor third aspects of the application. In one aspect of such embodiments,the one or more co-sweeteners are selected from the group consisting ofterpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners, wherein atleast one co-sweetener is a terpenoid glycoside sweetener. In anotheraspect of such embodiments, the one or more co-sweeteners are selectedfrom the group consisting of high intensity synthetic sweeteners, suchas sucralose and aspartame.

In another embodiment of the eleventh aspect of the application, thecomposition comprises one or more products of the first or third aspectsof the application, one or more sweetener enhancers, and optionally oneor more co-sweeteners. In a corresponding embodiment of the twelfthaspect of the application, the method comprises combining one or moreproducts of the first or third aspects of the application with one ormore sweetener enhancers, and optionally one or more co-sweeteners.Typically in such embodiments, the one or more products of the first orthird aspects of the application are one or more products of the secondmode of the first or third aspects of the application. In one aspect ofsuch embodiments, the one or more sweetener enhancers comprisethaumatin.

In one embodiment of the eleventh or twelfth aspect of the application,where the one or more sweetener enhancers comprise thaumatin, the ratioof the amount of thaumatin to the total amount of the one or moreproducts of the first or third aspects of the application in thecomposition is from 1:1000 to 5:2 by weight. More typically, the ratiois from 1:500 to 3:2 by weight. More typically still, the ratio is from1:200 to 1:1 by weight.

In one embodiment, where the composition of the eleventh or twelfthaspect of the application comprises one or more products of the first orthird aspects of the application, and one or more co-sweeteners, theratio of the total amount of the one or more products of the first orthird aspects of the application to the total amount of the one or moreco-sweeteners in the composition is from 1:99 to 99:1 by weight. Moretypically, the ratio is from 5:95 to 80:20 by weight. More typicallystill, the ratio is from 15:85 to 60:40 by weight.

In another embodiment, where the composition of the eleventh or twelfthaspect of the application comprises one or more products of the first orthird aspects of the application, and one or more co-sweeteners, thetotal amount of the one or more products of the first or third aspectsof the application and the one or more co-sweeteners constitute at least0.1 wt. % of the composition. In further embodiments, the total amountof the one or more products of the first or third aspects of theapplication and the one or more co-sweeteners constitutes at least 1 wt.%, at least 10 wt. %, or at least 50 wt. % of the composition.Typically, the total amount of the one or more products of the first orthird aspects of the application and the one or more co-sweetenersconstitutes at least 75 wt. %, at least 90 wt. %, or at least 95 wt. %of the composition. In one embodiment of the eleventh or twelfth aspectof the application, the composition consists essentially of one or moreproducts of the first or third aspects of the application and one ormore co-sweeteners.

In one embodiment of any of the seventh to twelfth aspects of theapplication, the composition is suitable for human consumption.Typically the composition is suitable for use as a food or drinkadditive. More typically, the composition is suitable for use as asweetener or a flavouring agent.

In another embodiment of any of the seventh to twelfth aspects of theapplication, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition, whereinthe additional components that are suitable for human consumptioncomprise one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients and optionallyone or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

In one embodiment of any of the seventh to twelfth aspects of theapplication, the composition is a solid. Typically, the composition isin powdered form.

In another embodiment of any of the seventh to twelfth aspects of theapplication, the composition is in liquid form. For example, thecomposition may be a solution, a suspension or an emulsion.

A thirteenth aspect of the application provides a food or beveragecomprising one or more products of any of the first, third or fifthaspects of the application, or one or more compositions of any of theseventh, ninth or eleventh aspects of the application.

In one embodiment of the thirteenth aspect of the application, where thefood or beverage comprises one or more products of any of the first,third or fifth aspects of the application, the total amount of the oneor more products of any of the first, third or fifth aspects of theapplication constitutes from 0.0001 to 1.5 wt. % of the food orbeverage. More typically the total amount constitutes from 0.0005 to 0.5wt. % of the food or beverage. More typically still, the total amountconstitutes from 0.001 to 0.1 wt. % of the food or beverage.

In one embodiment of the thirteenth aspect of the application, where thefood or beverage comprises one or more products of any of the first,third or fifth aspects of the application, the food or beverage furthercomprises one or more co-sweeteners, sweetener enhancers ornon-sweetening food or drink additives, such as any described above inrelation to the ninth to twelfth aspects of the application. In oneaspect of such an embodiment, the food or beverage comprises one or moresweetener enhancers such as thaumatin. Typically, where present, thetotal amount of the one or more sweetener enhancers constitutes from0.00001 to 0.05 wt. % of the food or beverage. More typically, wherepresent, the total amount of the one or more sweetener enhancersconstitutes from 0.00005 to 0.0025 wt. % of the food or beverage. Inanother aspect of such an embodiment, the food or beverage comprises oneor more co-sweeteners, such as one or more natural or synthetic highintensity sweeteners. For example, the food or beverage may comprise asteviol glycoside, such as a naturally occurring steviol glycoside or aglycosylated steviol glycoside. Alternatively or in addition, the foodor beverage may comprise a co-sweetener selected from the groupconsisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame. Typically, where the food orbeverage comprises one or more co-sweeteners, the total amount of theone or more co-sweeteners constitutes from 0.001 to 10 wt. % of the foodor beverage. More typically the total amount of the one or moreco-sweeteners constitutes from 0.005 to 5 wt. % of the food or beverage.More typically still the total amount of the one or more co-sweetenersconstitutes from 0.01 to 2 wt. % of the food or beverage.

In one embodiment of the thirteenth aspect of the application, where thefood or beverage comprises one or more compositions of any of theseventh, ninth or eleventh aspects of the application, the total amountof the one or more compositions of any of the seventh, ninth or eleventhaspects of the application constitutes from 0.0001 to 10 wt. % of thefood or beverage. More typically the total amount constitutes from 0.001to 5 wt. % of the food or beverage. More typically still, the totalamount constitutes from 0.01 to 1 wt. % of the food or beverage.

In one embodiment of the thirteenth aspect of the application, the foodor beverage is a beverage.

In one embodiment, where the thirteenth aspect of the applicationprovides a beverage, the beverage does not contain any product made fromroasted coffee beans.

In another embodiment, where the thirteenth aspect of the applicationprovides a beverage, the beverage is a carbonated soft beverage. Forexample, such a beverage may be a cola, lemonade, orangeade, or otherfruit flavoured carbonated soft beverage.

In yet another embodiment, where the thirteenth aspect of theapplication provides a beverage, the beverage is a flavoured water. Forexample, such a beverage may be a fruit-flavoured water.

In yet another embodiment, where the thirteenth aspect of theapplication provides a beverage, the beverage is a fruit juice or abeverage comprising a fruit juice.

In one embodiment, where the thirteenth aspect of the applicationprovides a beverage, the beverage is a diary beverage or a beveragecomprising a dairy product. For example, the beverage may be amilk-shake.

In one embodiment, where the thirteenth aspect of the applicationprovides a beverage, the beverage comprises a product of the firstaspect of the application, wherein the product is a Maillard reactionproduct, or a mixture of Maillard reaction products, wherein theMaillard reaction product(s) comprise one or more non-volatilecompounds.

In one embodiment of the thirteenth aspect of the application, the foodor beverage is a food.

In one embodiment, where the thirteenth aspect of the applicationprovides a food, the food is a bakery product, such as a bread-basedproduct.

In one embodiment, where the thirteenth aspect of the applicationprovides a food, the food is a biscuit or a cake.

In one embodiment, where the thirteenth aspect of the applicationprovides a food, the food comprises a product of the first aspect of theapplication, wherein the product is a Maillard reaction product, or amixture of Maillard reaction products, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct(s) comprise one or more non-volatile compounds.

In one embodiment of the thirteenth aspect of the application, the foodor beverage is a dairy product. The dairy product may be a dairybeverage or a dairy food. In one aspect of such an embodiment, the dairyproduct is a milk, cream, milkshake or flavoured cream. In anotheraspect of such an embodiment, the dairy product is a yoghurt. In yetanother aspect of such an embodiment, the dairy product is a cheese orbutter.

In one embodiment, where the thirteenth aspect of the applicationprovides a dairy product, the dairy product is a pasteurized orsterilized dairy product. Typically in such an embodiment, the dairyproduct comprises a product of any of the first, third or fifth aspectsof the application, wherein the product of the first, third or fifthaspect of the application (which may optionally be part of a compositionaccording to any of the seventh, ninth or eleventh aspects of theapplication) is formed prior to pasteurization or sterilization.

A fourteenth aspect of the application provides a food or beverageprecursor comprising one or more products of any of the first, third orfifth aspects of the application, or one or more compositions of any ofthe seventh, ninth or eleventh aspects of the application.

As used herein, a food or beverage precursor refers to any product thatmay be transformed into a food or beverage by reconstitution (e.g. withwater and/or milk) and/or by heat treatment (e.g. by baking), optionallywith mixing. Typically, no further ingredients (other than anyreconstituting liquid) need to be added to the food or beverageprecursor to form the food or beverage. Examples of such food precursorsinclude doughs, cake mixes, biscuit mixes, and the like. Examples ofsuch beverage precursors include powdered drinks (e.g. instant coffee orhot chocolate) and liquid concentrates (e.g. to prepare afruit-flavoured drink when added to water).

In one embodiment of the fourteenth aspect of the application, where theprecursor comprises one or more products of any of the first, third orfifth aspects of the application, the total amount of the one or moreproducts of any of the first, third or fifth aspects of the applicationconstitutes from 0.0001 to 15 wt. % of the precursor. More typically thetotal amount constitutes from 0.0005 to 5 wt. % of the precursor. Moretypically still, the total amount constitutes from 0.001 to 1 wt. % ofthe precursor.

In one embodiment of the fourteenth aspect of the application, where theprecursor comprises one or more products of any of the first, third orfifth aspects of the application, the precursor may further comprise oneor more co-sweeteners, sweetener enhancers or non-sweetening food ordrink additives, such as any described above in relation to the ninth totwelfth aspects of the application. In one aspect of such an embodiment,the precursor comprises one or more sweetener enhancers such asthaumatin. Typically, where present, the total amount of the one or moresweetener enhancers constitutes from 0.00001 to 0.5 wt. % of theprecursor. More typically, where present, the total amount of the one ormore sweetener enhancers constitutes from 0.00005 to 0.025 wt. % of theprecursor. In another aspect of such an embodiment, the precursorcomprises one or more co-sweeteners, such as one or more natural orsynthetic high intensity sweeteners. For example, the precursor maycomprise a steviol glycoside, such as a naturally occurring steviolglycoside or a glycosylated steviol glycoside. Alternatively or inaddition, the precursor may comprise a co-sweetener selected from thegroup consisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame. Typically, where theprecursor comprises one or more co-sweeteners, the total amount of theone or more co-sweeteners constitutes from 0.001 to 50 wt. % of theprecursor. More typically the total amount of the one or moreco-sweeteners constitutes from 0.005 to 20 wt % of the precursor. Moretypically still the total amount of the one or more co-sweetenersconstitutes from 0.01 to 10 wt. % of the precursor.

In another embodiment of the fourteenth aspect of the application, wherethe precursor comprises one or more compositions of any of the seventh,ninth or eleventh aspects of the application, the total amount of theone or more compositions of any of the seventh, ninth or eleventhaspects of the application constitutes from 0.0001 to 50 wt % of theprecursor. More typically the total amount constitutes from 0.001 to 20wt % of the precursor. More typically still, the total amountconstitutes from 0.01 to 10 wt. % of the precursor.

A fifteenth aspect of the application provides a method of making a foodor a beverage, the method comprising the reconstitution and/or heattreatment of a food or beverage precursor of the fourteenth aspect ofthe application. Also envisaged are foods or beverages that are made ormakeable via the fifteenth aspect of the application. Typically, thefood or beverage is a food or beverage of the fourteenth aspect of theapplication.

The food or beverage precursor of the fourteenth aspect of theapplication may be a precursor of any food or beverage described abovein relation to the thirteenth aspect of the application.

In one embodiment of the fourteenth aspect of the application, the foodor beverage precursor is a beverage precursor. In one aspect of such anembodiment, the beverage precursor is a powdered or granulated drink.For example, the beverage precursor may be a powdered or granulatedcoffee, tea, drinking chocolate, malt drink, or orange drink. Typicallythe powdered or granulated drink is suitable for reconstitution into abeverage by mixing with water and/or milk, optionally at a temperatureabove room temperature (25° C.), e.g. at 80-100° C. In another aspect ofsuch an embodiment, the beverage precursor is a syrup or concentrate.For example the beverage precursor may be a fruit flavoured syrup orconcentrate, such as an orange, lemon, apple, pear, strawberry,raspberry, blackcurrent or cherry flavoured syrup or concentrate.Typically the syrup or concentrate is suitable for reconstitution into abeverage by mixing with water and/or milk, to generate a fruit-flavouredwater, or a milkshake, optionally at a temperature between 0° C. and 30°C.

In one embodiment, where the fourteenth aspect of the applicationprovides a beverage precursor, the beverage precursor does not containany product made from roasted coffee beans.

In one embodiment of the fifteenth aspect of the application, the methodcomprises reconstituting a beverage precursor of the fourteenth aspectof the application, such as a powdered or granulated drink, or a syrupor concentrate, with water and/or milk, to provide a beverage.

In one embodiment, where the fourteenth aspect of the applicationprovides a beverage precursor, the beverage precursor comprises aproduct of the first aspect of the application, wherein the product is aMaillard reaction product, or a mixture of Maillard reaction products,wherein the Maillard reaction product(s) comprise one or morenon-volatile compounds.

In one embodiment of the fourteenth aspect of the application, the foodor beverage precursor is a food precursor.

In one embodiment of the fourteenth aspect of the application, the foodor beverage precursor is a dough. The dough may be suitable for bakinginto a bakery product such as a bread based product. In a correspondingembodiment of the fifteenth aspect of the application, the methodcomprises baking a dough of the fourteenth aspect of the application toprovide a bakery product.

In another embodiment of the fourteenth aspect of the application, thefood or beverage precursor is a biscuit mix or a cake mix. The biscuitmix or the cake mix may be suitable for baking into a biscuit or cake.In a corresponding embodiment of the fifteenth aspect of theapplication, the method comprises baking the biscuit mix or the cake mixof the fourteenth aspect of the application into a biscuit or cake.

In one embodiment, where the fourteenth aspect of the applicationprovides a food precursor, the food precursor comprises a product of thefirst aspect of the application, wherein the product is a Maillardreaction product, or a mixture of Maillard reaction products, whereinthe Maillard reaction product(s) comprise one or more non-volatilecompounds.

A sixteenth aspect of the application provides a method of manufacturinga food or beverage, or a food or beverage precursor, wherein the methodcomprises the step of combining one or more products of any of thefirst, third or fifth aspects of the application, or one or morecompositions of any of the seventh, ninth or eleventh aspects of theapplication, with one or more other ingredients of the food or beverage,or the food or beverage precursor. Typically the method furthercomprises the step of processing the combined ingredients to afford thefood or beverage, or the food or beverage precursor. In one embodiment,the sixteenth aspect of the application provides a method ofmanufacturing a food or beverage according to the thirteenth aspect ofthe application. In another embodiment, the sixteenth aspect of theapplication provides a method of manufacturing a food or beverageprecursor according to the fourteenth aspect of the application.

A seventeenth aspect of the application provides a method of modulatingone or more sensory properties of a food or a beverage, wherein themethod comprises the step of adding to the food, beverage or food orbeverage ingredients one or more products of any of the first, third orfifth aspects of the application, or one or more compositions of any ofthe seventh, ninth or eleventh aspects of the application.

Where the method of the seventeenth aspect of the application comprisesthe step of adding to the food, beverage or food or beverage ingredientsone or more products of any of the first, third or fifth aspects of theapplication, typically the one or more products are added in an amountsuch that the total amount of the one or more products of any of thefirst, third or fifth aspects of the application constitutes from 0.0001to 1.5 wt. % of the food or beverage. More typically the total amountconstitutes from 0.0005 to 0.5 wt. % of the food or beverage. Moretypically still, the total amount constitutes from 0.001 to 0.1 wt. % ofthe food or beverage.

Where the method of the seventeenth aspect of the application comprisesthe step of adding to the food, beverage or food or beverage ingredientsone or more compositions of any of the seventh, ninth or eleventhaspects of the application, typically the one or more compositions addedin an amount such that the total amount of the one or more compositionsof any of the seventh, ninth or eleventh aspects of the applicationconstitutes from 0.0001 to 10 wt. % of the food or beverage. Moretypically the total amount constitutes from 0.001 to 5 wt. % of the foodor beverage. More typically still, the total amount constitutes from0.01 to 1 wt. % of the food or beverage.

In one embodiment of the seventeenth aspect of the application, themethod is a method of modulating the taste and/or smell of the food orbeverage. For example, the method may be a method of improving the tasteprofile of the food or beverage.

In one embodiment of the seventeenth aspect of the application, themethod is a method of improving the taste profile of a beverage, whereinthe method comprises the step of adding to the beverage or beverageingredients one or more products of either of the first or third aspectsof the application. The beverage produced may be a beverage inaccordance with any embodiment of the thirteenth aspect of theapplication. In one aspect of such an embodiment, the method comprisesthe step of adding to the beverage or beverage ingredients one or moreproducts of the first mode of any of the first or third aspects of theapplication. In another aspect of such an embodiment, the methodcomprises the step of adding to the beverage or beverage ingredients oneor more products of the second mode of any of the first or third aspectsof the application. Typically in such an embodiment, the one or moresweeteners used in the first or third aspects of the applicationcomprise at least one terpenoid glycoside sweetener, more typically atleast one steviol glycoside. Typically in such an embodiment, the one ormore amine donors used in the first or third aspects of the applicationcomprise thaumatin, or thaumatin and one or more amino acids.Optionally, the method further comprises the step of adding to thebeverage or beverage ingredients one or more co-sweeteners or sweetenerenhancers, as described above in relation to the ninth to twelfthaspects of the application. The one or more co-sweeteners or sweetenerenhancers may be added concurrently with, or separately from, each otherand/or the one or more products of either of the first or third aspectsof the application.

In another embodiment of the seventeenth aspect of the application, themethod is a method of improving the taste profile of a beverage, whereinthe method comprises the step of adding to the beverage or beverageingredients one or more products of the fifth aspect of the application.The beverage produced may be a beverage in accordance with anyembodiment of the thirteenth aspect of the application. Typically insuch an embodiment, the one or more amine donors used in the fifthaspect of the application comprise thaumatin, or thaumatin and one ormore amino acids. Optionally, the method further comprises the step ofadding to the beverage or beverage ingredients one or more co-sweetenersor sweetener enhancers, as described above in relation to the ninth totwelfth aspects of the application. The one or more co-sweeteners orsweetener enhancers may be added concurrently with, or separately from,each other and/or the one or more products of the fifth aspect of theapplication.

In another embodiment of the seventeenth aspect of the application, themethod is a method of improving the taste profile of a bakery product,wherein the method comprises the steps of (i) preparing a dough, whereinthe dough comprises one or more products of the fifth aspect of theapplication, and one or more sweeteners; and (ii) baking the dough toproduce the bakery product. Typically in such an embodiment, the one ormore sweeteners are selected in accordance with the ninth aspect of theapplication. For example the one or more sweeteners may comprise atleast one terpenoid glycoside sweetener, more typically at least onesteviol glycoside. Typically in such an embodiment, the one or moreamine donors used in the fifth aspect of the application comprisethaumatin, or thaumatin and one or more amino acids. Optionally, themethod further comprises the step of adding to the dough one or moreco-sweeteners or sweetener enhancers, as described above in relation tothe ninth to twelfth aspects of the application. The one or moreco-sweeteners or sweetener enhancers may be added concurrently with, orseparately from, each other and/or the one or more products of the fifthaspect of the application. In one aspect of such an embodiment, the thetotal amount of the one or more products of the fifth aspect of theapplication constitutes from 0.0001 to 20 wt. % of the dough. Typicallyin such an embodiment, the total amount of the one or more products ofthe fifth aspect of the application constitutes from 0.0001 to 1.5 wt. %of the dough. More typically the total amount constitutes from 0.0005 to0.5 wt. % of the dough. More typically still, the total amountconstitutes from 0.001 to 0.1 wt. % of the dough. Typically in such anembodiment, the total combined amount of the one or more sweeteners andthe one or more products of the fifth aspect of the applicationconstitutes from 0.0001 to 10 wt. % of the dough. More typically thetotal amount constitutes from 0.001 to 5 wt. % of the dough. Moretypically still, the total amount constitutes from 0.01 to 1 wt. % ofthe dough.

In one embodiment of the seventeenth aspect of the application, themethod is a method of sweetening the food or beverage.

In another embodiment of the seventeenth aspect of the application, themethod is a method of increasing the kokumi or mouthfeel of the food orbeverage.

In one embodiment of the seventeenth aspect of the application, themethod is a method of increasing the kokumi or mouthfeel of a beverage,wherein the method comprises the step of adding to the beverage orbeverage ingredients one or more products of either of the first orthird aspects of the application. The beverage produced may be abeverage in accordance with any embodiment of the thirteenth aspect ofthe application. In one aspect of such an embodiment, the methodcomprises the step of adding to the beverage or beverage ingredients oneor more products of the first mode of any of the first or third aspectsof the application. In another aspect of such an embodiment, the methodcomprises the step of adding to the beverage or beverage ingredients oneor more products of the second mode of any of the first or third aspectsof the application. Typically in such an embodiment, the one or moresweeteners used in the first or third aspects of the applicationcomprise at least one terpenoid glycoside sweetener, more typically atleast one steviol glycoside. Typically in such an embodiment, the one ormore amine donors used in the first or third aspects of the applicationcomprise thaumatin, or thaumatin and one or more amino acids.Optionally, the method further comprises the step of adding to thebeverage or beverage ingredients one or more co-sweeteners or sweetenerenhancers, as described above in relation to the ninth to twelfthaspects of the application. The one or more co-sweeteners or sweetenerenhancers may be added concurrently with, or separately from, each otherand/or the one or more products of either of the first or third aspectsof the application.

In another embodiment of the seventeenth aspect of the application, themethod is a method of increasing the kokumi or mouthfeel of a food, suchas a dairy food, a bakery product, a biscuit or a cake, wherein themethod comprises the step of adding to the food or food ingredients oneor more products of either of the first or third aspects of theapplication. The food produced may be a food in accordance with anyembodiment of the thirteenth aspect of the application. In one aspect ofsuch an embodiment, the method comprises the step of adding to the foodor food ingredients one or more products of the first mode of any of thefirst or third aspects of the application. In another aspect of such anembodiment, the method comprises the step of adding to the food or foodingredients one or more products of the second mode of any of the firstor third aspects of the application. Typically in such an embodiment,the one or more sweeteners used in the first or third aspects of theapplication comprise at least one terpenoid glycoside sweetener, moretypically at least one steviol glycoside. Typically in such anembodiment, the one or more amine donors used in the first or thirdaspects of the application comprise thaumatin, or thaumatin and one ormore amino acids. Optionally, the method further comprises the step ofadding to the food or food ingredients one or more co-sweeteners orsweetener enhancers, as described above in relation to the ninth totwelfth aspects of the application. The one or more co-sweeteners orsweetener enhancers may be added concurrently with, or separately from,each other and/or the one or more products of either of the first orthird aspects of the application.

An eighteenth aspect of the application provides the use of any of theproducts of any of the first, third or fifth aspects of the application,or of any of the compositions of any of the seventh, ninth or eleventhaspects of the application, to modulate one or more sensory propertiesof a food or a beverage. In one embodiment the use is to modulate thetaste and/or smell of the food or beverage. Typically in such anembodiment the use is to sweeten the food or beverage. In anotherembodiment, the use is to increase the kokumi or mouthfeel of the foodor beverage.

The methods of the second, fourth, tenth and twelfth aspects of theapplication may also be used to modulate one or more sensory propertiesof the one or more sweeteners.

In one embodiment of the any of the second, fourth, or tenth aspects ofthe application, the method is a method of modulating the taste and/orsmell of the one or more sweeteners, by preparing the product orcomposition. For example, the method may be a method of improving thetaste profile of the one or more sweeteners. In one aspect of such anembodiment, the method is a method of increasing the taste and/or smellof the one or more sweeteners, by preparing the product or composition.For example, in one embodiment of the tenth aspect of the application,or of the second mode of the second or fourth aspect of the application,the method may be a method of increasing the taste and/or smell of theone or more sweeteners, by preparing the product or composition, whereinthe one or more sweeteners are selected from the group consisting ofterpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners, wherein atleast one sweetener is a terpenoid glycoside sweetener. In anotherexample, in one embodiment of the tenth aspect of the application, or ofthe second mode of the second or fourth aspect of the application, themethod may be a method of increasing the taste and/or smell of the oneor more sweeteners, by preparing the product or composition, wherein theone or more sweeteners are selected from the group consisting of highintensity synthetic sweeteners such as sucralose and aspartame.

In one embodiment of the twelfth aspect of the application, the methodis a method of modulating the taste and/or smell of one or moreco-sweeteners, by combining the one or more co-sweeteners with one ormore products of the first or third aspects of the application, toprepare the composition. In one aspect of such an embodiment, the methodis a method of increasing the taste and/or smell of the one or moreco-sweeteners, by preparing the composition. For example, in oneembodiment of the twelfth aspect of the application, the method may be amethod of increasing the taste and/or smell of the one or moreco-sweeteners, by combining the one or more co-sweeteners with one ormore products of the second mode of the first or third aspects of theapplication, to prepare the composition, wherein the one or moreco-sweeteners are selected from the group consisting of terpenoidsweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners, wherein at least oneco-sweetener is a terpenoid glycoside sweetener. In another example, inone embodiment of the twelfth aspect of the application, the method maybe a method of increasing the taste and/or smell of the one or moreco-sweeteners, by combining the one or more co-sweeteners with one ormore products of the second mode of the first or third aspects of theapplication, to prepare the composition, wherein the one or moreco-sweeteners are selected from the group consisting of high intensitysynthetic sweeteners, such as sucralose and aspartame.

In another embodiment of the any of the second, fourth, or tenth aspectsof the application, the method is a method of increasing the kokumi ormouthfeel of the one or more sweeteners, by preparing the product orcomposition. For example, in one embodiment of the tenth aspect of theapplication, or of the second mode of the second or fourth aspect of theapplication, the method may be a method of increasing the kokumi ormouthfeel of the one or more sweeteners, by preparing the product orcomposition, wherein the one or more sweeteners are selected from thegroup consisting of terpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycosidesweeteners, wherein at least one sweetener is a terpenoid glycosidesweetener. In another example, in one embodiment of the second mode ofthe second or fourth aspect of the application, the method may be amethod of increasing the kokumi or mouthfeel of the one or moresweeteners, by preparing the product or composition, wherein the one ormore sweeteners are selected from the group consisting of high intensitysynthetic sweeteners such as sucralose and aspartame.

In a similar embodiment of the twelfth aspect of the application, themethod is a method of increasing the kokumi or mouthfeel of the one ormore co-sweeteners, by combining the one or more co-sweeteners with oneor more products of the first or third aspects of the application, toprepare the composition. For example, in one embodiment of the twelfthaspect of the application, the method may be a method of increasing thekokumi or mouthfeel of the one or more co-sweeteners, by combining theone or more co-sweeteners with one or more products of the second modeof the first or third aspects of the application, to prepare thecomposition, wherein the one or more co-sweeteners are selected from thegroup consisting of terpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycosidesweeteners, wherein at least one co-sweetener is a terpenoid glycosidesweetener. In another example, in one embodiment of the twelfth aspectof the application, the method may be a method of increasing the kokumior mouthfeel of the one or more co-sweeteners, by combining the one ormore co-sweeteners with one or more products of the second mode of thefirst or third aspects of the application, to prepare the composition,wherein the one or more co-sweeteners are selected from the groupconsisting of high intensity synthetic sweeteners, such as sucralose andaspartame.

In one embodiment of the any of the second, fourth, or tenth aspects ofthe application, the method is a method of reducing the aftertasteand/or the extent of taste lingering of the one or more sweeteners, bypreparing the product or composition. For example, in one embodiment ofthe first mode of the second or fourth aspect of the application, themethod may be a method of reducing the aftertaste and/or the extent oftaste lingering of the one or more sweeteners, by preparing the product,wherein the one or more sweeteners are selected from the groupconsisting of terpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners,wherein at least one sweetener is a terpenoid glycoside sweetener.

In a similar embodiment of the twelfth aspect of the application, themethod is a method of reducing the aftertaste and/or the extent of tastelingering of the one or more co-sweeteners, by combining the one or moreco-sweeteners with one or more products of the first or third aspects ofthe application, to prepare the composition. For example, in oneembodiment of the twelfth aspect of the application, the method may be amethod of reducing the aftertaste and/or the extent of taste lingeringof the one or more co-sweeteners, by combining the one or moreco-sweeteners with one or more products of the second mode of the firstor third aspects of the application, to prepare the composition, whereinthe one or more co-sweeteners are selected from the group consisting ofterpenoid sweeteners and terpenoid glycoside sweeteners, wherein atleast one co-sweetener is a terpenoid glycoside sweetener. In anotherexample, in one embodiment of the twelfth aspect of the application, themethod may be a method of reducing the aftertaste and/or the extent oftaste lingering of the one or more co-sweeteners, by combining the oneor more co-sweeteners with one or more products of the second mode ofthe first or third aspects of the application, to prepare thecomposition, wherein the one or more co-sweeteners are selected from thegroup consisting of high intensity synthetic sweeteners, such assucralose and aspartame.

A nineteenth aspect of the application provides a sealed containercomprising a product of any of the first, third or fifth aspects of theapplication, or a composition of any of the seventh, ninth or eleventhaspects of the application, or a food or beverage of the thirteenthaspect of the application, or a food or beverage precursor of thefourteenth aspect of the application. Typically, the product,composition, food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor is sealedwithin the sealed container.

In one embodiment of the nineteenth aspect of the application, thesealed container further comprises a label attached to or printed on thesealed container. Typically the label provides information concerningthe content of the container.

In one embodiment, the sealed container is selected from a sachet,wrapper (e.g. foil or plastic), can, bottle or carton.

In another embodiment, the sealed container is selected from a drum, kegor sack.

For the avoidance of doubt, insofar as is practicable any embodiment ofa given aspect of the present application may occur in combination withany other embodiment of the same aspect of the present application. Inaddition, insofar as is practicable it is to be understood that anypreferred, typical or optional embodiment of any aspect of the presentapplication should also be considered as a preferred, typical oroptional embodiment of any other aspect of the present application.

VII. Additional Embodiments

Some embodiments of the present application include a sweetening agent,the product(s) of a hydrolyzed sweetening agent (e.g., treated by a basesuch as by aqueous sodium hydroxide) and a Maillard flavoring agent(Maillard reaction product).

In still yet another aspect, the embodiments include a sweetening agent,the product(s) of a hydrolyzed sweetening agent (e.g., treated by a basesuch as by aqueous sodium hydroxide) a Maillard flavoring agent and aflavoring agent.

In yet another aspect, the embodiments include a sweetening agent, aMaillard flavoring agent and a flavoring agent.

All of these compositions can be provided as a liquid, such as a syrupor a solid.

It has surprisingly been found that there is flavor synergy betweensweetening agents, such as steviol glycosides, and at least onecomponent selected from Maillard Reactant product(s) from sweeteningagent(s), such as steviol glycosides, a non-steviol glycoside sugardonor (including vitamin C, fats, and fat degraded products, lipids,etc. compounds having a carbonyl donor), and an amine donor and Maillardreactants from non-steviol glycosides sugar donor.

The present embodiments provide a method to produce multi characteristicflavoring components, which are much closer in taste to the desiredflavor than flavoring agents that are currently in the marketplace.

Another advantage is that Stevia binds at least three or more watermolecules and acts as moisture preserver.

Another advantage of the present embodiments is that flavors could beabsorbed in or to the inner surface of pores of steviol glycosidepowders. Flavors are preserved and can be released when in solution. Thepresent embodiments avoid the use of starch, or dextrin as a carrierwhich can bring wheat taste to the flavors.

In another surprising advantage, it was found that by adding thaumatinto the MRP compositions described herein, thaumatin provided a greatadvantage by lowering the threshold of aroma and the taste of substancessignificantly.

Blending of Maillard reaction products with Stevia or other sweeteners,in particular involving sweetening agents, more particularly involvinghigh molecular weight sweetening agents in the Maillard type reaction asone of the sugar donors as described throughout the specification, showsignificant improvement of taste and aroma profiles of steviolglycosides including slow onsite, void, lingering, bitterness andaftertaste. Depending on the initial taste profile of steviolglycosides, the type and ratio of sugar, and/or amine donor, thereaction conditions can be adjusted and/or optimized in order to obtaina desired profile of taste and aroma of the finished product.

The current embodiments significantly boost favorable sensory aspects,such as the flavor and aroma characteristics of sweetening agentsdescribed herein, or synthetic sweeteners or mixtures thereof, and helpto eliminate their disadvantages of bitterness, lingering aftertaste,etc. as flavoring agents and sweeteners used for food and beverages.

The current embodiments surprisingly provide MRP compositions,processes, methods, and concentrations of components which create abetter taste and aroma based on sweetening agents described herein inplace of sugar.

The present embodiments provide that there is strong synergy betweensteviol glycosides and MRPs in the profiles of taste and aroma. Anadvantageous range of ratio of steviol glycosides to MRPs reactants isin range of 20:80 and 80:20. Surprisingly, the taste and aroma when MRPcomponents are 90:10 or even 99:1 do not provide the strongest aroma.

Mannose (and/or its oligosaccharides) can be used as a flavoring agentto help improve the taste of sweetening agents, such as steviolglycosides, especially when it is utilized as a sugar donor. Uronicacids, such as glucuronolactone (and/or glucuronic acid) can be used asa flavoring agent to help improve the taste of sweetening agents, suchas steviol glycosides, especially when it is utilized as a sugar donor.

Products that originate from natural plants or animal sources,especially natural plant extracts, often contain characteristic tastesor flavors, which in lot of cases, are unpleasant. It has beensurprisingly found that adding Maillard reaction products, or usingthese extracts as basis for a Maillard reaction, together with an aminoacid and/or a reducing sugar can create pleasant tastes and flavorswhich are easily incorporated into other food ingredients forconsumables, thus eliminating the unpleasant smells and/or tastesassociated with the natural plant or animal product.

Additionally, more and more people prefer vegetable protein. Thus,vegetable protein provides a good source of amine donors for creatinggreat tasting consumable MRP products.

Natural food colors, including extracts or their concentrates, typicallypossess earthy, unpleasant tastes and smells, and are difficult to beused in food. Manufacturers have tried various means to remove theunpleasant tastes and smells in order to have neutral tasting orsmelling colorants or color extracts. Most food colorants or extractscontain certain amounts of sugar and/or amino acids, which are valuablenutrients. Adding MRPs to the colorants or extracts, or combining themwith an amino acid and/or a sugar can create a pleasant taste and smellso that the coloring could be easily incorporated into foods andbeverages without the present disadvantages.

Spices, similarly have similar issues like that of natural food colors.Thus the present technology can be used to overcome undesirable tastesand smells, especially with extracts such as Ginger Extract, paprikaextract, or pepper extract.

A composition comprising steviol glycosides and flavors is anembodiment.

A composition comprising steviol glycosides and an amino acid donor,which is heated is an embodiment.

A composition comprising steviol glycosides, a sugar donor and an aminoacid donor is still another embodiment.

A composition comprising steviol glycosides, an unreacted sugar donor, aMaillard reaction flavoring and other unreacted reaction components fromthe Maillard reaction is still yet another embodiment which can furtherinclude a pH adjustor.

A composition comprising steviol glycosides, an unreacted amino aciddonor, Maillard reaction flavoring agent and other unreacted reactioncomponents from the Maillard reaction is another embodiment which canfurther include a pH adjustor

In one aspect, the sugar donor is selected from glucose, rahmnose, etc.

In another aspect, a further reactant includes a salt.

A composition comprising steviol glycosides, an unreacted sugar donorand an unreacted amino acid donor and Maillard reaction flavoring agentand other unreacted reaction components from the Maillard reaction is anembodiment.

The above compositions can include Maillard reactants containingunreacted acid or base, or their salts.

The above compositions can further comprise additional flavors.

The above compositions can further comprise additional sweeteners.

The above compositions can further comprise flavors and sweeteners.

Not to be limited by the following, common methods of manufacturing ofthe sweetening agents (e.g., Stevia extract) are as follows. The methodpresented should not be considered limiting.

Extract Stevia leaves with water at 20-80° C. with the ratio of leavesto water being about 1:10 to 1:20 (w/v). The mixture can be clarified byflocculation or membrane filtration. The mixture can then be purifiedthrough a macroporous resin and ion exchange resin. The filtrate is thencrystallized with a mixture of water/alcohol (ethanol or methanol) toobtain a precipitate which is then filtered and dried.

The Maillard reaction product(s) described herein can be added to foodproducts as described below. The amount of the Maillard reaction productadded to a food product can be from 10⁻⁹ ppb (parts per billion) to upto 99% by weight. Therefore, this includes from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about100 ppb, from about 1 ppm (part per million) to about 1000 ppm, fromabout 1 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, fromabout 100 ppm to about 1000 ppm, from about 0.1% by weight to about0.99% by weight, from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight, fromabout 10% by weight to about 50% by weight and from about 50% by weightto 100% by weight, based on the total weight of the food product and theMaillard reaction product(s).

The Maillard reaction product(s) noted herein can be used in foods andfood preparations (e.g., sweeteners, soups, sauces, flavoring agents,spices, oils, fats, and condiments) from dairy-based, cereal-based,baked, vegetable-based, fruit-based, root/tuber/corm-based, nut-based,other plant-based, egg-based, meat-based, seafood-based, otheranimal-based, algae-based, processed (e.g., spreads), preserved (e.g.,meals-ready-to-eat rations), and synthesized (e.g., gels) products.

For example, there is a growing demand by consumers to utilize spiceshaving unique flavors, such as tamarind, lemongrass, ginger, kaffirlime, cinnamon and clove. From candy to beer to tea, everything withginger is hot. Ginger works well in alcoholic beverages as a mixer, inginger beer itself, in confections, muffins and cookies. Sodiummetabisulfite, olive oil and ascorbic acid were found to be effective tostabilize the antibacterial activity. 1.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)shows good performance too.

Ginseng is one of the top 10 best selling herbal dietary supplements inthe United States. However, the use of ginseng-containing products hasbeen limited in beverages, despite a growing functional food market. Theoriginal ginseng flavors exhibiting bitterness and earthiness can beminimized using the Maillard technology described herein in order tomeet the growing demand for such products. The technology can addressthe limitations of ginseng and provide for new and better tastingginseng-based food products when applied to e.g., cookies, snacks,cereals energy bars, chocolates and coffee.

In Asia, especially Southeast Asia, rose, jasmine, pandan, lemon grass,yellow ginger, blue ginger, lime leaf, curry leave, lilies, basil,coriander, coconut etc. constitute important flavors utilized in theirlocal cuisine. In East Asia, many herbs are used in the cooking andtraditional Chinese medicine, such as Artemisia argyi (Chinese mugwort),Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), Codonopsis pilosula (dang shen or poorman's ginseng), Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae (red sage or tan shen),Astragalus sp., including (milk-vetch) A. membranaceus (membranousmilk-vetch), Rhizoma gastrodiae (Tian ma) etc. The Inventor have foundthat adding MRPs, or combination of MRPs and sweetening agent, orcombination of MRPs, sweetening agent and thaumatin could significantlyimprove the taste profile of these flavors and their added products. Forexample, one or more composition selected from sweetening agent,sweetener, sweetness enhancers could be added in ratio of 1-99% (w/w) oftotal raw material may be used in the following process to prepare suchflavored products.

In one exemplary embodiment, lilies are used as a raw material, which iswashed and milled to provide a lily slurry. Alpha-amylase (0.1-0.8%) isadded and treated at 70° C. for about 1.5 hours. Protease (0.05-0.20% bymass of the lily) can then be added and heated at 55° C. for 70 minutes.One or more sweetening agent(s), sweetener(s), sweetener enhancer(s) canthen be added along with fenugreek seed extract as follows. Briefly,fenugreek seeds are roasted and crushed uniformly. The seeds areextracted with ethyl alcohol, filtered to obtain a yellowish brownsolution and concentrated to form the extract. The extract is thencombined with glucose and proline in a 10:1:0.6 weight ratio(respectively) and heated under Maillard reactions conditions at 110-120degree C. for 4-6 hours.

The Maillard reaction product(s) noted herein can be used in candies,confections, desserts, and snacks selected from the group comprisingdairy-based, cereal-based, baked, vegetable-based, fruit-based,root/tuber/corn-based, nut-based, gum-based, other plant-based,egg-based, meat-based, seafood-based, other animal-based, algae-based,processed (e.g., spreads), preserved (e.g., meals-ready-to-eat rations),and synthesized (e.g., gels) products. Such candies, confections,desserts, and snacks can be in ready-to-eat, ready-to-cook,ready-to-mix, raw, or in ingredient form, and can use the compositionsas a sole sweetener or as a co-sweetener.

In the context of foods and beverages, the following products may beincluded with any composition described herein.

It is known that different acids, either organic or inorganic acids,have different taste profiles. It is desirable for the food and beverageindustry to find solutions which could control the acid taste profilewhen designing the products. The inventors surprisingly found thatadding MRPs, MRPs with sweetening agent(s), MRPs, sweetening agent(s)and thaumatin could harmonize the acid or sour taste profile in foodsand beverages, especially the foods and beverages comprising acetic acidsuch as ketchup, pickles, etc. One embodiment pertains to compositionsof MRPs, MRPs with sweetening agent(s), MRPs, sweetening agent(s) andthaumatin, and one or more food grade acid(s) to provide desirable acidtaste profile.

MRPs, MRPs with sweetening agent(s), MRPs, sweetening agent(s) andthaumatin can be used in foods to enhance the taste profile, especiallyfor sugar, salt, fat reducing products. One embodiment pertains to foodor beverage compositions of MRPs, MRPs with sweetening agent(s), MRPs,sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin, and one or more low caloriessweeteners, such as allulose, tagatose. Another embodiment pertains tofood or beverage compositions of MRPs, MRPs with sweetening agent(s),MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin, and one or more fibers and/orpolyols, such as Inulin, or polydextrose. The MRP technology describedherein can be used for improving the taste profile of allulose and othersweetening agents.

With globalization and internet development, spicy food has become morepopular all over the world. However, not everyone can tolerate thestrong spicy taste of spicy foods by using strong spicy chilies, curry,horseradish, mustard, garlic, ginger, wasabi etc. The inventorssurprisingly found that using compositions of this invention, MRPs, MRPswith sweetening agent(s), MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin,thaumatin etc. could significantly reduce or harmonize the spiciness ofthese foods and make it palatable for more people. One embodimentpertains to food or beverages of MRPs, MRPs with sweetening agent(s),MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin, thaumatin and one or more spicyfoodstuff selected from chilies, curry, horseradish, mustard, wasabi,garlic, or ginger.

The inventors also found adding thaumatin, MRPs, MRPs with sweeteningagent(s), MRPs, sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin in foods such as jams,scrambled eggs, butter, goulash soup, cheese etc. could significantlymodify or change the taste profile of whole foods and make them morepalatable. One embodiment pertains to food compositions of thaumatin,MRPs, MRPs with sweetening agent(s), MRPs, sweetening agent(s) andthaumatin and one or more other food ingredients.

The Maillard reaction product(s) noted herein can be used inprescription and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals, assays, diagnostickits, and various therapies selected from the group comprising weightcontrol, nutritional supplement, vitamins, infant diet, diabetic diet,athlete diet, geriatric diet, low carbohydrate diet, low fat diet, lowprotein diet, high carbohydrate diet, high fat diet, high protein diet,low calorie diet, non-caloric diet, oral hygiene products (e.g.,toothpaste, mouthwash, rinses, floss, toothbrushes, other implements),personal care products (e.g., soaps, shampoos, rinses, lotions, balms,salves, ointments, paper goods, perfumes, lipstick, other cosmetics),professional dentistry products in which taste or smell is a factor(e.g., liquids, chewables, inhalables, injectables, salves, resins,rinses, pads, floss, implements), medical, veterinarian, and surgicalproducts in which taste or smell is a factor (e.g., liquids, chewables,inhalables, injectables, salves, resins, rinses, pads, floss,implements), and pharmaceutical compounding fillers, syrups, capsules,gels, and coating products.

The Maillard reaction product(s) noted herein can be used in consumergoods packaging materials and containers selected from the groupcomprising plastic film, thermoset and thermoplastic resin, gum, foil,paper, bottle, box, ink, paint, adhesive, and packaging coatingproducts.

The Maillard reaction product(s) noted herein can be used in goodsincluding sweeteners, co-sweeteners, coated sweetener sticks, frozenconfection sticks, medicine spoons (human and veterinary uses), dentalinstruments, presweetened disposable tableware and utensils, sachets,edible sachets, potpourris, edible potpourris, artificial flowers,edible artificial flowers, clothing, edible clothing, massage oils, andedible massage oils.

Reb M has a good sweet taste profile when freshly prepared. However, thetaste of Reb M can change into an unpleasant taste profile likeabilityReb A when it is stored in liquid form after many weeks. It is assumedthat its structure changes in solution with time. The inventorssurprisingly found the present embodiments described herein couldsignificantly change the structure and improve the stability and makeReb M usable as a good sweetener even if stored for long periods oftime. One embodiment comprises Reb M and MRP(s). A method can be toblend MRPs with Reb M contained in Stevia extract, or preferably the RebM is utilized during the Maillard reaction either using it asnon-reducing sugar donor or as diluting agent. Embodiments includecompositions comprising Reb M and one or more components selected fromMRP(s), combination of MRP(s) and sweetening agent(s), combination ofMRPs and thaumatin, or combination of MRP(s), sweetening agent(s) andthaumatin. Not to be limited by theory, MRP(s) may act as an emulsifierto change the structure/conformation of steviol glycosides in solution.

In recent years, large molecular weight steviol glycosides such as RebD, Reb E, Reb M, or their mixtures with/without Reb A etc. can beobtained via enzymatic conversion, or fermentation. However, the finalproducts typically contain an unpleasant smell like that of fermentedfood or enzymatic food ingredients. Such unpleasant smells limit theirapplication, especially with the taste of food and beverages. Therefore,it is necessary to find solutions to overcome these disadvantages sothat steviol glycosides have a better taste. The inventors surprisinglyfound that adding MRP(s), MRP(s) and steviol glycosides, MRP(s), steviolglycosides and thaumatin, or MRP(s) and thaumatin could significantlyimprove the taste of steviol glycosides made via enzymatic conversion orfermentation processes, preferably when adding steviol glycosides madeby these methods in the production of MRPs. One embodiment comprisescompositions that include steviol glycosides and MRPs, wherein steviolglycosides are made via an enzymatic or a fermenting method. Anotherembodiment is a method to improve the taste of steviol glycosides madeby enzymatic or fermentation methods, where the method includes additionof Maillard reaction products. An embodiment of consumables comprisesMaillard reaction treated steviol glycosides, where resultant MRPs areabove 10⁻⁹ ppb.

Aquaplants and seafood cultivated from fresh water or sea water alwayshave a fish smell or marine odor. Examples of odoriferous aquaticfoodstuffs include spirulina powder or its enriched protein extract,protein extracted from duckweeds (lemnoideae family), fish protein, fishmeal etc. There is a need to minimize or cover the unpleasant odor tomake the food product palatable. The inventors surprisingly found thatcompositions described herein could be added in these products tominimize the odors to make them more acceptable to consumers, includingfeeds for animals.

For example, pigs, especially young pigs, appreciate good and pleasanttaste and aroma much the way young children do. Cats are notoriouslyfussy about the taste and smell of their feed. An animal feed, such asrapeseed meal have a bitter taste, but is nonetheless used, since itprovides a good protein source for cattle, sheep, and horses. Evenchickens, which are not known for their taste discrimination, are stillselective to their feeds. Green, natural or organic farming of animalsas become increasingly popular. Therefore, there is a need to find asolution to satisfy these market considerations. Therefore, the presentapplication provides feeds and feed additives comprising the MRPcompositions described herein.

Embodiments of consumables may further comprise components fromaquaplants and/or seafood, and any of the compositions described herein.

Foods and beverages containing acids can irritate the tongue. Forinstance, products containing acetic acid can irritate the tongue andmake that product unpalatable. The inventors surprisingly found thatadding thaumatin, MRP(s) and thaumatin, MRP(s) and sweetening agent(s),or MRP(s), sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin could significantly balancethe acid taste and make the products palatable.

Beverages containing vinegar, such as apple cider vinegar drink, shrub,switchel etc. have become popular in the market due to vinegar's healthattributes. The acetic acid can be naturally occurring, for instance itis originated from fermentation of fruits such as apple, pear, persimmonetc., grains such as rice, wheat etc. It can also be syntheticallyproduced. However, the taste of acetic acid is strong and sour and tendsto burn the throat. Therefore, there is a need to find a solution toharmonize it. The inventors have surprisingly found that addingthaumatin and MRP(s); combination(s) of MRP(s) and thaumatin;combinations of MRP(s), sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin; or acombination of MRP(s), high intensity sweeteners (either synthetic,natural, or both), and thaumatin in consumable products can stronglyharmonize the taste their taste, especially when used with acetic acidto make it more palatable

In certain embodiments, the MRP compositions of the present applicationcan facilitate their use in beverages containing acetic acid, where thedosage of the composition(s) described herein is above 10⁻⁹ ppb.

The inventors have further found that thermotreating sweetening agents(especially thermo-reaction treatment) can improve the taste ofsweetening agent(s). Further, the inventors have surprisingly found thatadding thaumatin, NHDC, MRP(s), combinations of MRP(s) and sweeteningagent(s), combinations of MRP(s) and thaumatin, combinations of NHDC andMRP(s), combinations of thaumatin and NHDC, combinations of MRP(s), NHDCand thaumatin, combinations of MRP(s), sweetening agent(s) and thaumatinin food and beverages containing alcohol can enhance the strength ofalcohol. Embodiments provide food and beverages containing alcoholcomprising composition selected from thaumatin, NHDC, MRP(s),combinations of MRP(s) and sweetening agent(s), combinations of NHDC andother sweetening agents, combinations of MRP(s) and thaumatin,combinations of MRP(s) and NHDC, combinations of thaumatin and NHDC orcombinations of MRP(s), sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Thermo-treatment is similar to caramelization of a sweetening agent(without MRP(s)). The temperature range can be from 0-1000° C., inparticular from about 20 to about 200° C., more particularly from about60 to about 120° C. The period of treatment can be from a few seconds toa few days, more particularly about one day, and even more particularlyfrom about 1 hour to about 5 hours.

For example, adding thaumatin, MRP(s), combinations of MRP(s) andsweetening agent(s), combinations of MRP(s) and thaumatin, orcombination(s) of MRP(s), sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin in beer, ornon-alcoholic beer, can enhance the strength of beer taste.

Flavor of beer, the size and the amount of bubbles are important factorsin measuring the quality of beer. Compositions described herein can beused for enhancing the flavor of beer taste and to adjust the size andamount of bubbles. In one embodiment, beer or beer containing productscan include thaumatin, MRP(s), combinations of MRP(s) and thaumatin,combinations of MRP(s), sweetening agent(s), or combination of MRP(s),sweetening agent(s) and thaumatin.

Foods having high sugar content such as area catechu, spicy bar (orcalled spicy strip, hot strip, spicy glutein), pickled vegetables, meatand fishes, or fermented foods always require large amounts of sugar inorder to balance the total taste profile and make them more palatable.The inventors surprisingly found that adding thaumatin, MRP(s),combinations of MRP(s) and thaumatin, combinations of MRP(s), sweeteningagent(s) and thaumatin, or combinations of sweetening agent(s) andMRP(s) could significantly improve the taste profile and/orpalatability, especially when sugar reduction is required for suchfoods. For example, embodiments of such compositions include areacatechu, spicy bar, pickled food, or fermented foods with one ofcomposition(s) described herein.

In some embodiments, a sweet enhanced meat process flavor can beobtained by adding sweetening agents, along with one or more offollowing ingredients, which may include a source of sulfur, e.g.,cysteine, (cystine), glutathione, methionine, thiamine, inorganicsulfides; meat extracts, egg derivatives; a source of nitrogen, e.g.,amino acids, hydrolyzed vegetable proteins (HVPs), yeast extracts, meatextracts; sugar component, e.g., pentose sugars, hexose sugars,vegetable powders, (onion powder, tomato powder), hydrolysed gums,dextrins, pectins, and alginates; fats and oils, e.g., animal fats,vegetable oils, coconut oil, as well as enzyme hydrolyzed oils and fats;and other components, such as herbs, spices, IMP, GMP, acids, etc.

Vegetarian foods have become increasingly popular, and there is greatdemand for creating vegetarian substitutes for animal meat. Indeed,vegetable burgers have become popular in recent years, but the taste isstill not palatable to most consumers. Compositions described herein canbe used for enhancing the flavor and taste of the vegetable burger. Inone embodiment, a vegetable burger comprises thaumatin, MRP(s),combinations of MRP(s) and thaumatin, combinations of MRP(s) andsweetening agent(s), or combinations of thaumatin, MRP(s) and sweeteningagent(s).

Grilled foods often incorporate sugar to enhance the taste. However,sugar creates strong colors during grilling, and when the fried foodsbecome cold, the sugar syrup becomes sticky. The inventors found that byadding the compositions described herein to the food to be grilled,these disadvantages can be overcome. For example, embodiments includegrilled foods that include thaumatin, MRP(s), combinations of thaumatinand MRP(s), combinations of MRP(s) and sweetening agent(s), orcombinations of MRP(s), sweetening agents and thaumatin. Thecompositions or processes described herein can further applied inmodifying the flavors of beef, chicken, cocoa, pork, chocolate, coffee,and the like

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this invention belongs. All publications and patentsspecifically mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in theirentirety for all purposes including describing and disclosing thechemicals, instruments, statistical analyses and methodologies which arereported in the publications which might be used in connection with theinvention. All references cited in this specification are to be taken asindicative of the level of skill in the art. Nothing herein is to beconstrued as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedatesuch disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

The following paragraphs enumerated consecutively from 1 through 219provide for various aspects of the present invention and are referredherein as “Set 1 embodiments.”

Additional Embodiments, Set 1

In one embodiment, the present invention provides:

1. A composition comprising a Maillard reaction product and at least oneof a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, aglycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, aglycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside, or a mixturethereof.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the Maillard reaction productis the result of the Maillard reaction without separation ofpurification of reaction components.

3. The composition of paragraph 1 or 2, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct consists of volatile substances and non-volatile substances.

4. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the Maillard reaction productis partially isolated products, either partially volatile substance orpartially non-volatile substances are removed from the direct resultantof Maillard reaction.

5. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the Maillard reaction productis a pure volatile substance.

6. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the Maillard reaction productis pure non-volatile substance.

7. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the Maillardreaction product is a water soluble compound.

8. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the Stevia extract comprisesone or more Stevia extract components.

9. The composition of paragraph 8, wherein the Stevia extract componentis a steviol glycoside and is one or more of rebaudioside A,rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, or mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more steviolglycosides having a molecular weight of greater than 965 daltons and isselected from the group consisting of Related SG #2, Related SG #5, RU2,RT, RW, RW2, RW3, RU, SG-12, RH, RJ, RK, RK2, SG-Ukn4, SG-Ukn5, RD, RI,RL, RI3, SG-Ukn6, RQ, RI2, RQ2, RQ3, RT1, Related SG #4, RV2, RV, RY,RN, RM, 15α-OH RM, RO, and R02.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more SGs having amolecular weight equal to or greater than 981 daltons. In someembodiments, the composition comprises one or more SGs having amolecular weight equal to or greater than 1097 daltons. In someembodiments, the composition comprises one or more SGs having amolecular weight equal to or greater than 1111 daltons. In someembodiments, the composition comprises one or more SGs having amolecular weight equal to or greater than 1127 daltons. In someembodiments, the composition comprises one or more SGs having amolecular weight equal to or greater than 1259 daltons. In someembodiments, the composition comprises one or more SGs having amolecular weight equal to or greater than 1273 daltons. In someembodiments, the composition comprises one or more SGs having amolecular weight equal to or greater than 1289 daltons. In someembodiments, the composition comprises one or more SGs having amolecular weight equal to or greater than 1305 daltons. In someembodiments, the composition comprises one or more SGs having amolecular weight equal to or greater than 1435 daltons.

10. The composition of paragraph 9, wherein the Stevia extract componentis rebaudioside A with a purity of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, 90%,95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%.

11. The composition of paragraph 9, wherein the Stevia extract componentis a salt form.

12. The composition of paragraph 8, wherein the Stevia extract furthercomprises non-steviol glycoside components.

13. The composition of paragraph 12, wherein the non-steviol glycosidescomponents are volatile substances characterized by Citrus flavor.

14. The composition of paragraph 13, wherein the non-volatile substancesof non-steviol glycoside components comprises one or more moleculescharacterized by terpene, di-terpene, or ent-kaurene structure.

15. The composition of paragraph 12, wherein the non-steviol glycosidecomponents consist of volatile and non-volatile substances.

16. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the swingle extractcomprises one or more mogroside extract components.

17. The composition of paragraph 16, wherein the mogroside extractcomponent is one or more of mogroside V, mogroside IV, siamenoside I,11-oxomogroside V or mixtures thereof.

18. The composition of paragraph 17, wherein the mogroside extractcomponent is a salt form.

19. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the glycosylated Steviaextract comprises glycosylation products of stevioside, steviolbioside,rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O,rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N,rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside A or mixturesthereof.

20. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation products of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor mixtures thereof.

21. The composition of paragraph 20, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside is a salt form.

22. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the glycosylated swingleextract comprises a glycosylated mogroside II, a glycosylated mogrosideIII, a glycosylated mogroside IV, a glycosylated mogroside V, aglycosylated siamenoside I or a glycosylated 11-oxomogroside V ormixtures thereof.

23. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the glycosylated mogrosidecomprises a glycosylated mogroside II, a glycosylated mogroside III, aglycosylated mogroside IV, a glycosylated mogroside V, a glycosylatedsiamenoside I or a glycosylated 11-oxomogroside V or mixtures thereof.

24. The composition of paragraph 23, wherein the glycosylated mogrosideis a salt form.

25. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1 through 24, wherein theMaillard reaction product(s) are formed from a sugar donor comprising areducing sugar, and an amine donor comprising one or more primary aminecompounds, one or more secondary amine compounds, one or more aminoacids, one or more proteins, one or more peptides, or any anycombination thereof.

26. The composition of paragraph 25, wherein the reducing sugarcomprises a one or more monosaccharides, one or more disaccharides, oneor more oligosaccharides, one or more polysaccharides, or a anycombination thereof.

27. The composition of paragraph 26, wherein the monosaccharidecomprises galactose, glucose, glyceraldehyde, fructose, ribose, xyloseor a combination thereof.

28. The composition of paragraph 26, wherein the disaccharide comprisescellobiose, lactose, maltose or a combination thereof.

29. The composition of paragraph 26, wherein the polysaccharidecomprises starch.

30. The composition of paragraph 25, wherein the reducing sugar is burntsugar.

31. The composition of paragraph 25, wherein the reducing sugarcomprises a pentose or a hexose.

32. The composition of paragraph 31, wherein the pentose comprises analdopentose or a ketopentose.

33. The composition of paragraph 32, wherein the aldopentose comprisesan arabinose, a xylose, a ribose, a xylose or combinations thereof.

34. The composition of paragraph 32, wherein the ketopentose is aribulose or a xylulose or combinations thereof.

35. The composition of any of paragraphs 25 through 34, wherein theamino acid comprises alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid,cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine,leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine,tryptophan, tyrosine, valine or mixtures thereof.

36. The composition of any of paragraphs 25 through 35, wherein thepeptide comprises HVP or mixtures thereof.

37. The composition of any of paragraphs 25 through 36, wherein theprotein comprises soy protein, sodium caseinate, whey protein, wheatgluten or mixtures thereof.

38. The composition of any of paragraphs 25 through 37, furthercomprising an alkaline pH adjuster.

39. The composition of paragraph 38, wherein the alkaline pH adjuster issodium hydroxide.

40. The composition of any of paragraphs 25 through 39, furthercomprising a salt.

41. The composition of paragraph 40, wherein the salt comprises sodiumcarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride,magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfateor mixtures thereof.

42. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 41, furthercomprising a sweetener.

43. The composition of paragraph 42, wherein the sweetener comprisessorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIAPRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or mixtures thereof.

44. The composition of any of paragraphs 25 through 43, furthercomprising a sweetener enhancer.

45. The composition of paragraph 44, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin,or mixtures thereof.

45a. The composition of paragraph 45, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

45b. The composition of paragraph 45a, wherein the ratio of the MaillardReaction product to the thaumatin is from 100:1 to 1:100 with all ratiothere between.

46. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 45, wherein thecomposition is used as a flavor and/or as a sweetener.

47. The composition of paragraph 46, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 99% by weight of thetotal weight of the composition.

48. The composition of paragraph 47, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 10% by weight ofthe total weight of the composition.

49. A flavored food product comprising a food or beverage and any of thecompositions of paragraphs 1 through 46.

50. The flavored food product of paragraph 49, wherein the Maillardreaction product(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 99% byweight of the total weight of the food product.

51. The flavored food product of paragraph 50, wherein the Maillardreaction product(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 10% byweight of the total weight of the food product.

52. A flavored pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceuticalagent and any of the compositions of paragraphs 1 through 46.

53. The flavored pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 52, wherein theMaillard reaction product(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about99% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.

54. The flavored pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 53, wherein theMaillard reaction product(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about10% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.

55. A method to improve the taste profile of a product comprising thestep of combining a Maillard reaction product with at least one of asweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylatedsweet tea extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingleextract, a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviolglycoside, a glycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

56. A composition comprising one or more Maillard reaction productsformed from an amine donor, a reducing sugar, and at least one memberselected from the group consisting of one or more: sweet tea extract(s),Stevia extract(s), swingle extract(s), glycosylated sweet teaextract(s), glycosylated Stevia extract(s), glycosylated swingleextract(s), glycosylated sweet tea glycoside(s), glycosylated steviolglycoside(s), glycosylated mogroside(s), and any mixture thereof.

57. The composition of paragraph 56, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is the direct result of Maillard reaction without separation ofpurification of reaction components.

58. The composition of paragraph 56 or 57, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct consists of volatile substances and non-volatile substances.

59. The composition of paragraph 56 or 57, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is partially isolated products, either partially volatilesubstance or partially non-volatile substances are removed from thedirect resultant of Maillard reaction.

60. The composition of paragraph 56, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is pure volatile substance.

61. The composition of paragraph 56, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is a pure non-volatile substance.

62. The composition of any of paragraphs 56-61, wherein the Maillardreaction product is a water soluble compound.

63. The composition of paragraph 56, wherein the Stevia extractcomprises one or more Stevia extract components.

64. The composition of paragraph 63, wherein the Stevia extractcomponent is one or more of rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudiosideD, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or mixtures thereof.

65. The composition of paragraph 64, wherein the Stevia extractcomponent is rebaudioside A with a purity of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%,80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%.

66. The composition of paragraph 64, wherein the Stevia extractcomponent is a salt form.

67. The composition of paragraph 56, wherein the Stevia extract furthercomprises non-steviol glycoside components.

68. The composition of paragraph 67, wherein the non-steviol glycosidescomponents are volatile substances characterized by Citrus flavor.

69. The composition of paragraph 68, wherein the non-volatile substancesof non-steviol glycoside components comprises one or more moleculescharacterized by terpene, di-terpene, or ent-kaurene structure.

70. The composition of paragraph 67, wherein the non-steviol glycosidecomponents consist of volatile and non-volatile substances.

71. The composition of paragraph 56, wherein the swingle extractcomprises one or more mogroside extract components.

72. The composition of paragraph 71, wherein the mogroside extractcomponent is one or more of mogroside V, mogroside IV, siamenoside I,11-oxomogroside V or mixtures thereof.

73. The composition of paragraph 72, wherein the mogroside extractcomponent is a salt form.

74. The composition of paragraph 56, wherein the glycosylated Steviaextract comprises glycosylation products of stevioside, steviolbioside,rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O,rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N,rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside A or mixturesthereof.

75. The composition of paragraph 56, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation products of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor mixtures thereof.

76. The composition of paragraph 75, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside is a salt form.

77. The composition of paragraph 56, wherein the glycosylated swingleextract comprises a glycosylated mogroside II, a glycosylated mogrosideIII, a glycosylated mogroside IV, a glycosylated mogroside V, aglycosylated siamenoside I or a glycosylated 11-oxomogroside V ormixtures thereof.

78. The composition of paragraph 56, wherein the glycosylated mogrosidecomprises a glycosylated mogroside II, a glycosylated mogroside III, aglycosylated mogroside IV, a glycosylated mogroside V, a glycosylatedsiamenoside I or a glycosylated 11-oxomogroside V or mixtures thereof.

79. The composition of paragraph 78, wherein the glycosylated mogrosideis a salt form.

80. The composition of any of paragraphs 56 through 79, wherein theMaillard reaction product(s) are formed from the reducing sugar and/orthe sweet tea extract, the Stevia extract, the swingle extract, theglycosylated sweet tea extract, the glycosylated Stevia extract, theglycosylated swingle extract, the glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, theglycosylated steviol glycoside, the glycosylated mogroside, or anymixture thereof, with an amine donor comprising a primary aminecompound, a secondary amine compound, an amino acid, a protein, apeptide or mixtures thereof.

81. The composition of paragraph 80, wherein the reducing sugarcomprises monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides andpolysaccharides.

82. The composition of paragraph 81, wherein the monosaccharidecomprises galactose, glucose, glyceraldehyde, fructose, ribose, xyloseor combinations thereof.

83. The composition of paragraph 81, wherein the disaccharide comprisescellobiose, lactose, maltose or combinations thereof.

84. The composition of paragraph 81, wherein the polysaccharidecomprises starch.

85. The composition of paragraph 80, wherein the reducing sugar is burntsugar.

86. The composition of paragraph 80, wherein the reducing sugarcomprises a pentose or a hexose.

87. The composition of paragraph 86, wherein the pentose comprises analdopentose or a ketopentose.

88. The composition of paragraph 87, wherein the aldopentose comprisesan arabinose, a xylose, a ribose, a xylose or combinations thereof.

89. The composition of paragraph 87, wherein the ketopentose is aribulose or a xylulose or combinations thereof.

90. The composition of any of paragraphs 80 through 89, wherein theamino acid comprises alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid,cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine,leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine,tryptophan, tyrosine, valine or mixtures thereof.

91. The composition of any of paragraphs 80 through 90, wherein thepeptide comprises HVP or mixtures thereof.

92. The composition of any of paragraphs 80 through 91, wherein theprotein comprises soy protein, sodium caseinate, whey protein, wheatgluten or mixtures thereof.

93. The composition of any of paragraphs 80 through 92, furthercomprising an alkaline pH adjuster.

94. The composition of paragraph 93, wherein the alkaline pH adjuster issodium hydroxide.

95. The composition of any of paragraphs 80 through 94, furthercomprising a salt.

96. The composition of paragraph 95, wherein the salt comprises sodiumcarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride,magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfateor mixtures thereof.

97. The composition of any of paragraphs 80 through 96, furthercomprising a sweetener.

98. The composition of paragraph 97, wherein the sweetener comprisessorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIAPRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or mixtures thereof.

99. The composition of any of paragraphs 80 through 98, furthercomprising a sweetener enhancer.

100. The composition of paragraph 99, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin,or mixtures thereof.

101. The composition of any of paragraphs 56 through 100, wherein thecomposition is used as a flavor or as a sweetener.

102. The composition of paragraph 101, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 99% by weight ofthe total weight of the composition.

103. The composition of paragraph 102, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 10% by weight ofthe total weight of the composition.

104. A flavored food product comprising a food or beverage and any ofthe compositions of paragraphs 56 through 101.

105. The flavored food product of paragraph 104, wherein the Maillardreaction product(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 99% byweight of the total weight of the food product.

106. The flavored food product of paragraph 105, wherein the Maillardreaction product(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 10% byweight of the total weight of the food product.

107. A flavored pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceuticalagent and any of the compositions of paragraphs 56 through 101.

108. The flavored pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 107, whereinthe Maillard reaction product(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb toabout 99% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceuticalcomposition.

109. The flavored pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 108, whereinthe Maillard reaction product(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb toabout 10% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceuticalcomposition.

110. A method to improve the taste profile of a product comprising thestep of combining a reducing sugar, at least one of a sweet tea extract,a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof, with an amine donorunder conditions that a Maillard reaction occurs to provide Maillardreaction product(s).

111. A composition comprising Maillard reaction products of at least oneof a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, aglycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, aglycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside, or any mixturethereof.

112. The composition of paragraph 111, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is the direct result of Maillard reaction without separation ofpurification of reaction components.

113. The composition of paragraph 111 or 112, wherein the Maillardreaction production consists of volatile substances and non-volatilesubstances.

114. The composition of paragraph 111 or 112, wherein the Maillardreaction product is partially isolated products, either partiallyvolatile substance or partially non-volatile substances are removed fromthe direct resultant of Maillard reaction.

115. The composition of paragraph 111, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is a pure volatile substance.

116. The composition of paragraph 111, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is a pure non-volatile substance.

117. The composition of any of paragraphs 111-116, wherein the Maillardreaction product is a water soluble compound.

118. The composition of paragraph 111, wherein the Stevia extractcomprises one or more Stevia extract components.

119. The composition of paragraph 118, wherein the Stevia extractcomponent is one or more of rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudiosideD, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or mixtures thereof.

120. The composition of paragraph 119, wherein the Stevia extractcomponent is rebaudioside A with a purity of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%,80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%.

121. The composition of paragraph 119, wherein the Stevia extractcomponent is a salt form.

122. The composition of paragraph 111, wherein the Stevia extractfurther comprises non-steviol glycoside components.

123. The composition of paragraph 122, wherein the non-steviolglycosides components are volatile substances characterized by Citrusflavor.

124. The composition of paragraph 123, wherein the non-steviol glycosidecomponents non-volatile substances comprises one or more moleculescharacterized by terpene, di-terpene, or ent-kaurene structure.

125. The composition of paragraph 122, wherein the non-steviol glycosidecomponents consist of volatile and non-volatile substances.

126. The composition of paragraph 111, wherein the swingle extractcomprises one or more mogroside extract components.

127. The composition of paragraph 126, wherein the mogroside extractcomponent is one or more of mogroside V, mogroside IV, siamenoside I,11-oxomogroside V or mixtures thereof.

128. The composition of paragraph 127, wherein the mogroside extractcomponent is a salt form.

129. The composition of paragraph 111, wherein the glycosylated Steviaextract comprises glycosylation products of stevioside, steviolbioside,rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O,rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N,rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside A or mixturesthereof.

130. The composition of paragraph 111, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation products of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor mixtures thereof.

131. The composition of paragraph 130, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside is a salt form.

132. The composition of paragraph 131, wherein the glycosylated swingleextract comprises a glycosylated mogroside II, a glycosylated mogrosideIII, a glycosylated mogroside IV, a glycosylated mogroside V, aglycosylated siamenoside I or a glycosylated 11-oxomogroside V ormixtures thereof.

133. The composition of paragraph 131, wherein the glycosylatedmogroside comprises a glycosylated mogroside II, a glycosylatedmogroside III, a glycosylated mogroside IV, a glycosylated mogroside V,a glycosylated siamenoside I or a glycosylated 11-oxomogroside V ormixtures thereof.

134. The composition of paragraph 133, wherein the glycosylatedmogroside is a salt form.

135. The composition of any of paragraphs 111 through 134, wherein theMaillard reaction product(s) are formed from:

one or more members selected from the group consisting of sweet teaextract(s), steviol glycoside(s), Stevia extract(s), swingle extract(s),glycosylated sweet tea extract(s), glycosylated Stevia extract(s),glycosylated swingle extract(s), glycosylated sweet tea glycoside(s),glycosylated steviol glycoside(s), glycosylated mogroside(s), and anycombination(s) thereof; and

one or more amine donor(s) selected from the group consisting of primaryamine compound(s), secondary amine compound(s), amino acid(s),protein(s), peptide(s) or mixture(s) thereof.

136. The composition of paragraph 135, wherein the amino acid comprisesalanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine or mixtures thereof.

137. The composition of either paragraphs 135 or 136, wherein thepeptide comprises HVP or mixtures thereof.

138. The composition of any of paragraphs 135 through 137, wherein theprotein comprises soy protein, sodium caseinate, whey protein, wheatgluten or mixtures thereof.

139. The composition of any of paragraphs 135 through 138, furthercomprising an alkaline pH adjuster.

140. The composition of paragraph 139, wherein the alkaline pH adjusteris sodium hydroxide.

141. The composition of any of paragraphs 135 through 140, furthercomprising a salt.

142. The composition of paragraph 141, wherein the salt comprises sodiumcarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride,magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfateor mixtures thereof.

143. The composition of any of paragraphs 135 through 142, furthercomprising a sweetener.

144. The composition of paragraph 143, wherein the sweetener comprisessorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIAPRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or mixtures thereof.

145. The composition of any of paragraphs 135 through 144, furthercomprising a sweetener enhancer.

146. The composition of paragraph 145, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin,or mixtures thereof.

147. The composition of any of paragraphs 111 through 146, wherein thecomposition is used as a flavor or as a sweetener.

148. The composition of paragraph 147, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 99% by weight ofthe total weight of the composition.

149. The composition of paragraph 148, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 10% by weight ofthe total weight of the composition.

150. A flavored food product comprising a food or beverage and any ofthe compositions of paragraphs 111 through 147.

151. The flavored food product of paragraph 150, wherein the Maillardreaction product(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 99% byweight of the total weight of the food product.

152. The flavored food product of paragraph 151, wherein the Maillardreaction product(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 10% byweight of the total weight of the food product.

153. A flavored pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceuticalagent and any of the compositions of paragraphs 111 through 147.

154. The flavored pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 153, whereinthe Maillard reaction product(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb toabout 99% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceuticalcomposition.

155. The flavored pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 154, whereinthe Maillard reaction product(s) is/are present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb toabout 10% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceuticalcomposition.

156. A method to improve the taste profile of a product comprising thestep of combining at least one of a sweet tea extract, a steviolglycoside, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaextract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract,a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof with an amine donor underconditions that a Maillard reaction occurs to provide Maillard reactionproduct(s).

157. A compositions comprising one or more MRPs and one or moresweeteners.

158. A composition comprising one or more MRPs and one or more aminedonors.

159. A composition comprising one or more MRPs and one or more sugardonors (reducing sugars).

160. A composition comprising one or more MRPs and one or more salts.

161. A composition comprising one or more MRPs and one or moresweetening agents.

162. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweeteningagents and one or more salts.

163. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweeteningagents and one or more amine donors.

164. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweeteningagents and one or more sweeteners.

165. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweeteningagents and one or more sugar donors.

166. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweetenersand one or more salts.

167. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweetenersand one or more amine donors.

168. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweetenersand one or more sugar donors.

169. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweetenersand one or more sweetening agents.

170. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweeteners,one or more sweetening agents and one or more salts.

171. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweeteners,one or more sweetening agents and one or more amine donors.

172. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweeteners,one or more sweetening agents and one or more sugar donors.

173. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweeteners,one or more sweetening agents, one or more salts and one or more aminedonors.

174. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweeteners,one or more sweetening agents, one or more salts and one or more sugardonors.

175. A composition comprising one or more MRPs, one or more sweeteners,one or more sweetening agents, one or more amine donors and one or moresugar donors.

176. A composition comprising one or more MRPS, one or more sweeteners,one or more sweetening agents, one or more amine donors, one or moresalts, and one or more sugar donors.

177. The composition of paragraph 9, wherein the Stevia extractcomponent is rebaudioside D or rebaudioside M or a mixture of both andthe rebaudioside(s) are present at least by 0.5% by weight, 2% byweight, 5% by weight, 10% by weight, 20% by weight, 30% by weight, 40%by weight, 50% by weight, 60% by weight, 70% by weight, 80% by weight,90% by weight, or 95% by weight.

178. The composition of paragraph 64, wherein the Stevia extractcomponent is rebaudioside D or rebaudioside M or a mixture of both andthe rebaudioside(s) are present at least by 0.5% by weight, 2% byweight, 5% by weight, 10% by weight, 20% by weight, 30% by weight, 40%by weight, 50% by weight, 60% by weight, 70% by weight, 80% by weight,90% by weight, or 95% by weight.

179. The composition of paragraph 119, wherein the Stevia extractcomponent is rebaudioside D or rebaudioside M or a mixture of both andthe rebaudioside(s) are present at least by 0.5% by weight, 2% byweight, 5% by weight, 10% by weight, 20% by weight, 30% by weight, 40%by weight, 50% by weight, 60% by weight, 70% by weight, 80% by weight,90% by weight, or 95% by weight.

180. The composition of paragraph 135, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct(s) are formed rebaudioside D, rebaudioside M, or a mixturethereof, and the rebaudioside(s) are present in the composition,individually or collectively, in amounts of at least by 0.5% by weight,2% by weight, 5% by weight, 10% by weight, 20% by weight, 30% by weight,40% by weight, 50% by weight, 60% by weight, 70% by weight, 80% byweight, 90% by weight, or 95% by weight.

181. A Maillard reaction product(s), formed from the reaction of one ormore sugar donor(s) and one or more amine donor(s), wherein the sugardonor is one or more of galactose, mannose, arabinose, rhamnose,lactose, mixtures thereof, or derivatives thereof.

182. A Maillard reaction product(s), formed from the reaction of one ormore sugar donor(s) and one or more amine donor(s), wherein the sugardonor is one or more of a plant juice, a plant powder, a vegetablejuice, a vegetable powder, a berry juice, a berry powder a fruit juice,a berry powder or mixtures thereof.

183. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 182, wherein the fruitjuice, concentrate, or extract is enriched in anthocyanins.

184. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 183, wherein the fruitjuice is bilberry juice, a concentrate, or an extract.

185. A Maillard reaction product formed from the reaction of one or moresugar donor(s) and one or more amine donor(s), wherein the sugar donoris comprises a glycoside.

186. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 185, wherein theglycoside is a monosaccharide.

187. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 185, wherein theglycoside is an oligosaccharide.

188. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 185, wherein the sugardonor is one or more of glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, lactose,arabinose, or mixtures thereof.

189. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 185, wherein theglycoside comprises concentrates or extracts from one or more ofbilberry, raspberry, lingonberry, cranberry, apple, peach, apricot,mango, or mixtures thereof.

190. Any composition of paragraphs 1 through 156, further comprising asweetening agent.

191. Any composition of paragraphs 1 through 157, further comprisingmalic acid.

192. The MRP composition of paragraph 190, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is formed from the sweetening agent and the amine donor.

193. The MRP composition of paragraph 190, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is formed from the sweetening agent, the reducing sugar and theamine donor.

194. The MRP composition of any of paragraphs 190 through 193, whereinthe unreacted sweetening agent is selected from one or more of alicorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingleextract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

195. The MRP composition of paragraph 194, wherein the Stevia extractcomprises one or more steviol glycosides selected from rebaudioside A,rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

196. The MRP composition of paragraph 194, wherein the Stevia extractcomprises rebaudioside A with a purity of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%,90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%.

197. The MRP composition of any of paragraphs 190 through 196, whereinthe unreacted reducing sugar is selected from one or more of the groupconsisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides andpolysaccharides or mixtures thereof.

198. The MRP composition of any of paragraphs 190 through 197, whereinthe unreacted amine donor is selected from one or more of the groupconsisting of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, anamino acid, a protein, a peptide, yeast extract or mixtures thereof.

199. The MRP composition of any of paragraphs 190 through 198, whereinthe MRP composition comprises 0-50 wt % of the unreacted reducing sugar;0-50 wt % of the unreacted amine donor; and greater than 10 wt % of theunreacted sweetening agent, wherein all percentages are based on thetotal weight of the MRP composition.

200. The MRP composition of any of paragraphs 190 through 199, whereinthe MRP composition is present in the form of a solid or a liquid.

201. The MRP composition of any of paragraphs 190 through 199, furthercomprising a carrier.

202. The MRP composition of paragraph 200, wherein the carrier comprisesthose that can absorb or encapsulate the Maillard reaction product.

203. The MRP composition of paragraph 201, wherein the carrier comprisesa starch or a dextrin.

204. A method for preparing the MRP composition of any of paragraphs 190through 203, wherein the method includes the steps of (1) mixing allreactants including an amine donor, a reducing agent and/or a sweeteningagent; (2) dissolving the mixture into a solvent; and (3) heating themixture.

205. The method of paragraph 204, wherein the solvent comprises water,ethanol, or any other solvent approved for oral use by the InternationalOrganization of the Flavor Industry (IOFI).

206. The method of any of paragraphs 204 through 205, wherein the methodfurther includes the step of adding a pH adjuster.

207. The method of paragraph 206, wherein the pH adjuster comprisesNa₂CO₃ or citric acid.

208. The method of any of paragraphs 204-207, further comprising thestep of spray-drying after the step of (3).

209. A composition, comprising the MRP composition of any of paragraphs204 through 208, further comprising an additional sweetening agentand/or a sweetener.

210. The composition of paragraph 209, wherein the additional sweeteningagent is selected from one or more of a licorice extract, a sweet teaextract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaextract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract,a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

211. The composition of paragraph 209, wherein the sweetener is selectedfrom one or more of the group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol,sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose,raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or mixtures thereof.

212. The composition of paragraph 209, wherein the sweetener issucralose.

213. The composition of paragraphs 209 through 212, wherein the ratio ofthe MRP composition and an additional sweetening agent and/or asweetener is from 1:99 to 99:1.

214. A flavored food product comprising a food or beverage, and the MRPcomposition of any of paragraphs 190 through 213.

215. A flavored food product comprising a food or beverage, and thecomposition of any of paragraphs 209 through 213.

216. The flavored food product of paragraphs 214 or 215, wherein the MRPcomposition is present from 1-99% by weight of the total weight of theflavored food product.

217. A flavored pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceuticalagent and the MRP composition of any of paragraphs 180 through 203.

218. A flavored pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceuticalagent and the composition any of paragraphs 209 through 213.

219. The flavored pharmaceutical composition of paragraphs 217 or 218,wherein the pharmaceutical agent is present from 1-99% by weight of thetotal weight of the flavored pharmaceutical composition.

Additional Embodiments, Set 2

1. A composition comprising: (1) a sweetening agent selected from thegroup consisting of a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingleextract, a glycosylated sweet extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, aglycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, aglycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside, or any mixturethereof; and (2) a Maillard reaction product comprising a nitrogenheterocyclic functionality, a reaction product comprising cyclic enolonefunctionality, a reaction product comprising polycarbonyl functionality,a reaction product comprising monocarbonyl functionality, or any mixtureof one of more of the reaction products.

2. A composition of paragraph 1, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract, Stevia material, or one or more constituents of theStevia plant.

3. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the sweetening agent is amogroside extract, a mogroside material or one or more constituents of amogroside product.

4. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 3, wherein thereaction product comprises nitrogen heterocyclic functionality includespyrazines, pyrroles, pyridines, alkyl and acetyl-substituted saturatedN-heterocycles.

5. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 3, wherein thereaction product comprises cyclic enolone functionality includes maltol,isomaltol, dehydrofuranones, dehydropyrones and cyclopentenolones.

6. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 3, wherein thereaction product comprises polycarbonyls includes 2-furaldehydes,2-pyrrole aldehydes and C3-C6 methyl ketones.

7. The composition of paragraphs 1 through 4, wherein the compositionhas a corny, nutty, roasted or breadlike flavor.

8. The composition of paragraphs 1 through 3 and 5, wherein thecomposition has a caramel like flavor

9. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 6, wherein theMaillard reaction product is present in an amount of from about 10⁻⁹ ppbto about 99.9 wt %.

10. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 6, wherein theMaillard reaction product enhances mouth feel.

11. A food or beverage comprising the composition of any of paragraphs 1through 10.

12. The food or beverage of paragraph 11, wherein the beverage is tea,cocoa, juice, soda, milk, water or coffee; or fruit or vegetable juice;or fruit or vegetable nectar; water-based flavored drink; herbalinfusion; hot cereal beverage; non-alcoholic beverage; alcoholicbeverage; beer or malt beverage; cider and perry; wine; fruit wine; or aspirituous beverage.

13. The food or beverage of any of paragraphs 1 through 12, whereinMaillard reaction composition comprises unreacted starting components.

14. A composition comprising: sucralose or acesulfame-K and a Maillardreaction product comprising a nitrogen heterocylic functionality, areaction product comprising cyclic enolone functionality, a reactionproduct comprising polycarbonyl functionality, a reaction productcomprising monocarbonyl functionality or mixtures of one of more of thereaction products.

15. The composition of paragraph 14, wherein the reaction productcomprises nitrogen heterocyclic functionality includes pyrazines,pyrroles, pyridines, alkyl and acetyl-substituted saturatedN-heterocycles.

16. The composition of paragraph 14, wherein the reaction productcomprises cyclic enolone functionality includes maltol, isomaltol,dehydrofuranones, dehydropyrones and cyclopentenolones.

17. The composition of paragraph 14, wherein the reaction productcomprises polycarbonyls includes 2-furaldehydes, 2-pyrrole aldehydes andC3-C6 methyl ketones.

18. The composition of paragraphs 14 or 15, wherein the composition hasa corny, nutty, roasted or breadlike flavor.

19. The composition of paragraphs 14 or 15, wherein the composition hasa caramel like flavor.

20. The composition of any of paragraphs 14 through 19, wherein theMaillard reaction product is present in an amount of from about 1 ppb toabout 99.9 wt %.

21. The composition of any of paragraphs 14 through 19, wherein theMaillard reaction product enhances mouth feel.

22. The composition of any of paragraphs 14 through 21, wherein thecomposition is included in a food or beverage.

23. The composition of paragraph 22, wherein the beverage is tea, cocoa,juice, soda, or coffee.

24. The composition of any of paragraphs 14 through 23, wherein Maillardreaction components are not all consumed during the Maillard reactionprocess and are present in the composition.

25. A method to enhance mouth feel comprising the step of adding acomposition of paragraphs 1 through 10 or 14 through 20 to a foodproduct or a beverage, resulting in an enhanced mouth feel of the foodproduct or the beverage.

26. A composition of paragraphs 1 through 10 or 14 through 20 for use ina food product or a beverage, to color the food product or the beverage.

27. The composition of paragraph 26, wherein the resultant food productor beverage has a red color.

28. The composition of paragraph 26, wherein the resultant food productor beverage has an orange color.

29. The composition of paragraph 26, wherein the resultant food productor beverage has a caramel color.

30. A flavoring composition prepared by reacting one or more aminocompounds and one or more carbonyl compounds to obtain a composition ofMaillard reaction products.

31. The flavoring composition of paragraph 30, wherein the one or moreamino compounds and the one or more carbonyl compounds are equivalent ona molar basis.

32. The flavoring composition of paragraph 30, wherein excess aminocompound and/or excess carbonyl compound are present in the Maillardreaction product composition.

33. The flavoring composition of any of paragraphs 30 through 32,wherein the amino compounds are selected from the group consisting ofamino acids, amines, peptides, proteins, protein hydrolysates,hydrolyzes vegetable protein, yeast extracts, yeast hydrolysates, soyextract, and any mixture thereof.

34. The flavoring composition of any of paragraphs 30 through 33,wherein the carbonyl compounds are selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, sugar derivatives, hydrolyzed pectins,and any combination thereof.

35. The flavoring composition of paragraph 34, wherein the carbonylcompounds are selected from the group consisting of xylose, glucose,fructose, rhamnose, lactose, and any combination thereof.

36. The flavoring composition of any of paragraphs 30 through 35,further comprising a sweetening agent selected from the group consistingof a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, aglycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, aglycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside, and anymixture thereof.

37. The flavoring composition of any of paragraphs 30 through 36,further comprising a sweetener selected from the group consisting ofsucralose, sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, any mixture thereof.

38. The flavoring composition of any of paragraphs 30 through 37,wherein the flavoring composition is included in a food or beverage.

39. The flavoring composition of paragraph 38, wherein the beverage istea, cocoa, juice, soda, or coffee.

40. The composition of any of paragraphs 30 through 39, wherein Maillardreaction components are not all consumed during the Maillard reactionprocess and are present in the composition.

41. A flavoring composition prepared by a Maillard reaction between: (1)one or more sweetening agents selected from the group consisting of asweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylatedsweet tea extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingleextract, a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviolglycoside, a glycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof; and (2) oneor more amino compounds.

42. The flavoring composition of paragraph 41, wherein the one or moreamino compounds and the one or more sweetening agents are equivalent ona molar basis.

43. The flavoring composition of paragraph 41, wherein excess aminocompound and/or excess sweetening agents are present in the Maillardreaction.

44. The flavoring composition of any of paragraphs 41-43, wherein theamino compounds are selected from the group consisting of amino acids,amines, peptides, proteins, protein hydrolysates, hydrolyzes vegetableprotein, yeast extracts, yeast hydrolysates, soy extract, and anymixture thereof.

45. The flavoring composition of any of paragraphs 41 through 44,further comprising a carbonyl containing compound.

46. The flavoring composition of paragraph 45, wherein the carbonylcompound is selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides,disaccharides, sugar derivatives, hydrolyzed pectins, and anycombination thereof.

47. The flavoring composition of paragraph 45, wherein the carbonylcompound is selected from the group consisting of xylose, glucose,fructose, rhamnose, lactose, and any combination thereof.

48. The flavoring composition of any of paragraphs 41 through 47,further comprising a sweetener selected from the group consisting ofsucralose, sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, and any mixture thereof.

49. The flavoring composition of any of paragraphs 41 through 48,wherein the flavoring composition is included in a food or beverage.

50. The flavoring composition of paragraph 49, wherein the beverage istea, cocoa, juice, soda, or coffee.

51. The flavoring composition of any of paragraphs 41 through 50,wherein Maillard reaction components are not all consumed during theMaillard reaction process and are present in the composition.

Additional Embodiments, Set 3

1. A Stevia extract comprising a steviol glycoside and a non-steviolglycoside flavor.

2. The Stevia extract of paragraph 1, wherein the non-steviol glycosideflavor comprises one or more volatile substances.

3. The Stevia extract of paragraph 2, wherein the volatile substance isone or more substances extracted from Stevia plants by waterdistillation, solvent extraction or supercritical extraction.

4. The Stevia extract of paragraph 2 or paragraph 3, wherein thevolatile substance comprises alkanes, ketones, acids, aldehydes,hydrocarbons, alkenes, aromatics, esters, alcohols, aliphatics oramines.

5. The Stevia extract of paragraph 4, wherein the acids comprise aceticacid, Propanoic acid, Pentanoic acid, Hexanoic acid, Trans 2-hexenoicacid, Heptanoic acid, Octanoic acid, (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid,decahydro-1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid,2,3-dihyd-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid; the alcohols comprise1-Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-6-ol, 2-Ethyl-1-dodecanol, (+) spathulenol,1,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octahy-1-Naphthalenol; the aldehydes comprise Hexanal,2,4-Pentadienal, Octanal, Nonanal, Decanal,1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, 2,5-dimethyl-5-nitrohexanal,(E)-2-Hexenal, (Z)-2-Heptenal; the amines comprise 4-methyl-Pyrimidine,O-decyl-Hydroxylamine, the esters comprise 3-Methyl pentanoic acid,2-ethyl-4-Pentenal, Triacetin, Heptafluorobutyric acid, n-pentadecyl es,Pseudosolasodine diacetate, 2,5,6-trimethyl-Decane; the ketones comprisedihydro-2(3H)-Furanone, 5-ethenyldihydro-5-methy-2(3H)-Furanone,5-ethyldihydro-2(3H)-Furanone, 4-methyl-Cyclopentadecanone,3,3-dimethyl-2,7-octanedione, 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-one,3,5,6,8a-tetrahydro-2,52H-1-Benzopyran,5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-2(4H)-Benzofuranone,6,10,14-trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone, trans-β-Ionone,3-ethyl-4-methyl-1H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione, 1H-Naphtho[2,1-b]pyran,3-ethenyldodecah; the alkanes comprises nitro-Cyclohexane,2,6-dimethyl-Heptadecane, 2,6,7-trimethyl-Decane,2,6,7-trimethyl-Decane, Tetradecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl-Dodecane,2,3-Dimethyldecane, Undecane, 5-methyl-Undecane, Docosane, Dodecane,Heptadecane, Nonadecane, 1-Bromo-2-methyl-decane,2,6,10-trimethyl-Tetradecane; the hydrocarbons compriseBicyclo[4.4.1]undeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaen-1,3-Isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5, the alkenes comprise3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, Caryophyllene oxide, Junipene; the aromaticscomprise Ethylbenzene, pentamethyl-Benzene, 2-methyl-Naphthalene,(+)-Aromadendrene; the aliphatics comprise 1-chloro-Nonadecane,1-chloro-Octadecane.

6. The Stevia extract of any of paragraphs 1-5, wherein the Steviaextract is obtained from Stevia leaves, preferably fresh leaves, lowtemperature-dried leaves or sun-dried leaves.

7. The Stevia extract of any of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the non-steviolglycoside flavor is present at an amount of from 10⁻⁹ ppb to 99.5 wt %by weight of the Stevia extract.

8. The Stevia extract of any of paragraphs 1-7, wherein the Steviaextract is a solid or liquid solution.

9. The Stevia extract of paragraph 8, wherein the steviol glycosideforms clusters.

10. The Stevia extract of paragraph 9, wherein the non-steviol glycosideflavor is embedded in and/or absorbed onto the clusters.

11. The Stevia extract of any of paragraphs 1 through 10, wherein theStevia extract is Citrus flavor.

12. A composition comprising one or more steviol glycosides, a Maillardreaction product, resulting from the reaction between Maillard reactionproduct reactants comprising a sugar and amine donor without a steviolglycoside present, residue of unreacted Maillard reaction reactants,non-steviol glycosides components from Stevia plants, and at least onesteviol glycoside involved in a Maillard reaction to form steviolglycoside derived MRPs and residue of the unreacted steviol glycoside.

13. A Maillard reaction product of a Stevia extract comprising steviolglycosides and non-steviol glycoside substances and an amine donor.

14. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 13, wherein thenon-steviol glycoside substances are essential oils extracted fromStevia plants.

15. A method for producing fermented yogurt, comprising subjecting aStevia extract to Maillard reaction conditions in the presence of milk,sugar donors and amine donors to provide a reaction mixture.

16. The method of paragraph 15, wherein the reaction mixture can befurther fermented.

Additional Embodiments, Set 4

1. A composition comprising a Maillard reaction product, wherein theMaillard reaction product is formed from the reaction of reactantscomprising an amine donor and a sugar donor.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the Maillard reaction productis present from about 0.1 ppm to about 100% by weight of the totalweight of the composition.

3. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the amine donor and the sugardonor have a ratio of from 1:99 to 99:1 by weight.

4. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-3, wherein the amine donorcomprises a compound having a free amino group.

5. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-3, wherein the amine donorcomprises an amine comprising primary amine compounds and secondaryamine compounds, an amino acid, a protein, a peptide, yeast extracts ormixtures thereof.

6. The composition of paragraph 5, wherein the amino acid is selectedfrom the group consisting of alanine, arginine, asparagine, asparticacid, cysteine, cystine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine,threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, and any combinations thereof.

7. The composition of paragraph 5, wherein the peptide comprises HVP ormixtures thereof.

8. The composition of paragraph 5, wherein the protein is selected fromone or more of soy protein, sodium caseinate, whey protein, wheat glutenor mixtures thereof.

9. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a compound having a free carbonyl group.

10. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides andpolysaccharides.

11. The composition of paragraph 10, wherein the monosaccharidecomprises glucose, xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose,glyceraldehyde, fructose, ribose, ribulose, xylulose or combinationsthereof.

12. The composition of paragraph 10, wherein the disaccharide comprisescellobiose, lactose, maltose or combinations thereof.

13. The composition of paragraph 10, wherein the polysaccharidecomprises starch.

14. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-3, wherein the sugar donor isburnt sugar.

15. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-3, wherein the reactantsfurther comprise an alkaline pH adjuster.

16. The composition of paragraph 15, wherein the alkaline pH adjuster issodium hydroxide.

17. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-16, wherein the compositionfurther comprises unreacted amine donor or unreacted sugar donor.

18. The composition of paragraph 17, wherein the unreacted amine donoris present at an amount of from 0-99% by weight of the composition.

19. The composition of paragraph 17, wherein the unreacted sugar donoris present at an amount of from 0-99% by weight of the composition.

20. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-19, wherein the compositionfurther comprises sweetener or sweetening agent.

21. The composition of paragraph 20, wherein the sweetener comprises oneor more of sucralose, sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or mixtures thereof.

22. The composition of paragraph 20, wherein the sweetening agentcomprises one or more of sweet tea extracts, Stevia extracts, swingle(mogroside) extracts, one or more sweet tea glycosides (rubusoside andsuaviosides), steviol glycosides, one or more mogrosides, one or moreglycosylated sweet tea glycosides, glycosylated steviol glycosides, oneor more glycosylated mogrosides or mixtures thereof.

23. The composition of any of paragraphs 20-22, wherein the sweetener orthe sweetening agent is present from about 0.1 ppm to about 99% byweight of the total weight of the beverage or food composition.

24. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-23, wherein the compositionis a solid or liquid.

25. The composition of any of paragraphs 24, wherein the composition isabsorbed and/or encapsulated in a carrier.

26. The composition of paragraph 25, wherein the carrier comprises astarch, a dextrin.

27. The composition of paragraph 22, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is absorbed and/or encapsulated in or on the Stevia extract.

28. A method for preparing the composition of any of paragraphs 1-19,wherein the method includes the steps of:

1) dissolving an amino donor and a sugar donor into a solvent to obtaina solution;

2) heating the solution to 10-200° C. to obtain a slurry;

3) drying the slurry to obtain a powder Maillard reaction product.

29. The method of paragraph 28, wherein the solvent comprises water orethanol.

30. The method of paragraph 28, wherein the method further includes thestep of adding a pH adjuster after step 1).

31. The method of paragraph 28, wherein the drying manner is aspray-drying process.

32. A beverage or food product having improved mouth feel comprising thecomposition of any of paragraphs 1-27 and a beverage or food material.

33. The beverage or food product of paragraph 32, wherein thecomposition is present from about 0.1 ppm to about 99% by weight of thetotal weight of the beverage or food product.

34. The product of paragraph 32 or paragraph 33, wherein the beverage orfood material is selected from tea, cocoa, juice, or coffee.

35. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 27, which can be usedas fat substitutes and in food and beverage industries.

36. A composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 27 further comprisingone or more thickener, wherein the one or more thickeners is selectedfrom xanthan gum, food starch, hydrocolloids, or combinations thereof.

37. A method to reduce the amount of thickener to be used in a food, abeverage, a feed or a pharmaceutical product by adding the compositionof any of paragraphs 1 through 27 to the food, beverage, feed orpharmaceutical product.

38. A food or beverage comprising the composition of any of paragraphs 1through 27, a food or a beverage and one or more thickener.

39. The food or beverage of paragraph 38, wherein the amount of addedcomposition is above 1 ppm.

40. A composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 27, further comprisingone or more flavor.

41. A method to reduce the amount of a flavor to be used in a food, abeverage, a feed or a pharmaceutical product by adding any compositionof any of paragraphs 1 through 27.

42. A food or beverage comprising a composition of any of paragraphs 1through 27 and a flavor.

43. The food or beverage of paragraph 42, wherein the amount of addedcomposition is above 1 ppm.

44. A composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 27 further comprisingone or more antioxidants, wherein the one or more antioxidant isselected from vitamins, vitamin cofactors, minerals, hormones,carotenoids, carotenoid terpenoids, non-carotenoid terpenoids,flavonoids, flavonoid polyphenolics (e.g., bioflavonoids), flavonols,flavones, phenols, polyphenols, esters of phenols, esters ofpolyphenols, nonflavonoid phenolics, isothiocyanates, or combinationsthereof.

45. A method to reduce the amount of an antioxidant to be used in afood, a beverage, a feed, or a pharmaceutical product comprising thestep of adding any composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 27.

46. A food or beverage comprising the composition of any of paragraphs 1through 27, a food or beverage and an antioxidant.

47. The food or beverage of paragraph 46, wherein the added amount ofcomposition is above 1 ppm.

48. A composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 27 further comprisingone or more salt, the one or more salts is selected from sodiumcarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride,magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfateor mixtures thereof.

49. A method to reduce the amount of salt to be used in a food, abeverage, a feed or a pharmaceutical product comprising the step ofadding any composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 27.

50. A food or beverage comprising a composition of any of paragraphs 1through 27, a food or beverage and a salt.

51. The food or beverage of paragraph 50, wherein the added amount ofthe composition is above 1 ppm.

52. A composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 27 further comprisingone or more fat, wherein the one or more fat is selected from tallow,hydrogenated tallow, large, hydrogenated or partially hydrogenatedvegetable oils (e.g., soybean, canola, cottonseed, sunflower, palm,coconut, corn, safflower, or palm kernel oils), cocoa butter, glycerolmonostearate, glycerol triacetate, glycerol abietate, lecithin,monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides acetylated monoglycerides,and free fatty acids.

53. A method to reduce the amount of fat to be used in a food, abeverage, a feed or a pharmaceutical product, comprising the step ofadding any composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 27 to a food, abeverage, a fee or a pharmaceutical product.

54. A food or beverage comprising the composition of any of paragraphs 1through 27, a food or beverage and a fat.

55. The food or beverage of paragraph 54, wherein the added amount ofthe composition is above 1 ppm.

Use of Thaumatin as Amine Donor, NHDC, Advantame, Maltol

56. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the amine donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

57. The composition of paragraph 56, wherein the sweetener enhancer ispresent in the composition in range of 0.1% to 99.5% on a weight toweight basis.

58. A method to prepare a MRPs by using an amine donor comprising asweetener enhancer.

59. A food, beverage, feed or pharmaceutical composition comprising anMRP, wherein the MRP is produced by amine donor comprising a sweetenerenhancer.

60. The food, beverage, feed or pharmaceutical composition of paragraph59, wherein the MRP concentration is above 1 ppm.

61. The composition of any of paragraphs 56 through 59, wherein thesweetener enhancer is Thaumatin.

62. The food, beverage, feed or pharmaceutical composition of paragraph59, wherein the amount of Thaumatin in the product is in a range of fromabout 0.1 ppm to about 20 ppm.

63. The composition of paragraph 1 or paragraph 56, wherein thecomposition further comprises one or more ingredients selected fromAdvantame, Trilobatin, phyllodulcin, Osladin, Polypodoside A,Eriodictyol, Homoeriodicyol, Neohesperidine, naringin, neohesperidinechalcone, naringin chalcone, phloracetophenone, neohesperidinedihydrochalcone, naringin dihydrochalcone, and their salts, maltol,ethyl-maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, m-methylphenol, andm-n-propylphenol.

64. The composition of paragraph 63, wherein the added amount of one ormore ingredients selected from Advantame, Trilobatin, phyllodulcin,Osladin, Polypodoside A, Eriodictyol, Homoeriodicyol, Neohesperidine,naringin, neohesperidine chalcone, naringin chalcone, phloracetophenone,neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, naringin dihydrochalcone, and theirsalts, maltol, ethyl-maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, m-methylphenol,and m-n-propylphenol is in a range of from about 0.1 ppm to about 99.5%.

65. A method to produce a flavor or flavor enhancer by adding one ormore sweetener enhancers and/or ingredients selected from Advantame,Trilobatin, phyllodulcin, Osladin, Polypodoside A, Eriodictyol,Homoeriodicyol, Neohesperidine, naringin, neohesperidine chalcone,naringin chalcone, phloracetophenone, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone,naringin dihydrochalcone, and their salts, maltol, ethyl-maltol,vanillin, ethyl vanillin, m-methylphenol, and m-n-propylphenol intoMaillard reaction products or a Maillard reaction.

66. A food, a beverage, a feed or a pharmaceutical product comprisingcomponents preparable by any of paragraphs 63 through 65.

67. The food, beverage, feed or pharmaceutical product of paragraph 66,wherein the ingredients selected from Advantame, Trilobatin,phyllodulcin, Osladin, Polypodoside A, Eriodictyol, Homoeriodicyol,Neohesperidine, naringin, neohesperidine chalcone, naringin chalcone,phloracetophenone, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, naringindihydrochalcone, and their salts, maltol, ethyl-maltol, vanillin, ethylvanillin, m-methylphenol, and m-n-propylphenol in food, beverage, feedor pharmaceutical product is in a range of from about 0.1 to about 10%.

68. The composition of any of paragraphs 1, 56 and 63, furthercomprising one or more sweetener.

Use of Neohesperdine Hydrochalcone in the Composition and MaillardReaction.

68. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the composition furthercomprises one or more ingredients selected from Trilobatin,phyllodulcin, Osladin, Polypodoside A, Eriodictyol, Homoeriodicyol,Neohesperidine, naringin, neohesperidine chalcone, naringin chalcone,phloracetophenone, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, naringindihydrochalcone, their salts and mixtures thereof.

69. The composition of paragraph 68, wherein the amount of one or moreof Trilobatin, phyllodulcin, Osladin, Polypodoside A, Eriodictyol,Homoeriodicyol, Neohesperidine, naringin, neohesperidine chalcone,naringin chalcone, phloracetophenone, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone,naringin dihydrochalcone, and their salts or mixtures thereof is in arange of from about 0.1 ppm to about 99.5%.

70. A method to produce a flavor or flavor enhancer by adding one ormore of Trilobatin, phyllodulcin, Osladin, Polypodoside A, Eriodictyol,Homoeriodicyol, Neohesperidine, naringin, neohesperidine chalcone,naringin chalcone, phloracetophenone, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone,naringin dihydrochalcone, and their salts or mixtures thereof intoMaillard reaction products or a Maillard reaction.

71. A food, beverage, feed or pharmaceutical product comprisingcomponents of any of paragraphs 68 through 70.

72. The food, beverage, feed or pharmaceutical product of paragraph 71,wherein the added amount of one or more ingredients selected fromTrilobatin, phyllodulcin, Osladin, Polypodoside A, Eriodictyol,Homoeriodicyol, Neohesperidine, naringin, neohesperidine chalcone,naringin chalcone, phloracetophenone, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone,naringin dihydrochalcone, and their salts in food and beverage is in arange of from about 0.1 to about 500 ppm.

Use of Maltol, Ethyl-Maltol, Vanillin, Ethyl Vanillin, m-methylphenol,and m-n-propylphenol

71. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the composition furthercomprises one or more ingredients selected from maltol, ethyl-maltol,vanillin, ethyl vanillin, m-methylphenol, and m-n-propylphenol.

72. The composition of paragraph 71, wherein the added amount of one ormore ingredients selected from maltol, ethyl-maltol, vanillin, ethylvanillin, m-methylphenol, and m-n-propylphenol is in a range of froabout 0.1 ppm to about 99.5%.

73. A method to produce a flavor or flavor enhancer by adding one ormore ingredients selected from maltol, ethyl-maltol, vanillin, ethylvanillin, m-methylphenol, and m-n-propylphenol into Maillard reactionproducts or a Maillard reaction.

74. A food, beverage, feed or pharmaceutical product comprisingcomponents from any of paragraphs 71 through 73.

75. The composition of paragraph 71, wherein the added amount of one ormore ingredients selected from maltol, ethyl-maltol, vanillin, ethylvanillin, m-methylphenol, and m-n-propylphenol in a food or beverage isin a range of from about 1 ppm to about 10%.

Additional Embodiments, Set 5

1. A composition comprising a Maillard reaction product, wherein theMaillard reaction product is formed from the reaction of reactantscomprising amine donor and sugar donor, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener or a sweetening agent.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the sugar donor furthercomprises reducing sugar.

3. The composition of paragraph 1 or paragraph 2, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from one or more of a licorice extract, a sweet teaextract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaextract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract,a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

4. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the Stevia extract comprisessteviol glycoside components and/or non-steviol glycoside components.

5. The composition of paragraph 4, wherein the steviol glycosidecomponents are present at an amount of less than 99 wt %, less than 80wt %, less than 60%, less than 30%, or equal to 0 wt % of the totalweight of the Stevia extract.

6. The composition of paragraph 5, wherein the non-steviol glycosidecomponents comprise one or more volatile components.

7. The composition of paragraph 6, wherein the one or more volatilecomponents are present at an amount of 0.1ppb to 10% by weight of thenon-steviol glycoside components.

8. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the Stevia extract comprisesone or more Stevia extract components.

9. The composition of paragraph 8, wherein the Stevia extract componentis one or more of rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or mixtures thereof.

10. The composition of paragraph 9, wherein the Stevia extract componentcomprises rebaudioside A with a content of 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%,40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%.

11. The composition of paragraph 8, wherein the Stevia extract componentcomprises a salt form.

12. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the swingle extractcomprises one or more mogroside components and/or one or morenon-mogroside components.

13. The composition of paragraph 12, wherein the one or more mogrosidecomponents are present at an amount of less than 99 wt %, less than 80wt %, less than 60%, less than 30%, or equal to 0 wt % of the totalweight of the swingle extract.

14. The composition of paragraph 12 or paragraph 13, wherein the one ormore non-mogroside components comprise one or more volatile components.

15. The composition of paragraph 14, wherein the one or more volatilecomponents are present at an amount of 0.1ppb to 10% by weight of thenon-mogroside components.

16. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the mogroside extractcomponent is one or more of mogroside V, mogroside IV, siamenoside I,11-oxomogroside V or mixtures thereof.

17. The composition of paragraph 16, wherein the mogroside extractcomponent comprises a salt form.

18. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the glycosylated Steviaextract comprises glycosylation compositions of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor mixtures thereof.

19. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation compositions of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor mixtures thereof.

20. The composition of paragraph 19, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises a salt form.

21. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the glycosylated swingleextract comprises a glycosylated mogroside II, a glycosylated mogrosideIII, a glycosylated mogroside IV, a glycosylated mogroside V, aglycosylated siamenoside I or a glycosylated 11-oxomogroside V ormixtures thereof.

22. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the glycosylated mogrosidecomprises a glycosylated mogroside II, a glycosylated mogroside III, aglycosylated mogroside IV, a glycosylated mogroside V, a glycosylatedsiamenoside I or a glycosylated 11-oxomogroside V or mixtures thereof.

23. The composition of paragraph 22, wherein the glycosylated mogrosideis a salt form.

24. The composition of paragraph 1 or paragraph 2, wherein the sweeteneris selected from one or more of the group consisting of sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame,erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or mixtures thereof.

25. The composition of paragraph 1 or paragraph 2, wherein the sweeteneris sucralose.

26. The composition of paragraph 2, wherein the reducing sugar comprisescompounds having a free carbonyl group.

27. The composition of paragraph 2, wherein the reducing sugar comprisesmonosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

28. The composition of paragraph 27, wherein the monosaccharidecomprises glucose, xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose,glyceraldehyde, fructose, ribose, ribulose, xylulose or combinationsthereof.

29. The composition of paragraph 27, wherein the disaccharide comprisescellobiose, lactose, maltose or combinations thereof.

30. The composition of paragraph 27, wherein the polysaccharidecomprises starch.

31. The composition of paragraph 2, wherein the reducing sugar is burntsugar.

32. The composition of paragraph 1 or paragraph 2, wherein the aminedonor comprises a compound having a free amino group.

33. The composition of paragraph 1 or paragraph 2, wherein the aminedonor comprises an amine comprising primary amine compounds andsecondary amine compounds, an amino acid, a protein, a peptide, yeastextracts or mixtures thereof.

34. The composition of paragraph 33, wherein the amino acid is selectedfrom the group consisting of alanine, arginine, asparagine, asparticacid, cysteine, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine,threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, and any combination thereof.

35. The composition of paragraph 33, wherein the peptide comprises HVPor mixtures thereof.

36. The composition of paragraph 33, wherein the protein is selectedfrom one or more of soy protein, sodium caseinate, whey protein, wheatgluten or mixtures thereof.

37. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-36, the ratio of sugar donorand amine donor is from 1:99 to 99:1.

38. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-37, wherein the compositionfurther comprises one or more of an unreacted sweetening agent, anunreacted sweetener, an unreacted reducing sugar or an unreacted aminedonor.

39. The composition of paragraph 38, wherein the composition comprises0-99 wt % of the Maillard reaction product on the basis of the weight ofthe composition.

40. The composition of paragraph 38, wherein the unreacted amine donoris present at an amount of from 0-99% by weight of the composition.

41. The composition of paragraph 38, wherein the unreacted sweeteningagent is present at an amount of from 0-99% by weight of thecomposition.

42. The composition of paragraph 38, wherein the unreacted sweetener ispresent at an amount of from 0-99% by weight of the composition.

43. The composition of paragraph 38, wherein the unreacted reducingsugar is present at an amount of from 0-99% by weight of thecomposition.

44. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-43, wherein the reactantsfurther comprise an alkaline pH adjuster.

45. The composition of paragraph 44, wherein the alkaline pH adjuster issodium hydroxide.

46. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-45, wherein the compositionis a solid or liquid.

47. A method for preparing the composition of any of paragraphs 1-46,wherein the method includes the steps of:

1) dissolving an amino donor and a sugar donor into a solvent to obtaina solution;

2) heating the solution to 10-200° C. to obtain a slurry;

3) drying the slurry to obtain a powder Maillard reaction products.

48. The method of paragraph 47, wherein the solvent comprises water orethanol.

49. The method of paragraph 47 or paragraph 48, wherein the methodfurther includes the step of adding a pH adjuster after step 1).

50. The method of paragraph 49, wherein the pH adjuster comprises Na₂CO₃or citric acid.

51. The method of paragraph 47, wherein the drying manner is aspray-drying process.

52. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-46, wherein the compositionis used as a flavor or as a sweetener.

52a. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-46, wherein the compositionis used as a fat substitute, salt substitute, antioxidant substitute orfunctions in a synergistic effect in foods and beverages.

53. A flavor with Citrus aroma comprising the composition of any ofparagraphs 1-46, wherein the amine donor comprises histidine or glutamicacid; and wherein the sugar donor is a Stevia extract of any ofparagraphs 4-7. In this specification, Citrus aroma or flavor is similarto an orange or tangerine.

54. The flavor of paragraph 53, wherein the composition comprises one ormore volatile components.

55. The flavor of paragraph 54, wherein the volatile components compriseone or more of Pyridine; 1,6-Octadiene, 2,6-dimethyl-, (Z)-;3-Methyl-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride; 1,4-Pentadiene,3-propyl-; Nonanal; cis-Linaloloxide; Linalool oxide trans; 1-Hexanol,2-ethyl-; Pentadecane; Hexadecane; Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene,1,7,7-trimethyl-; 3-Buten-2-one, 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-,(E)-; 3-Buten-2-one, 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-;1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-; Naphthalene,1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethyl-;4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2,6-diphenylpyridine; 1,5,7-Octatrien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl-; 8-Azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene, 8-methyl-;3-Cyclohexene-1-acetaldehyde, alpha,4-dimethyl-; Cyclohexanol,5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, (1α,2β,5α)-(+/−)-; Isoborneol;3-Cyclohexene-1-acetaldehyde, α,4-dimethyl-; 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol,α,α4-trimethyl-; Borneol; 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one,7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-4-methyl-; 2H-Pyran-2-one,6-[4,4-bis(methylthio)-1,2,3-butatrienyl]-; Methanethioamide,N,N-dimethyl-; 1,3-Cycloheptadiene; Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester;2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)-, (S)-; Naphthalene;Oxime-, methoxy-phenyl-; Acetic acid, cyano-, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester;3-(2,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-2-formylamino-propionic acid, ethyl ester;Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,5-dimethyl-;[1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid,4,7-dihydro-7-imino-, ethyl ester; 1,2,3-Propatriol,1-indol-4-yl(ether); 1H-Inden-5-ol, 2,3-dihydro-; 2-Buten-1-one,1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-, (E)-; 2,6-Octadien-1-ol,3,7-dimethyl-, (E)-; Pentanoic acid, 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-carboxyisopropyl,isobutyl ester; Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,5-dimethyl-;2,6-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-(1-oxopropyl)phenol;1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)propan-2-one; 1-Oxaspiro[2.5]octane,4,4-dimethyl-8-methylene-;4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dienyl)but-3-en-2-one; 4H-Pyran-4-one,2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-; 2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl-, methyl ester;beta.-Vatirenene; 2-Furanmethanol,tetrahydro-α,α,5-trimethyl-5-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-,[2S-[2α,5β(R*)]]-; 2H-Pyran-3-ol,tetrahydro-2,2,6-trimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-,[3S-[3α,6α(R*)]]-; Bergamotol, Z-α-trans-; trans-Z-α-Bisabolene epoxide;Nonanoic acid; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester; Benzoic acid, 2-amino-,methyl ester; Dimethyl phthalate; Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-;Hexagol; Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester; 1,3,6-Octatriene,3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl methyl ester;1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester;1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl 2-methylpropyl ester; Phenanthrene.

55a. The flavor of paragraph 55, wherein the volatile components arepresent in the flavor in an amount of from 10⁻⁹ ppb to 10 wt % based onthe weight of the flavor.

56. A flavor with flora aroma comprising the composition of any ofparagraphs 1-46, wherein the amine donor comprises phenylalanine; andwherein the sugar donor comprises xylose or a Stevia extract or thecombination thereof.

57. The flavor of paragraph 41, wherein the composition comprises one ormore volatile components.

58. The flavor of paragraph 57, wherein the volatile components compriseone or more of Nonanal; Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, 1,7,7-trimethyl-;Benzaldehyde; 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-; 1,5,7-Octatrien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl-; Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-,(1α,2β,5α)-(+/−)-; Benzeneacetaldehyde; Tridecanal; Acetic acid,phenylmethyl ester; Naphthalene; 2-Dodecanol, 2-methyl-; Furan,3-phenyl-; Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,5-dimethyl-;4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dienyl)but-3-en-2-one; 2-Propenoic acid,3-phenyl-, methyl ester; Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-;1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester.

59. A flavor with corn aroma comprising the composition of any ofparagraphs 1-46, wherein the amine donor is proline; and wherein thesugar donor comprises galactose or a Stevia extract or the combinationthereof.

59a. The flavor of paragraph 59, wherein the volatile components arepresent in the flavor in an amount of from 10⁻⁹ ppb to 10 wt % based onthe weight of the flavor.

60. The flavor of paragraph 59, wherein the composition comprises one ormore volatile components.

61. The flavor of paragraph 60, wherein the volatile components compriseone or more of Nonanal; Naphthalene;4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dienyl)but-3-en-2-one; 2-Propenoic acid,3-phenyl-, methyl ester; Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-;1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester;1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl 2-methylpropyl ester.

61a. The flavor of paragraph 61, wherein the volatile components arepresent in the flavor in an amount of from 10⁻⁹ ppb to 10 wt % based onthe weight of the flavor.

62. A flavor with chocolate aroma comprising the composition of any ofparagraphs 1-46, wherein the amine donor is valine; and wherein thesugar donor comprises rhamnose or a Stevia extract or the combinationthereof.

63. The flavor of paragraph 62, wherein the composition comprises one ormore volatile components.

64. The flavor of paragraph 63, wherein the volatile components compriseone or more of Propanal, 2-methyl-; Furan, 2-methyl-;1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene; 3-Hexanone, 2,5-dimethyl-; 4-Heptanone,2,6-dimethyl-; 1-Octadecanol, tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether;2,5-Dimethylanisole; Nonanal; 1-Butanamine, N-butyl-N-2-propenyl-;Cyclohexane; Carane, 4,5-epoxy-, trans; Furfural; 4(1H)-Pyrimidinone,6-methyl-; Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, 1,7,7-trimethyl-;5-Isoxazolecarboxylic acid, 4,5-dihydro-3,5-dimethyl-, methyl ester,(S)-; 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-; 2-Coumaranone; 4-Octanone,5-hydroxy-2,7-dimethyl-; Furan, 2,2′-methylenebis-; Cyclobutylmethylphosphonofluoridoate; 2-Furanmethanol; 2-Methoxyformanilide;3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, α,α,4-trimethyl-, (S)-; Naphthalene;1H-Pyrrole, 1-(2-furanylmethyl)-; α-Cubebene;2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one, 2-hydroxy-4-(1-methylethyl)-; Furan,2,2′-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis-, (E)-; 2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl-, methylester; 4′-Ethoxybenzenesulfonanilide; 1H-Pyrrole, 1-(2-furanylmethyl)-;Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyloctyl ester.

64a. The flavor of paragraph 64, wherein the volatile components arepresent in the flavor in an amount of from 10⁻⁹ ppb to 10 wt % based onthe weight of the flavor.

65. A food or beverage product comprising the composition of any ofparagraphs 1-46 or the flavor of any of paragraphs 53-64a, and a food ora beverage material.

66. The food or beverage product of paragraph 65, wherein thecomposition or flavor is present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 99% byweight of the total weight of the product.

67. The product of paragraph 65 or paragraph 66, wherein the beverage orfood material is selected from one of tea, cocoa, juice, coffee.

68. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition of any ofparagraphs 1-46 or the flavor of any of paragraphs 53-64a, and food orbeverage material.

69. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 68, wherein thecomposition or flavor is present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 99% byweight of the total weight of the product.

Additional Embodiments, Set 6

1. A composition comprising a Maillard reaction product and a thaumatin.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the Maillard reaction productis formed from the reaction of reactants comprising amine donor andsugar donor.

3. The composition according to paragraph 1 or 2, wherein, the Maillardreaction product is direct resultant of Maillard reaction withoutseparation of purification.

4. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 1-3, wherein, theMaillard reaction consists of volatile substances and non-volatilesubstances.

5. The composition according to paragraph 1 or 2, wherein, the Maillardreaction product is partially isolated products, either partiallyvolatile substance or partially non-volatile substances are removed fromthe direct resultant of Maillard reaction

6. The composition according to paragraph 1 or 2, wherein, the Maillardreaction products are pure volatile substances.

7. The composition according to paragraph 1 or 2, wherein, the Maillardreaction products are pure non-volatile substances.

8. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 1-5 or 7, wherein,the Maillard reaction product is a water soluble compound.

9. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 2-8, wherein thesugar donor comprises a reducing sugar, sweetener and/or sweeteningagent.

10. The composition of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from one or more of a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, aStevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The composition of paragraph 10, wherein the Stevia extractcomprises one or more steviol glycoside components.

12. The composition of paragraph 11, wherein, the Stevia extract furthercomprises non-steviol glycoside components.

13. The composition according to paragraph 12, wherein, the non-steviolglycosides components are volatile substances characterized by Citrusflavor.

14. The composition according to paragraph 12, wherein, the non-volatilesubstances of non-steviol glycoside components comprises one or moremolecules characterized by terpene, di-terpene, or ent-kaurenestructure.

15. The composition according to paragraph 12, wherein, the non-steviolglycoside components consist of volatile and non-volatile substances.

16. The composition of any one of paragraphs 9-15, wherein the steviolglycoside components are present at an amount of less than 99 wt %, lessthan 80 wt %, less than 60%, less than 30%, or equal to 0 wt % of thetotal weight of the Stevia extract.

17. The composition of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener is selectedfrom one or more of the group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol,sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose,raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or mixtures thereof.

18. The composition of paragraph 2, wherein the amine donor comprisescompounds having a free amino group.

19. The composition of paragraph 18, wherein the amine donor comprisesan amine comprising primary amine compounds and secondary aminecompounds, an amino acid, a protein, a peptide, yeast extracts ormixtures thereof.

20. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the thaumatin comprisesthaumatin I, II, III, a, b, c and/or combinations thereof.

21. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-20, wherein the ratio of thethaumatin to the Maillard reaction product is from 1: 100 to 100:1 byweight.

22. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the composition comprises afurther sweetening agent and/or sweetener.

23. A food or beverage product comprising the composition of any ofparagraphs 1-22 and a food or a beverage material.

24. The food or beverage product of paragraph 23, wherein the thaumatinis present from about 0.01 ppm to 20 ppm by weight of the total weightof the product.

25. The food or beverage product according to paragraph 23, wherein thecomposition in the beverage is less than 10%, 1%, 5,000 ppm, 2,000 ppm,1,000 ppm, 500 ppm, 200 ppm.

26. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 1-22, wherein,the composition is used for sugar reduction, salt reduction, or fatreduction.

27. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 1-22, wherein,the composition is used to enhance the mouth feel, flavor oroverall-likeability of a food or beverage.

28. The food or beverage product of paragraph 23 or 24, wherein thebeverage or food material is selected from a carbonated drink, coffee,chocolate milk, tea, juice, or flavored waters, etc.

29. The food or beverage product of paragraph 23 or 24, wherein thebeverage or food material is selected from one of tea, cocoa, juice,coffee; fruit or vegetable juice; or fruit or vegetable nectar;water-based flavored drink; herbal infusion; hot cereal beverage;non-alcoholic beverage; alcoholic beverage; beer or malt beverage; ciderand perry; wine; fruit wine; or a spirituous beverage.

Additional Embodiments, Set 7

1. A consumable comprising MRPs.

2. The consumable according to paragraph 1, wherein the MRPs is one ormore MRPs substances or chemically identical MRPs substances.

3. A consumable comprising sweetening agent-derived MRPs.

4. The consumable according to paragraph 3, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from one or more of Stevia, monk fruit, or sweet teaextract.

5. The consumable according to any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein theconsumable is one of beverage selected from tea, flavored water, energydrink, juice concentrate, carbonate drink, coffee drink, chocolatedrink; fruit or vegetable juice; or fruit or vegetable nectar;water-based flavored drink; herbal infusion; hot cereal beverage;non-alcoholic beverage; alcoholic beverage; beer or malt beverage; ciderand perry; wine; fruit wine; or a spirituous beverage.

6. The consumable according to any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein theconsumable is one of a food selected from a dairy product, fat emulsion,fruit or vegetable, juice, tea, coffee, fruit or vegetable nectar,water-based flavored drink, herbal infusion, hot cereal beverage,non-alcoholic beverage, alcoholic beverage, beer or malt beverage, ciderand perry, wine, fruit wine, spirituous beverages, dessert, cream, milkor cream powder, cheese, whey product, edible ice, a fruit product, avegetable product, nut or seed product, jam, jelly, spread, fruittopping, fruit filling, candy, cocoa product, sugar-based confectionery,chewing gum, decoration product, sauce, grain product, flour or starch,breakfast cereal product, rolled oats product, pastas or noodle, cereal,bread, cracker, cake, cookie, pie, bakery ware, doughnut, sweet roll,scone, muffin, meat product, fish product, egg product, salt, seasoning,vinegar, mustard product, spice product, soup, sauce, salad, yeastproduct, protein product, foodstuff, ready-to-eat savory, or a compositefood.

7. The consumable according to paragraph 5, wherein the beverage hassugar or is without added sugar.

8. The consumable according to paragraph 5, wherein the beverage hasreduced sugar content or is sugar free.

9. The consumable according to paragraph 7, wherein the sugar is one ormore sugar selected from lactose, maltose, glucose, fructose, galactose,sucrose, or any combination thereof.

10. The consumable according to paragraph 8, wherein the sugar reducedconsumable comprises one or more Stevia extract, swingle extract andsweet tea extract, and artificial high intensive sweetener such assucralose, ACE-K and aspartame.

11. The consumable according to any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein theconsumable is one of salted, salt reduced or free salt product.

12. The consumable according to any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein theconsumable is one of a fatty, fat reduction or free fat product.

13. The consumable according to any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein thecontent of MRP or sweetener-derived MRPs in the food or beverage is from10⁻⁹ ppm to 99.9%.

Additional Embodiments, Set 8

1. A composition comprising MRPs and a flavor.

2. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein the flavor is oneor more selected from vanilla, mint, chocolate, mango extract, cinnamon,Citrus, coconut, ginger, viridiflorol, almond, bay, thyme, cedar leaf,nutmeg, allspice, sage, mace, menthol (including menthol without mint),or an essential oil.

3. A composition comprises MRPs and sweeteners.

4. A composition comprises MRPs and texturing agent.

5. A composition comprising MRPs and antioxidant.

6. A composition comprising MRPs and small bubble reducing agent.

7. A composition comprising MRPs and one or more food ingredientsselected from a sweetener, a texture, a flavor, an acid or antioxidants.

8. The composition according to paragraph 7, wherein the compositionfurther comprises flavor, sweetener, texture or MRPs (or a sweeteningagent derived from MRPs).

9. A food or beverage comprising the compositions of any one ofparagraphs 1-8.

10. The composition of paragraphs 1-8, comprising combinations ofthaumatin and MRPs, combinations of sweetening agent(s) and MRPs, orcombination of thaumatin, sweetening agent, and MRPs.

11. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 1-8, wherein theindividual components in the composition are from 10⁻⁹ ppb to 99.9% inthe composition. The ratio of different component; in composition couldbe varied as per previous paragraphs the composition.

Additional Embodiments, Set 9

1. A composition comprising a sweetening agent and an MRP.

2. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein the MRPs is a watersoluble substance and the sweetening agent is a Stevia extract.

3. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 1-2, the MRPs arenon-volatile substances or partially isolated non-volatile substancesfrom MRPs.

4. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 1-2, wherein theMRPs are volatile substances or partially isolated volatile substances.

5. The composition according to paragraph 2, wherein the Stevia extractcomprises non-steviol glycoside flavor derived from leaves.

Additional Embodiments, Set 10

1. A composition comprising MRPs.

2. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein the MRPs are watersoluble substances.

3. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein the MRPs comprisesminimized aroma.

4. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 1-3, the MRPs areused for mouth feel enhancers.

5. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 1-4, the MRPs areless colored.

When using an amine donor and a sugar donor to effect a Maillardreaction, normally it is very difficult to control the stages of thereaction. Either the speed of reaction is controlled but maximum orsatisfying flavor is not obtained, or the reaction creates an unpleasanttaste with insoluble substances. The sweetening agent is an excellentreaction retardant which can help to control the reaction to reachmaximum yield of flavor obtained from amine donor and sugar donor,reduce or avoid resulting insoluble substances. It should be understoodthat any other inert or non-reacted substances could be added during theMaillard reaction in order to control the reaction. It should be alsounderstood that herbs, spice and other flavor substances etc. could beadded before, during or after the reaction, preferably during thereaction in order to optimize the overall flavor profile.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises MRPs and inert or lessreactive food ingredients, wherein, the inert or less reactive foodingredients are used for controlling the Maillard reaction.

Additional Embodiments, Set 11

1. A composition comprising one or more Maillard reaction products(MRPs) formed from one or more sugar donors and one or more amine donorscomprising a free amino group, wherein the one or more sugar donorscomprise one or more sweetening agents, one or more reducing sugarscomprising a free carbonyl group, or both, and wherein the one or moresweetening agents are added to the MRPs when the one or more sugardonors in the Maillard reaction do not include the one or moresweetening agents.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the sugar donor comprises oneor more sweetening agents.

3. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the sugar donor comprises oneor more sweetening agents and one or more reducing sugars.

4. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the sugar donor comprises oneor more sugar donors in the Maillard reaction do not include the one ormore sweeteners.

5. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the one or moresweetening agents comprise one or more steviol glycosides, one or moreglycosylated steviol glycosides, one or more mogrosides, one or moreglycosylated mogrosides, one or more sweet tea glycosides, one or moreglycosylsated sweet tea glycosides, or combinations thereof.

6. The composition of paragraph 5, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise one or more steviol glycosides.

7. The composition of paragraph 6, wherein the one or more SGs areselected from Table A.

8. The composition of paragraph 6, wherein the one or more SGs compriseat least one SG selected from the group consisting of SvGn #1, SG-4,iso-steviolbioside, SvGn #3, rebaudioside R1, stevioside F, SG-Unk1,dulcoside B, SG-3, iso-rebaudioside B, iso-stevioside, rebaudioside KA,SG-13, stevioside B, rebaudioside R, SG-Unk2, SG-Unk3, rebaudioside F3,rebaudioside F2, rebaudioside C2, stevioside E, stevioside E2, SG-10,rebaudioside L1, SG-2, rebaudioside A3, iso-rebaudioside A2,rebaudioside A2, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside H1, SvGn #2, SvGN #5,rebaudioside U2, rebaudioside T, rebaudioside W, rebaudioside W2,rebaudioside W3, rebaudioside U, SG-12, rebaudioside K2, SG-Unk4,SG-Unk5, rebaudioside I3, SG-Unk6, rebaudioside Q, rebaudioside Q2,rebaudioside Q3, rebaudioside I2, rebaudioside T1, SvGn #4, rebaudiosideV, rebaudioside V2, rebaudioside Y, 15α-OH— rebaudioside M, rebaudiosideO2, and any combination thereof.

9. The composition of paragraph 6, wherein the one or more SGs areselected from SG-1G, SG-2G, SG-3G, SG-4G, SG-5G, SG-6G, SG-1G1R,SG-2G1R, SG-3G1R, SG-4G1R, SG-5G1R, SG-6G1R, SG-1G1X, SG-2G1X, SG-3G1X,SG-4G1X, SG-5G1X, or combinations thereof.

10. The composition of any one of paragraphs 6-9, wherein the one ormore SGs comprise at least one SG having a molecular weight less thanequal to or less than 965 daltons.

11. The composition of paragraph 10, wherein the one or more SGscomprise at least one SG having a molecular weight less than equal to orless than 804 daltons.

12. The composition of any one of paragraphs 6-9, wherein the one ormore SGs comprise at least one SG having a molecular weight greater than804 daltons.

13. The composition of paragraph 12, wherein the one or more SGscomprise at least one SG having a molecular weight greater than 965daltons.

14. The composition of paragraph 13, wherein the one or more SGscomprise at least one SG having a molecular weight equal to or greaterthan 1127 daltons.

15. The composition of paragraph 14, wherein the one or more SGscomprise at least one SG having a molecular weight equal to or greaterthan 1259 daltons.

16. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the one ormore sweetening agents comprise one or more glycosylated steviolglycosides (GSGs).

17. The composition of paragraph 16, wherein the one or more GSGs arefurther glycosylation products from one or more SGs in Table A.

18. The composition of paragraph 16 or paragraph 17, wherein the one ormore GSGs are further glycosylation products from one or more SGsselected from SvGn #1, SG-4, iso-steviolbioside, SvGn #3, rebaudiosideR1, stevioside F, SG-Unk1, dulcoside B, SG-3, iso-rebaudioside B,iso-stevioside, rebaudioside KA, SG-13, stevioside B, rebaudioside R,SG-Unk2, SG-Unk3, rebaudioside F3, rebaudioside F2, rebaudioside C2,stevioside E, stevioside E2, SG-10, rebaudioside L1, SG-2, rebaudiosideA3, iso-rebaudioside A2, rebaudioside A2, rebaudioside E, rebaudiosideH1, SvGn #2, SvGN #5, rebaudioside U2, rebaudioside T, rebaudioside W,rebaudioside W2, rebaudioside W3, rebaudioside U, SG-12, rebaudiosideK2, SG-Unk4, SG-Unk5, rebaudioside I3, SG-Unk6, rebaudioside Q,rebaudioside Q2, rebaudioside Q3, rebaudioside I2, rebaudioside T1, SvGn#4, rebaudioside V, rebaudioside V2, rebaudioside Y, 15α-OH—rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O2, or any combination thereof.

19. The composition of any one of paragraphs 16-18, wherein the one ormore GSGs comprise at least one GSG selected from GSG-1G-1, GSG-1G-2,GSG-1G-3, GSG-1G-4, GSG-1G-5, GSG-2G-1, GSG-2G-2, GSG-2G-3, GSG-2G-4,GSG-3G-1, GSG-3G-2, GSG-3G-3, GSG-4G-1, GSG-4G-2, GSG-5G-1, or anycombination thereof.

20. The composition of any one of paragraphs 16-18, wherein the one ormore GSGs comprise at least one GSG selected from GSG-3G-2, GSG-3G-3,GSG-3G-4, GSG-3G-7, GSG-3G-8, GSG-4G-1, GSG-4G-2, GSG-4G-3, GSG-4G-7,GSG-5G-1, GSG-5G-2, GSG-5G-3, GSG-5G-4, GSG-5G-5, GSG-6G-3, or anycombinations thereof.

21. The composition of any one of paragraphs 16-18, wherein the one ormore GSGs comprise one or more rhamnose moieties, one or moredeoxyhexose moieties, or combination thereof.

22. The composition of paragraph 21, wherein the one or more GSGs areselected from GSG-1G1R-1, GSG-1G1R-2, GSG-2G1R-1, GSG-1G1R-3,GSG-2G1R-2, GSG-3G1R-1, GSG-1G1R-4, GSG-2G1R-3, GSG-3G1R-2, GSG-4G-1R-1,GSG-1G1R-5-1, GSG-2G1R-4, GSG-3G1R-3a, GSG-3G1R-3b, GSG-4G1R-2,GSG-5G1R-1, or any combination thereof.

23. The composition of paragraph 21, wherein the one or more GSGs areselected from GSG-3G1R-3a, GSG-3G1R-3b, GSG-4G1R-2, GSG-4G1R-3,GSG-4G1R-4, GSG-4G1R-6, GSG-5G1R-4, GSG-6G1R-1a, GSG-6G1R-1b,GSG-6G1R-2, or any combination thereof.

24. The composition of any one of paragraph 16-18, wherein the one ormore GSGs comprise one or more xylose moieties, arabinose moieties, orcombination thereof.

25. The composition of paragraph 24, wherein the one or more GSGs areselected from GSG-1G1X-1, GSG-1G1X-2, GSG-1G1X-3, GSG-1G1X-4,GSG-2G1X-1, GSG-2G1X-2, GSG-2G1X-3, GSG-3G1X-1, GSG-3G1X-2, GSG-4G1X-1,or any combination thereof.

26. The composition of paragraph 24, wherein the one or more GSGs areselected from GSG-3G1X-4, GSG-3G1X-5, GSG-4G1X-1, GSG-4G1X-2,GSG-4G1X-3, GSG-4G1X-4, or any combination thereof.

27. The composition of any one of paragraphs 16-26, wherein at least oneof the one or more GSGs has a molecular weight less than equal to orless than 1128 daltons.

28. The composition of paragraph 27, wherein at least one of the one ormore GSGs has a molecular weight less than equal to or less than 966daltons.

29. The composition of paragraph 28, wherein at least one of the one ormore GSGs has a molecular weight less than equal to or less than 804daltons.

30. The composition of any one of paragraph 16-26, wherein at least oneof the one or more GSGs has a molecular weight greater than 1128daltons.

31. The composition of paragraph 30, wherein at least one of the one ormore GSGs has a molecular weight equal to or greater than 1260 daltons.

32. The composition of paragraph 31, wherein at least one of the one ormore GSGs has a molecular weight equal to or greater than 1422 daltons.

33. The composition of paragraph 32, wherein at least one of the one ormore GSGs has a molecular weight equal to or greater than 1746 daltons.

34. The composition of paragraph 33, wherein at least one of the one ormore GSGs has a molecular weight equal to or greater than 1922 daltons.

35. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the one ormore sweetening agents comprise one or more mogrosides (MGs).

36. The composition of paragraph 35, wherein the one or more MGs areselected from mogroside II, mogroside III, mogroside IV, mogroside V,siamenoside I, 11-oxomogroside V, or any mixture thereof.

37. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the one ormore sweetening agents comprise one or more glycosylated mogrosides(GMGs).

38. The composition of paragraph 37, wherein the one or more GMGs areselected from glycosylated mogroside II, glycosylated mogroside III,glycosylated mogroside IV, glycosylated mogroside V, glycosylatedsiamenoside I, glycosylated 11-oxomogroside V, or any mixture thereof.

39. The composition of paragraph 38, comprising a glycosylated mogrosideV selected from GMG-V2OL, GMG-V20S, GMG-V40, GMG-V60, or any combinationthereof.

40. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the one ormore sweetening agents comprise one or more sweet tea glycosides (STGs).

41. The composition of paragraph 40, wherein the one or more STGscomprise rubusoside, a suavioside or a combination thereof.

42. The composition of paragraph 41, wherein the one or more STGscomprise rubusoside.

43. The composition of paragraph 41, wherein the one or more STGscomprise a suavioside selected from suavioside A, suavioside B,suavioside C₁, suavioside D₁, suavioside D₂, suavioside E, suavioside F,suavioside G, suavioside H, suavioside I, suavioside J, or anycombination thereof.

44. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the one ormore sweetening agents comprise one or more glycosylated sweet teaglycosides (GSTGs).

45. The composition of paragraph 44, wherein the one or more GSTGscomprise a glycosylated rubusoside, a glycosylated suavioside or acombination thereof.

46. The composition of paragraph 45, wherein the one or more GSTGscomprise a glycosylated rubusoside.

47. The composition of paragraph 45, wherein the one or more GSTGscomprise a glycosylated suavioside, wherein the glycosylated suaviosideis selected from glycosylated suavioside A, glycosylated suavioside B,glycosylated suavioside C₁, glycosylated suavioside D₁, glycosylatedsuavioside D₂, glycosylated suavioside E, glycosylated suavioside F,glycosylated suavioside G, glycosylated suavioside H, glycosylatedsuavioside I, glycosylated suavioside J, or any combination thereof.

48. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-47, wherein the one ormore sweetening agents are in the form of a salt.

49. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the one ormore sweetening agents comprise a Stevia extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a sweet teaextract, glycosylated sweet tea extract, or a mixture thereof.

50. The composition of paragraph 49, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a Stevia extract.

51. The composition of paragraph 50, wherein the Stevia extract isselected from RA20, RA40, RA50, RA60, RA80, RA 90, RA95, RA97, RA98,RA99, RA99.5, RB8, RB10, RB 15, RC15, RD6, or any combination thereof.

52. The composition of paragraph 49, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a glycosylated Stevia extract.

53. The composition of paragraph 52, wherein the Stevia extract isselected from glycosylated RA20, glycosylated RA40, glycosylated RA50,glycosylated RA60, glycosylated RA80, glycosylated RA 90, glycosylatedRA95, glycosylated RA97, glycosylated RA98, glycosylated RA99,glycosylated RA99.5, glycosylated RB8, glycosylated RB10, glycosylatedRB 15, glycosylated RC15, glycosylated RD6, or any combination thereof.

54. The composition of paragraph 49, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a swingle extract.

55. The composition of paragraph 49, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a glycosylated swingle extract.

56. The composition of paragraph 49, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a sweet tea extract.

57. The composition of paragraph 49, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a glycosylated sweet tea extract.

58. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-57, wherein the one ormore reducing sugars comprising a free carbonyl group are selected frommonosaccharide, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, a polysaccharide, orany combination thereof.

59. The composition of paragraph 58, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise a monosaccharide.

60. The composition of paragraph 59, wherein the monosaccharide isselected from glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, glyceraldehyde,ribose, xylose, or any combination thereof.

61. The composition of paragraph 58, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise a disaccharide.

62. The composition of paragraph 61, wherein the disaccharide isselected from cellobiose, lactose, maltose, or any combination thereof.

63. The composition of paragraph 58, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise a polysaccharide.

64. The composition of paragraph 63, wherein the polysaccharide isstarch.

65. The composition of paragraph 58, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise one or more pentoses, one or more hexoses, or acombination thereof.

66. The composition of paragraph 65, comprising one or more pentoses,wherein the one or more pentoses comprise one or more aldopentoses, oneor more ketopentoses, one or more deoxypentoses, or any combinationthereof.

67. The composition of paragraph 66, comprising one or morealdopentoses, wherein the one or more aldopentoses comprise anarabinose, a xylose, a ribose, a lyxose, or any combination thereof.

68. The composition of paragraph 66, comprising one or moreketopentoses, wherein the one or more ketopentoses comprise a ribulose,a xylulose, or any combination thereof.

69. The composition of paragraph 58, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise one or more glycosides, wherein each of the glycosidescomprises a glycone and an aglycone.

70. The composition of paragraph 69, wherein at least one glycosidecomprises a glycone selected from glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose,rhamnose, rutinose, xylose, lactose, arabinose, or glucuronic acid.

71. The composition of paragraph 58, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are in the form of a plant juice, a plant powder, a vegetablejuice, a vegetable powder, a berry juice, a berry powder a fruit juice,a berry powder or any mixture thereof.

72. The composition of paragraph 58, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise a burnt sugar.

73. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-72, wherein the one ormore amine donors comprise a primary amine compound, a secondary aminecompound, an amino acid, a peptide, a protein, or a mixture thereof.

74. The composition of paragraph 73, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise a primary amine compound or a secondary amine compound.

75. The composition of paragraph 73, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise one or more amino acids.

76. The composition of paragraph 75, wherein the one or more amino acidsare selected from alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid,cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine,leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine,tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, or any mixture thereof.

77. The composition of paragraph 73, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise a peptide or protein.

78. The composition of paragraph 77, wherein the peptide or protein isselected from hydrolyzed vegetable proteins (HVPs), soy protein, sodiumcaseinate, whey protein, wheat gluten, yeast extract, or any mixturethereof.

79. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-78, further comprisingone or more sweetener enhancers.

80. The composition of paragraph 79, wherein the one or more sweetenerenhancers comprise thaumatin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, or any mixture thereof.

81. The composition of paragraph 80, wherein at least one of thesweetener enhancers is thaumatin.

82. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-81, further comprisingone or more sweeteners.

83. The composition of paragraph 82, wherein the one or more sweetenersare selected from sucralose, sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixtures thereof.

84. The composition of paragraph 83, wherein the one or more sweetenerscomprise sucralose.

85. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-84, further comprisingone or more salts.

86. The composition of paragraph 85, wherein the one or more salts areselected from sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride,potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesiumsulfate, potassium sulfate, or any mixture thereof.

87. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-86, further comprising analkaline pH adjuster.

88. The composition of paragraph 87, wherein the alkaline pH adjuster issodium hydroxide.

89. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-88, further comprisingone or more flavoring agents.

90. The composition of paragraph 89, wherein the one or more flavoringagents comprise flavors or spices originating from plants or animals.

91. The composition of paragraph 90, wherein the one or more flavoringagents comprise flavors or spices from bark, flowers, fruits, or leaves.

92. The composition of any one of paragraphs 89-91, wherein the one ormore flavoring agents comprise artificial, natural or synthetic fruitflavors.

93. The composition of any one of paragraphs 89-91, wherein the one ormore flavoring agents comprise at least one Citrus oil.

94. The composition of paragraph 93, wherein the at least one Citrus oilis selected from lemon, orange, lime, grapefruit, yuzu, sudachi, or anycombination thereof.

95. The composition of any one of paragraphs 89-91, wherein the one ormore flavoring agents comprise at least one fruit essence.

96. The composition of paragraph 95, wherein the at least one fruitessence is from apple, pear, peach, grape, raspberry, blackberry,gooseberry, blueberry, strawberry, cherry, plum, prune, raisin, cola,guarana, neroli, pineapple, apricot, banana, melon, apricot, cherry,tropical fruit, mango, mangosteen, pomegranate, papaya, or anycombination thereof.

97. The composition of paragraph 89, wherein the one or more flavoringagents comprise at least one flavor from milk, butter, cheese, cream,yogurt, vanilla, tea, coffee, green tea, oolong tea, cocoa, chocolate, amint, peppermint, spearmint, Japanese mint, a spice, asafetida, ajowan,anise, angelica, fennel, allspice, cinnamon, chamomile, mustard,cardamom, caraway, cumin, a clove, a pepper, coriander, sassafras, asavory, Zanthoxyli fructus, a perilla, a juniper berry, ginger, staranise, horseradish, thyme, tarragon, dill, capsicum, nutmeg, basil,marjoram, rosemary, bayleaf, wasabi, a nut, almond, hazelnut, macadamianut, peanut, pecan, pistachio, and walnut, an alcoholic beverage, awine, a whiskey, a brandy, a rum, a gin, a liqueur, a floral, avegetable, an onion, a garlic, a cabbage, a carrot, a celery, amushroom, a tomato, concentrated meat soup, concentrated seafood soup,or any combination thereof.

98. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-97, further comprisingone or more reducing sugars.

99. The composition of paragraph 98, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are selected from galactose, mannose, arabinose, rhamnose,lactose, D-allose, D-psicose, xylitol, allulose, melezitose, D-tagatose,D-altrose, D-alditol, L-gulose, L-sorbose, D-talitol, inulin, stachyose,or any combination thereof.

100. The composition of paragraph 98, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides,oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, or any combination thereof.

101. The composition of paragraph 100, wherein the reducing sugar is amonosaccharide.

102. The composition of paragraph 101, wherein the monosaccharide isselected from glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, glyceraldehyde,ribose, xylose, or any combination thereof.

103. The composition of paragraph 100, wherein the reducing sugar is adisaccharide.

104. The composition of paragraph 103, wherein the disaccharide isselected from cellobiose, lactose, maltose, or any combination thereof.

105. The composition of paragraph 100, wherein the reducing sugar is apolysaccharide.

106. The composition of paragraph 105, wherein the polysaccharide isstarch.

107. The composition of paragraph 98, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise at least one burnt sugar.

108. The composition of paragraph 98, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise one or more pentoses, one or more hexoses, or acombination thereof.

109. The composition of paragraph 108, comprising one or more pentoses,wherein the one or more pentoses comprise one or more aldopentoses, oneor more ketopentoses, one or more deoxypentoses, or any combinationthereof.

110. The composition of paragraph 108, comprising one or morealdopentoses, wherein the one or more aldopentoses comprise anarabinose, a xylose, a ribose, a lyxose, or any combination thereof.

111. The composition of paragraph 108, comprising one or moreketopentoses, wherein the one or more ketopentoses comprise a ribulose,a xylulose, or any combination thereof.

112. The composition of paragraph 108, comprising one or moredeoxypentoses.

113. The composition of paragraph 98, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise one or more glycosides, wherein each of the glycosidescomprises a glycone and an aglycone.

114. The composition of paragraph 113, wherein at least one glycosidecomprises a glycone selected from glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose,rhamnose, rutinose, xylose, lactose, arabinose, or glucuronic acid.

115. The composition of paragraph 98, wherein the one or reducing sugarsare in the form of a plant juice, a plant powder, a vegetable juice, avegetable powder, a berry juice, a berry powder, a fruit juice, a fruitpowder, a billberry juice, a billberry powder, or any mixture thereof.

116. The composition of paragraph 98, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are in the form of a concentrate or extract from one or more ofbilberry, raspberry, lingonberry, cranberry, apple, peach, apricot,mango, or any combination thereof.

117. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-116, further comprisingone or more amine donors.

118. The composition of paragraph 117, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, anamino acid, a peptide, a protein, or a mixture thereof.

119. The composition of paragraph 118, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, ora combination thereof.

120. The composition of paragraph 118, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise one or more amino acids.

121. The composition of paragraph 120, wherein the one or more aminoacids are selected from alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid,cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine,leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine,tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, or any combination thereof.

122. The composition of paragraph 118, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise a peptide, a protein, or a combination thereof.

123. The composition of paragraph 122, wherein the peptide or protein isselected from hydrolyzed vegetable proteins (HVPs), soy protein, sodiumcaseinate, whey protein, wheat gluten, or any combination thereof.

124. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-123, further comprisingone or more caramelized sugars.

125. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-124, wherein at leastone MRP comprises a nitrogen heterocylic functionality, a cyclic enolonefunctionality, a polycarbonyl functionality, a monocarbonylfunctionality, or a combination thereof.

126. The composition of paragraph 125, comprising a nitrogen heterocylicfunctionality, wherein the nitrogen heterocylic functionality comprisesa pyrazine, a pyrrole, a pyridine, an alkyl or acetyl-substitutedsaturated N-heterocycle, or a combination thereof.

127. The composition of paragraph 125, comprising a cyclic enolonefunctionality, wherein the cyclic enolone functionality comprises amaltol, an isomaltol, a dehydrofuranone, a dehydropyrone, acyclopentenolone, or a combination thereof.

128. The composition of paragraph 125, comprising a polycarbonylfunctionality, wherein the polycarbonyl functionality comprises a2-furaldehyde, a 2-pyrrole aldehyde, a C3-C6 methyl ketone, or acombination thereof.

129. The composition of paragraph 125, comprising a polycarbonylfunctionality, wherein the polycarbonyl functionality comprises a2-furaldehyde, a 2-pyrrole aldehyde, a C3-C6 methyl ketone, or acombination thereof.

130. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-129, wherein thecomposition has a corny, nutty, roasted or breadlike flavor.

131. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-129, wherein thecomposition has a caramel-like flavor.

132. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-131, wherein thecomposition is in solid form.

133. The composition of paragraph 132, wherein the composition comprisesa powder.

134. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-133, wherein thecomposition is in liquid form.

135. An orally consumable product comprising the composition of any oneof paragraphs 1-134.

136. The orally consumable product of paragraph 135, wherein the productis a food product.

137. The orally consumable product of paragraph 136, wherein the foodproduct is selected from dairy products, fats, oils, fat emulsions,edible ices, fruits, vegetables, confectionery, cereals, cerealproducts, bakery wares, meat, meat products, fish, fish products, eggs,egg products, salt, spices, soups, sauces, salads, protein products,foodstuffs, or any combination thereof.

138. The orally consumable product of paragraph 135, wherein the productis a beverage.

139. The orally consumable product of paragraph 138, wherein thebeverage is tea, cocoa, juice, soda, milk, water or coffee.

140. The orally consumable product of paragraph 139, wherein thebeverage is an alcoholic beverage.

141. The orally consumable product of paragraph 135, wherein the productis a pharmaceutical product.

142. The orally consumable product of any one of paragraphs 135-141,wherein the composition is formulated to act as a product sweetener.

143. The orally consumable product of paragraph 142, wherein thecomposition is present in the product in an amount to exceed a sucroseequivalence of 1.5%.

144. The orally consumable product of any one of paragraphs 135-143,wherein the composition is formulated to act as a product flavorant.

145. The orally consumable product of paragraph 144, wherein thecomposition is present in the product in an amount not to exceed asucrose equivalence of 1.5%.

146. A method for preparing the composition of paragraph 1, comprisingthe steps of:

(a) preparing a reaction mixture comprising one or more sugar donors andone or more amine donors having a free amine group, wherein the one ormore sugar donors comprise one or more sweetening agents, one or morereducing sugars comprising a free carbonyl group, or both;

(b) combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents; and

(c) heating the components in step (b) under conditions suitable forminga solution or slurry comprising one or more Maillard reaction products(MRPs), wherein one or more sweetening agents are added to thecomposition when the reaction mixture does not include the one or moresweetening agents.

147. The method of paragraph 146, wherein the reaction mixture comprisesone or more sweetening agents.

148. The method of paragraph 146, wherein the reaction mixture comprisesone or more reducing sugars.

149. The method of paragraph 146, wherein the reaction mixture comprisesone or more sweetening agents and one or more reducing sugars.

150. The method of any one of paragraphs 146, 148 or 149, wherein theone or more sugar donors comprise one or more reducing sugars selectedfrom monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides,or any combination thereof.

151. The method of paragraph 150, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise a monosaccharide.

152. The method of paragraph 151, wherein the monosaccharide is selectedfrom glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, glyceraldehyde, ribose,xylose, or any combination thereof.

153. The method of paragraph 150, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise a disaccharide.

154. The method of paragraph 153, wherein the disaccharide is selectedfrom cellobiose, lactose, maltose, or any combination thereof.

155. The method of paragraph 150, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise a polysaccharide.

156. The method of paragraph 155, wherein the polysaccharide is starch.

157. The method of any one of paragraphs 150 to 156, wherein the one ormore reducing sugars comprise one or more pentoses, one or more hexoses,or a combination thereof.

158. The method of paragraph 157, comprising one or more pentoses,wherein the one or more pentoses comprise one or more aldopentoses, oneor more ketopentoses, one or more deoxypentoses, or any combinationthereof.

159. The method of paragraph 158, comprising one or more aldopentoses,wherein the one or more aldopentoses comprise an arabinose, a xylose, aribose, a lyxose, or any combination thereof.

160. The method of paragraph 158, comprising one or more ketopentoses,wherein the one or more ketopentoses comprise a ribulose, a xylulose, orany combination thereof.

161. The method of any one of paragraphs 150, wherein the one or morereducing sugars comprise one or more glycosides, wherein each of theglycosides comprises a glycone and an aglycone.

162. The method of paragraph 161, wherein at least one glycosidecomprises a glycone selected from glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose,rhamnose, rutinose, xylose, lactose, arabinose, or glucuronic acid.

163. The method of paragraph 150, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are in the form of a plant juice, a plant powder, a vegetablejuice, a vegetable powder, a berry juice, a berry powder a fruit juice,a berry powder or any mixture thereof.

164. The method of paragraph 150, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise a burnt sugar.

165. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-164, wherein the one ormore amine donors comprise a primary amine compound, a secondary aminecompound, an amino acid, a peptide, a protein, or a mixture thereof.

166. The method of paragraph 165, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise a primary amine compound or a secondary amine compound.

167. The method of paragraph 165, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise one or more amino acids.

168. The method of paragraph 167, wherein the one or more amino acidsare selected from alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid,cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine,leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine,tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, or any mixture thereof.

169. The method of paragraph 165, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise a peptide or protein.

170. The method of paragraph 169, wherein the peptide or protein isselected from hydrolyzed vegetable proteins (HVPs), soy protein, sodiumcaseinate, whey protein, wheat gluten, yeast extract, or any mixturethereof.

171. The method of any one of paragraphs 149-170, wherein the one ormore sweetening agents comprise one or more steviol glycosides (SGs),one or more glycosylated steviol glycosides (GSGs), one or moremogrosides (MGs), one or more glycosylated mogrosides (GMGs), one ormore sweet tea glycosides (STGs), one or more glycosylsated sweet teaglycosides (GSTGs), or a combination thereof.

172. The method of paragraph 171, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise one or more steviol glycosides.

173. The method of paragraph 172, wherein the one or more SGs areselected from Table 2.

174. The method of paragraph 172, wherein the one or more SGs compriseat least one SG selected from SvGn #1, SG-4, iso-steviolbioside, SvGn#3, rebaudioside R1, stevioside F, SG-Unk1, dulcoside B, SG-3,iso-rebaudioside B, iso-stevioside, rebaudioside KA, SG-13, steviosideB, rebaudioside R, SG-Unk2, SG-Unk3, rebaudioside F3, rebaudioside F2,rebaudioside C2, stevioside E, stevioside E2, SG-10, rebaudioside L1,SG-2, rebaudioside A3, iso-rebaudioside A2, rebaudioside A2,rebaudioside E, rebaudioside H1, SvGn #2, SvGN #5, rebaudioside U2,rebaudioside T, rebaudioside W, rebaudioside W2, rebaudioside W3,rebaudioside U, SG-12, rebaudioside K2, SG-Unk4, SG-Unk5, rebaudiosideI3, SG-Unk6, rebaudioside Q, rebaudioside Q2, rebaudioside Q3,rebaudioside I2, rebaudioside T1, SvGn #4, rebaudioside V, rebaudiosideV2, rebaudioside Y, 15α-OH— rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O2, or anycombination thereof.

175. The method of paragraph 172, wherein the one or more SGs areselected from SG-1G, SG-2G, SG-3G, SG-4G, SG-5G, SG-6G, SG-1G1R,SG-2G1R, SG-3G1R, SG-4G1R, SG-5G1R, SG-6G1R, SG-1G1X, SG-2G1X, SG-3G1X,SG-4G1X, SG-5G1X, or combinations thereof.

176. The method of any one of paragraphs 172-175, wherein the one ormore SGs comprise at least one SG having a molecular weight less thanequal to or less than 965 daltons.

177. The method of paragraph 176, wherein the one or more SGs compriseat least one SG having a molecular weight less than equal to or lessthan 804 daltons.

178. The method of any one of paragraphs 172-175, wherein the one ormore SGs comprise at least one SG having a molecular weight greater than804 daltons.

179. The method of paragraph 178, wherein the one or more SGs compriseat least one SG having a molecular weight greater than 965 daltons.

180. The method of paragraph 179, wherein the one or more SGs compriseat least one SG having a molecular weight equal to or greater than 1127daltons.

181. The method of paragraph 180, wherein the one or more SGs compriseat least one SG having a molecular weight equal to or greater than 1259daltons.

182. The method of paragraph 171, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise one or more glycosylated steviol glycosides (GSGs).

183. The method of paragraph 182, wherein the one or more GSGs arefurther glycosylation products from one or more SGs in Table A.

184. The method of paragraph 182 or paragraph 183, wherein the one ormore GSGs are further glycosylation products from one or more SGsselected from SvGn #1, SG-4, iso-steviolbioside, SvGn #3, rebaudiosideR1, stevioside F, SG-Unk1, dulcoside B, SG-3, iso-rebaudioside B,iso-stevioside, rebaudioside KA, SG-13, stevioside B, rebaudioside R,SG-Unk2, SG-Unk3, rebaudioside F3, rebaudioside F2, rebaudioside C2,stevioside E, stevioside E2, SG-10, rebaudioside L1, SG-2, rebaudiosideA3, iso-rebaudioside A2, rebaudioside A2, rebaudioside E, rebaudiosideH1, SvGn #2, SvGN #5, rebaudioside U2, rebaudioside T, rebaudioside W,rebaudioside W2, rebaudioside W3, rebaudioside U, SG-12, rebaudiosideK2, SG-Unk4, SG-Unk5, rebaudioside I3, SG-Unk6, rebaudioside Q,rebaudioside Q2, rebaudioside Q3, rebaudioside I2, rebaudioside T1, SvGn#4, rebaudioside V, rebaudioside V2, rebaudioside Y, 15α-OH—rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O2, or any combination thereof.

185. The method of any one of paragraphs 182-184, wherein the one ormore GSGs comprise at least one GSG selected from GSG-1G-1, GSG-1G-2,GSG-1G-3, GSG-1G-4, GSG-1G-5, GSG-2G-1, GSG-2G-2, GSG-2G-3, GSG-2G-4,GSG-3G-1, GSG-3G-2, GSG-3G-3, GSG-4G-1, GSG-4G-2, GSG-5G-1, or anycombination thereof.

186. The method of any one of paragraphs 182-184, wherein the one ormore GSGs comprise at least one GSG selected from GSG-3G-2, GSG-3G-3,GSG-3G-4, GSG-3G-7, GSG-3G-8, GSG-4G-1, GSG-4G-2, GSG-4G-3, GSG-4G-7,GSG-5G-1, GSG-5G-2, GSG-5G-3, GSG-5G-4, GSG-5G-5, GSG-6G-3, or anycombination thereof.

187. The method of any one of paragraphs 182-184, wherein the one ormore GSGs comprise one or more rhamnose moieties, one or moredeoxyhexose moieties, or combination thereof.

188. The method of paragraph 187, wherein the one or more GSGs areselected from GSG-1G1R-1, GSG-1G1R-2, GSG-2G1R-1, GSG-1G1R-3,GSG-2G1R-2, GSG-3G1R-1, GSG-1G1R-4, GSG-2G1R-3, GSG-3G1R-2, GSG-4G-1R-1,GSG-1G1R-5-1, GSG-2G1R-4, GSG-3G1R-3a, GSG-3G1R-3b, GSG-4G1R-2,GSG-5G1R-1, or any combination thereof.

189. The method of paragraph 187, wherein the one or more GSGs areselected from GSG-3G1R-3a, GSG-3G1R-3b, GSG-4G1R-2, GSG-4G1R-3,GSG-4G1R-4, GSG-4G1R-6, GSG-5G1R-4, GSG-6G1R-1a, GSG-6G1R-1b,GSG-6G1R-2, or any combination thereof.

190. The method of any one of paragraphs 182-184, wherein the one ormore GSGs comprise one or more xylose moieties, arabinose moieties, orcombination thereof.

191. The method of paragraph 190, wherein the one or more GSGs areselected from GSG-1G1X-1, GSG-1G1X-2, GSG-1G1X-3, GSG-1G1X-4,GSG-2G1X-1, GSG-2G1X-2, GSG-2G1X-3, GSG-3G1X-1, GSG-3G1X-2, GSG-4G1X-1,or any combination thereof.

192. The method of paragraph 190, wherein the one or more GSGs areselected from GSG-3G1X-4, GSG-3G1X-5, GSG-4G1X-1, GSG-4G1X-2,GSG-4G1X-3, GSG-4G1X-4, or any combination thereof.

192. The method of any one of paragraphs 182-192, wherein at least oneof the one or more GSGs has a molecular weight less than equal to orless than 1128 daltons.

193. The method of paragraph 192, wherein at least one of the one ormore GSGs has a molecular weight less than equal to or less than 966daltons.

194. The method of paragraph 193, wherein at least one of the one ormore GSGs has a molecular weight less than equal to or less than 804daltons.

195. The method of any one of paragraphs 182-192, wherein at least oneof the one or more GSGs has a molecular weight greater than 1128daltons.

196. The method of paragraph 195, wherein at least one of the one ormore GSGs has a molecular weight equal to or greater than 1260 daltons.

197. The method of paragraph 196, wherein at least one of the one ormore GSGs has a molecular weight equal to or greater than 1422 daltons.

198. The method of paragraph 197, wherein at least one of the one ormore GSGs has a molecular weight equal to or greater than 1746 daltons.

199. The method of paragraph 198, wherein at least one of the one ormore GSGs has a molecular weight equal to or greater than 1922 daltons.

200. The method of paragraph 171, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise one or more mogrosides (MGs).

201. The method of paragraph 200, wherein the one or more MGs areselected from mogroside II, mogroside III, mogroside IV, mogroside V,siamenoside I, 11-oxomogroside V, or any mixture thereof.

201. The method of paragraph 171, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise one or more glycosylated mogrosides (GMGs).

202. The method of paragraph 201, wherein the one or more GMGs areselected from a glycosylated mogroside II, a glycosylated mogroside III,a glycosylated mogroside IV, a glycosylated mogroside V, a glycosylatedsiamenoside I, a glycosylated 11-oxomogroside V, or any mixture thereof.

203. The method of paragraph 202, comprising a glycosylated mogroside V,wherein the mogroside V is selected from GMG-V2OL, GMG-V20S, GMG-V40,GMG-V60, or any combination thereof.

204. The method of paragraph 171, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise one or more sweet tea glycosides (STGs).

205. The method of paragraph 204, wherein the one or more STGs compriserubusoside, a suavioside or a combination thereof.

206. The method of paragraph 205, wherein the one or more STGs compriserubusoside.

207. The method of paragraph 205, wherein the one or more STGs comprisea suavioside selected from suavioside A, suavioside B, suavioside C₁,suavioside D₁, suavioside D₂, suavioside E, suavioside F, suavioside G,suavioside H, suavioside I, suavioside J, or any combination thereof.

208. The method of paragraph 171, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise one or more glycosylated sweet tea glycosides (GSTGs).

209. The method of paragraph 208, wherein the one or more GSTGs comprisea glycosylated rubusoside, a glycosylated suavioside or a combinationthereof.

210. The method of paragraph 209, wherein the one or more GSTGs comprisea glycosylated rubusoside.

211. The method of paragraph 209, wherein the one or more GSTGs comprisea glycosylated suavioside selected from glycosylated suavioside A,glycosylated suavioside B, glycosylated suavioside C₁, glycosylatedsuavioside D₁, glycosylated suavioside D₂, glycosylated suavioside E,glycosylated suavioside F, glycosylated suavioside G, glycosylatedsuavioside H, glycosylated suavioside I, glycosylated suavioside J, orany combination thereof.

212. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-211, wherein the one ormore sweetening agents are in the form of a salt.

213. The method of paragraph 171, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a Stevia extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a sweet tea extract,glycosylated sweet tea extract, or a mixture thereof.

214. The method of paragraph 213, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a Stevia extract.

215. The method of paragraph 214, wherein the Stevia extract is selectedfrom RA20, RA40, RA50, RA60, RA80, RA 90, RA95, RA97, RA98, RA99,RA99.5, RB8, RB10, RB 15, RC15, RD6, or any combination thereof.

216. The method of paragraph 213, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a glycosylated Stevia extract.

217. The method of paragraph 261, wherein the Stevia extract is selectedfrom glycosylated RA20, glycosylated RA40, glycosylated RA50,glycosylated RA60, glycosylated RA80, glycosylated RA 90, glycosylatedRA95, glycosylated RA97, glycosylated RA98, glycosylated RA99,glycosylated RA99.5, glycosylated RBB, glycosylated RB10, glycosylatedRB 15, glycosylated RC15, glycosylated RD6, or any combination thereof.

218. The method of paragraph 213, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a swingle extract.

219. The method of paragraph 213, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a glycosylated swingle extract.

220. The method of paragraph 213, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a sweet tea extract.

221. The method of paragraph 213, wherein the one or more sweeteningagents comprise a glycosylated sweet tea extract.

222. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-221, further comprising thestep of adding one or more sweetener enhancers.

223. The method of paragraph 222, wherein the one or more sweetenerenhancers are added to the reaction mixture in step (a).

224. The method of paragraph 222, wherein the one or more sweetenerenhancers are added after step (c).

225. The method of any one of paragraphs 222-224, wherein the one ormore sweetener enhancers comprise thaumatin, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, or any mixture thereof.

226. The method of paragraph 225, wherein at least one of the sweetenerenhancers is thaumatin.

227. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-226, further comprising thestep of adding one or more sweeteners.

228. The method of paragraph 227, wherein the one or more sweeteners areadded to the reaction mixture in step (a).

229. The method of paragraph 227, wherein the one or more sweeteners areadded after step (c).

230. The method of any one of paragraphs 227-229, wherein the one ormore sweeteners are selected from sucralose, sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

231. The method of paragraph 230, wherein the one or more sweetenerscomprise sucralose.

232. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-231, further comprising thestep of adding one or more salts.

233. The method of paragraph 232, wherein the one or more salts areadded to the reaction mixture in step (a).

234. The method of paragraph 232, wherein the one or more salts areadded after step (c).

235. The method of any one of paragraphs 232-234, wherein the one ormore salts are selected from sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate,sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate,magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate, or any mixture thereof.

236. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-235, further comprising thestep of adding an alkaline pH adjuster.

237. The method of paragraph 236, wherein the alkaline pH adjuster isadded to the reaction mixture in step (a).

238. The method of paragraph 236, wherein the alkaline pH adjuster isadded after step (c).

239. The method of paragraph 238, wherein the alkaline pH adjuster issodium hydroxide.

240. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-239, further comprising thestep of adding one or more flavoring agents.

241. The method of paragraph 236, wherein the one or more flavoringagents are added to the reaction mixture in step (a).

242. The method of paragraph 236, wherein the one or more flavoringagents are added after step (c).

243. The method of any one of paragraphs 240-242, wherein the one ormore flavoring agents comprise flavors or spices originating from plantsor animals.

244. The method of paragraph 243, wherein the one or more flavoringagents comprise flavors or spices from bark, flowers, fruits, or leaves.

245. The method of any one of paragraphs 240-242, wherein the one ormore flavoring agents comprise artificial, natural or synthetic fruitflavors.

246. The method of any one of paragraphs 240-242, wherein the one ormore flavoring agents comprise at least one Citrus oil.

247. The method of paragraph 246, wherein the at least one Citrus oil isselected from lemon, orange, lime, grapefruit, yuzu, sudachi, or anycombination thereof.

248. The method of any one of paragraphs 240-242, wherein the one ormore flavoring agents comprise at least one fruit essence.

249. The method of paragraph 248, wherein the at least one fruit essenceis from apple, pear, peach, grape, raspberry, blackberry, gooseberry,blueberry, strawberry, cherry, plum, prune, raisin, cola, guarana,neroli, pineapple, apricot, banana, melon, apricot, cherry, tropicalfruit, mango, mangosteen, pomegranate, papaya, or any combinationthereof.

250. The method of any one of paragraphs 240-242, wherein the one ormore flavoring agents comprise at least one flavor from milk, butter,cheese, cream, yogurt, vanilla, tea, coffee, green tea, oolong tea,cocoa, chocolate, a mint, peppermint, spearmint, Japanese mint, a spice,asafetida, ajowan, anise, angelica, fennel, allspice, cinnamon,chamomile, mustard, cardamom, caraway, cumin, a clove, a pepper,coriander, sassafras, a savory, Zanthoxyli fructus, a perilla, a juniperberry, ginger, star anise, horseradish, thyme, tarragon, dill, capsicum,nutmeg, basil, marjoram, rosemary, bayleaf, wasabi, a nut, almond,hazelnut, macadamia nut, peanut, pecan, pistachio, and walnut, analcoholic beverage, a wine, a whiskey, a brandy, a rum, a gin, aliqueur, a floral, a vegetable, an onion, a garlic, a cabbage, a carrot,a celery, a mushroom, a tomato, concentrated meat soup, concentratedseafood soup, or any combination thereof.

251. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-250, further comprising thestep of adding one or more reducing sugars after step (c).

252. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise a reducing sugar selected from galactose, mannose,arabinose, rhamnose, lactose, D-allose, D-psicose, xylitol, allulose,melezitose, D-tagatose, D-altrose, D-alditol, L-gulose, L-sorbose,D-talitol, inulin, stachyose, or any combination thereof.

253. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides,oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, or any combination thereof.

254. The method of paragraph 253, wherein the reducing sugar is amonosaccharide.

255. The method of paragraph 254, wherein the monosaccharide is selectedfrom glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, glyceraldehyde, ribose,xylose, or any combination thereof.

256. The method of paragraph 253, wherein the reducing sugar is adisaccharide.

257. The method of paragraph 256, wherein the disaccharide is selectedfrom cellobiose, lactose, maltose, or any combination thereof.

258. The method of paragraph 253, wherein the reducing sugar is apolysaccharide.

259. The method of paragraph 258, wherein the polysaccharide is starch.

260. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise at least one burnt sugar.

261. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise one or more pentoses, one or more hexoses, or acombination thereof.

262. The method of paragraph 261, comprising one or more pentoses,wherein the one or more pentoses comprise one or more aldopentoses, oneor more ketopentoses, one or more deoxypentoses, or any combinationthereof.

263. The method of paragraph 262, comprising one or more aldopentoses,wherein the one or more aldopentoses comprise an arabinose, a xylose, aribose, a lyxose, or any combination thereof.

264. The method of paragraph 262, comprising one or more ketopentoses,wherein the one or more ketopentoses comprise a ribulose, a xylulose, orany combination thereof.

265. The method of paragraph 262, comprising one or more deoxypentoses.

266. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise one or more glycosides, wherein each of the glycosidescomprises a glycone and an aglycone.

267. The method of paragraph 266, wherein at least one glycosidecomprises a glycone selected from glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose,rhamnose, rutinose, xylose, lactose, arabinose, or glucuronic acid.

268. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are in the form of a plant juice, a plant powder, a vegetablejuice, a vegetable powder, a berry juice, a berry powder, a fruit juice,a fruit powder, a billberry juice, a billberry powder, or any mixturethereof.

269. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are in the form of a concentrate or extract from one or more ofbilberry, raspberry, lingonberry, cranberry, apple, peach, apricot,mango, or any combination thereof.

270. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-269, further comprising thestep of adding one or more amine donors after step (c).

271. The method of paragraph 270, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, an aminoacid, a peptide, a protein, or a mixture thereof.

272. The method of paragraph 271, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, or acombination thereof.

273. The method of paragraph 271, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise one or more amino acids.

274. The method of paragraph 273, wherein the one or more amino acidsare selected from alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid,cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine,leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine,tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, or any combination thereof.

275. The method of paragraph 271, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise a peptide, a protein, or a combination thereof.

276. The method of paragraph 275, wherein the peptide or protein isselected from hydrolyzed vegetable proteins (HVPs), soy protein, sodiumcaseinate, whey protein, wheat gluten, or any combination thereof.

277. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-276, further comprising thestep of adding one or more caramelized sugars.

278. The method of paragraph 277, wherein the one or more caramelizedsugars are added to the reaction mixture.

279. The method of paragraph 277, wherein the one or more caramelizedsugars are added after step (c).

280. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-279, wherein at least oneMRP comprises a nitrogen heterocylic functionality, a cyclic enolonefunctionality, a polycarbonyl functionality, a monocarbonylfunctionality, or a combination thereof.

281. The method of paragraph 280, comprising a nitrogen heterocylicfunctionality, wherein the nitrogen heterocylic functionality comprisesa pyrazine, a pyrrole, a pyridine, an alkyl or acetyl-substitutedsaturated N-heterocycle, or a combination thereof.

282. The method of paragraph 280, comprising a cyclic enolonefunctionality, wherein the cyclic enolone functionality comprises amaltol, an isomaltol, a dehydrofuranone, a dehydropyrone, acyclopentenolone, or a combination thereof.

283. The method of paragraph 280, comprising a polycarbonylfunctionality, wherein the polycarbonyl functionality comprises a2-furaldehyde, a 2-pyrrole aldehyde, a C3-C6 methyl ketone, or acombination thereof.

284. The method of paragraph 280, comprising a polycarbonylfunctionality, wherein the polycarbonyl functionality comprises a2-furaldehyde, a 2-pyrrole aldehyde, a C3-C6 methyl ketone, or acombination thereof.

285. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-284, wherein thecomposition is formulated to have a corny, nutty, roasted or breadlikeflavor.

286. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-284, wherein thecomposition is formulated to have a caramel-like flavor.

287. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-286, wherein the reactionmixture in step (c) is heated at a temperature between about 50° C. andabout 250° C.

288. The method of paragraph 287, wherein the reaction mixture in step(c) is heated at a temperature between about 50° C. and about 150° C.

289. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-286, wherein the reactionmixture in step (c) is heated for a period of time between about 10 min.and 5 hours.

290. The method of paragraph 289, wherein the reaction mixture in step(c) is heated for a period of time between about 20 min. and 2 hour.

291. The method of paragraph 289, wherein the reaction mixture in step(c) is heated for a period of time between about 2 and 5 hours.

292. The method of any one of paragraphs 146-286, wherein the reactionmixture in step (c) is or is formulated to have a pH between about 2 and14.

293. The method of paragraph 291, wherein the reaction mixture in step(c) is or is formulated to have a pH between about 4 and 9.

294. The method of paragraph 291, wherein the reaction mixture in step(c) is or is formulated to have a pH between about 9 and 11.

Additional Embodiments, Set 12

1. A dairy product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The dairy product of paragraph 1, wherein the dairy further comprisesa sugar donor.

3. The dairy product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The dairy product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The dairy product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from one or more of a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, aStevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The dairy product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The dairy product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isone or more selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The dairy product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The dairy product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The dairy product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from one or more of a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, aStevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The dairy product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isone or more selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The dairy product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The dairy product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The dairy product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or a synthetic sweetener.

15. The dairy product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetenersis a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The dairy product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from one or more of a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, aStevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The dairy product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isone or more selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The dairy product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The dairy product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris one or more selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The dairy product of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The dairy product of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The dairy product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The dairy product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The dairy product of paragraph 1, wherein the dairy product is amilk or dairy based drink; or a fermented, rennected milk products or acondensed milk or analogue; or a cream or similar product; or milk orcream powders; or cheese; or dairy based desserts; or whey or a wheyproduct including whey cheese.

Additional Embodiments, Set 13

1. A fat emulsion which is water-in oil, comprising an added Maillardreaction product.

2. The fat emulsion of paragraph 1, wherein the fat emulsion comprises asugar donor.

3. The fat emulsion of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The fat emulsion of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The fat emulsion of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from one or more of a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, aStevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The fat emulsion of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The fat emulsion of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isone or more selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The fat emulsion of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The fat emulsion of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The fat emulsion of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from one or more of a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, aStevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The fat emulsion of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or mixtures thereof.

12. The fat emulsion of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The fat emulsion of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The fat emulsion of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The fat emulsion of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isa high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The fat emulsion of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from one or more of a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, aStevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The fat emulsion of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The fat emulsion of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The fat emulsion of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The fat emulsion of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose, tagatose, or a mixture thereof.

21. The fat emulsion of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The fat emulsion of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The fat emulsion of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The fat emulsion of paragraph 1, wherein the fat emulsion is fatsand oils essentially free from water; or water-in-oil; or mixed and/orflavored products based on fat emulsions other than fats and oilsessentially free from water and mainly water-in-oil; or fat-baseddesserts (or excluding dairy based desserts).

Additional Embodiments, Set 14

1. A fruit or vegetable juice, comprising an added Maillard reactionproduct.

2. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit orvegetable further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 4, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetenerenhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 9, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteneris a natural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixtures thereof.

17. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is a Stevia extract.

23. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 20, wherein the Steviaextract is a steviol glycoside.

24. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit orvegetable juice is fresh fruit juice, processed fruit juice, freshvegetables fruit juice, or processed vegetables fruit juice.

25. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 22, wherein the fruitjuice comprises fruit juice containing vinegar or oil or brine, andfermented fruit juice; the vegetable juice comprises the vegetable juicecontaining vinegar or oil or brine.

26. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 22, wherein the vegetablejuice comprises the juice made from mushrooms and fungi, roots andtubers, pulses and legumes.

27. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 22, wherein the fruit orvegetable juice is canned or bottled fruit juice or vegetable juice; orconcentrates for fruit juice or vegetable juice; or the juice orconcentrates for fruit juice or vegetable juice containing dried fruit.

28. The fruit or vegetable juice of paragraph 25, wherein the fruit isprocessed nuts; the juice or concentrates for fruit juice is potatojuice, cereal juice, starch based juice from roots and tubers, pulsesand legumes.

Additional Embodiments, Set 15

1. A tea comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The tea of paragraph 1, wherein the tea further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The tea of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The tea of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The tea of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selected froma licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingleextract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The tea of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises a sweetenerenhancer.

7. The tea of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The tea of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The tea of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The tea of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The tea of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The tea of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is thaumatin.

13. The tea of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The tea of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The tea of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The tea of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The tea of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

18. The tea of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The tea of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is selectedfrom sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIAPRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The tea of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener is alluloseor tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The tea of paragraph 20, wherein the content of synthetic sweeteneris above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%,99.5%.

22. The tea of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The tea of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The tea of paragraph 1, wherein the tea is concentrated ornon-concentrated tea; or canned or bottled tea.

25. The tea of paragraph 1, wherein the tea can be a tea substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 16

1. A coffee comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The coffee of paragraph 1, wherein the coffee further comprises asugar donor.

3. The coffee of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The coffee of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The coffee of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent selected froma licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingleextract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixtures thereof.

6. The coffee of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The coffee of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The coffee of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The coffee of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The coffee of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The coffee of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The coffee of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The coffee of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The coffee of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The coffee of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The coffee of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The coffee of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The coffee of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The coffee of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is oneor more selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The coffee of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The coffee of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The coffee of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The coffee of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The coffee of paragraph 1, wherein the coffee is concentrated ornon-concentrated coffee; or canned or bottled coffee.

25. The coffee of paragraph 1, wherein the coffee can be a coffeesubstitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 17

1. A fruit and/or vegetable nectar comprising a Maillard reactionproduct.

2. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 1, wherein the fruitand vegetable nectar further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 2, wherein the sugardonor comprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetenerenhancer.

4. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 3, wherein the sugardonor comprises a sweetening agent.

5. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 4, wherein thesweetening agent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet teaextract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaextract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract,a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 3, wherein the sugardonor comprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 6, wherein thesweetener enhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 7, wherein thesweetener enhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 3, wherein the sugardonor comprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 9, wherein thesweetening agent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet teaextract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaextract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract,a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixtures thereof.

11. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 9, wherein thesweetener enhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 9, wherein thesweetener enhancer 15 thaumatin.

13. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 3, wherein the sugardonor comprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and asweetener.

14. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 13, wherein thesweetener is a natural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 14, wherein thesynthetic sweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 13, wherein thesweetening agent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet teaextract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaextract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract,a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside or any mixture thereof.

17. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 13, wherein thesweetener enhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 17, wherein thesweetener enhancer is thaumatin.

19. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 14, wherein thesynthetic sweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol,sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose,raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 19, wherein thesynthetic sweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 20, wherein thecontent of synthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%,60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 13, wherein thesweetening agent is a Stevia extract.

23. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 20, wherein theStevia extract is a steviol glycoside.

24. The fruit and/or vegetable nectar of paragraph 1, wherein the fruitand vegetable nectar is concentrated or non-concentrated fruit orvegetable nectar; or canned or bottled water-based fruit and vegetablenectar.

Additional Embodiments, Set 18

1. A water-based flavored drink comprising an added Maillard reactionproduct.

2. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 1, wherein thewater-based flavored drink further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 2, wherein the sugardonor comprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetenerenhancer.

4. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 3, wherein the sugardonor comprises a sweetening agent.

5. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 4, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 3, wherein the sugardonor comprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetenerenhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 3, wherein the sugardonor comprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 9, wherein thesweetening agent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet teaextract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaextract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract,a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 3, wherein the sugardonor comprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and asweetener.

14. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 13, wherein thesweetener is a natural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 14, wherein thesynthetic sweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 13, wherein thesweetening agent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet teaextract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaextract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract,a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 13, wherein thesweetener enhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 17, wherein thesweetener enhancer is thaumatin.

19. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 14, wherein thesynthetic sweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol,sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose,raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 19, wherein thesynthetic sweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 20, wherein the contentof synthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%,80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 13, wherein thesweetening agent is a Stevia extract.

23. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 20, wherein the Steviaextract is a steviol glycoside.

24. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 1, wherein thewater-based flavored drink is concentrated or non-concentratedwater-based flavored drink; or canned or bottled water-based flavoreddrink.

25. The water-based flavored drink of paragraph 1, wherein thewater-based flavored drink is carbonated drink, non-carbonated drink ora concentrate.

Additional Embodiments, Set 19

1. A herbal infusion comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The herbal infusion of paragraph 1, wherein the herbal infusionfurther comprises a sugar donor.

3. The herbal infusion of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The herbal infusion of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent.

5. The herbal infusion of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The herbal infusion of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetener enhancer.

7. The herbal infusion of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The herbal infusion of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The herbal infusion of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The herbal infusion of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isa licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingleextract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside orany mixture thereof.

11. The herbal infusion of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, or anymixture thereof.

12. The herbal infusion of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

13. The herbal infusion of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The herbal infusion of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The herbal infusion of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The herbal infusion of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The herbal infusion of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The herbal infusion of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

19. The herbal infusion of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The herbal infusion of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The herbal infusion of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The herbal infusion of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isa Stevia extract.

23. The herbal infusion of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The herbal infusion of paragraph 1, wherein the herbal infusion is aconcentrated or non-concentrated herbal infusion; or canned or bottledherbal infusion.

25. The herbal infusion of paragraph 1, wherein the herbal infusion canbe an herbal infusion substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 20

1. A hot cereal beverage comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the hot cerealbeverage further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetenerenhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is a Stevia extract.

23. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extractis a steviol glycoside.

24. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the hot cerealbeverage is concentrated or non-concentrated hot cereal beverage; orcanned or bottled hot cereal beverage.

25. The hot cereal beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the hot cerealbeverage can be a hot cereal beverage substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 21

1. A non-alcoholic beverage comprising an added Maillard reactionproduct.

2. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the non-alcoholicbeverage further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 4, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetenerenhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener isa natural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is a Stevia extract.

23. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 20, wherein the Steviaextract is a steviol glycoside.

24. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the non-alcoholicbeverage is concentrated or non-concentrated non-alcoholic beverage; orcanned or bottled non-alcoholic beverage.

25. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the non-alcoholicbeverage can be the non-alcoholic beverage substitute.

26. The non-alcoholic beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the non-alcoholicbeverage is a natural mineral water or source water, or table waters orsoda waters.

Additional Embodiments, Set 22

1. An alcoholic beverage comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the alcoholic beveragefurther comprises a sugar donor.

3. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agentis a Stevia extract.

23. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extractis a steviol glycoside.

24. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the alcoholicbeverage is a concentrated or non-concentrated alcoholic beverage; or acanned or bottled alcoholic beverage.

25. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the alcoholicbeverage can be an alcoholic beverage substitute.

26. The alcoholic beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the alcoholicbeverage is alcohol-free or a low-alcoholic counterpart.

Additional Embodiments, Set 23

1. A beer or malt beverage comprising an added Maillard reactionproduct.

2. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the beer or maltbeverage further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 4, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetenerenhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener isa natural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is a Stevia extract.

23. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 20, wherein the Steviaextract is a steviol glycoside.

24. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the beer or maltbeverage is a concentrated or non-concentrated beer or malt beverage; ora canned or bottled beer or malt beverage.

25. The beer or malt beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the beer or maltbeverage can be a beer or a malt beverage substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 24

1. A cider and perry comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The cider and perry of paragraph 1, wherein the cider and perryfurther comprises a sugar donor.

3. The cider and perry of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The cider and perry of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent.

5. The cider and perry of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The cider and perry of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetener enhancer.

7. The cider and perry of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The cider and perry of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The cider and perry of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The cider and perry of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The cider and perry of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The cider and perry of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

13. The cider and perry of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The cider and perry of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The cider and perry of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The cider and perry of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The cider and perry of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The cider and perry of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

19. The cider and perry of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The cider and perry of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The cider and perry of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The cider and perry of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isa Stevia extract.

23. The cider and perry of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The cider and perry of paragraph 1, wherein the cider and perry isconcentrated or non-concentrated cider and perry; or a canned or bottledcider and perry.

25. The cider and perry of paragraph 1, wherein the cider and perry canbe a cider and perry substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 25

1. A wine comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The wine of paragraph 1, wherein the wine further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The wine of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The wine of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The wine of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The wine of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The wine of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The wine of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The wine of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The wine of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The wine of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The wine of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The wine of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The wine of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The wine of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The wine of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The wine of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

18. The wine of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The wine of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The wine of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The wine of paragraph 20, wherein the content of synthetic sweeteneris above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%,99.5%.

22. The wine of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The wine of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The wine of paragraph 1, wherein the wine is a concentrated ornon-concentrated wine; or a canned or bottled wine.

25. The wine of paragraph 1, wherein the wine can be a wine substitute.

26. The wine of paragraph 1, wherein the wine is still wine, sparklingand semi-sparkling wine, a fortified wine or a liquor wine or anaromatized wine.

Additional Embodiments, Set 26

1. A fruit wine comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The fruit wine of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit wine furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The fruit wine of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The fruit wine of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The fruit wine of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The fruit wine of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The fruit wine of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The fruit wine of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The fruit wine of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The fruit wine of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The fruit wine of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The fruit wine of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The fruit wine of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The fruit wine of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The fruit wine of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The fruit wine of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The fruit wine of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The fruit wine of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The fruit wine of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The fruit wine of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The fruit wine of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The fruit wine of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The fruit wine of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The fruit wine of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit wine is aconcentrated or a non-concentrated fruit wine; or a canned or bottledfruit wine.

25. The fruit wine of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit wine can be a fruitwine substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 27

1. A spirituous beverage comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the spirituousbeverage further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetenerenhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is a Stevia extract.

23. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extractis a steviol glycoside.

24. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the spirituousbeverages is a concentrated or non-concentrated spirituous beverage; ora canned or bottled spirituous beverage.

25. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the spirituousbeverage can be a spirituous beverage substitute.

26. The spirituous beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the spirituousbeverage contains at least 15% alcohol or containing less than 15%alcohol.

Additional Embodiments, Set 28

1. A dessert comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The dessert of paragraph 1, wherein the dessert further comprises asugar donor.

3. The dessert of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The dessert of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The dessert of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The dessert of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The dessert of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The dessert of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The dessert of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The dessert of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The dessert of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The dessert of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The dessert of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The dessert of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The dessert of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The dessert of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The dessert of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The dessert of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The dessert of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The dessert of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The dessert of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The dessert of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The dessert of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The dessert of paragraph 1, wherein the dessert is concentrated ornon-concentrated dessert; or canned or bottled dessert.

25. The dessert of paragraph 1, wherein the dessert can be the dessertsubstitute.

26. The dessert of paragraph 1, wherein the dessert is dairy baseddessert.

27. The dessert of paragraph 1, wherein the dessert is ice cream, icemilk, pudding, fruit or flavored yogurt.

28. The dessert of paragraph 1, wherein the dessert is fruit flavoreddessert or water based dessert; or a starch based dessert including ricepudding or tapioca pudding.

Additional Embodiments, Set 29

1. A cream comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The cream of paragraph 1, wherein the cream further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The cream of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The cream of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The cream of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The cream of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The cream of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The cream of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The cream of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The cream of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The cream of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The cream of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The cream of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The cream of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The cream of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The cream of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The cream of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The cream of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The cream of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The cream of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The cream of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The cream of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The cream of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The cream of paragraph 1, wherein the cream is a concentrated ornon-concentrated cream; or a canned or bottled cream.

25. The cream of paragraph 1, wherein the cream can be a creamsubstitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 30

1. A milk or cream powder comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 1, wherein the milk or creampowder further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetenerenhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 9, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is a Stevia extract.

23. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extractis a steviol glycoside.

24. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 1, wherein the milk or creampowder is a concentrated or non-concentrated milk or cream powder; or acanned or bottled milk or cream powder.

25. The milk or cream powder of paragraph 1, wherein the milk or creampowder can be a milk or cream powder substitute or an analogue.

Additional Embodiments, Set 31

1. A cheese comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The cheese of paragraph 1, wherein the cheese further comprises asugar donor.

3. The cheese of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The cheese of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The cheese of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The cheese of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The cheese of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The cheese of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The cheese of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The cheese of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The cheese of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The cheese of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The cheese of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The cheese of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The cheese of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The cheese of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The cheese of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The cheese of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The cheese of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The cheese of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The cheese of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The cheese of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The cheese of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The cheese of paragraph 1, wherein the cheese is a concentrated ornon-concentrated cheese; or a canned or packaged cheese.

25. The cheese of paragraph 1, wherein the cheese can be a cheesesubstitute.

26. The cheese of paragraph 1, wherein the cheese is unripened cheese,ripened cheese, whey cheese, processed cheese or a cheese derivative.

Additional Embodiments, Set 32

1. A whey product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The whey product of paragraph 1, wherein the whey product furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The whey product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The whey product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The whey product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The whey product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The whey product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The whey product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The whey product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The whey product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The whey product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The whey product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The whey product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The whey product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The whey product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isa high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The whey product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The whey product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The whey product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The whey product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The whey product of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The whey product of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The whey product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The whey product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The whey product of paragraph 1, wherein the whey product is aconcentrated or non-concentrated whey product; or a canned or bottledwhey product.

25. The whey product of paragraph 1, wherein the whey product can be thewhey product substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 33

1. A edible ice comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The edible ice of paragraph 1, wherein the edible ice furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The edible ice of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The edible ice of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The edible ice of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The edible ice of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The edible ice of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The edible ice of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The edible ice of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The edible ice of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The edible ice of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The edible ice of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The edible ice of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The edible ice of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The edible ice of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The edible ice of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The edible ice of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The edible ice of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The edible ice of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The edible ice of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The edible ice of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The edible ice of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The edible ice of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The edible ice of paragraph 1, wherein the edible ice is aconcentrated or non-concentrated edible ice; or a canned or bottlededible ice.

25. The edible ice of paragraph 1, wherein the edible ice is sherbet orsorbet.

Additional Embodiments, Set 34

1. A fruit product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The fruit product of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit product furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The fruit product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The fruit product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The fruit product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The fruit product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The fruit product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The fruit product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The fruit product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The fruit product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The fruit product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The fruit product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The fruit product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The fruit product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The fruit product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The fruit product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The fruit product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The fruit product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The fruit product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The fruit product of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The fruit product of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The fruit product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The fruit product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The fruit product of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit product is aconcentrated or non-concentrated fruit product; or a canned or bottledfruit product.

25. The fruit product of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit product can be afruit product substitute.

26. The fruit product of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit product isfrozen fruit, dried fruit, or fruit in vinegar, oil or brine; or afermented fruit product, or a cooked or a fired fruit; or a marmalade.

Additional Embodiments, Set 35

1. A vegetable product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The vegetable product of paragraph 1, wherein the vegetable productfurther comprises a sugar donor.

3. The vegetable product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The vegetable product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The vegetable product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The vegetable product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The vegetable product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The vegetable product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The vegetable product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The vegetable product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The vegetable product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The vegetable product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

13. The vegetable product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The vegetable product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The vegetable product of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The vegetable product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The vegetable product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The vegetable product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The vegetable product of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The vegetable product of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The vegetable product of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The vegetable product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agentis a Stevia extract.

23. The vegetable product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract isa steviol glycoside.

24. The vegetable product of paragraph 1, wherein the vegetable productis a canned or bottled vegetable product.

25. The vegetable product of paragraph 1, wherein the vegetable productis a frozen vegetable, dried vegetable, or vegetable in vinegar, oil orbrine; or a fermented vegetable product, or a cooked or a firedvegetable; or a processed mushroom or fungi, or a processed root ortuber, or processed pulses or legumes.

Additional Embodiments, Set 36

1. A nut or seed product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The nut or seed product of paragraph 1, wherein the nut or seedproduct further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The nut or seed product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The nut or seed product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The nut or seed product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The nut or seed product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The nut or seed product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The nut or seed product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetenerenhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The nut or seed product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The nut or seed product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The nut or seed product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The nut or seed product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The nut or seed product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The nut or seed product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The nut or seed product of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The nut or seed product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The nut or seed product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The nut or seed product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The nut or seed product of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The nut or seed product of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The nut or seed product of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The nut or seed product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is a Stevia extract.

23. The nut or seed product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extractis a steviol glycoside.

24. The nut or seed product of paragraph 1, wherein the nut or seedproduct is canned or bottled nut or seed product.

24. The nut or seed product of paragraph 1, wherein the nut or seedproduct can be a nut or seed product substitute.

25. The nut or seed product of paragraph 1, wherein the nut or seedproduct is nut or seed puree or spread; a nut or seed pulp orpreparation.

Additional Embodiments, Set 37

1. A jam comprising a Maillard reaction product.

2. The jam of paragraph 1, wherein the jam further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The jam of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The jam of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The jam of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selected froma licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingleextract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The jam of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises a sweetenerenhancer.

7. The jam of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The jam of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The jam of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The jam of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The jam of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The jam of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is thaumatin.

13. The jam of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The jam of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The jam of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The jam of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The jam of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

18. The jam of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The jam of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is selectedfrom sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIAPRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The jam of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener is alluloseor tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The jam of paragraph 20, wherein the content of synthetic sweeteneris above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%,99.5%.

22. The jam of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The jam of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The jam of paragraph 1, wherein the jam is a concentrated ornon-concentrated jam; or a canned or bottled jam.

25. The jam of paragraph 1, wherein the jam can be a jam substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 38

1. A jelly comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The jelly of paragraph 1, wherein the jelly further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The jelly of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The jelly of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The jelly of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The jelly of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The jelly of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The jelly of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The jelly of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The jelly of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The jelly of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The jelly of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The jelly of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The jelly of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The jelly of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The jelly of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The jelly of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The jelly of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The jelly of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The jelly of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The jelly of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The jelly of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The jelly of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The jelly of paragraph 1, wherein the jelly is a concentrated ornon-concentrated jelly; or a canned or bottled jelly.

25. The jelly of paragraph 1, wherein the jelly can be a jellysubstitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 39

1. A spread comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The spread of paragraph 1, wherein the spread further comprises asugar donor.

3. The spread of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The spread of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The spread of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The spread of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The spread of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The spread of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin. 9. The spread of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The spread of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The spread of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The spread of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The spread of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The spread of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The spread of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The spread of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The spread of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The spread of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The spread of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The spread of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The spread of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The spread of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The spread of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The spread of paragraph 1, wherein the spread can be a spreadsubstitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 40

1. A fruit topping comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The fruit topping of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit topping furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The fruit topping of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The fruit topping of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The fruit topping of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The fruit topping of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The fruit topping of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The fruit topping of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The fruit topping of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The fruit topping of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The fruit topping of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The fruit topping of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The fruit topping of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The fruit topping of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The fruit topping of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The fruit topping of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The fruit topping of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The fruit topping of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The fruit topping of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The fruit topping of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The fruit topping of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The fruit topping of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The fruit topping of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The fruit topping of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit topping is acanned or bottled fruit topping.

25. The fruit topping of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit topping can be afruit topping substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 41

1. A fruit filling comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The fruit filling of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit filling furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The fruit filling of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The fruit filling of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The fruit filling of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The fruit filling of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The fruit filling of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The fruit filling of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The fruit filling of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The fruit filling of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The fruit filling of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The fruit filling of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The fruit filling of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The fruit filling of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The fruit filling of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The fruit filling of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The fruit filling of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The fruit filling of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The fruit filling of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The fruit filling of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The fruit filling of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The fruit filling of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The fruit filling of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The fruit filling of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit filling is acanned or bottled fruit filling.

25. The fruit filling of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit filling can be afruit filling substitute.

26. The fruit filling of paragraph 1, wherein the fruit filling is forpastries.

Additional Embodiments, Set 42

1. A candy comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The candy of paragraph 1, wherein the candy further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The candy of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The candy of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The candy of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The candy of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The candy of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The candy of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The candy of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The candy of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The candy of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The candy of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The candy of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The candy of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The candy of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The candy of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The candy of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The candy of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The candy of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The candy of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The candy of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The candy of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The candy of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The candy of paragraph 1, wherein the candy is a canned or bottledcandy.

25. The candy of paragraph 1, wherein the candy can be a candysubstitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 43

1. A cocoa product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The cocoa product of paragraph 1, wherein the cocoa product furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The cocoa product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The cocoa product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The cocoa product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The cocoa product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The cocoa product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The cocoa product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The cocoa product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The cocoa product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The cocoa product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The cocoa product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The cocoa product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The cocoa product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The cocoa product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The cocoa product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The cocoa product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The cocoa product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The cocoa product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The cocoa product of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The cocoa product of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The cocoa product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The cocoa product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The cocoa product of paragraph 1, wherein the cocoa product iscanned or bottled cocoa product.

25. The cocoa product of paragraph 1, wherein the cocoa product is animitation cocoa or a substitute.

26. The cocoa product of paragraph 1, wherein the cocoa product is acocoa mixer including powder or syrups; cocoa based spreads includingfilings; a milk chocolate bar, chocolate flakes, or white chocolate; orimitation chocolate or chocolate substitute products.

Additional Embodiments, Set 44

1. A sugar-based confectionery comprising an added Maillard reactionproduct.

2. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 1, wherein the sugar-basedconfectionery further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 4, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetenerenhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 9, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 3, wherein the sugardonor comprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and asweetener.

14. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteneris a natural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 13, wherein thesweetening agent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet teaextract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaextract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract,a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 20, wherein the contentof synthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%,80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 13, wherein thesweetening agent is a Stevia extract.

23. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 20, wherein the Steviaextract is a steviol glycoside.

24. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 1, wherein thesugar-based confectionery is a canned or bottled sugar-basedconfectionery.

25. The sugar-based confectionery of paragraph 1, wherein thesugar-based confectionery is hard or soft candy or nougats; or asugar-based confectionery substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 45

1. A chewing gum comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The chewing gum of paragraph 1, wherein the chewing gum furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The chewing gum of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The chewing gum of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The chewing gum of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The chewing gum of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The chewing gum of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The chewing gum of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The chewing gum of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The chewing gum of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The chewing gum of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The chewing gum of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The chewing gum of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The chewing gum of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The chewing gum of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isa high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The chewing gum of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The chewing gum of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The chewing gum of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The chewing gum of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The chewing gum of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The chewing gum of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The chewing gum of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The chewing gum of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The chewing gum of paragraph 1, wherein the chewing gum is canned orpackaged chewing gum.

25. The chewing gum of paragraph 1, wherein the chewing gum can be achewing gum substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 46

1. A decoration product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The decoration product of paragraph 1, wherein the decoration productfurther comprises a sugar donor.

3. The decoration product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The decoration product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The decoration product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The decoration product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The decoration product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The decoration product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The decoration product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The decoration product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The decoration product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The decoration product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The decoration product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The decoration product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The decoration product of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The decoration product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The decoration product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The decoration product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The decoration product of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The decoration product of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The decoration product of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The decoration product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agentis a Stevia extract.

23. The decoration product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extractis a steviol glycoside.

24. The decoration product of paragraph 1, wherein the decorationproduct is for fine bakery ware or toppings.

25. The decoration product of paragraph 1, wherein the decorationproduct can be a decoration product substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 47

1. A sauce comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The sauce of paragraph 1, wherein the sauce further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The sauce of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The sauce of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The sauce of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The sauce of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The sauce of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The sauce of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The sauce of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The sauce of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The sauce of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The sauce of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The sauce of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The sauce of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The sauce of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The sauce of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The sauce of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The sauce of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The sauce of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The sauce of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The sauce of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The sauce of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The sauce of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The sauce of paragraph 1, wherein the sauce is a canned or bottledsauce.

25. The sauce of paragraph 1, wherein the sauce can be a saucesubstitute.

26. The sauce of paragraph 1, wherein the sauce is a sweet sauce.

Additional Embodiments, Set 48

1. A grain product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The grain product of paragraph 1, wherein the grain product furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The grain product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The grain product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The grain product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The grain product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The grain product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The grain product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The grain product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The grain product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The grain product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The grain product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The grain product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The grain product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The grain product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The grain product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The grain product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The grain product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The grain product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The grain product of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The grain product of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The grain product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The grain product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The grain product of paragraph 1, wherein the grain product is acanned or bottled grain product.

25. The grain product of paragraph 1, wherein the grain product can be agrain product substitute.

26. The grain product of paragraph 1, wherein the grain product is awhole, milled or flaked grain including rice.

Additional Embodiments, Set 49

1. A flour or starch comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The flour or starch of paragraph 1, wherein the flour or starchfurther comprises a sugar donor.

3. The flour or starch of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The flour or starch of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent.

5. The flour or starch of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The flour or starch of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetener enhancer.

7. The flour or starch of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The flour or starch of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The flour or starch of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The flour or starch of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The flour or starch of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The flour or starch of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

13. The flour or starch of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The flour or starch of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The flour or starch of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The flour or starch of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The flour or starch of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The flour or starch of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

19. The flour or starch of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The flour or starch of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The flour or starch of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The flour or starch of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isa Stevia extract.

23. The flour or starch of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The flour or starch of paragraph 1, wherein the flour or starch is acanned or bottled flour or starch.

25. The flour or starch of paragraph 1, wherein the flour or starch canbe a flour or starch substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 50

1. A breakfast cereal product comprising an added Maillard reactionproduct.

2. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 1, wherein the breakfastcereal product further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetenerenhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteneris a natural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is a Stevia extract.

23. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 20, wherein the Steviaextract is a steviol glycoside.

24. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 1, wherein the breakfastcereal product is a canned or packaged breakfast cereal product.

25. The breakfast cereal product of paragraph 1, wherein the breakfastcereal product can be a breakfast cereal product substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 51

1. A rolled oats product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The rolled oats product of paragraph 1, wherein the rolled oatsproduct further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The rolled oats product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The rolled oats product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The rolled oats product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The rolled oats product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The rolled oats product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The rolled oats product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetenerenhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The rolled oats product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The rolled oats product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The rolled oats product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The rolled oats product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The rolled oats product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The rolled oats product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The rolled oats product of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The rolled oats product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The rolled oats product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The rolled oats product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The rolled oats product of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The rolled oats product of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The rolled oats product of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The rolled oats product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is a Stevia extract.

23. The rolled oats product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extractis a steviol glycoside.

24. The rolled oats product of paragraph 1, wherein the rolled oatsproduct is canned or packaged rolled oats product.

25. The rolled oats product of paragraph 1, wherein the rolled oatsproduct can be a rolled oats product substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 52

1. A pasta or noodle comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 1, wherein the pasta or noodlefurther comprises a sugar donor.

3. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent.

5. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetener enhancer.

7. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

13. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

19. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isa Stevia extract.

23. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 1, wherein the pasta or noodle is acanned or packaged pasta or noodle.

25. The pasta or noodle of paragraph 1, wherein the pasta or noodle canbe a pasta or noodle substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 53

1. A cereal comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The cereal of paragraph 1, wherein the cereal further comprises asugar donor.

3. The cereal of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The cereal of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The cereal of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The cereal of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The cereal of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The cereal of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The cereal of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The cereal of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The cereal of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The cereal of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The cereal of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The cereal of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The cereal of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The cereal of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The cereal of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The cereal of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The cereal of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The cereal of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The cereal of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The cereal of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The cereal of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The cereal of paragraph 1, wherein the cereal is a canned orpackaged cereal.

25. The cereal of paragraph 1, wherein the cereal is from roots ortubers, or pulses or legumes.

Additional Embodiments, Set 54

1. A bread comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The bread of paragraph 1, wherein the bread further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The bread of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The bread of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The bread of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The bread of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The bread of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The bread of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The bread of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The bread of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The bread of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The bread of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The bread of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The bread of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The bread of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The bread of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The bread of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The bread of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The bread of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The bread of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The bread of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The bread of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The bread of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The bread of paragraph 1, wherein the bread is a baked roll, orbread-type product such as: bread stuffing or breadcrumbs

25. The bread of paragraph 1, wherein the bread can be a breadsubstitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 55

1. A cracker comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The cracker of paragraph 1, wherein the cracker further comprises asugar donor.

3. The cracker of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The cracker of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The cracker of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The cracker of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The cracker of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The cracker of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The cracker of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The cracker of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The cracker of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The cracker of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The cracker of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The cracker of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The cracker of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The cracker of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The cracker of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The cracker of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The cracker of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The cracker of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The cracker of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The cracker of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The cracker of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The cracker of paragraph 1, wherein the cracker is a canned orpackaged cracker.

25. The cracker of paragraph 1, wherein the cracker can be a crackersubstitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 56

1. A cake comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The cake of paragraph 1, wherein the cake further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The cake of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The cake of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The cake of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The cake of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The cake of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The cake of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The cake of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The cake of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The cake of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The cake of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The cake of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The cake of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The cake of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The cake of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The cake of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

18. The cake of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The cake of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The cake of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The cake of paragraph 20, wherein the content of synthetic sweeteneris above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%,99.5%.

22. The cake of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The cake of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The cake of paragraph 1, wherein the cake is a canned or packagedcake.

25. The cake of paragraph 1, wherein the cake can be a cake substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 57

1. A cookie comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The cookie of paragraph 1, wherein the cookie further comprises asugar donor.

3. The cookie of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The cookie of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The cookie of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The cookie of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The cookie of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The cookie of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin. 9. The cookie of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The cookie of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The cookie of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The cookie of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The cookie of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The cookie of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The cookie of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The cookie of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The cookie of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The cookie of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The cookie of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The cookie of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The cookie of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The cookie of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The cookie of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The cookie of paragraph 1, wherein the cookie is a canned orpackaged cookie.

25. The cookie of paragraph 1, wherein the cookie can be a cookiesubstitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 58

1. A pie comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The pie of paragraph 1, wherein the pie further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The pie of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The pie of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The pie of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selected froma licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingleextract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The pie of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises a sweetenerenhancer.

7. The pie of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The pie of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The pie of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The pie of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The pie of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The pie of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is thaumatin.

13. The pie of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The pie of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The pie of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The pie of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The pie of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

18. The pie of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The pie of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is selectedfrom sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIAPRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The pie of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener is alluloseor tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The pie of paragraph 20, wherein the content of synthetic sweeteneris above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%,99.5%.

22. The pie of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The pie of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The pie of paragraph 1, wherein the pie is a canned or packaged pie.

25. The pie of paragraph 1, wherein the pie is fruit-filled or a custardtype.

Additional Embodiments, Set 59

1. A bakery ware comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The bakery ware of paragraph 1, wherein the bakery ware furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The bakery ware of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The bakery ware of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The bakery ware of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The bakery ware of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The bakery ware of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The bakery ware of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The bakery ware of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The bakery ware of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The bakery ware of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The bakery ware of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The bakery ware of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The bakery ware of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The bakery ware of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isa high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The bakery ware of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The bakery ware of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The bakery ware of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The bakery ware of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The bakery ware of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The bakery ware of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The bakery ware of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The bakery ware of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The bakery ware of paragraph 1, wherein the bakery ware is a breador ordinary bakery ware; a bagel, pita, or English muffin; a fine bakeryware mix such as cake or a pancake mixture; a doughnut; a sweet roll; ascone; or a muffin.

Additional Embodiments, Set 60

1. A doughnut comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The doughnut of paragraph 1, wherein the doughnut further comprises asugar donor.

3. The doughnut of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The doughnut of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The doughnut of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The doughnut of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The doughnut of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The doughnut of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The doughnut of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The doughnut of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The doughnut of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The doughnut of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The doughnut of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The doughnut of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The doughnut of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The doughnut of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The doughnut of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The doughnut of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The doughnut of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The doughnut of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The doughnut of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The doughnut of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The doughnut of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The doughnut of paragraph 1, wherein the doughnut is a canned orpackaged doughnut.

Additional Embodiments, Set 61

1. A sweet roll comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The sweet roll of paragraph 1, wherein the sweet roll furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The sweet roll of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The sweet roll of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The sweet roll of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The sweet roll of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The sweet roll of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The sweet roll of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The sweet roll of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The sweet roll of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The sweet roll of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The sweet roll of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The sweet roll of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The sweet roll of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The sweet roll of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The sweet roll of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The sweet roll of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The sweet roll of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The sweet roll of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The sweet roll of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The sweet roll of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The sweet roll of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The sweet roll of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The sweet roll of paragraph 1, wherein the sweet roll is a canned orpackaged sweet roll.

Additional Embodiments, Set 62

1. A scone comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The scone of paragraph 1, wherein the scone further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The scone of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The scone of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The scone of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The scone of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The scone of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The scone of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The scone of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The scone of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The scone of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The scone of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The scone of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The scone of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The scone of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The scone of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The scone of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The scone of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The scone of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The scone of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The scone of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The scone of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The scone of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The scone of paragraph 1, wherein the scone is a canned or packagedscone.

Additional Embodiments, Set 63

1. A muffin comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The muffin of paragraph 1, wherein the muffin further comprises asugar donor.

3. The muffin of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The muffin of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The muffin of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The muffin of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The muffin of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The muffin of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The muffin of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The muffin of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The muffin of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The muffin of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The muffin of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The muffin of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The muffin of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The muffin of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The muffin of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The muffin of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The muffin of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The muffin of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The muffin of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The muffin of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The muffin of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The muffin of paragraph 1, wherein the muffin is a canned orpackaged muffin.

Additional Embodiments, Set 64

1. A meat product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The meat product of paragraph 1, wherein the meat product furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The meat product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The meat product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The meat product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The meat product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The meat product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The meat product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The meat product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The meat product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The meat product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The meat product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The meat product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The meat product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The meat product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isa high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The meat product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The meat product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The meat product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The meat product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The meat product of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The meat product of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The meat product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The meat product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The meat product of paragraph 1, wherein the meat product is acanned or packaged meat product.

25. The meat product of paragraph 1, wherein the meat product can be ameat product substitute.

26. The meat product of paragraph 1, wherein the meat product is aprocessed meat, poultry or game product in whole pieces or cuts; orprocessed comminuted meat, poultry or game product.

27. The meat product of paragraph 1, wherein the meat product is anedible casing such as a sausage casing.

Additional Embodiments, Set 65

1. A fish product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The fish product of paragraph 1, wherein the fish product furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The fish product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The fish product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The fish product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The fish product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The fish product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The fish product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The fish product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The fish product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The fish product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The fish product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The fish product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The fish product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The fish product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isa high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The fish product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The fish product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The fish product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The fish product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The fish product of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The fish product of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The fish product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The fish product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The fish product of paragraph 1, wherein the fish product is acanned or bottled fish product.

25. The fish product of paragraph 1, wherein the fish product can be afish product substitute.

26. The fish product of paragraph 1, wherein the fish product is aprocessed fish or fish product, semi-preserved fish or fish product, ora fully preserved fish or fish product; or a mollusk, a crustacean or,crustaceans or echinoderms egg products.

Additional Embodiments, Set 66

1. An egg product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The egg product of paragraph 1, wherein the egg product furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The egg product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The egg product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The egg product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The egg product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The egg product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The egg product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The egg product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The egg product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The egg product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The egg product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The egg product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The egg product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The egg product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isa high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The egg product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The egg product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The egg product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The egg product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The egg product of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The egg product of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The egg product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The egg product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The egg product of paragraph 1, wherein the egg product is a cannedor packaged egg product.

25. The egg product of paragraph 1, wherein the egg product can be anegg product substitute.

26. The egg product of paragraph 1, wherein the egg product is preservedeggs, or egg-based desserts.

Additional Embodiments, Set 67

1. A salt comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The salt of paragraph 1, wherein the salt further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The salt of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The salt of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The salt of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The salt of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The salt of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The salt of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The salt of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The salt of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The salt of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The salt of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The salt of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The salt of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The salt of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The salt of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The salt of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

18. The salt of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The salt of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The salt of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The salt of paragraph 20, wherein the content of synthetic sweeteneris above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%,99.5%.

22. The salt of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The salt of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The salt of paragraph 1, wherein the salt is a canned or bottledsalt.

25. The salt of paragraph 1, wherein the salt can be a salt substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 68

1. A seasoning comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The seasoning of paragraph 1, wherein the seasoning further comprisesa sugar donor.

3. The seasoning of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The seasoning of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The seasoning of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The seasoning of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The seasoning of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The seasoning of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The seasoning of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The seasoning of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The seasoning of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The seasoning of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The seasoning of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The seasoning of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The seasoning of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The seasoning of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The seasoning of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The seasoning of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The seasoning of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The seasoning of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The seasoning of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The seasoning of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The seasoning of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The seasoning of paragraph 1, wherein the seasoning is a canned orbottled seasoning.

25. The seasoning of paragraph 1, wherein the seasoning can be aseasoning substitute.

26. The seasoning of paragraph 1, wherein the seasoning is from an herbor a spice.

Additional Embodiments, Set 69

1. A vinegar comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The vinegar of paragraph 1, wherein the vinegar further comprises asugar donor.

3. The vinegar of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The vinegar of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The vinegar of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The vinegar of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The vinegar of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The vinegar of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The vinegar of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The vinegar of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The vinegar of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The vinegar of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The vinegar of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The vinegar of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The vinegar of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The vinegar of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The vinegar of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The vinegar of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The vinegar of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The vinegar of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The vinegar of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The vinegar of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The vinegar of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The vinegar of paragraph 1, wherein the vinegar is a canned orbottled vinegar.

25. The vinegar of paragraph 1, wherein the vinegar can be a vinegarsubstitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 70

1. A mustard product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The mustard product of paragraph 1, wherein the mustard productfurther comprises a sugar donor.

3. The mustard product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The mustard product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent.

5. The mustard product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The mustard product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetener enhancer.

7. The mustard product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The mustard product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The mustard product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The mustard product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The mustard product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The mustard product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

13. The mustard product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The mustard product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The mustard product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The mustard product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The mustard product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The mustard product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

19. The mustard product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The mustard product of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The mustard product of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The mustard product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isa Stevia extract.

23. The mustard product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The mustard product of paragraph 1, wherein the mustard product is acanned or bottled mustard product.

25. The mustard product of paragraph 1, wherein the mustard product canbe a mustard product substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 71

1. A spice product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The spice product of paragraph 1, wherein the spice product furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The spice product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The spice product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The spice product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The spice product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The spice product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The spice product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The spice product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The spice product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The spice product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The spice product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The spice product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The spice product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The spice product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The spice product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The spice product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The spice product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The spice product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The spice product of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The spice product of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The spice product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The spice product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The spice product of paragraph 1, wherein the spice product is acanned or bottled spice product.

25. The spice product of paragraph 1, wherein the spice product can be aspice product substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 72

1. A soup comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The soup of paragraph 1, wherein the soup further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The soup of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The soup of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The soup of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The soup of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The soup of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The soup of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The soup of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The soup of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The soup of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The soup of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The soup of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The soup of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The soup of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The soup of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The soup of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

18. The soup of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The soup of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The soup of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The soup of paragraph 20, wherein the content of synthetic sweeteneris above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%,99.5%.

22. The soup of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The soup of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The soup of paragraph 1, wherein the soup is a canned or bottled orfrozen soup.

25. The soup of paragraph 1, wherein the soup can be a soup substitute.

26. The soup of paragraph 1, wherein the soup is ready-to-eat soup orbroth; or a mix for soup or broths.

Additional Embodiments, Set 73

1. A sauce comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The sauce of paragraph 1, wherein the sauce further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The sauce of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The sauce of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The sauce of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The sauce of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The sauce of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The sauce of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The sauce of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The sauce of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The sauce of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The sauce of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The sauce of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The sauce of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The sauce of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The sauce of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The sauce of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The sauce of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The sauce of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The sauce of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The sauce of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The sauce of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The sauce of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The sauce of paragraph 1, wherein the sauce is a canned or bottledsauce.

25. The sauce of paragraph 1, wherein the sauce can be a saucesubstitute.

26. The sauce of paragraph 1, wherein the sauce is an emulsified sauceor non-emulsified sauce or a mix for sauce or gravy.

27. The sauce of paragraph 26, wherein the non-emulsified sauce is aketchup, cheese sauce, cream sauce, or brown gravy.

Additional Embodiments, Set 74

1. A salad comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The salad of paragraph 1, wherein the salad further comprises a sugardonor.

3. The salad of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The salad of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The salad of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The salad of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The salad of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

8. The salad of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancer comprisesthaumatin.

9. The salad of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The salad of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The salad of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer is selectedfrom brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, orany mixture thereof.

12. The salad of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The salad of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The salad of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The salad of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The salad of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is selectedfrom a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, aswingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylated Steviaextract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The salad of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The salad of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The salad of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The salad of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The salad of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The salad of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is a Steviaextract.

23. The salad of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is a steviolglycoside.

24. The salad of paragraph 1, wherein the salad is a canned or packagedsalad.

25. The salad of paragraph 1, wherein the salad can be a saladsubstitute.

26. The salad of paragraph 1, wherein the salad is a macaroni salad, orpotato salad; or a sandwich spread.

Additional Embodiments, Set 75

1. A yeast product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The yeast product of paragraph 1, wherein the yeast product furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The yeast product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The yeast product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The yeast product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The yeast product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The yeast product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The yeast product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The yeast product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The yeast product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The yeast product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The yeast product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The yeast product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The yeast product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The yeast product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The yeast product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The yeast product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The yeast product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The yeast product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The yeast product of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The yeast product of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The yeast product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The yeast product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The yeast product of paragraph 1, wherein the yeast product is acanned or bottled yeast product.

25. The yeast product of paragraph 1, wherein the yeast product can be ayeast product substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 76

1. A protein product comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The protein product of paragraph 1, wherein the protein productfurther comprises a sugar donor.

3. The protein product of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The protein product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent.

5. The protein product of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The protein product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetener enhancer.

7. The protein product of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The protein product of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The protein product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The protein product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The protein product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The protein product of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

13. The protein product of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The protein product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The protein product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The protein product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The protein product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The protein product of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

19. The protein product of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The protein product of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The protein product of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The protein product of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isa Stevia extract.

23. The protein product of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The protein product of paragraph 1, wherein the protein product is acanned or bottled protein product.

25. The protein product of paragraph 1, wherein the protein product canbe a protein product substitute.

Additional Embodiments, Set 77

1. A foodstuff comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The foodstuff of paragraph 1, wherein the foodstuff further comprisesa sugar donor.

3. The foodstuff of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The foodstuff of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent.

5. The foodstuff of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The foodstuff of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetener enhancer.

7. The foodstuff of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The foodstuff of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The foodstuff of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The foodstuff of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The foodstuff of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The foodstuff of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The foodstuff of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprises asweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The foodstuff of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is a naturalsweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The foodstuff of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The foodstuff of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The foodstuff of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The foodstuff of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

19. The foodstuff of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweetener isselected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The foodstuff of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweetener isallulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The foodstuff of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The foodstuff of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent is aStevia extract.

23. The foodstuff of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The foodstuff of paragraph 1, wherein the foodstuff is a canned orbottled foodstuff.

25. The foodstuff of paragraph 1, wherein the foodstuff can be afoodstuff substitute or intended for a particular nutritional use.

26. The foodstuff of paragraph 1, wherein the foodstuff is an infantformulae or follow-up formulae; or foods for young children (weaningfood); or diabetic foods intended for special medical purposes; diabeticformulae for slimming purposes or weight reduction; or other diabeticfoods; or a food supplement.

Additional Embodiments, Set 78

1. A ready-to-eat savory comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 1, wherein the ready-to-eatsavory further comprises a sugar donor.

3. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent.

5. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

6. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetener enhancer.

7. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetenerenhancer comprises thaumatin.

9. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agentis selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

11. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

13. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donorcomprises a sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Steviaextract, a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

17. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

19. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 14, wherein the syntheticsweetener is selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 19, wherein the syntheticsweetener is allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 20, wherein the content ofsynthetic sweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%.

22. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 13, wherein the sweeteningagent is a Stevia extract.

23. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extractis a steviol glycoside.

24. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 1, wherein the ready-to-eat asavory is canned or bottled ready-to-eat savory.

25. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 1, wherein the ready-to-eatsavory can be a ready-to-eat savory substitute.

26. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 1, wherein the ready-to-eatsavory is a snack, potato-, cereal-, flour-, or starch-based savory.

27. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 26, wherein the ready-to-eatsavory is from roots or tubers; or pulses or legumes.

28. The ready-to-eat savory of paragraph 1, wherein the ready-to-eatsavory is processed nuts, including coated nuts and nut mixtures (withe.g. dried fruit).

Additional Embodiments, Set 79

1. A composite food comprising an added Maillard reaction product.

2. The composite food of paragraph 1, wherein the composite food furthercomprises a sugar donor.

3. The composite food of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener, and/or a sweetener enhancer.

4. The composite food of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent.

5. The composite food of paragraph 4, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

6. The composite food of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetener enhancer.

7. The composite food of paragraph 6, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

8. The composite food of paragraph 7, wherein the sweetener enhancercomprises thaumatin.

9. The composite food of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent and a sweetener enhancer.

10. The composite food of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

11. The composite food of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isselected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

12. The composite food of paragraph 9, wherein the sweetener enhancer isthaumatin.

13. The composite food of paragraph 3, wherein the sugar donor comprisesa sweetening agent, a sweetener enhancer and a sweetener.

14. The composite food of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener is anatural sweetener or synthetic sweetener.

15. The composite food of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

16. The composite food of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside,or any mixture thereof.

17. The composite food of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetener enhanceris selected from brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin,thaumatin, or any mixture thereof.

18. The composite food of paragraph 17, wherein the sweetener enhanceris thaumatin.

19. The composite food of paragraph 14, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris selected from sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or any mixture thereof.

20. The composite food of paragraph 19, wherein the synthetic sweeteneris allulose or tagatose or their mixtures.

21. The composite food of paragraph 20, wherein the content of syntheticsweetener is above 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,99%, 99.5%.

22. The composite food of paragraph 13, wherein the sweetening agent isa Stevia extract.

23. The composite food of paragraph 20, wherein the Stevia extract is asteviol glycoside.

24. The composite food of paragraph 1, wherein the composite food is acanned or bottled composite food.

25. The composite food of paragraph 1, wherein the composite food is acasserole, meat pie, or mincemeat.

Additional Embodiments, Set 80

1. A composition comprising a Maillard reaction product and a thaumatin.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the Maillard reaction productis formed from the reaction of reactants comprising amine donor andsugar donor.

3. The composition of paragraph 2, wherein the sugar donor comprises areducing sugar, sweetener or sweetening agent.

4. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the sweetening agent isselected from one or more of the group consisting of a licorice extract,a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingle extract, a glycosylatedsweet tea extract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingleextract, a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviolglycoside, a glycosylated mogroside or mixtures thereof.

5. The composition of paragraph 4, wherein the Stevia extract comprisesone or more steviol glycoside components.

6. The composition of paragraph 5, wherein the steviol glycosidecomponents are present at an amount of less than 99 wt %, less than 80wt %, less than 60%, less than 30%, or equal to 0 wt % of the totalweight of the Stevia extract.

7. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the sweetener is selectedfrom one or more of the group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or mixtures thereof.

8. The composition of paragraph 2, wherein the amine donor comprisescompounds having a free amino group.

9. The composition of paragraph 8, wherein the amine donor comprises anamine comprising primary amine compounds and secondary amine compounds,an amino acid, a protein, a peptide, yeast extracts or mixtures thereof.

10. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the thaumatin comprisesthaumatin I, II, III, a, b, c and/or combinations thereof.

11. The composition of any of paragraphs 1-10, wherein the ratio of thethaumatin to the Maillard reaction product is from 1: 100 to 100:1 byweight.

12. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the composition furthercomprise a sweetening agent and/or a sweetener.

13. A food or beverage product comprising the composition of any ofparagraphs 1-12 and a food or a beverage material.

14. The food or beverage product of paragraph 13, wherein the thaumatinis present from about 0.01 ppm to 20 ppm by weight of the total weightof the product.

15. The product of paragraph 14, wherein the beverage or food materialis selected from one of tea, cocoa, juice, coffee, etc.

Additional Embodiments, Set 81

1. A composition comprising:

one or more Maillard reaction product(s) formed from

a Stevia extract;

one or more reducing sugar(s) comprising one or more of mannose,glucose, rhamnose, fructose, arabinose, lactose, galactose, xylose orraffinose or any mixture thereof; and

one or more amine donor(s) comprising glutamic acid, valine, serine,proline, lysine, tryptophan, threonine, histidine, glycine, glutamine orany mixture thereof.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the reducing sugar isgalactose and the amine donor is glutamic acid.

3. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein, optionally, a portion ofunreacted Stevia extract and/or unreacted reducing sugar(s) and/or aportion of unreacted amine donor(s) remain in the composition.

4. The composition of paragraph 1, further comprising further sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame,erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

5. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 4, wherein thecomposition has a Citrus or tangerine taste.

6. A method for preparing a Citrus flavored composition, comprising thesteps:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising:

-   -   a Stevia extract;    -   one or more reducing sugar(s),) comprising one or more of        mannose, glucose, rhamnose, fructose, arabinose, lactose,        galactose, xylose or raffinose or combinations thereof; and    -   one or more amine donor(s) comprising, glutamic acid, valine,        serine, proline, lysine, tryptophan, threonine, histidine,        glycine, glutamine or combinations thereof;

optionally, combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents toprovide a reaction solution;

heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for forming asolution or slurry,

optionally, wherein the Stevia extract is added during or after thecompletion of the conventional Maillard reaction, to form a Maillardreaction mixture composition; and

optionally, isolating the Maillard reaction mixture composition.

7. The method of paragraph 6, wherein the reducing sugar is galactoseand the amine donor is glutamic acid.

8. The method of paragraph 6, wherein, optionally, a portion ofunreacted Stevia extract and/or unreacted reducing sugar(s) and/or aportion of unreacted amine donor(s) remain in the composition.

9. The method of paragraph 6, further comprising sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

10. The method of any of paragraphs 6 through 9, wherein the Maillardreaction mixture has a Citrus or tangerine taste.

11. A method for improving taste and/or mouthfeel profile of a food orbeverage composition, comprising the steps:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising:

-   -   a Stevia extract;    -   one or more reducing sugar(s),) comprising one or more of        mannose, glucose, rhamnose, fructose, arabinose, lactose,        galactose, xylose or raffinose or combinations thereof; and    -   one or more amine donor(s) comprising, glutamic acid, valine,        serine, proline, lysine, tryptophan, threonine, histidine,        glycine, glutamine;

optionally, combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents toprovide a reaction solution;

heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for forming asolution or slurry,

optionally, wherein the Stevia extract is added during or after thecompletion of the conventional Maillard reaction, to form a Maillardreaction mixture composition;

optionally, isolating the Maillard reaction mixture composition; and

adding the Maillard reaction mixture composition to provide a flavormodified food or beverage composition, wherein the taste and/ormouthfeel profile of the food or beverage is improved.

12. The method of paragraph 11, wherein the reducing sugar is galactoseand the amine donor is glutamic acid.

13. The method of paragraph 11, wherein, optionally, a portion ofunreacted Stevia extract and/or unreacted reducing sugar(s) and/or aportion of unreacted amine donor(s) remain in the composition.

14. The method of either of paragraph 11, further comprising sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame,erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

15. The method of any of paragraphs 11 through 14, wherein the modifiedfood or beverage has a Citrus or tangerine taste.

16. An improved taste and/or mouthfeel food or beverage composition,comprising one or more Maillard reaction product(s) formed from:

a Stevia extract;

one or more reducing sugar(s) comprising one or more of mannose,glucose, rhamnose, fructose, arabinose, lactose, galactose, xylose orraffinose or any mixture thereof; and

one or more amine donor(s) comprising glutamic acid, valine, serine,proline, lysine, tryptophan, threonine, histidine, glycine, glutamine orany mixture thereof.

17. The improved food or beverage composition of paragraph 16, whereinthe reducing sugar is galactose and the amine donor is glutamic acid.

18. The improved food or beverage composition of paragraph 16, wherein,optionally, a portion of unreacted Stevia extract and/or unreactedreducing sugar(s) and/or a portion of unreacted amine donor(s) remain inthe composition.

19. The improved food or beverage composition of paragraph 16, furthercomprising further sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

20. The improved food or beverage composition of any of paragraphs 16through 19, wherein the improved food or beverage composition has aCitrus or tangerine taste.

Additional Embodiments, Set 82

1. A composition comprising a Maillard reaction product(s) (MRPs) formedfrom one or more reducing sugar(s) having a free carbonyl group and oneor more amine donor(s) having a free amino group and one or morenon-nutritive sweeteners or one or more sweetener enhancer(s).

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the reducing sugar comprisesmonosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, andcombinations thereof.

3. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the amine donor comprises oneor more of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, anamino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or any mixturethereof.

4. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the amino acid comprisesalanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

5. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more non-nutritivesweetener(s) or one or more sweetener enhancer(s) comprises sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame,erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

6. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 5, wherein,optionally, a portion of unreacted reducing sugar(s) and/or a portion ofunreacted amine donor(s) and/or a portion of unreacted non-nutritivesweetener(s) and/or sweetener enhancer(s) remain in the composition.

7. The composition of paragraph 6, further comprising a sweetening agentcomprising sweet tea extracts, swingle (mogroside) extracts, one or moresweet tea glycosides (rubusoside and suaviosides), one or moremogrosides, one or more glycosylated sweet tea glycosides, one or moreglycosylated mogrosides or any mixture thereof.

8. A method for preparing a composition, the composition comprising aMaillard reaction product(s) (MRPs) and one or more non-nutritivesweetener(s) or one or more sweetener enhancer(s), wherein the MRP(s) isformed from one or more reducing sugar(s) having a free carbonyl groupand one or more amine donor(s) having a free amino group, comprising thesteps:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising one or more reducing sugar(s)and one or more amine donor(s) comprising a free amino group(s);

optionally, combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents toprovide a reaction solution;

heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for forming asolution or slurry comprising one or more Maillard reaction product(s)(MRPs);

adding the one or more non-nutritive sweetener(s) or one or moresweetener enhancer(s) to the reaction solution to form a Maillardreaction mixture; and

optionally, isolating the Maillard reaction mixture composition.

9. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the reducing sugar comprisesmonosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, andcombinations thereof.

10. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the amine donor comprises one ormore of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, an aminoacid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or any mixture thereof.

11. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the amino acid comprises alanine,arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid,glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valineor any mixture thereof.

12. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the one or more non-nutritivesweetener(s) or one or more sweetener enhancer(s) comprises sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame,erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

13. The method of any of paragraphs 8 through 12, wherein, optionally, aportion of unreacted reducing sugar(s) and/or a portion of unreactedamine donor(s) and/or a portion of unreacted non-nutritive sweetener(s)and/or sweetener enhancer(s) remain in the composition.

14. The method of paragraph 13, further comprising a sweetening agentcomprising sweet tea extracts, swingle (mogroside) extracts, one or moresweet tea glycosides (rubusoside and suaviosides), one or moremogrosides, one or more glycosylated sweet tea glycosides, one or moreglycosylated mogrosides or any mixture thereof.

15. A method for improving taste and/or mouthfeel profile of a food orbeverage composition, comprising the steps:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising one or more reducing sugar(s)and one or more amine donor(s) comprising a free amino group(s);

optionally, combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents toprovide a reaction solution;

heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for forming asolution or slurry comprising one or more Maillard reaction product(s)(MRPs);

adding one or more non-nutritive sweetener(s) or one or more sweetenerenhancer(s) to the reaction solution to form a Maillard reactionmixture; and

optionally, isolating the Maillard reaction mixture composition; and

adding the Maillard reaction mixture to a food or beverage composition,wherein the taste and/or mouthfeel profile of the food or beverage isimproved.

16. The method of paragraph 15, wherein the reducing sugar comprisesmonosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, andcombinations thereof.

17. The method of paragraph 15, wherein the amine donor comprises one ormore of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, an aminoacid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or any mixture thereof.

18. The method of paragraph 15, wherein the amino acid comprisesalanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

19. The method of paragraph 15, wherein the one or more non-nutritivesweetener(s) or one or more sweetener enhancer(s) comprises sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame,erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

20. The method of any of paragraphs 15 through 19, wherein, optionally,a portion of unreacted reducing sugar(s) and/or a portion of unreactedamine donor(s) and/or a portion of unreacted non-nutritive sweetener(s)and/or sweetener enhancer(s) remain in the composition.

21. The method of paragraph 20, further comprising a sweetening agentcomprising sweet tea extracts, swingle (mogroside) extracts, one or moresweet tea glycosides (rubusoside and suaviosides), one or moremogrosides, one or more glycosylated sweet tea glycosides, one or moreglycosylated mogrosides or any mixture thereof.

22. An improved taste and/or mouthfeel food or beverage composition,comprising one or more Maillard reaction product(s) (MRPs) formed from:

one or more reducing sugar(s) having a free carbonyl group;

one or more amine donor(s) having a free amino group; and

one or more non-nutritive sweeteners or one or more sweetenerenhancer(s).

23. The improved food or beverage composition of paragraph 22, whereinthe reducing sugar comprises monosaccharides, disaccharides,oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and combinations thereof.

24. The improved food or beverage composition of paragraph 22, whereinthe amine donor comprises one or more of a primary amine compound, asecondary amine compound, an amino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeastextract or any mixture thereof.

25. The improved food or beverage composition of paragraph 24, whereinthe amino acid comprises alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid,cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine,leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine,tryptophan, tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

26. The improved food or beverage composition of paragraph 22, whereinthe one or more non-nutritive sweetener(s) or one or more sweetenerenhancer(s) comprises sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

27. The improved food or beverage composition of any of paragraphs 22through 27, wherein, optionally, a portion of unreacted reducingsugar(s) and/or a portion of unreacted amine donor(s) and/or a portionof unreacted non-nutritive sweetener(s) and/or sweetener enhancer(s)remain in the composition.

28. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 27, further comprising asweetening agent comprising sweet tea extracts, swingle (mogroside)extracts, one or more sweet tea glycosides (rubusoside and suaviosides),one or more mogrosides, one or more glycosylated sweet tea glycosides,one or more glycosylated mogrosides or any mixture thereof.

Additional Embodiments, Set 83

1. A composition comprising a Maillard reaction product(s) of (1) one ormore of a Stevia extract, a steviol glycoside(s), a glycosylated steviolglycoside, or any mixture thereof; and (2) one or more amine donor(s).

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the steviol glycosidecomprises rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudiosideE, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

3. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation products of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor any mixture thereof.

4. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the amine donor comprises oneor more of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, anamino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or any mixturethereof.

5. The composition of paragraph 4, wherein the amino acid comprisesalanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

6. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 5, wherein,optionally, a portion of unreacted Stevia extract, unreacted steviolglycoside or unreacted glycosylated steviol glycoside and/or a portionof unreacted amine donor remain in the composition.

7. The composition of paragraph 6, further comprising sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

8. The composition of paragraph 6, further comprising a sweetening agentcomprising sweet tea extracts, Stevia extracts, swingle (mogroside)extracts, one or more sweet tea glycosides (rubusoside and suaviosides),steviol glycosides, one or more mogrosides, one or more glycosylatedsweet tea glycosides, glycosylated steviol glycosides, one or moreglycosylated mogrosides or any mixture thereof.

9. A method for preparing a composition of steviol glycoside Maillardreaction product(s) (S-MRPs) and/or a glycosylated steviol glycosideMRP(s) (GSG-MRPs) or any mixture thereof, comprising the steps:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising a Stevia extract, a steviolglycoside and/or a glycosylated steviol glycoside or any mixture thereofand one or more amine donors comprising a free amino group;

optionally, combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents toprovide a reaction solution;

heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for forming asolution or slurry comprising one or more steviol glycoside Maillardreaction product(s) (SG-MPRs) and/or one or more glycosylated steviolglycoside Maillard reaction products (GSG-MRPs); and

optionally, isolating the S-MRP(s) and/or GSG-MPR(s) compositions.

10. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the steviol glycoside comprisesrebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

11. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation products of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor any mixture thereof.

12. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the amine donor comprises one ormore of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, an aminoacid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or any mixture thereof.

13. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the amino acid comprisesalanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

14. The method of any of paragraphs 9 through 13, wherein, optionally, aportion of unreacted steviol glycoside or unreacted glycosylated steviolglycoside and/or a portion of unreacted amine donor remain in theS-MRP(s) and/or GSG-MRP(s) composition.

15. The method of paragraph 14, further comprising adding sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame,erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof, to the reactionsolution or the S-MRP(s) and/or GSG-MRP(s) composition.

16. The composition of paragraph 14, further comprising a sweeteningagent comprising sweet tea extracts, Stevia extracts, swingle(mogroside) extracts, one or more sweet tea glycosides (rubusoside andsuaviosides), steviol glycosides, one or more mogrosides, one or moreglycosylated sweet tea glycosides, glycosylated steviol glycosides, oneor more glycosylated mogrosides or any mixture thereof.

17. A method for improving taste and/or mouthfeel profile of a food orbeverage composition, comprising the steps:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising a Stevia extract, a steviolglycoside and/or a glycosylated steviol glycoside or any mixture thereofand one or more amine donors comprising a free amino group;

optionally, combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents toprovide a reaction solution;

heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for forming asolution or slurry comprising one or more steviol glycoside Maillardreaction product(s) (SG-MPRs) and/or one or more glycosylated steviolglycoside Maillard reaction products (GSG-MRPs), and

optionally, isolating the SG-MPR(s) and/or GSG-MRP(s) compositions; and

adding the one or more S-MRP(s) and/or GSG-MRP(s) to a food or beveragecomposition,

wherein the taste and/or mouthfeel profile of the food or beverage isimproved.

18. The method of paragraph 17, wherein the steviol glycoside comprisesrebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

19. The method of paragraph 17, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation products of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor any mixture thereof.

20. The method of paragraph 17, wherein the amine donor comprises one ormore of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, an aminoacid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or any mixture thereof.

21. The method of paragraph 20, wherein the amino acid comprisesalanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

22. The method of any of paragraphs 17 through 21, wherein, optionally,a portion of unreacted steviol glycoside or unreacted glycosylatedsteviol glycoside and/or a portion of unreacted amine donor remain inthe S-MRP(s) and/or GSG-MRP(s) compositions.

23. The method of paragraph 15, further comprising adding sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame,erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof, to the reactionsolution or the S-MRP(s) and/or GSG-MRP(s) composition.

24. The composition of paragraph 22, further comprising a sweeteningagent comprising sweet tea extracts, Stevia extracts, swingle(mogroside) extracts, one or more sweet tea glycosides (rubusoside andsuaviosides), steviol glycosides, one or more mogrosides, one or moreglycosylated sweet tea glycosides, glycosylated steviol glycosides, oneor more glycosylated mogrosides or any mixture thereof.

25. An improved taste and/or mouthfeel food or beverage composition,comprising one or more Maillard reaction product(s) formed from:

one or more Stevia extract(s);

one or more steviol glycoside(s), one or more glycosylated steviolglycoside(s), or any mixture thereof; and

one or more amine donor(s).

26. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 25, wherein the steviolglycoside comprises rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

27. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 25, wherein theglycosylated steviol glycoside comprises glycosylation products ofstevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudiosideC, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor any mixture thereof.

28. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 25, wherein the aminedonor comprises one or more of a primary amine compound, a secondaryamine compound, an amino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract orany mixture thereof.

29. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 28, wherein the aminoacid comprises alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine,glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine,lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine,tryptophan, tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

30. The improved food or beverage of any of paragraphs 25 through 29,wherein, optionally, a portion of unreacted Stevia extract, unreactedsteviol glycoside or unreacted glycosylated steviol glycoside and/or aportion of unreacted amine donor remain in the composition.

31. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 30, further comprisingsorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose,allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

32. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 30, further comprising asweetening agent comprising sweet tea extracts, Stevia extracts, swingle(mogroside) extracts, one or more sweet tea glycosides (rubusoside andsuaviosides), steviol glycosides, one or more mogrosides, one or moreglycosylated sweet tea glycosides, glycosylated steviol glycosides, oneor more glycosylated mogrosides or any mixture thereof.

Additional Embodiments, Set 84

1. A composition comprising one or more Maillard reaction product(s)(MRPs) formed from (1) one or more reducing sugar(s) having a freecarbonyl group in combination with one or more amine donor(s) having afree amino group or any mixtures thereof; and (2) one or more Maillardreaction product(s) formed from one or more of a Stevia extract(s)(Stevia-MPRs), one or more steviol glycoside(s) (S-MRPs), one or moreglycosylated steviol glycoside(s) (GSG-MRPs) in combination with one ormore amine donors, or any mixture thereof.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the reducing sugar comprisesmonosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, andcombinations thereof.

3. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the amine donor comprises oneor more of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, anamino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or any mixturethereof.

4. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the amino acid comprisesalanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

5. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the steviol glycosidecomprises rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudiosideE, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

6. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation products of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor any mixture thereof.

7. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 6, wherein,optionally, a portion of unreacted reducing sugar(s), Stevia extract,steviol glycoside(s), glycosylated steviol glycoside(s) and/or a portionof unreacted amine donor(s) remain in the composition.

8. The composition of paragraph 7, further comprising sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

9. The composition of paragraph 7, further comprising a sweetening agentcomprising sweet tea extracts, swingle (mogroside) extracts, one or moresweet tea glycosides (rubusoside and suaviosides), one or moremogrosides, one or more glycosylated sweet tea glycosides, one or moreglycosylated mogrosides or any mixture thereof.

10. A method for preparing a composition, the composition comprising oneor more reducing sugar based Maillard reaction product(s) (MRPs) and oneor more Maillard reaction products formed from one or more Steviaextract(s) (Stevia-MRPs), one or more steviol glycoside(s) (S-MRPs), oneor more glycosylated steviol glycoside(s) (GSG-MRPs), or any mixturethereof, in combination with one or more amine donor(s), wherein thereducing sugar based MRP(s) are formed from one or more reducingsugar(s) having a free carbonyl group and one or more amine donor(s)having a free amino group, wherein the method comprises the steps of:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising one or more reducing sugar(s),one or more of Stevia extract, a steviol glycoside(s) and/or aglycosylated steviol glycoside(s) and one or more amine donor(s)comprising a free amino group(s);

optionally, combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents toprovide a reaction solution;

heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for forming asolution or slurry comprising one or more reducing sugar Maillardreaction product(s) (MRPs) and one or more Stevia-MRP(s), S-MRP(s)and/or GSG-MRP(s), wherein optionally, the Stevia extract, the steviolglycoside(s) and/or the glycosylated steviol glycoside(s) is addedduring or after the completion of the conventional Maillard reaction, toform a Maillard reaction mixture composition; and

optionally, isolating the Maillard reaction mixture composition.

11. The method of paragraph 10, wherein the reducing sugar comprisesmonosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, andcombinations thereof.

12. The method of paragraph 10, wherein the amine donor comprises one ormore of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, an aminoacid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or any mixture thereof.

13. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the amino acid comprisesalanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

14. The method of paragraph 10, wherein the steviol glycoside comprisesrebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

15. The method of paragraph 10, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation products of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor any mixture thereof.

16. The method of any of paragraphs 10 through 15, wherein, optionally,a portion of unreacted reducing sugar(s) and/or a portion of unreactedamine donor(s) remain in the composition.

17. The method of paragraph 16, further comprising sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

18. The method of paragraph 16, further comprising a sweetening agentcomprising sweet tea extracts, swingle (mogroside) extracts, one or moresweet tea glycosides (rubusoside and suaviosides), one or moremogrosides, one or more glycosylated sweet tea glycosides, one or moreglycosylated mogrosides or any mixture thereof.

19. A method for improving taste and/or mouthfeel profile of a food orbeverage composition, comprising the steps:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising one or more reducing sugar(s),one or more of a Stevia extract, a steviol glycoside(s) and/or aglycosylated steviol glycoside(s) and one or more amine donor(s)comprising a free amino group(s);

optionally, combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents toprovide a reaction solution;

heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for forming asolution or slurry comprising one or more reducing sugar Maillardreaction product(s) (MRPs) and Maillard reaction product(s) of theStevia extract (Stevia-MRPs), the steviol glycoside(s) (S-MRPs) and/orthe glycosylated steviol glycoside(s) (GSG-MRPs),optionally, wherein theStevia extract, the steviol glycoside(s) and/or the glycosylated steviolglycoside(s) are added during or after the completion of theconventional Maillard reaction, to form a Maillard reaction mixturecomposition; optionally, isolating the Maillard reaction mixturecomposition; and

adding the Maillard reaction mixture composition to a food or beveragecomposition, wherein the taste and/or mouthfeel profile of the food orbeverage is improved.

20. The method of paragraph 19, wherein the reducing sugar comprisesmonosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, andcombinations thereof.

21. The method of paragraph 19, wherein the amine donor comprises one ormore of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, an aminoacid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or any mixture thereof.

22. The method of paragraph 21, wherein the amino acid comprisesalanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

23. The method of paragraph 19, wherein the steviol glycoside comprisesrebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

24. The method of paragraph 19, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation products of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor any mixture thereof.

25. The method of any of paragraphs 19 through 24, wherein, optionally,a portion of unreacted reducing sugar(s) and/or a portion of unreactedamine donor(s) remain in the composition.

26. The method of paragraph 15, further comprising sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

27. The method of paragraph 25, further comprising a sweetening agentcomprising sweet tea extracts, swingle (mogroside) extracts, one or moresweet tea glycosides (rubusoside and suaviosides), one or moremogrosides, one or more glycosylated sweet tea glycosides, one or moreglycosylated mogrosides or any mixture thereof.

28. An improved taste and/or mouthfeel food or beverage, comprising:

(1) one or more Maillard reaction product(s) (MRPs) formed from one ormore reducing sugar(s) having a free carbonyl group, and one or moreamine donor(s) having a free amino group; and

(2) one or more MRPs formed from one or more of a Stevia extract(Stevia-MPRs), a steviol glycoside(s) (S-MRPs) and/or a glycosylatedsteviol glycoside(s) (GSG-MRPs), and one or more amine donors.

29. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 28, wherein the reducingsugar comprises monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides,polysaccharides, and combinations thereof.

30. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 28, wherein the aminedonor comprises one or more of a primary amine compound, a secondaryamine compound, an amino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract orany mixture thereof.

31. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 30, wherein the aminoacid comprises alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine,glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine,lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine,tryptophan, tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

32. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 28, wherein the steviolglycoside comprises rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

33. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 28, wherein theglycosylated steviol glycoside comprises glycosylation products ofstevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudiosideC, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor any mixture thereof.

34. The improved food or beverage of any of paragraphs 28 through 33,wherein, optionally, a portion of unreacted reducing sugar(s), Steviaextract, steviol glycoside(s), glycosylated steviol glycoside(s) and/ora portion of unreacted amine donor(s) remain in the composition.

35. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 34, further comprisingsorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose,allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

36. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 34, further comprising asweetening agent comprising sweet tea extracts, swingle (mogroside)extracts, one or more sweet tea glycosides (rubusoside and suaviosides),one or more mogrosides, one or more glycosylated sweet tea glycosides,one or more glycosylated mogrosides or any mixture thereof.

Additional Embodiments, Set 85

1. A Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition comprising one or moreMaillard reaction product(s) formed from a reaction mixture comprising:(1) one or more reducing sugar(s) having a free carbonyl group; (2) oneor more amine donor(s) having a free amino group; and (3) a Steviaextract, a steviol glycoside(s) and/or a glycosylated steviolglycoside(s) or any mixture thereof.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the reducing sugar comprisesmonosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, andcombinations thereof.

3. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the amine donor comprises oneor more of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, anamino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or any mixturethereof.

4. The composition of paragraph 3, wherein the amino acid comprisesalanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

5. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the steviol glycosidecomprises rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudiosideE, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

6. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation products of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor any mixture thereof.

7. The composition of any of paragraphs 1 through 6, wherein,optionally, a portion of unreacted reducing sugar(s) and/or a portion ofunreacted amine donor(s) remain in the composition.

8. The composition of paragraph 7, wherein the reaction mixture or MRPcomposition further comprises sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, Advantame or combinations thereof.

9. The composition of paragraph 7, wherein the reaction mixture or MRPcomposition further comprises a sweetening agent comprising sweet teaextracts, swingle (mogroside) extracts, one or more sweet tea glycosides(rubusoside and suaviosides), one or more mogrosides, one or moreglycosylated sweet tea glycosides, one or more glycosylated mogrosidesor any mixture thereof.

10. A method for preparing a composition, the composition comprising oneor more Maillard reaction product(s) (MRPs) formed from (1) one or moreStevia extract(s), one or more steviol glycoside(s), one or moreglycosylated steviol glycoside(s), or any mixture thereof, (2) one ormore reducing sugar(s) having a free carbonyl group; and (3) one or moreamine donor(s) having a free amino group, wherein the method comprisesthe steps:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising one or more reducing sugar(s)and one or more amine donor(s) comprising a free amino group(s),optionally, combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents toprovide a reaction solution;

heating the reaction mixture or reaction solution under conditionssuitable for a Maillard reaction so as to form a solution or slurrycomprising one or more Maillard reaction product(s) (MRPs);

adding the Stevia extract(s), the steviol glycoside(s), the glycosylatedsteviol glycoside(s), or any mixture thereof to the reaction mixture orthe reaction solution to form a Maillard product composition.

11. The method of paragraph 10, wherein the reducing sugar comprisesmonosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, andcombinations thereof.

12. The method of paragraph 10, wherein the amine donor comprises one ormore of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, an aminoacid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or any mixture thereof.

13. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the amino acid comprisesalanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

14. The method of paragraph 10, wherein the steviol glycoside comprisesrebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

15. The method of paragraph 10, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation products of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor any mixture thereof.

16. The method of any of paragraphs 10 through 15, wherein, optionally,a portion of unreacted reducing sugar(s) and/or a portion of unreactedamine donor(s) remain in the composition.

17. The method of paragraph 16, further comprising adding to theMaillard reaction mixture or to the MRP composition formed therefromsorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose,allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, Advantame, or any combination thereof.

18. The method of paragraph 16, further comprising adding to theMaillard reaction mixture or to the MRP composition formed therefrom asweet tea extract, a swingle (mogroside) extract, a sweet teaglycosider, such as rubusoside, a suavioside or both, a mogroside, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated mogroside or anymixture thereof.

19. A method for improving taste and/or mouthfeel profile of a food orbeverage composition, comprising the steps:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising one or more reducing sugar(s)and one or more amine donor(s) comprising a free amino group(s),optionally, combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents toprovide a reaction solution; and

heating the reaction mixture or reaction solution under conditionssuitable for forming a solution or slurry comprising one or moreMaillard reaction product(s) (MRPs); and

adding one or more Stevia extract(s), one or more steviol glycoside(s),one or more glycosylated steviol glycoside(s), or any mixture thereof tothe reaction mixture or reaction solution to form a Maillard productcomposition,

wherein, optionally, the Maillard product composition is added to a foodor beverage composition in a sufficient amount so that the taste and/ormouthfeel profile of the food or beverage is improved relative to thefood or beverage without the Maillard product composition.

20. The method of paragraph 19, wherein the reducing sugar comprisesmonosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, andcombinations thereof.

21. The method of paragraph 19, wherein the amine donor comprises one ormore of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, an aminoacid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or any mixture thereof.

22. The method of paragraph 21, wherein the amino acid comprisesalanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine,glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

23. The method of paragraph 19, wherein the steviol glycoside comprisesrebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

24. The method of paragraph 19, wherein the glycosylated steviolglycoside comprises glycosylation products of stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor any mixture thereof.

25. The method of any of paragraphs 19 through 24, wherein, optionally,a portion of unreacted reducing sugar(s) and/or a portion of unreactedamine donor(s) remain in the composition.

26. The method of of any of paragraphs 19 through 24, further comprisingadding to the Maillard reaction mixture or to the Maillard productcomposition formed therefrom sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, Advantame, or any combination thereof.

27. The method of of any of paragraphs 19 through 24, further comprisingadding to the Maillard reaction mixture or to the Maillard productcomposition formed therefrom a sweet tea extract, a swingle (mogroside)extract, a sweet tea glycosider, such as rubusoside, a suavioside orboth, a mogroside, a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylatedmogroside, or any mixture thereof.

28. An improved taste and/or mouthfeel food or beverage, comprising:

a food or beverage;

one or more Maillard reaction product(s) (MRPs) formed from one or morereducing sugar(s) having a free carbonyl group and one or more aminedonor(s) having a free amino group; and

one or more Stevia extract(s), one or more steviol glycoside(s), one ormore glycosylated steviol glycoside(s), or any mixture thereof.

29. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 28, wherein the reducingsugar comprises monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides,polysaccharides, and combinations thereof.

30. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 28, wherein the aminedonor comprises one or more of a primary amine compound, a secondaryamine compound, an amino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract orany mixture thereof.

31. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 30, comprising an aminoacid, wherein the amino acid is alanine, arginine, asparagine, asparticacid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine,threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine or any mixture thereof.

32. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 28, comprising one ormore steviol glycosides, wherein the one or more steviol glycosidescomprise rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, or any mixture thereof.

33. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 28, comprising one ormore glycosylated steviol glycosides, wherein the one or moreglycosylated steviol glycosides comprise one or more glycosylationproducts of stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B,rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I,rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J,rubusoside, dulcoside A or any mixture thereof.

34. The improved food or beverage of any of paragraphs 28 through 33,wherein, optionally, a portion of unreacted reducing sugar(s) and/or aportion of unreacted amine donor(s) remain in the composition.

35. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 34, further comprisingsorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose,allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, Avantame, or any combination thereof.

36. The improved food or beverage of paragraph 34, further comprising asweet tea extract, a swingle (mogroside) extract, a sweet tea glycoside,such as rubusoside or suaviosides, a mogroside, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated mogroside, or any mixture thereof.

Additional Embodiments, Set 86

1. A sweetening composition comprising a steviol glycoside Maillardreaction product (S-MRP) composition formed from a Maillard reactionbetween a high intensity natural sweetening agent composition comprisingone or more steviol glycosides, one or more Stevia extracts, or acombination thereof; and an amine donor comprising a free amino group,

wherein the amine donor is selected from the group consisting of primaryamine compounds, secondary amine compounds, amino acids, peptides,proteins, protein extracts, and mixtures thereof.

2. The sweetening composition of paragraph 1, the ratio of the highintensity natural sweetening agent composition to the amino donor isbetween 99:1 and 1:99, between 95:5 and 5:95, between 90:10 and 10:90,or between 85:15 and 15:85, or any ratio or any range derived thereof.

3. The sweetening composition of paragraph 1 in liquid form.

4. The sweetening composition of paragraph 1 in powdered form.

5. A sweetening composition comprising an S-MRP composition formed froma Maillard reaction mixture comprising a high intensity naturalsweetening agent composition in combination with a reactant mixturecomprising an amine donor comprising a free amino group and a reducingsugar comprising a free aldehyde or free ketone group,

wherein the high intensity natural sweetening agent compositioncomprises one or more SGs, one or more SGEs, or a combination thereof,

wherein the amine donor is selected from the group consisting of primaryamine compounds, secondary amine compounds, amino acids, peptides,proteins, protein extracts, and mixtures thereof, and

wherein the reducing sugar is selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, andcombinations thereof.

6. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5 in liquid form.

7. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5 in powdered form.

8. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5, wherein the high intensitynatural sweetening agent composition comprises one or more SGs.

9. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5, wherein the high intensitynatural sweetening agent composition comprises one or more SGEs.

10. The sweetening composition of paragraph 9,wherein the one or moreSGEs comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of:RA20, RA40, RA50, RA60, RA80, RA 90, RA95, RA97, RA98, RA99, RA99.5,RB8, RB10, RB15, RC15, RD6, STV60, STV90, RA75/RB15, RA80/RB10/RD6, andany combination thereof.

11. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5, wherein the one or moreamine donors comprise at least one amino acid.

12. The sweetening composition of paragraph 11, wherein the at least oneamino acid is selected from the group consisting of alanine, glutamicacid, phenylalanine, and valine.

13. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5, wherein the one or morereducing sugars comprise at least one monosaccharide.

14. The sweetening composition of paragraph 13, wherein the at least onemonosaccharide is selected from the group consisting of glucose,galactose, fructose, mannose, rhamnose, xylose, and any combinationthereof.

15. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5, wherein the one or morereducing sugars comprise at least one disaccharide.

16. The sweetening composition of paragraph 15, wherein the at least onedisaccharide is selected from the group consisting of cellobiose,lactose, maltose, and any combination thereof.

17. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5, wherein the ratio of thehigh intensity natural sweetening agent composition to the reactantmixture is between 99:1 and 1:99.

18. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5, wherein the ratio of thehigh intensity natural sweetening agent composition to the reactantmixture is between 96:4 and 40:60.

19. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5, further comprises atleast one sweetener enhancer selected from the group consisting ofthaumatin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, any anycombination thereof.

20. The sweetening composition of paragraph 19, wherein the at least onesweetener enhancer is thaumatin.

21. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5, further comprises atleast one high intensity synthetic sweetener.

22. The sweetening composition of paragraph 21, wherein the at least onehigh intensity synthetic sweetener is sucralose, sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or a combinationthereof.

23. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5, further comprises atleast one sweetener enhancer and at least one high intensity syntheticsweetener.

24. The sweetening composition of paragraph 5, further comprising atleast one high intensity natural sweetener.

25. The sweetening composition of paragraph 24, wherein the at least onehigh intensity natural sweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, amogroside, a monk fruit plant extract, rubusoside, a sweet tea extract,or a combination thereof.

26. The sweetening composition of paragraph 6, wherein the reactantmixture comprises a pair of compounds selected from the group consistingof xylose and phenylalanine; rhamnose and arginine; xylose and alanine;galactose and glutamic acid; and rhamnose and valine.

27. The sweetening composition of paragraph 26, wherein the reactantmixture comprises xylose and phenylalanine in amounts effective toproduce a floral flavor and/or aroma.

28. The sweetening composition of paragraph 27, wherein the ratio of thehigh intensity natural sweetening agent composition to the reactantmixture is between 80:20 to 40:60, and wherein the ratio of xylose tophyenylalanine in the reactant mixture is between 2:1 and 1:2.

29. The sweetening composition of paragraph 26, further comprising astevioside (STV) composition, wherein the ratio of the sweeteningcomposition to the STV composition is between 7:10 and 4:1.

30. The sweetening composition of paragraph 26, wherein the reactantmixture comprises rhamnose and arginine in amounts effective to producea sunflower seed flavor and/or aroma.

31. The sweetening composition of paragraph 30, wherein the ratio of thehigh intensity natural sweetening agent composition to the reactantmixture is between 70:30 and 40:60, and wherein the ratio of rhamnose toarginine in the reactant mixture is between 2:1 and 1:2.

32. The sweetening composition of paragraph 26, wherein the reactantmixture comprises xylose and alanine in amounts effective to produce acaramel flavor and/or aroma.

33. The sweetening composition of paragraph 32, wherein the ratio of thehigh intensity natural sweetening agent composition to the reactantmixture is between 80:20 and 40:60, and wherein the ratio of xylose toalanine in the reactant mixture is between 5:1 and 1:5.

34. The sweetening composition of paragraph 32, further comprising arebaudioside M (RM) composition, wherein the ratio of the S-MRPcomposition to the RM composition is between 0.3:1 and 0.9:1.

35. The sweetening composition of paragraph 26, wherein the reactantmixture comprises glutamic acid and galactose in amounts effective toproduce a Citrus flavor and/or aroma.

36. The sweetening composition of paragraph 35, further comprising amogroside V20 or V50 composition, wherein the ratio of the highintensity natural sweetening agent composition to the mogroside V20 orV50 composition is between 1:2 and 2:1.

37. The sweetening composition of paragraph 26, wherein the reactantmixture comprises valine and rhamnose in amounts effective to produce achocolate flavor and/or aroma.

38. The sweetening composition of paragraph 37, further comprising arebaudioside A (RA) composition, wherein the ratio of of the MRPcomposition to the RA composition is 0.01:1 to 3:1.

39. The sweetening composition of paragraph 37, further comprising an SGcomposition comprising rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M, wherein theratio of the MRP composition to the SG composition is between 9:1 and1:9.

Additional Embodiments, Set 87

1. A method for improving the taste of a beverage product, comprisingthe steps of:

(a) preparing a reaction mixture comprising one or more sweeteningagents comprising one or more steviol glycosides or one or more Steviaextracts in combination with one or more amine donors comprising a freeamino group, wherein the reaction mixture does not comprise a reducingsugar;

(b) combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents to form areaction solution;

(c) heating the reaction solution in step (b) under conditions suitablefor forming an MRP composition comprising one or more MRP products; and

(d) adding the MRP composition to a beverage in an amount effective toform an MRP-containing beverage having an enhanced taste profile.

2. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition is dried,thereby forming a powdered MRP composition that is added to thebeverage.

3. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the beverage is selected from thegroup consisting of water, flavored water, carbonated water, tea, milk,cocoa, diet beverage, juice, fruit juice, vegetable juice, fruit nectar,vegetable nectar, energy drink, protein shake, diet soda, fermentedbeverage, kombucha, probiotic beverage, prebiotic beverage, coffee,herbal infusion, hot cereal beverage, alcoholic beverage, beer, maltbeverage, cider, perry, wine, fruit wine, rice wine, and spirituousbeverage.

4. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the beverage is a sugar freebeverage or a reduced sugar beverage.

5. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe beverage product in an amount sufficient to improve mouth feel,improve sweetness intensity, improve overall likeability, provide lesslingering, provide less astringency, and/or provide less bitternesscompared to a control beverage product that does not contain the MRPcomposition.

6. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the ratio of the one or moresteviol glycosides or one or more Stevia extracts to the amine donor isbetween 99:1 and 1:99, between 95:5 and 5:95, between 90:10 and 10:90,or between 85:15 and 15:85, or any ratio or any range derived thereof.

7. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe beverage product at a final concentration between 10 ppm and 1000ppm.

8. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe beverage product at a final concentration between 50 ppm and about400 ppm.

9. A method for improving the taste of a beverage product, comprisingthe steps of:

(a) preparing a first reaction mixture comprising one or more SGs or oneor more SGEs in combination with a second reaction mixture to form afinal reaction mixture, wherein the second reaction mixture comprises anamine donor comprising a free amino group and a reducing sugarcomprising a free aldehyde or free ketone group;

(b) combining the final reaction mixture with one or more solvents toform a reaction solution;

(c) heating the reaction solution in step (b) under conditions suitablefor forming an MRP composition comprising one or more MRP products; and

(d) adding the MRP composition to the beverage in an amount effective toform an MRP-containing beverage having an enhanced taste profile.

10. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the MRP composition is dried,thereby forming a powdered MRP composition that is added to thebeverage.

11. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the beverage is selected from thegroup consisting of water, flavored water, carbonated water, tea, milk,cocoa, diet beverage, juice, fruit juice, vegetable juice, fruit nectar,vegetable nectar, energy drink, protein shake, diet soda, fermentedbeverage, kombucha, probiotic beverage, prebiotic beverage, coffee,herbal infusion, hot cereal beverage, alcoholic beverage, beer, maltbeverage, cider, perry, wine, fruit wine, rice wine, and spirituousbeverage.

12. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the beverage is a sugar freebeverage, a reduced sugar beverage, carbonated water, an energy drink,coffee, tea, milk, vegetable juice, non-alcoholic beer, a spirituousbeverage.

13. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe beverage product in an amount sufficient to improve mouth feel,improve sweetness intensity, improve overall likeability, provide lesslingering, provide less astringency, and/or provide less bitternesscompared to a control beverage product that does not contain the MRPcomposition.

14. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe beverage product at a final concentration between 10 ppm and 1000ppm.

15. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe beverage product at a final concentration between 50 ppm and about400 ppm.

16. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the first reaction mixturecomprises a Stevia extract selected from the group consisting of RA20,RA40, RA50, RA60, RA80, RA 90, RA95, RA97, RA98, RA99, RA99.5, RB8,RB10, RB 15, RC15, RD6, STV60, STV90, RA75/RB15, RA80/RB10/RD6, and anycombination thereof.

17. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the second reactant mixturecomprises a pair of compounds selected from the group consisting ofxylose and phenylalanine; rhamnose and arginine; xylose and alanine;galactose and glutamic acid; and rhamnose and valine.

18. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the weight ratio of the firstreaction mixture to the second reaction mixture is between 20:1 and 1:1.

19. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the weight ratio of the reducingsugar to amine donor in the second reaction mixture is between 5:1 and1:5.

20. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the final reaction mixture instep (a) further comprises a sweetener enhancer selected from the groupconsisting of thaumatin, monellin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, and any combination thereof.

21. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the final reaction mixture instep (a) further comprises thaumatin.

22. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the final reaction mixture instep (a) further comprises a high intensity natural sweetener addedthereto.

23. The method of paragraph 22, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a monk fruit plantextract, rubusoside (RU), a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

24. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises a sweetener enhancer added thereto, wherein the sweetnessenhancer is thaumatin, monellin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, and any combination thereof.

25. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises thaumatin added thereto.

26. The method of paragraph 25 wherein the weight ratio of the MRPcomposition to thaumatin is between 20:1 and 1:1.

27. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity natural sweetener added thereto.

28. The method of paragraph 27, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a swingle extract,rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

29. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity natural sweetener added thereto.

30. The method of paragraph 29, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a swingle extract,rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

31. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity synthetic sweetener added thereto, whereinthe high intensity synthetic sweetener is sucralose, sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or a combinationthereof.

Additional Embodiments, Set 88

1. A method for enhancing the flavor of a food product, comprising thesteps of:

(a) preparing a reaction mixture one or more sweetening agentscomprising one or more steviol glycosides or one or more Stevia extractsin combination with one or more amine donors comprising a free aminogroup, wherein the reaction mixture does not comprise a reducing sugar;

(b) combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents to form areaction solution;

(c) heating the reaction solution in step (b) under conditions suitablefor forming an MRP composition comprising one or more MRP products; and

(d) adding the MRP composition to a food product in an amount effectiveto form an MRP-containing food product having an enhanced taste profile.

2. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the food product is selected fromthe group consisting of wherein the MRP composition in step (d) is addedto a food product selected from the group consisting of confections,condiments, dairy products, cereal compositions, chewing compositions,and tabletop sweetener compositions.

3. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition in step (d) isadded to chocolate, cookies, muffins, pizza dough, eggs, ketchup, jam,yogurt or sour cream.

4. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe food product in an amount sufficient to improve mouth feel, improvesweetness intensity, and/or improve overall likeability.

5. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the ratio of the one or more SGsor one or more SGEs to the amine donor is between 99:1 and 1:99, between95:5 and 5:95, between 90:10 and 10:90, or between 85:15 and 15:85, orany ratio or any range derived thereof.

6. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe food product at a final concentration between 10 ppm and 1000 ppm.

7. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe food product at a final concentration between 50 ppm and about 400ppm.

8. A method for improving the taste of a food product, comprising thesteps of:

(a) preparing a first reaction mixture comprising one or more SGs or oneor more Stevia extracts in combination with a second reaction mixturecomprising an amine donor comprising a free amino group and a reducingsugar comprising a free aldehyde or free ketone group to form a finalreaction mixture;

(b) combining the final reaction mixture with one or more solvents toform a reaction solution;

(c) heating the reaction solution in step (b) under conditions suitablefor forming an MRP composition comprising one or more MRP products; and

(d) adding the MRP composition to the food product in an amounteffective to form an MRP-containing food product having an enhancedtaste profile.

9. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the food product is selected fromthe group consisting of confections, condiments, dairy products, cerealcompositions, chewing compositions, and tabletop sweetener compositions.

10. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the MRP composition in step (d)is added to chocolate, cookies, muffins, pizza dough, eggs, ketchup,jam, yogurt or sour cream.

11. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe food product in an amount sufficient to improve mouth feel, improvesweetness intensity, and/or improve overall likeability.

12. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe food product at a final concentration between 10 ppm and 1000 ppm.

13. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe food product at a final concentration between 50 ppm and about 400ppm.

14. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the first reaction mixturecomprises a Stevia extract selected from the group consisting of RA20,RA40, RA50, RA60, RA80, RA 90, RA95, RA97, RA98, RA99, RA99.5, RB8,RB10, RB 15, RC15, RD6, STV60, STV90, RA75/RB15, RA80/RB10/RD6, and anycombination thereof.

15. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the second reactant mixturecomprises a pair of compounds selected from the group consisting ofxylose and phenylalanine; rhamnose and arginine; xylose and alanine;galactose and glutamic acid; and rhamnose and valine.

16. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the weight ratio of the firstreaction mixture to the second reaction mixture is between 20:1 and 1:1.

17. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the weight ratio of the reducingsugar to the amine donor in the second reaction mixture is between 5:1and 1:5.

18. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the final reaction mixture instep (a) further comprises a sweetener enhancer selected from the groupconsisting of thaumatin, monellin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, and any combination thereof.

19. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the final reaction mixture instep (a) further comprises thaumatin.

20. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the final reaction mixture instep (a) further comprises a high intensity natural sweetener addedthereto.

21. The method of paragraph 20, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a monk fruit plantextract, rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

22. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises a sweetener enhancer added thereto, wherein the sweetnessenhancer is thaumatin, monellin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, and any combination thereof.

23. The method of paragraph 8 wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises thaumatin added thereto.

24. The method of paragraph 23 wherein the weight ratio of the MRPcomposition to thaumatin is between 20:1 and 1:1.

25. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity natural sweetener added thereto.

26. The method of paragraph 25, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a swingle extract,rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

27. The method of paragraph 8, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity synthetic sweetener added thereto, whereinthe high intensity synthetic sweetener is sucralose, sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or a combinationthereof.

Additional Embodiments, Set 89

1. A method for preparing a steviol glycoside Maillard reaction product(S-MRP) composition, comprising the steps of:

(a) preparing a reaction mixture comprising one or more steviolglycosides or one or more Stevia extracts in combination with one ormore amine donors comprising a free amino group, wherein the reactionmixture does not comprise a reducing sugar;

(b) combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents to form areaction solution; and

(c) heating the reaction solution in step (b) under conditions suitablefor forming an S-MRP composition comprising one or more MRP products.

2. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the pH of the reaction solution instep (c) has a pH from about 5 to about 9.

3. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the temperature in step (c) isbetween 50° C. to about 150° C.

4. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction solution is heatedfor a period of 30 min. to 3 hours.

5. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the ratio (w/w) of the highintensity natural sweetening agent composition to the amino donor isbetween 99:1 and 1:99, between 95:5 and 5:95, between 90:10 and 10:90,or between 85:15 and 15:85, or any ratio or any range derived thereof.

6. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition is dried,thereby forming a powdered S-MRP composition.

7. A method for preparing a steviol glycoside MRP (S-MRP) composition,comprising the steps of:

(a) preparing a reaction mixture comprising (i) one or more SGs, one ormore SGEs, or a combination thereof; (ii) one or more reducing sugarscomprising a free aldehyde or keto group; and (iii) one or more aminedonors comprising a free amino group;

(b) combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents to form areaction solution; and

(c) heating the reaction solution in step (b) under conditions suitablefor forming a solution or slurry comprising an S-MRP compositioncomprising one or more S-MRPs.

8. The method of paragraph 7, wherein the reaction mixture comprises oneor more SGs.

9. The method of paragraph 7, wherein the reaction mixture comprises oneor more SGEs.

10. The method of paragraph 9,wherein the one or more SGEs comprise atleast one member selected from the group consisting of: RA20, RA40,RA50, RA60, RA80, RA 90, RA95, RA97, RA98, RA99, RA99.5, RB8, RB10,RB15, RC15, RD6, STV60, STV90, RA75/RB15, RA90/RD7, RA80/RB10/RD6, andany combination thereof.

11. The method of paragraph 7, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise at least one amino acid.

12. The method of paragraph 11, wherein the at least one amino acid isselected from the group consisting of alanine, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, and valine.

13. The method of paragraph 7, wherein the one or more reducing sugarscomprise at least one monosaccharide.

14. The method of paragraph 13, wherein the at least one monosaccharideis selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, fructose,mannose, rhamnose, xylose, and any combination thereof.

15. The method of paragraph 7, wherein the one or more reducing sugarscomprise at least one disaccharide.

16. The method of paragraph 15, wherein the at least one disaccharide isselected from the group consisting of cellobiose, lactose, maltose, andany combination thereof.

17. The method of paragraph 7, wherein the ratio of the high intensitynatural sweetening agent composition to the reactant mixture is between99:1 and 1:99.

18. The method of paragraph 7, wherein the ratio of the high intensitynatural sweetening agent composition to the reactant mixture is between96:4 and 40:60.

19. The method of paragraph 7, wherein the S-MRP composition is dried,thereby forming a powdered S-MRP composition.

20. The method of paragraph 7, further comprising the step of adding tothe S-MRP composition at least one sweetener enhancer selected from thegroup consisting of thaumatin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin,mabinlin, and any combination thereof.

21. The method of paragraph 20, wherein the at least one sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

22. The method of paragraph 7, further comprising the step of adding tothe S-MRP composition at least one high intensity synthetic sweetener.

23. The method of paragraph 22, wherein the at least one high intensitysynthetic sweetener is sucralose, sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol,sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose,raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or a combinationthereof.

24. The method of paragraph 7, further comprising the step of adding tothe S-MRP composition at least one sweetener enhancer and at least onehigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

25. The method of paragraph 7, further comprising the step of adding tothe S-MRP composition at least one high intensity natural sweetener.

26. The method of paragraph 25, wherein the at least one high intensitynatural sweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a monk fruitplant extract, rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combinationthereof.

27. The method of paragraph 7, wherein the reactant mixture comprises apair of compounds selected from the group consisting of xylose andphenylalanine; rhamnose and arginine; xylose and alanine; galactose andglutamic acid; and rhamnose and valine.

28. The method of paragraph 27, wherein the reactant mixture comprisesxylose and phenylalanine in amounts effective to produce a floral flavorand/or aroma.

29. The method of paragraph 28, wherein the ratio of the high intensitynatural sweetening agent composition to the reactant mixture is between80:20 and 40:60, and wherein the ratio of xylose to phyenylalanine inthe reactant mixture is between 2:1 to 1:2.

30. The method of paragraph 27, further comprising the step of adding tothe S-MRP composition a stevioside (STV) composition, wherein the ratioof the S-MRP composition to the STV composition is between 7:10 and 4:1.

31. The method of paragraph 27, wherein the reactant mixture comprisesrhamnose and arginine in amounts effective to produce a sunflower seedflavor and/or aroma.

32. The method of paragraph 31, wherein the ratio of the high intensitynatural sweetening agent composition to the reactant mixture is between70:30 and 40:60, and wherein the ratio of rhamnose to arginine in thereactant mixture is between 2:1 and 1:2.

33. The method of paragraph 27, wherein the reactant mixture comprisesxylose and alanine in amounts effective to produce a caramel flavorand/or aroma.

34. The method of paragraph 33, wherein the ratio of the high intensitynatural sweetening agent composition to the reactant mixture is between80:20 and 40:60, and wherein the ratio of xylose to alanine in thereactant mixture is between 5:1 and 1:5.

35. The method of paragraph 34, further comprising the step of adding tothe S-MRP composition a rebaudioside M (RM) composition, wherein theratio of the S-MRP composition to the RM composition is between 0.3:1and 0.9:1.

36. The method of paragraph 27, wherein the reactant mixture comprisesglutamic acid and galactose in amounts effective to produce a Citrusflavor and/or aroma.

37. The method of paragraph 36, further comprising the step of addingthe S-MRP composition to a mogroside V20 or V50 composition, wherein theratio of the MRP composition to the mogroside V20 or V50 composition isbetween 0.01:1 and 2:1.

38. The method of paragraph 27, wherein the mixture comprises valine andrhamnose in amounts effective to produce a chocolate flavor and/oraroma.

39. The method of paragraph 38, further comprising the step of adding tothe S-MRP composition a rebaudioside A (RA) composition, wherein theratio of of the S-MRP composition to the RA composition is 0.01:1 to3:1.

40. The method of paragraph 38, further comprising the step of adding tothe S-MRP composition a SG composition comprising rebaudioside D andrebaudioside M, wherein the ratio of the S-MRP composition to the SGcomposition is between 9:1 and 1:9.

Additional Embodiments, Set 90

1. A flavoring composition comprising comprising a Maillard reactionproduct (MRP) composition formed from one or more steviol glycosides,glutamic acid, and galactose, wherein the composition is prepared by amethod comprising the steps of:

(a) preparing a reaction mixture comprising one or more steviolglycosides or one or more Stevia extracts; glutamic acid; and galactose;

(b) combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents to form areaction solution; and

(c) heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for formingan MRP composition comprising one or more Maillard reaction products(MRPs).

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition is dried,thereby forming a powdered MRP composition.

3. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture in step(a) further comprises a sweetener enhancer selected from the groupconsisting of thaumatin, monellin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, and any combination thereof.

4. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture in step(a) further comprises thaumatin.

5. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture in step(a) further comprises neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), naringindihydrochalcone, or a combination thereof.

6. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture in step(a) further comprises a high intensity natural sweetener added thereto.

7. The composition of paragraph 6, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a swingle extract,rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

8. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises a sweetener enhancer added thereto, wherein the sweetnessenhancer is thaumatin, monellin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, and any combination thereof.

9. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises thaumatin added thereto.

10. The composition of paragraph 9, wherein the weight ratio of the MRPcomposition to thaumatin is between 20:1 and 1:1.

11. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises NHDC, naringin dihydrochalcone, or a combination thereof addedthereto.

12. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity natural sweetener added thereto.

13. The composition of paragraph 12, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a monk fruit plantextract, rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

14. The composition of paragraph 13, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is a swingle extract.

15. The composition of paragraph 14, wherein the weight ratio of the MRPcomposition to the swingle extract is between 0.01:1 and 2:1.

16. The composition of paragraph 13, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is RU.

17. The composition of paragraph 16, wherein the weight ratio of the MRPcomposition to RU is between 0.01:1 and 2:1.

18. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises a flavor modifier product (FMP) added thereto.

19. The composition of paragraph 18, wherein the FMP is maltol,ethyl-maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, m-methylphenol,m-n-propylphenol, or a combination thereof.

20. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity synthetic sweetener added thereto, whereinthe high intensity synthetic sweetener is sucralose, sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or a combinationthereof.

21. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more MRPscomprise one or more compounds corresponding to one or more CAS numbersselected from the group consisting of 98-01-1, 620-02-0, 36879-73-9,67-47-0, 2443-46-1, 581-42-0, 92368-82-6, 6217-54-5, 21391-99-1,50704-01-3, 7325-84-0, 6846-50-0, 81968-62-9, 20129-39-9, 16714-85-5,22599-96-8, 483-78-3, 54105-67-8, 61868-03-9, 1560-88-9, 638-36-8,84-74-2.

22. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more MRPscomprise at least five compounds corresponding to one or more CASnumbers selected from the group consisting of 98-01-1, 620-02-0,36879-73-9, 67-47-0, 2443-46-1, 581-42-0, 92368-82-6, 6217-54-5,21391-99-1, 50704-01-3, 7325-84-0, 6846-50-0, 81968-62-9, 20129-39-9,16714-85-5, 22599-96-8, 483-78-3, 54105-67-8, 61868-03-9, 1560-88-9,638-36-8, 84-74-2.

23. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more MRPscomprise at least ten compounds corresponding to one or more CAS numbersselected from the group consisting of 98-01-1, 620-02-0, 36879-73-9,67-47-0, 2443-46-1, 581-42-0, 92368-82-6, 6217-54-5, 21391-99-1,50704-01-3, 7325-84-0, 6846-50-0, 81968-62-9, 20129-39-9, 16714-85-5,22599-96-8, 483-78-3, 54105-67-8, 61868-03-9, 1560-88-9, 638-36-8,84-74-2.

Additional Embodiments, Set 91

1. A method for improving the taste profile of a product, comprising thesteps of:

(a) preparing a first reaction mixture comprising one or more steviolglycosides or one or more Stevia extracts in combination with a secondreaction mixture comprising glutamic acid and galactose to form a finalreaction mixture;

(b) combining the final reaction mixture with one or more solvents toform a reaction solution;

(c) heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for forminga steviol glycoside Maillard reaction product (S-MRP) compositioncomprising one or more Maillard reaction products (MRPs); and

(d) adding the S-MRP composition to a beverage product or food product.

2. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition in step (d)is added to a beverage product.

3. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition in step (c)is dried, thereby forming a powdered S-MRP composition that is added toa beverage product.

4. The method of paragraph 2, wherein the beverage product is selectedfrom the group consisting of water, flavored water, carbonated water,tea, milk, cocoa, diet beverage, juice, fruit juice, vegetable juice,fruit nectar, vegetable nectar, energy drink, protein shake, diet soda,fermented beverage, kombucha, probiotic beverage, prebiotic beverage,coffee, herbal infusion, hot cereal beverage, alcoholic beverage, beer,malt beverage, cider, perry, wine, fruit wine, rice wine, and spirituousbeverage.

5. The method of paragraph 3, wherein the beverage product is selectedfrom the group consisting of water, flavored water, carbonated water,tea, milk, cocoa, diet beverage, juice, fruit juice, vegetable juice,fruit nectar, vegetable nectar, energy drink, protein shake, diet soda,fermented beverage, kombucha, probiotic beverage, prebiotic beverage,coffee, herbal infusion, hot cereal beverage, alcoholic beverage, beer,malt beverage, cider, perry, wine, fruit wine, rice wine, and spirituousbeverage.

6. The method of paragraph 2, wherein the S-MRP composition is added tothe beverage product in an amount sufficient to improve mouth feel,improve sweetness intensity, improve overall likeability, provide lesslingering, provide less astringency, and/or provide less bitternesscompared to a control beverage product that does not contain the S-MRPcomposition.

7. The method of paragraph 2, wherein the S-MRP composition is added tothe beverage product at a final concentration between 10 ppm and 1000ppm.

8. The method of paragraph 2, wherein the S-MRP composition is added tothe beverage product at a final concentration between 50 ppm and about400 ppm.

9. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition in step (d)is added to a food product.

10. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the S-MRP composition in step (d)is added to a food product selected from the group consisting ofcondiments, baked goods, confections, chewing gum, cereal compositions,dairy products, and tabletop sweetener compositions.

11. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the S-MRP composition in step (d)is added to chocolate, cookies, muffins, pizza dough, eggs, ketchup,jam, yogurt or sour cream.

12. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the S-MRP composition is added tothe food product in an amount sufficient to improve mouth feel, improvesweetness intensity, and/or improve overall likeability compared to acontrol food product that does not contain the S-MRP composition.

13. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the S-MRP composition is added tothe food product at a final concentration between 10 ppm and 1000 ppm.

14. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the S-MRP composition is added tothe food product at a final concentration between 50 ppm and about 400ppm.

15. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the first reaction mixturecomprises rebaudioside A and rebaudioside D.

16. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the first reaction mixturecomprises a Stevia extract selected from the group consisting of RA20,RA40, RA50, RA60, RA80, RA 90, RA95, RA97, RA98, RA99, RA99.5, RB8,RB10, RB 15, RC15, RD6, STV60, STV90, RA75/RB15, RA80/RB10/RD6, and anycombination thereof.

17. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the weight ratio of the firstreaction mixture to the second reaction mixture is between 20:1 and 1:1.

18. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the weight ratio of galactose toglutamic acid in the second reaction mixture is between 5:1 and 1:5.

19. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the final reaction mixture instep (a) further comprises a sweetener enhancer selected from the groupconsisting of thaumatin, monellin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, and any combination thereof.

20. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the final reaction mixture instep (a) further comprises thaumatin.

21. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture in step (a)further comprises neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), naringindihydrochalcone, or a combination thereof.

22. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture in step (a)further comprises a high intensity natural sweetener added thereto.

23. The method of paragraph 22, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a monk fruit plantextract, rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

24. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises a sweetener enhancer added thereto, wherein the sweetnessenhancer is thaumatin, monellin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, and any combination thereof.

25. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises thaumatin added thereto.

26. The method of paragraph 25 wherein the weight ratio of the S-MRPcomposition to thaumatin is between 20:1 and 1:1.

27. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises NHDC, naringin dihydrochalcone, or a combination thereof addedthereto.

28. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity natural sweetener added thereto.

29. The method of paragraph 28, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a monk fruit plantextract, rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

30. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises a flavor modifier product (FMP) added thereto.

31. The method of paragraph 30, wherein the FMP is maltol, ethyl-maltol,vanillin, ethyl vanillin, m-methylphenol, m-n-propylphenol, or acombination thereof.

32. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity natural sweetener added thereto.

33. The method of paragraph 32, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a monk fruit plantextract, rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

34. The method of paragraph 32, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is a swingle extract.

35. The method of paragraph 34, wherein the weight ratio of the S-MRPcomposition to the swingle extract is between 0.01:1 and 2:1.

36. The method of paragraph 32, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is RU.

37. The method of paragraph 36, wherein the weight ratio of the S-MRPcomposition to RU is between 0.01:1 and 2:1.

38. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity synthetic sweetener added thereto, whereinthe high intensity synthetic sweetener is sucralose, sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or a combinationthereof.

39. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more MRPs comprise oneor more compounds corresponding to one more CAS numbers selected fromthe group consisting of 98-01-1, 620-02-0, 36879-73-9, 67-47-0,2443-46-1, 581-42-0, 92368-82-6, 6217-54-5, 21391-99-1, 50704-01-3,7325-84-0, 6846-50-0, 81968-62-9, 20129-39-9, 16714-85-5, 22599-96-8,483-78-3, 54105-67-8, 61868-03-9, 1560-88-9, 638-36-8, 84-74-2.

40. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more MRPs comprise atleast five compounds corresponding to one more CAS numbers selected fromthe group consisting of 98-01-1, 620-02-0, 36879-73-9, 67-47-0,2443-46-1, 581-42-0, 92368-82-6, 6217-54-5, 21391-99-1, 50704-01-3,7325-84-0, 6846-50-0, 81968-62-9, 20129-39-9, 16714-85-5, 22599-96-8,483-78-3, 54105-67-8, 61868-03-9, 1560-88-9, 638-36-8, 84-74-2.

41. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more MRPs comprise atleast ten compounds corresponding to one more CAS numbers selected fromthe group consisting of 98-01-1, 620-02-0, 36879-73-9, 67-47-0,2443-46-1, 581-42-0, 92368-82-6, 6217-54-5, 21391-99-1, 50704-01-3,7325-84-0, 6846-50-0, 81968-62-9, 20129-39-9, 16714-85-5, 22599-96-8,483-78-3, 54105-67-8, 61868-03-9, 1560-88-9, 638-36-8, 84-74-2.

Additional Embodiments, Set 92

1. A beverage comprising a steviol glycoside Maillard reaction product(S-MRP) composition formed from one or more steviol glycosides, glutamicacid and galactose, wherein the S-MRP composition is prepared by amethod comprising the steps of:

(a) preparing a first reaction mixture comprising one or more steviolglycosides and/or Stevia extracts in combination with a second reactionmixture comprising glutamic acid and galactose to form a final reactionmixture;

(b) combining the final reaction mixture with one or more solvents toform a reaction solution;

(c) heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for formingan S-MRP composition comprising one or more MRPs; and

(d) adding the S-MRP composition to a beverage.

2. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition in step(c) is dried, thereby forming a powdered S-MRP composition that is addedto the beverage.

3. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the beverage is selected fromthe group consisting of water, flavored water, carbonated water, tea,milk, cocoa, diet beverage, juice, fruit juice, vegetable juice, fruitnectar, vegetable nectar, energy drink, protein shake, diet soda,fermented beverage, kombucha, probiotic beverage, prebiotic beverage,coffee, herbal infusion, hot cereal beverage, alcoholic beverage, beer,malt beverage, cider, perry, wine, fruit wine, rice wine, and spirituousbeverage.

4. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the beverage is a sugar-freebeverage, a reduced sugar beverage, carbonated water, tea, or diet soda.

5. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition is addedto the beverage in an amount sufficient to improve mouth feel, improvesweetness intensity, improve overall likeability, provide lesslingering, provide less astringency, and/or provide less bitternesscompared to a control beverage product that does not contain the S-MRPcomposition.

6. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the beverage comprises productsof the S-MRP composition at a concentration between 10 ppm and 1000 ppm.

7. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the beverage comprises productsof the S-MRP composition at a concentration between 50 ppm and about 400ppm.

8. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the first reaction mixturecomprises rebaudioside A and rebaudioside D.

9. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the first reaction mixturecomprises a Stevia extract selected from the group consisting of RA20,RA40, RA50, RA60, RA80, RA 90, RA95, RA97, RA98, RA99, RA99.5, RB8,RB10, RB 15, RC15, RD6, STV60, STV90, RA75/RB15, RA80/RB10/RD6, and anycombination thereof.

10. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the weight ratio of the firstreaction mixture to the second reaction mixture is between 20:1 and 1:1.

11. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the weight ratio of galactoseto glutamic acid in the second reaction mixture is between 5:1 and 1:5.

12. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the final reaction mixture instep (a) further comprises a sweetener enhancer selected from the groupconsisting of thaumatin, monellin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, and any combination thereof.

13. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the final reaction mixture instep (a) further comprises thaumatin.

14. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture in step(a) further comprises neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), naringindihydrochalcone, or a combination thereof.

15. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture in step(a) further comprises a high intensity natural sweetener added thereto.

16. The beverage of paragraph 15, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a monk fruit plantextract, rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

17. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises a sweetener enhancer added thereto, wherein the sweetnessenhancer is thaumatin, monellin, brazzein, miraculin, curculin,pentadin, mabinlin, and any combination thereof.

18. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises thaumatin added thereto.

19. The beverage of paragraph 18 wherein the weight ratio of the S-MRPcomposition to thaumatin is between 20:1 and 1:1.

20. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), naringindihydrochalcone, or a combination thereof added thereto.

21. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity natural sweetener added thereto.

22. The beverage of paragraph 21, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a monk fruit plantextract, rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

23. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises a flavor modifier product (FMP) added thereto.

24. The beverage of paragraph 23, wherein the FMP is maltol,ethyl-maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, m-methylphenol,m-n-propylphenol, or a combination thereof.

25. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity natural sweetener added thereto.

26. The beverage of paragraph 25, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is an SG, a Stevia extract, a mogroside, a monk fruit plantextract, rubusoside, a sweet tea extract, or a combination thereof.

27. The beverage of paragraph 26, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is a swingle extract.

28. The beverage of paragraph 27, wherein the weight ratio of the S-MRPcomposition to the swingle extract is between 0.01:1 and 2:1.

29. The beverage of paragraph 26, wherein the high intensity naturalsweetener is RU.

30. The beverage of paragraph 29, wherein the weight ratio of the S-MRPcomposition to RU is between 0.01:1 and 2:1.

31. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the S-MRP composition furthercomprises a high intensity synthetic sweetener added thereto, whereinthe high intensity synthetic sweetener is sucralose, sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, DOLCIA PRIMA™ allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, or a combinationthereof.

32. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more MRPs compriseone or more compounds corresponding to one more CAS numbers selectedfrom the group consisting of 98-01-1, 620-02-0, 36879-73-9, 67-47-0,2443-46-1, 581-42-0, 92368-82-6, 6217-54-5, 21391-99-1, 50704-01-3,7325-84-0, 6846-50-0, 81968-62-9, 20129-39-9, 16714-85-5, 22599-96-8,483-78-3, 54105-67-8, 61868-03-9, 1560-88-9, 638-36-8, 84-74-2.

33. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more MRPs compriseat least five compounds corresponding to one more CAS numbers selectedfrom the group consisting of 98-01-1, 620-02-0, 36879-73-9, 67-47-0,2443-46-1, 581-42-0, 92368-82-6, 6217-54-5, 21391-99-1, 50704-01-3,7325-84-0, 6846-50-0, 81968-62-9, 20129-39-9, 16714-85-5, 22599-96-8,483-78-3, 54105-67-8, 61868-03-9, 1560-88-9, 638-36-8, 84-74-2.

44. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more MRPs compriseat least ten compounds corresponding to one more CAS numbers selectedfrom the group consisting of 98-01-1, 620-02-0, 36879-73-9, 67-47-0,2443-46-1, 581-42-0, 92368-82-6, 6217-54-5, 21391-99-1, 50704-01-3,7325-84-0, 6846-50-0, 81968-62-9, 20129-39-9, 16714-85-5, 22599-96-8,483-78-3, 54105-67-8, 61868-03-9, 1560-88-9, 638-36-8, 84-74-2.

Additional Embodiments, Set 93

1. A beverage comprising a Maillard reaction product (MRP) compositionformed from a reaction mixture comprising:

(1) one or more Stevia-related components selected from the groupconsisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia extracts, steviolglycosides, and glycosylated steviol glycosides, and

(2) one or more amine donors having a free amino group.

2. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition is presentin the beverage in a final concentration range of 1 ppm to 15,000 ppm, 1ppm to 10,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 5,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 2,000 ppm, 1 ppm to1,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 500 ppm, 1 ppm to 400 ppm, 1 ppm to 300 ppm, 1 ppmto 200 ppm, 1 ppm to 100 ppm, 1 ppm to 80 ppm, 1 ppm to 50 ppm, 1 ppm to25 ppm, 1 ppm to 10 ppm, 1 ppm to 5 ppm, or any range derived from thesevalues.

3. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture furthercomprises one or more reducing sugars having a free carbonyl group.

4. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the beverage comprisesthaumatin, or neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC) or both.

5. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture furthercomprises thaumatin, or NHDC, or both.

6. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-5, wherein the beveragefurther comprises a high intensity natural sweetener, wherein thenatural high intensity sweetener comprises one or more Stevia-relatedcomponents selected from the group consisting of Stevia extracts,glycosylated Stevia extracts, steviol glycosides, glycosylated steviolglycosides and combinations thereof.

7. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the beveragefurther comprises one or more sweeteners selected from the groupconsisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

8. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition has a Citrusor tangerine flavor.

9. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the beverage does not containany product made from roasted coffee beans.

10. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the beverage further comprisesa product from roasted coffee beans and wherein the added MRPcomposition is not made from roasted coffee beans.

11. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-10, wherein the beverage isa carbonated soft beverage or a flavored water.

12. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-10, wherein the beverage isa fruit juice or a beverage comprising a fruit juice.

13. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-10, wherein the beverage isa diary beverage or a beverage comprising a dairy product.

14. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-10, wherein the MRPcomposition comprises a non-SG component present in the MRP compositionin a concentration ranging from 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 75 wt%, 0.1 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 25 wt %. 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt% to 5 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %. 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt%, or any range derived from these values.

15. A beverage comprising:

(1) an added Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition formed from areaction mixture comprising one or more reducing sugars having a freecarbonyl group, and one or more amine donors having a free amino group,and

(2) one or more Stevia-related components selected from the groupconsisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia extracts, steviolglycosides, and glycosylated steviol glycosides,

wherein the MRP composition is present in the beverage in a finalconcentration range of 1 ppm to 15,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 10,000 ppm, 1 ppmto 5,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 2,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 1,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 500 ppm,1 ppm to 400 ppm, 1 ppm to 300 ppm, 1 ppm to 200 ppm, 1 ppm to 100 ppm,1 ppm to 80 ppm, 1 ppm to 50 ppm, 1 ppm to 25 ppm, 1 ppm to 10 ppm, 1ppm to 5 ppm, or any range derived from these values.

16. The beverage of paragraph 15, further comprising thaumatin orneohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), or both.

17. The beverage of paragraph 15 or 16, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise thaumatin or neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC) orboth.

18. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-17, wherein the one or moreamine donors comprise an amino acid and thaumatin.

19. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-18, wherein the beveragefurther comprises one or more sweeteners selected from the groupconsisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

20. The beverage of paragraph 15, wherein the MRP composition has aCitrus or tangerine flavor.

21. The beverage of paragraph 15, wherein the beverage does not containany product made from roasted coffee beans.

22. The beverage of paragraph 15, wherein the beverage further comprisesa product from roasted coffee beans and wherein the added MRPcomposition is not made form roasted coffee beans.

23. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-22, wherein the beverage isa carbonated soft beverage or a flavored water.

24. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-22, wherein the beverage isa fruit juice or a beverage comprising a fruit juice.

25. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-22, wherein the beverage isa diary beverage or a beverage comprising a dairy product.

26. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-22, wherein the MRPcomposition comprises a non-SG component present in the MRP compositionin a concentration ranging from 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 75 wt%, 0.1 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 25 wt %. 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt% to 5 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %. 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt%, or any range derived from these values.

Additional Embodiments, Set 94

1. A beverage comprising:

an added Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition formed from areaction mixture comprising:

(1) one or more Stevia-related components selected from the groupconsisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia extracts, steviolglycosides, glycosylated steviol glycosides and combinations thereof;and

(2) one or more amine donors having a free amino group,

wherein the MRP composition comprises an Amadori product, and whereinthe MRP composition is present in the beverage in a final concentrationrange of 1 ppm to 15,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 10,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 5,000 ppm, 1ppm to 2,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 1,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 500 ppm, 1 ppm to 400ppm, 1 ppm to 300 ppm, 1 ppm to 200 ppm, 1 ppm to 100 ppm, 1 ppm to 80ppm, 1 ppm to 50 ppm, 1 ppm to 25 ppm, 1 ppm to 10 ppm, 1 ppm to 5 ppm,or any range derived from these values.

2. The beverage of paragraph 1, further comprising thaumatin orneohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), or both.

3. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more amine donorcomprises thaumatin or NHDC, or both.

4. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise an amino acid selected from the group consisting of alanine,arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamineglycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,phenylalanine, proline, serine, tyrosine, tryptophan, threonine andvaline.

5. The beverage of paragraph 4, wherein the one or more amine donorsfurther comprise thaumatin.

6. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-5, further comprising asweetener, sweetener enhancer and/or flavoring agent selected from thegroup consisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame and combinations thereof.

7. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the MRPcomposition has a Citrus or tangerine flavor.

8. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the beverage doesnot contain any product made from roasted coffee beans.

9. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the beveragefurther comprises a product from roasted coffee beans and wherein theadded MRP composition is not made from roasted coffee beans.

10. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the beverage is acarbonated soft beverage or a flavored water.

11. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the beverage is afruit juice or a beverage comprising a fruit juice.

12. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the beverage is adiary beverage or a beverage comprising a dairy product.

13. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the MRPcomposition comprises a non-SG component present in the MRP compositionin a concentration ranging from 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 75 wt%, 0.1 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 25 wt %. 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt% to 5 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %. 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt%, or any range derived from these values.

14. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the Amadoriproduct is an Amadori product of RA, RB or RM.

15. A beverage comprising:

an added Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition formed from areaction mixture comprising:

(1) one or more Stevia-related components selected from the groupconsisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia extracts, steviolglycosides, glycosylated steviol glycosides and combinations thereof;

(2) one or more reducing sugars having a free carbonyl group; and

(3) one or more amine donors having a free amino group,

wherein the MRP composition comprises an Amadori product, and whereinthe MRP composition is present in the beverage in a final concentrationrange of 1 ppm to 15,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 10,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 5,000 ppm, 1ppm to 2,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 1,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 500 ppm, 1 ppm to 400ppm, 1 ppm to 300 ppm, 1 ppm to 200 ppm, 1 ppm to 100 ppm, 1 ppm to 80ppm, 1 ppm to 50 ppm, 1 ppm to 25 ppm, 1 ppm to 10 ppm, 1 ppm to 5 ppm,or any range derived from these values.

16. The beverage of paragraph 15, further comprising thaumatin orneohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), or both.

17. The beverage of paragraph 15, wherein the one or more amine donorcomprises thaumatin or NHDC, or both.

18. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-17, wherein the one or moreamine donors comprise an amino acid selected from the group consistingof alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamicacid, glutamine glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, tyrosine, tryptophan,threonine and valine.

19. The beverage of paragraph 18, wherein the one or more amine donorsfurther comprise thaumatin.

20. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-19, further comprising asweetener, sweetener enhancer and/or flavoring agent selected from thegroup consisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame and combinations thereof.

21. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-19, wherein the MRPcomposition has a Citrus or tangerine flavor.

22. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-19, wherein the beveragedoes not contain any product made from roasted coffee beans.

23. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-19, wherein the beveragefurther comprises a product from roasted coffee beans and wherein theadded MRP composition is not made from roasted coffee beans.

24. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-19, wherein the beverage isa carbonated soft beverage or a flavored water.

25. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-19, wherein the beverage isa fruit juice or a beverage comprising a fruit juice.

26. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-19, wherein the beverage isa diary beverage or a beverage comprising a dairy product.

27. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-19, wherein the MRPcomposition comprises a non-SG component present in the MRP compositionin a concentration ranging from 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 75 wt%, 0.1 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 25 wt %. 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt% to 5 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %. 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt%, or any range derived from these values.

28. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 15-19, wherein the Amadoriproducts are one or more Amadori product selected from RA, RB, RD, RE,RI or RM.

Additional Embodiments, Set 95

1. A sweetener or flavoring agent composition comprising:

(1) a Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition formed from a reactionmixture comprising:

-   -   (a) one or more reducing sugars having a free carbonyl group,        and    -   (b) one or more amine donors having a free amino group; and

(2) one or more Stevia-related components selected from the groupconsisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia extracts, steviolglycosides, and glycosylated steviol glycosides,

wherein the MRP composition is present in the sweetener composition in aconcentration ranging from 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.1wt % to 50 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 25 wt %. 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 5wt %, 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt %, orany range derived from these values.

2. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of paragraph 1, whereinthe one or more amine donors comprise thaumatin.

3. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of paragraph 1, whereinthe one or more amine donors comprise an amino acid and thaumatin.

4. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of any one of paragraphs1-3, further comprising one or more sweeteners selected from the groupconsisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol, advantame, and combinations thereof.

5. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of paragraph 4, whereinthe one or more sweeteners comprise thaumatin or NHDC, or both.

6. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of any one of paragraphs1-5, wherein the MRP composition has a Citrus or tangerine flavor.

7. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of any one of paragraphs1-6, wherein the MRP composition is present in the sweetener compositionin a concentration ranging from 0.5 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.5 wt % to 20 wt%, 0.5 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.5 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.5 wt % to 2 wt %, or anyrange derived from these values.

8. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of any one of paragraphs1-6, wherein the MRP composition is present in the sweetener compositionin a concentration ranging from 2 wt % to 50 wt %, 2 wt % to 20 wt %, 2wt % to 10 wt %, 2 wt % to 5 wt %, or any range derived from thesevalues.

9. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of paragraph 1, whereinthe amine donors comprise one or more of a primary amine compound, asecondary amine compound, an amino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeastextract or mixtures thereof.

10. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of paragraph 1, whereinthe one or more amine donors comprise an amino acid selected from thegroup consisting of alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid,cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine glycine, histidine, isoleucine,leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, tyrosine,tryptophan, threonine and valine.

11. A sweetener or flavoring agent composition comprising:

(1) a first component comprising a Maillard reaction product (MRP)composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising:

-   -   (a) one or more Stevia-related components selected from the        group consisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia        extracts, steviol glycosides, and glycosylated steviol        glycosides, and    -   (b) one or more amine donors having a free amino group; and

(2) a second component comprising one or more sweeteners, wherein thefirst and second components are present in the sweetener composition ina concentration ranging from 1 wt % to 99 wt %, 1 wt % to 75 wt %, 1 wt% to 50 wt %, 1 wt % to 25 wt %, 1 wt % to 15 wt %, 1 wt % to 10 wt %, 1wt % to 5 wt %, 1 wt % to 2 wt %, or any range derived from thesevalues.

12. The sweetener composition of paragraph 11, wherein the MRPcomposition is present in the sweetener composition in a concentrationranging from 0.01 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 50wt %, 0.01 wt % to 25 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %,0.01 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.001wt % to 0.005 wt %, or any range derived from these values.

13. The sweetener composition of paragraph 11, wherein the reactionmixture further comprises: (C) one or more reducing sugars having a freecarbonyl group.

14. The sweetener composition of any one of paragraphs 11-13, whereinthe one or more sweeteners are selected from the group consisting ofsorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose,allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl malto and advantame.

15. The sweetener composition of any one of paragraphs 11-14, whereinthe MRP composition comprises a non-SG component present in the MRPcomposition in a concentration ranging from 0.1 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.1 wt% to 75 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 25 wt %. 0.1 wt % to 10wt %, 0.1 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %. 0.1 wt% to 0.5 wt %, or any range derived from these values.

16. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of any one ofparagraphs 11-15, wherein the reaction mixture comprises thaumatin, orNHDC, or both.

17. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of any one ofparagraphs 11-16, wherein the MRP composition has a Citrus or tangerineflavor.

18. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of any one ofparagraphs 11-16, wherein the MRP composition is present in thesweetener composition in a concentration ranging from 0.001 wt % to 99wt %, 0.001 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 20 wt%, 0.001 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %,0.001 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.01 wt %, or any range derivedfrom these values.

19. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of any one ofparagraphs 11-16, wherein the MRP composition is present in thesweetener composition in a concentration ranging from 0.5 wt % to 99 wt%, 0.5 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.5 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.5 wt % to 20 wt %, 0.5 wt% to 10 wt %, 0.5 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.5 wt % to 2 wt %, or any rangederived from these values.

20. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of paragraph 11,wherein the one or more amine donors comprise one or more of a primaryamine compound, a secondary amine compound, an amino acid, a protein, apeptide, a yeast extract or mixtures thereof.

21. The sweetener or flavoring agent composition of paragraph 1, whereinthe one or more amine donors comprise an amino acid selected from thegroup consisting of alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid,cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine glycine, histidine, isoleucine,leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, tyrosine,tryptophan, threonine and valine.

Additional Embodiments, Set 96

1. A dough comprising:

(1) a first component comprising a Maillard reaction product (MRP)composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising:

-   -   (a) one or more reducing sugars having a free carbonyl group,        and    -   (b) one or more amine donors having a free amino group; and

(2) one or more Stevia-related components selected from the groupconsisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia extracts, steviolglycosides, and glycosylated steviol glycosides,

wherein the first and second components are present in the dough in aconcentration ranging from 0.001 wt % to 20 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 10 wt %,0.001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.5 wt %,0.001 wt % to 0.01 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, or any range derivedfrom these values.

2. The dough of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise thaumatin.

3. The dough of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise an amino acid and thaumatin.

4. The dough of any one of paragraphs 1-3, further comprising one ormore sweeteners selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

5. The dough of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the reaction mixturecomprises thaumatin, or NHDC, or both.

6. The dough of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the first componentis present in the dough in an amount ranging from 0.0001 wt % to 1 wt %,0.0001 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.2 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.05 wt%, 0.0001 wt % to 0.01 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.0005 wt %, or any rangederived from these values.

7. The dough of any one of paragraphs 1, wherein the amine donorscomprise one or more of a primary amine compound, a secondary aminecompound, an amino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract ormixtures thereof.

8. The dough of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more reducing sugarscomprise a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, anpolysaccharide, or a combination thereof.

9. The dough of any one of paragraphs 1-4, further comprising asweetener selected from the group consisting of sweet tea extracts,swingle extracts, sweet tea glycosides, mogrosides, glycosylated sweettea glycosides, and glycosylated mogrosides.

10. A bakery product made from the dough of paragraph 1.

11. A dough comprising:

(1) a first component comprising a Maillard reaction product (MRP)composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising:

-   -   (a) one or more Stevia-related components selected from the        group consisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia        extracts, steviol glycosides, and glycosylated steviol        glycosides, and    -   (b) one or more amine donors having a free amino group; and

(2) a second component comprising one or more sweeteners, wherein thefirst and second components are present in the dough in a totalconcentration ranging from 0.0001 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 25 wt%, 0.0001 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 1 wt %,0.0001 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.2 wt %,0.0001 wt % to 0.05 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.01 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.005wt %, or any range derived from these values.

12. The dough of paragraph 11, wherein the reaction mixture furthercomprises one or more reducing sugars having a free carbonyl group.

13. The dough of paragraph 12, wherein the one or more reducing sugarscomprise a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, anpolysaccharide, or a combination thereof.

14. The dough of paragraph 11, further comprising thaumatin.

15. The dough of paragraph 11, wherein the reaction mixture furthercomprises thaumatin, or NHDC, or both.

16. The dough of any one of paragraphs 11-15, wherein the one or moresweeteners comprise a sweetener selected from the group consisting ofsorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose,allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

17. The dough of any one of paragraphs 11-16, wherein the firstcomponent is present in the dough in a concentration ranging from 0.001wt % to 20 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 15 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.001 wt% to 5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to0.2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, or any range derived from thesevalues.

18. The dough of any one of paragraphs 11-16, wherein the firstcomponent is present in the dough in a concentration ranging from 0.01wt % to 2 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 0.01 wt % to0.1 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.05 wt %, or any range derived from thesevalues.

19. The dough of paragraph 11, wherein the amine donors comprise one ormore of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, an aminoacid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or mixtures thereof.

20. A bakery product made from the dough of any one of paragraphs 11-19.

Additional Embodiments, Set 97

1. A dairy product comprising:

(1) a first component comprising a Maillard reaction product (MRP)composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising:

-   -   (a) one or more reducing sugars having a free carbonyl group,        and    -   (b) one or more amine donors having a free amino group; and

(2) one or more Stevia-related components selected from the groupconsisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia extracts, steviolglycosides, and glycosylated steviol glycosides,

wherein the first and second components are present in the dairy productin a total concentration ranging from 0.0001 wt % to10 wt %, 0.0001 wt %to 5 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to0.5 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.2 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.05 wt %, 0.0001 wt %to 0.01 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.0005 wt %, orany range derived from these values.

2. The dairy product of paragraph 1, wherein the dairy product is apasteurized or sterilized dairy product and wherein the MRP compositionis formed prior to pasteurization or sterilization.

3. The dairy product of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise thaumatin, NHDC, or both.

4. The dairy product of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise an amino acid and thaumatin.

5. The dairy product of paragraph 1, further comprising thaumatin, NHDC,or both.

6. The dairy product of any one of paragraphs 1-5, further comprisingone or more sweeteners selected from the group consisting of sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame,erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

7. The dairy product of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the first andsecond components are present in the dairy product in a totalconcentration ranging from 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.5 wt %,0.001 wt % to 0.2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, or any range derivedfrom these values.

8. The dairy product of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the first andsecond components are present in the dairy product in a totalconcentration ranging from 0.01 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 1 wt %,0.01 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.05 wt %, orany range derived from these values.

9. The dairy product of paragraph 1, wherein the amine donors compriseone or more of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, anamino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or mixtures thereof.

10. The dairy product of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, anpolysaccharide, or a combination thereof.

11. A dairy product comprising:

(1) a first component comprising a Maillard reaction product (MRP)composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising:

-   -   (a) one or more Stevia-related components selected from the        group consisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia        extracts, steviol glycosides, and glycosylated steviol        glycosides, and    -   (b) one or more amine donors having a free amino group; and

(2) a second component comprising one or more sweeteners,

wherein the first and second components are present in the dairy productin a total concentration ranging from 0.0001 wt % to10 wt %, 0.0001 wt %to 5 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to0.5 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.2 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.05 wt %, 0.0001 wt %to 0.01 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.0005 wt %, orany range derived from these values.

12. The dairy product of paragraph 11, wherein the dairy product is apasteurized or sterilized dairy product and wherein the MRP compositionis formed prior to pasteurization or sterilization.

13. The dairy product of paragraph 11, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise thaumatin, NHDC, or both.

14. The dairy product of paragraph 11, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise an amino acid and thaumatin.

15. The dairy product of paragraph 11, wherein the one or moresweeteners comprise thaumatin, NHDC, or both.

16. The dairy product of any one of paragraphs 11-15, wherein the one ormore sweeteners comprise a sweetener selected from the group consistingof sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose,allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

17. The dairy product of any one of paragraphs 11-16, wherein the firstand second components are present in the dairy product in a totalconcentration ranging from 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.5 wt %,0.001 wt % to 0.2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, or any range derivedfrom these values.

18. The dairy product of any one of paragraphs 11-16, wherein the firstcomponent is present in the dairy product in a total concentrationranging from 0.01 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.5wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.05 wt %, or any rangederived from these values.

19. The dairy product of paragraph 11, wherein the amine donors compriseone or more of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, anamino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or mixtures thereof.

20. The dairy product of paragraph 11, wherein the one or more reducingsugars comprise a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, anpolysaccharide, or a combination thereof.

Additional Embodiments, Set 98

1. A food product comprising:

one or more non-volatile compounds from a Maillard reaction product(MRP) composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising:

-   -   (i) one or more Stevia-related components selected from the        group consisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia        extracts, steviol glycosides, and glycosylated steviol        glycosides; and    -   (ii) one or more amine donors having a free amino group,

wherein the one or more non-volatile compounds are present in the foodproduct in a concentration ranging from 0.0001 wt % to 99 wt %, 0.0001wt % to 75 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 25 wt %, 0.0001wt % to 10 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt% to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.2 wt %, 0.0001 wt% to 0.05 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.01 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, orany range derived from these values.

2. The food product of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture furthercomprises one or more reducing sugars having a free carbonyl group.

3. The food product of paragraph 1, further comprising thaumatin, NHDC,or both.

4. The food product of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture furthercomprises thaumatin, NHDC, or both.

5. The food product of any one of paragraphs 1-4, further comprising asweetener.

6. The food product of paragraph 5, wherein the sweetener is selectedfrom the group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

7. The food product of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the one ormore non-volatile compounds are present in the food product in a totalconcentration ranging from 0.001 wt % to 20 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 15 wt %,0.001 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001wt % to 1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, or anyrange derived from these values.

8. The food product of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein one or morenon-volatile compounds are present in the food product in a totalconcentration ranging from 0.01 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 1 wt %,0.01 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.05 wt %, orany range derived from these values.

9. The food product of paragraph 1, wherein the amine donors compriseone or more of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, anamino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or mixtures thereof.

10. The dairy product of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixturefurther comprises one or more reducing sugars, and wherein the one ormore reducing sugars comprise a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, anoligosaccharide, an polysaccharide, or a combination thereof.

11. A beverage comprising:

one or more non-volatile compounds from a Maillard reaction product(MRP) composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising:

-   -   (i) one or more Stevia-related components selected from the        group consisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia        extracts, steviol glycosides, and glycosylated steviol        glycosides; and    -   (ii) one or more amine donors having a free amino group,

wherein the one or more non-volatile compounds are present in thebeverage in a final concentration range of 1 ppm to 15,000 ppm, 1 ppm to10,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 5,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 2,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 1,000 ppm,1 ppm to 500 ppm, 1 ppm to 400 ppm, 1 ppm to 300 ppm, 1 ppm to 200 ppm,1 ppm to 100 ppm, 1 ppm to 80 ppm, 1 ppm to 50 ppm, 1 ppm to 25 ppm, 1ppm to 10 ppm, or 1 ppm to 5 ppm.

12. The beverage of paragraph 11, wherein the reaction mixture furthercomprises one or more reducing sugars having a free carbonyl group.

13. The beverage of paragraph 11, further comprising thaumatin, NHDC, orboth.

14. The beverage of paragraph 11, wherein the reaction mixture furthercomprises thaumatin, NHDC, or both.

15. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 11-14, further comprising asweetener.

16. The beverage of paragraph 15, wherein the sweetener is selected fromthe group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

17. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 11-16, wherein the beveragedoes not contain any product made from roasted coffee beans.

18. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 11-16, wherein the beveragefurther comprises a product from roasted coffee beans and wherein theadded MRP composition is not made from roasted coffee beans.

19. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 11-16, wherein the beverage isa carbonated soft beverage or a flavored water.

20. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 11-16, wherein the beverage isa fruit juice or a beverage comprising a fruit juice.

Additional Embodiments, Set 99

1. A composition comprising:

a Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition formed from a reactionmixture comprising:

-   -   (A) a non-Stevia sweetening agent;    -   (B) a reducing sugar having a free carbonyl group; and    -   (C) one or more amine donors having a free amino group; and

wherein the non-Stevia sweetening agent is selected from the groupconsisting of sweet tea extracts, swingle extracts, glycosylated sweettea extracts, glycosylated swingle extracts, glycosylated sweet teaglycosides, glycosylated mogrosides, glycyrrhizin, glycosylatedglycyrrhizin, rubusoside, glycosylated rubusoside, suaviosides,glycosylated suaviosides, mogrosides, glycosylated mogrosides andsucralose, and

wherein the MRP composition is present in the composition in aconcentration ranging from ranging from 0.0001 wt % to 100 wt %, 0.0001wt % to 75 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 50 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 25 wt %, 0.0001wt % to 10 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt% to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.2 wt %, 0.0001 wt% to 0.05 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.01 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, orany range derived from these values.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the composition is asweetener composition and wherein the MRP composition is present in aconcentration ranging from 0.1-100 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 75 wt %, 0.1 wt %to 50 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 25 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 5 wt%, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt %, or anyrange derived from these values.

3. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the composition is a foodproduct and wherein the MRP composition is present in a concentrationranging from 0.001 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to0.2 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, or any range derived from thesevalues.

4. The composition of paragraph 1 or 2, wherein the composition is abakery product and wherein the MRP composition is present in aconcentration ranging from 0.0001 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.5 wt%, 0.0001 wt % to 0.2 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.05 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to0.01 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.0005 wt %, or any range derived from thesevalues.

5. The composition of paragraph 1 or 2, wherein the composition is adairy product and wherein the MRP composition is present in aconcentration ranging from 0.0001 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.5 wt%, 0.0001 wt % to 0.2 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.05 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to0.01 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.0005 wt %, or any range derived from thesevalues.

6. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture furthercomprises thaumatin, or NHDC, or both.

7. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more amine donorsconsist of thaumatin.

8. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise an amino acid and thaumatin.

9. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1, 6, 7, or 8, furthercomprising one or more sweetening agents selected from the groupconsisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

10. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the amine donors compriseone or more of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, anamino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or mixtures thereof.

11. A beverage comprising:

a Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition formed from a reactionmixture comprising:

-   -   (A) a non-Stevia sweetening agent;    -   (B) a reducing sugar having a free carbonyl group; and    -   (C) one or more amine donors having a free amino group; and

wherein the non-Stevia sweetening agent is selected from the groupconsisting of sweet tea extracts, swingle extracts, glycosylated sweettea extracts, glycosylated swingle extracts, glycosylated sweet teaglycosides, glycosylated mogrosides, glycyrrhizin, glycosylatedglycyrrhizin, rubusoside, glycosylated rubusoside, suaviosides,glycosylated suaviosides, mogrosides, glycosylated mogrosides andsucralose,

wherein the MRP composition is present in the the beverage in a finalconcentration range of 1 ppm to 15,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 10,000 ppm, 1 ppmto 5,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 2,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 1,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 500 ppm,1 ppm to 400 ppm, 1 ppm to 300 ppm, 1 ppm to 200 ppm, 1 ppm to 100 ppm,1 ppm to 80 ppm, 1 ppm to 50 ppm, 1 ppm to 25 ppm, 1 ppm to 10 ppm, or 1ppm to 5 ppm.

12. The beverage of paragraph 11, wherein the MRP composition is presentin a concentration ranging from 10 ppm to 10,000 ppm, 20 ppm to 5,000ppm, 30 ppm to 2,000 ppm, 40 ppm to 1,000 ppm, 50 ppm to 500 ppm, 75 ppmto 300 ppm, or 100 ppm to 200 ppm.

13. The beverage of paragraph 11, wherein the reaction mixture furthercomprises thaumatin, or NHDC, or both.

14. The beverage of paragraph 11, wherein the one or more amine donorsconsist of thaumatin.

15. The beverage of paragraph 11, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise an amino acid and thaumatin.

16. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 11-15, further comprising asweetening agent selected from the group consisting of sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame,erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

17. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 11-16, wherein the beveragedoes not contain any product made from roasted coffee beans.

18. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 11-16, wherein the beveragefurther comprises a product from roasted coffee beans and wherein theadded MRP composition is not made from roasted coffee beans.

19. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 11-16, wherein the beverage isa carbonated soft beverage or a flavored water.

20. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 11-16, wherein the beverage isa fruit juice or a beverage comprising a fruit juice.

Additional Embodiments, Set 100

1. A method for improving the taste profile of a beverage, comprisingthe steps of:

adding an S-MRP composition to the beverage, wherein the S-MRPcomposition is produced by:

-   -   (1) heating a reaction mixture comprising (a) a steviol        glycoside (SG) containing composition and one or more amine        donors comprising a free amino group; or    -   (2) heating a reaction mixture comprising (a) an SG-containing        composition, (b) one or more amine donors comprising a free        amino group, and (c) one or more reducing sugars comprising a        free carbonyl group.

2. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe beverage at a final concentration range of 1 ppm to 15,000 ppm, 1ppm to 10,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 5,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 2,000 ppm, 1 ppm to1,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 500 ppm, 1 ppm to 400 ppm, 1 ppm to 300 ppm, 1 ppmto 200 ppm, 1 ppm to 100 ppm, 1 ppm to 80 ppm, 1 ppm to 50 ppm, 1 ppm to25 ppm, 1 ppm to 10 ppm, 1 ppm to 5 ppm, or any range derived from thesevalues.

3. The method of paragraph 1 or paragraph 2, wherein the one or moreamine donors comprise thaumatin, or NHDC, or both.

4. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-3, wherein the one or moreamine donors comprise thaumatin and an amino acid.

5. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-4, further comprising the stepof adding one or more sweeteners to the beverage, wherein the one ormore sweeteners are added concurrently with, or separately from, the MRPcomposition.

6. The method of any one of paragraph 5, wherein the one or moresweeteners are selected from the group consisting of sweet tea extracts,Stevia extracts, swingle (mogroside) extracts, sweet tea glycosides,steviol glycosides mogrosides, glycosylated sweet tea glycosides,glycosylated steviol glycosides, glycosylated mogrosides, sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame,erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), naringin dihydrochalcone, maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

7. The method of any one of paragraph 6, wherein the one or moresweeteners comprise thaumatin, or NHDC, or both.

8. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-7, wherein the beverage doesnot contain any product made from roasted coffee beans.

9. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-8, wherein the MRP compositiondoes not contain any product made from roasted coffee beans.

10. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-9, wherein the MRP compositionhas a Citrus or tangerine flavor.

11. The method of any one of paragraphs claim 1-10, wherein the beverageis a carbonated soft beverage, a flavored water, a fruit juice or abeverage comprising a fruit juice.

12. A method for improving the taste profile of a beverage, comprisingthe steps of:

adding a Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition to the beverage,wherein the MRP composition is produced by heating a reaction mixturecomprising:

(a) one or more amine donors comprising a free amino group; and

(b) one or more reducing sugars comprising a free carbonyl group.

13. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the MRP composition is added tothe beverage at a final concentration range of 1 ppm to 15,000 ppm, 1ppm to 10,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 5,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 2,000 ppm, 1 ppm to1,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 500 ppm, 1 ppm to 400 ppm, 1 ppm to 300 ppm, 1 ppmto 200 ppm, 1 ppm to 100 ppm, 1 ppm to 80 ppm, 1 ppm to 50 ppm, 1 ppm to25 ppm, 1 ppm to 10 ppm, 1 ppm to 5 ppm, or any range derived by thesevalues.

14. The method of paragraphs 12 or 13, wherein the one or more aminedonors comprise thaumatin.

15. The method of any one of paragraphs 12-14, wherein the one or moreamine donors comprise thaumatin and an amino acid.

16. The method of any one of paragraphs 12-15, further comprising thestep of adding one or more sweeteners to the beverage, wherein the oneor more sweeteners are added concurrently with, or separately from, theMRP composition.

17. The method of any one of paragraphs 16, wherein the one or moresweeteners are selected from the group consisting of sweet tea extracts,Stevia extracts, swingle (mogroside) extracts, sweet tea glycosides,steviol glycosides mogrosides, glycosylated sweet tea glycosides,glycosylated steviol glycosides, glycosylated mogrosides, sorbitol,xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame,erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose,inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), naringin dihydrochalcone, maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

18. The method of paragraphs 16 or 17, wherein the one or moresweeteners comprise thaumatin, or NHDC, or both.

19. The method of any one of paragraphs 12-18, wherein the beverage doesnot contain any product made from roasted coffee beans.

20. The method of any one of paragraphs 12-18, wherein the beveragefurther comprises a product from roasted coffee beans and wherein theadded MRP composition is not made from roasted coffee beans.

21. The method of any one of paragraphs 12-20, wherein the MRPcomposition has a Citrus or tangerine flavor.

22. The method of any one of paragraphs 12-20, wherein the beverage is acarbonated soft beverage, a flavored water, a fruit juice, or a beveragecomprising a fruit juice.

Additional Embodiments, Set 101

1. A method for improving the taste profile of a beverage, comprisingthe steps of:

(1) adding a Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition to thebeverage, wherein the MRP composition is produced by heating a reactionmixture for a period of time sufficient to initiate a Maillard reaction,wherein the reaction mixtures comprises: (A) one or more reducing sugarscomprising a free carbonyl group, and (B) one or more amine donorscomprising a free amino group at a temperature; and

(2) adding a sweetener composition to the beverage to produce a finalproduct, wherein the sweetener composition comprises one or moreStevia-related components selected from the group consisting of Steviaextracts, glycosylated Stevia extracts, steviol glycosides, andglycosylated steviol glycosides to produce a final product,

wherein the MRP composition is present in the final product at aconcentration range of 0.1 ppm to 15,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 15,000 ppm, 1 ppmto 10,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 5,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 2,000 ppm, 1 ppm to 1,000ppm, 1 ppm to 500 ppm, 1 ppm to 400 ppm, 1 ppm to 300 ppm, 1 ppm to 200ppm, 1 ppm to 100 ppm, 1 ppm to 80 ppm, 1 ppm to 50 ppm, 1 ppm to 25ppm, 1 ppm to 10 ppm, 1 ppm to 5 ppm, or any range derived from thesevalues.

2. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise thaumatin.

3. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise an amino acid and thaumatin.

4. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-3, wherein the sweetenercomposition comprises one or more sweeteners selected from the groupconsisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

5. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the reaction mixturecomprises thaumatin, or NHDC, or both.

6. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the MRP compositionhas a Citrus or tangerine flavor.

7. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the final productdoes not contain any product made from roasted coffee beans.

8. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the beverage furthercomprises a product from roasted coffee beans and wherein the added MRPcomposition is not made from roasted coffee beans.

9. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the beverage is acarbonated soft beverage or a flavored water.

10. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the beverage is afruit juice or a beverage comprising a fruit juice.

11. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-4, further comprising the stepof adding thaumatin, or NHDC, or both thaumatin and NHDC, to thebeverage.

12. A method for improving the taste profile of a bakery product,comprising:

(1) preparing a dough comprising:

-   -   (A) a first component comprising a Maillard reaction product        (MRP) composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising:        -   (i) one or more reducing sugars having a free carbonyl            group, and        -   (ii) one or more amine donors having a free amino group; and    -   (B) a second component comprising one or more Stevia-related        components selected from the group consisting of Stevia        extracts, glycosylated Stevia extracts, steviol glycosides, and        glycosylated steviol glycosides,

wherein the MRP composition is present in the dough in a concentrationranging from 0.001 wt % to 20 wt %, 0.005 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.01 wt % to5 wt %, 0.05 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.1 wt % to 1 wt %, or any range derivedfrom these values, and

(2) baking the dough to produce the bakery product.

13. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise thaumatin.

14. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise an amino acid and thaumatin.

15. The method of any one of paragraphs 12-14, wherein the dough furthercomprises one or more sweeteners selected from the group consisting ofsorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K,neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose,allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

16. The method of any one of paragraphs 12-15, wherein the first andsecond components are present in the dough in a total concentrationranging from 0.01 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 2wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.005wt %, or any range derived from these values.

17. The method of any one of paragraphs 12-15, wherein the firstcomponent is present in the dough in an amount in the range of 0.0001 wt% to 5 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.0001 to 1 wt %, 0.0001 to 0.5 wt%, 0.0001 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.02 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to0.005 wt %, or any range derived from these values.

18. The method of any one of paragraphs 12-15, wherein the firstcomponent is present in the dough in an 1 amount in the range of 0.001-5wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001 to 1 wt %, 0.001 to 0.5 wt %, 0.001 wt% to 0.1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.02 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, or anyrange derived from these values.

19. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the reaction mixture comprisesthaumatin, or NHDC, or both.

20. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the amine donors comprise one ormore of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, an aminoacid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or mixtures thereof.

21. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the one or more reducing sugarscomprise a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, anpolysaccharide, or a combination thereof.

22. The method of any one of paragraphs 12, 19, or 20, wherein the doughfurther comprises a sweetener selected from the group consisting ofsweet tea extracts, swingle extracts, sweet tea glycosides, mogrosides,glycosylated sweet tea glycosides, and glycosylated mogrosides.

Additional Embodiments, Set 102

1. A method for improving the taste or mouth feel of a food product,comprising:

adding a Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition during preparationof the food product to produce a final product, wherein the MRPcomposition is produced by

-   -   (1) heating a reaction mixture comprising (a) an steviol        glycoside (SG)-containing composition and (b) one or more amine        donors comprising a free amino group; or    -   (2) heating a reaction mixture comprising (a) an SG-containing        composition, (b) one or more amine donors comprising a free        amino group, and (c) one or more reducing sugars comprising a        free carbonyl group; or    -   (3) heating a reaction mixture comprising (a) an SG-containing        composition, (b) one or more amine donors comprising a free        amino group, (c) one or more reducing sugars comprising a free        carbonyl group, and (d) thaumatin.

2. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise thaumatin.

3. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise an amino acid and thaumatin.

4. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-3, further comprising the stepof adding thaumatin to the food, wherein thaumatin is added concurrentlywith, or separately from, the MRP composition.

5. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-4, further comprising the stepof adding one or more sweeteners during preparation of the food product,wherein the one or more sweeteners are added concurrently with, orseparately from, the MRP composition.

6. The method of paragraph 5, wherein the one or more sweeteners areselected from the group consisting of sweet tea extracts, Steviaextracts, swingle (mogroside) extracts, sweet tea glycosides, steviolglycosides mogrosides, glycosylated sweet tea glycosides, glycosylatedsteviol glycosides, glycosylated mogrosides, sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

7. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the MRP compositionis present in the final product in a concentration ranging from 0.0001wt % to 20 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 5 wt %, 0.0001wt % to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.5 wt %, 0.0001wt % to 0.2 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.05 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.01 wt %,0.0001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, or any range derived from these values.

8. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the reaction mixture comprisesthaumatin, or NHDC, or both.

9. The method of paragraph 1, further comprising the step of: addingthaumatin, or NHDC, or both, during preparation of the food product.

10. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-9, wherein the food product isa bakery product.

11. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-9, wherein the food product isa dairy product.

12. A method for improving the taste of mouth feel of a profile of asweetener composition, comprising:

adding a Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition to the sweetenercomposition to product a final product, wherein the MRP composition isproduced by heating a reaction mixture comprising:

(a) one or more reducing sugars having a free carbonyl group; and

(b) one or more amine donors having a free amino group,

wherein the MRP composition is present in the final product in aconcentration ranging from 0.0001 wt % to 10 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 5 wt%, 0.0001 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 1 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.5 wt%, 0.0001 wt % to 0.2 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.05 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to0.01 wt %, 0.0001 wt % to 0.005 wt %, or any range derived from thesevalues.

13. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise thaumatin.

14. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the one or more amine donorscomprise an amino acid and thaumatin.

15. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the reaction mixture comprisesthaumatin, or NHDC, or both.

16. The method of any one of paragraphs 12-15, wherein the MRPcomposition is present in the final product in a concentration rangingfrom 0.001-5 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 2 wt %, 0.001 to 1 wt %, 0.001 to 0.5wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.1 wt %, 0.001 wt % to 0.02 wt %, 0.001 wt % to0.005 wt %, or any range derived from these values.

17. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the amine donors comprise one ormore of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, an aminoacid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or mixtures thereof.

18. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the one or more reducing sugarscomprise a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, anpolysaccharide, or a combination thereof.

19. The method of paragraph 12, wherein the sweetener comprises one ormore components selected from a Stevia extract, a sweet tea extract, aswingle extract, a sweet tea glycoside, a mogrosides, a glycosylatedsteviol glycoside, a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylatedmogroside, acesulfame K, Sucralose, sodium saccharin, Aspartame, orcombinations thereof.

20. The method of paragraph 12, further comprising the step of: addingthaumatin, or NHDC, or both, during preparation of the sweetener.

Additional Embodiments, Set 103

1. A beverage comprising one or more sensory modifiers, wherein thesensory modifiers are preparable by the reaction of starting materials,wherein the starting materials comprise one or more steviol glycosides,one or more amine donors and optionally one or more reducing sugars.

2. The beverage of paragraph 1, wherein at least one steviol glycosideis a naturally occurring steviol glycoside.

3. The beverage of paragraphs 1 or 2, wherein at least one steviolglycoside is a glycosylated steviol glycoside.

4. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-3, wherein at least one aminedonor is an amino acid.

5. The beverage of paragraph 4, wherein at least one amine donor isL-alanine, L-arginine, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine,L-proline, L-threonine or L-valine.

6. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-5, wherein at least one aminedonor is thaumatin.

7. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein at least one aminedonor is provided from a yeast extract.

8. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-7, wherein the one or moresensory modifiers are preparable by the reaction of the startingmaterials in a reaction mixture, wherein the reaction mixture comprisesthe starting materials, one or more reaction solvents and optionally oneor more additional acids or bases.

9. The beverage of paragraph 8, wherein at least one reaction solvent iswater.

10. The beverage of paragraphs 8 or 9, wherein the concentration ofstarting materials constitutes from 1 wt % to 95 wt % of the reactionmixture.

11. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 8-10, wherein the one or moresensory modifiers are preparable by the steps of (i) reacting thestarting materials in the reaction mixture; and (ii) removing the one ormore reaction solvents from the reaction mixture to afford the one ormore sensory modifiers.

12. The beverage of paragraph 11, wherein the one or more reactionsolvents are removed by spray drying the reaction mixture.

13. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-12, wherein the one or moresensory modifiers are preparable by the reaction of the startingmaterials at a temperature of from 60 to 150° C., for a reaction periodof from 30 minutes to 24 hours.

14. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-13, wherein the startingmaterials comprise one or more steviol glycosides and one or more aminedonors, but substantially no reducing sugars.

15. The beverage of paragraph 14, wherein the ratio of the total amountof the one or more steviol glycosides to the total amount of the one ormore amine donors in the starting materials is from 99:1 to 4:1 byweight.

16. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-13, wherein the startingmaterials comprise one or more steviol glycosides, one or more aminedonors and one or more reducing sugars.

17. The beverage of paragraph 16, wherein at least one reducing sugar isa monosaccharide or a disaccharide.

18. The beverage of paragraph 16 or 17, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are selected from the group consisting of D-xylose, D-glucose,D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose and lactose.

19. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 16-18, wherein the ratio ofthe total amount of the one or more steviol glycosides to the totalcombined amount of the one or more amine donors and the one or morereducing sugars in the starting materials is from 90:10 to 20:80 byweight.

20. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 16-19, wherein the ratio ofthe total amount of the one or more reducing sugars to the total amountof the one or more amine donors in the starting materials is from 90:10to 10:90 by weight.

21. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-20, wherein the one or moresensory modifiers have a Citrus or tangerine flavor.

22. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-21, wherein the total amountof the one or more sensory modifiers constitutes from 0.0001 to 1.5 wt.% of the beverage.

23. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-22, wherein the beveragefurther comprises one or more co-sweeteners, sweetener enhancers and/ornon-sweetening drink additives.

24. The beverage of paragraph 23, wherein the beverage comprises one ormore sweetener enhancers.

25. The beverage of paragraph 24, wherein the beverage comprisesthaumatin.

26. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 23-25, wherein the beveragecomprises one or more co-sweeteners.

27. The beverage of paragraph 26, wherein at least one co-sweetener is ahigh intensity natural sweetener.

28. The beverage of paragraph 27, wherein at least one co-sweetener is asteviol glycoside, such as a naturally occurring steviol glycoside or aglycosylated steviol glycoside.

29. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 26-28, wherein at least oneco-sweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

30. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 26-28, wherein at least oneco-sweetener is selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

31. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 26-30, wherein the ratio ofthe total amount of the one or more sensory modifiers to the totalamount of the one or more co-sweeteners is from 1:99 to 99:1 by weight.

32. A beverage comprising:

(i) one or more sensory modifiers preparable by the reaction of startingmaterials, wherein the starting materials comprise one or more aminedonors and one or more reducing sugars; and

(ii) one or more steviol glycosides.

33. The beverage of paragraph 32, wherein at least one reducing sugar isa monosaccharide or a disaccharide.

34. The beverage of paragraph 32 or 33, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are selected from the group consisting of D-xylose, D-glucose,D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose and lactose.

35. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 32-34, wherein the ratio ofthe total amount of the one or more reducing sugars to the total amountof the one or more amine donors in the starting materials is from 75:25to 50:50 by weight.

36. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 32-35, wherein at least oneamine donor is thaumatin.

37. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 32-35, wherein at least oneamine donor is an amino acid.

38. The beverage of paragraph 37, at least one amine donor is thaumatin.

39. The beverage of paragraph 37 or 38, wherein at least one amine donoris L-alanine, L-arginine, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine,L-proline or L-valine.

40. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 32-39, wherein the one or moresensory modifiers are preparable by the reaction of the startingmaterials in a reaction mixture, wherein the reaction mixture comprisesthe starting materials, one or more reaction solvents and optionally oneor more additional acids or bases.

41. The beverage of paragraph 40, wherein at least one reaction solventis water.

42. The beverage of paragraph 40 or 41, wherein the total amount of thestarting materials constitutes from 1 wt. % to 95 wt. % of the reactionmixture.

43. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 40-42, wherein the one or moresensory modifiers are preparable by the steps of (i) reacting thestarting materials in the reaction mixture; and (ii) removing the one ormore reaction solvents from the reaction mixture to afford the one ormore sensory modifiers.

44. The beverage of paragraph 43, wherein the one or more reactionsolvents are removed by spray drying the reaction mixture.

45. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 32-44, wherein the one or moresensory modifiers are preparable by the reaction of the startingmaterials at a temperature of from 60 to 150° C., for a reaction periodof from 30 minutes to 24 hours.

46. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 32-45, wherein the one or moresensory modifiers have a Citrus or tangerine flavor.

47. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 32-46, wherein the totalamount of the one or more sensory modifiers constitutes from 0.0001 to1.5 wt. % of the beverage.

48. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 32-47, wherein the beveragefurther comprises one or more co-sweeteners, sweetener enhancers and/ornon-sweetening drink additives.

49. The beverage of paragraph 48, wherein the beverage comprises one ormore sweetener enhancers.

50. The beverage of paragraph 49, wherein the beverage comprisesthaumatin.

51. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 32-50, wherein the beveragecomprises one or more co-sweeteners.

52. The beverage of paragraph 51, wherein at least one co-sweetener is ahigh intensity synthetic sweetener.

53. The beverage of paragraph 51 or 52, wherein at least oneco-sweetener is selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

54. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-53, wherein the beveragedoes not contain any product made from roasted coffee beans.

55. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-54, wherein the beverage isa carbonated soft beverage.

56. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-54, wherein the beverage isa flavored water.

57. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-54, wherein the beverage isa fruit juice or a beverage comprising a fruit juice.

58. The beverage of any one of paragraphs 1-54, wherein the beverage isa dietary beverage or a beverage comprising a dairy product.

Additional Embodiments, Set 104

1. A product preparable by the reaction of starting materials, whereinthe starting materials comprise one or more sweeteners, one or moreamine donors and optionally one or more reducing sugars.

2. A product of paragraph 1, wherein at least one sweetener is anon-sugar sweetener.

3. A product of paragraphs 1 or 2, wherein at least one sweetener is aterpenoid sweetener or a terpenoid glycoside sweetener.

4. A product of paragraph 3, wherein at least one sweetener is a steviolglycoside, a sweet tea glycoside or a mogroside.

5. A product of paragraph 4, wherein at least one sweetener is a steviolglycoside.

6. A product of paragraph 3, wherein at least one sweetener is a sweettea glycoside, a mogroside or glycyrrhizin.

7. A product of any one of paragraphs 3 to 6, wherein at least onesweetener is a naturally occurring terpenoid glycoside sweetener.

8. A product of any one of paragraphs 3 to 7, wherein at least onesweetener is a glycosylated terpenoid glycoside sweetener.

9. A product of paragraphs 1 or 2, wherein at least one sweetener issucralose.

10. A product of any one of paragraphs 1 to 9, wherein at least oneamine donor is an amino acid.

11. A product of paragraph 10, wherein at least one amine donor isL-alanine, L-arginine, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine,L-proline, L-threonine or L-valine.

12. A product of anyone of paragraphs 1 to 11, wherein at least oneamine donor is thaumatin.

13. A product of anyone of paragraphs 1 to 12, wherein at least oneamine donor is provided in the form of a yeast extract.

14. A product of any one of paragraphs 1 to 13, wherein the product ispreparable by the reaction of the starting materials in a reactionmixture, wherein the reaction mixture comprises the starting materials,one or more solvents and optionally one or more additional acids orbases.

15. A product of paragraph 14, wherein at least one solvent is water.

16. A product of paragraphs 14 or 15, wherein the total amount of thestarting materials constitutes from 1 wt. % to 95 wt. % of the reactionmixture.

17. A product of any one of paragraphs 14 to 16, wherein the product ispreparable by the steps of (i) reacting the starting materials in thereaction mixture; and (ii) removing the one or more solvents from thereaction mixture to afford the product.

18. A product of paragraph 17, wherein the one or more solvents areremoved by spray drying the reaction mixture.

19. A product of any one of paragraphs 1 to 18, wherein the product ispreparable by the reaction of the starting materials at a temperature offrom 60 to 150° C., for a reaction period of from 30 minutes to 24hours.

20. A product of any one of paragraphs 1 to 19, wherein the product is aMaillard reaction product, or a mixture of Maillard reaction products.

21. A product of paragraph 20, wherein the product comprises at leastone Amadori product.

22. A product of paragraphs 20 or 21, wherein the product comprises oneor more non-volatile compounds.

23. A product of any one of paragraphs 1 to 22, wherein the startingmaterials comprise one or more sweeteners and one or more amine donors,but substantially no reducing sugars.

24. A product of paragraph 23, wherein the ratio of the total amount ofthe one or more sweeteners to the total amount of the one or more aminedonors in the starting materials is from 99:1 to 4:1 by weight.

25. A product of any one of paragraphs 1 to 22, wherein the startingmaterials comprise one or more sweeteners, one or more amine donors andone or more reducing sugars.

26. A product of paragraph 25, wherein at least one reducing sugar is amonosaccharide or a disaccharide.

27. A product of paragraphs 25 or 26, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are selected from the group consisting of D-xylose, D-glucose,D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose and lactose.

28. A product of any one of paragraphs 25 to 27, wherein the ratio ofthe total amount of the one or more sweeteners to the total combinedamount of the one or more amine donors and the one or more reducingsugars in the starting materials is from 90:10 to 20:80 by weight.

29. A product of any one of paragraphs 25 to 28, wherein the ratio ofthe total amount of the one or more reducing sugars to the total amountof the one or more amine donors in the starting materials is from 90:10to 10:90 by weight.

30. A method of preparing a product of any one of paragraphs 1 to 29,wherein the method comprises the step of reacting the starting materialsto afford the product.

31. A method of paragraph 30, wherein the method is a method ofincreasing the taste and/or smell of the one or more sweeteners of thestarting materials by preparing the product.

32. A method of paragraphs 30 or 31, wherein the method is a method ofincreasing the kokumi of the one or more sweeteners of the startingmaterials by preparing the product.

33. A method of paragraphs 31 or 32, wherein the product is a product ofany one of paragraphs 25 to 29.

34. A method of paragraph 30, wherein the method is a method of reducingthe aftertaste and/or the extent of taste lingering of the one or moresweeteners of the starting materials.

35. A method of paragraph 34, wherein the product is a product ofparagraphs 23 or 24.

36. A food or beverage comprising one or more products of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 29.

37. A food or beverage of paragraph 36, wherein the total amount of theone or more products constitutes from 0.0001 to 1.5 wt. % of the food orbeverage.

38. A food or beverage precursor comprising one or more products of anyone of paragraphs 1 to 29.

39. A food or beverage precursor of paragraph 38, wherein the totalamount of the one or more products as claimed in any one of paragraphs 1to 29 constitutes from 0.0001 to 15 wt. % of the precursor.

40. A food or beverage precursor of paragraphs 38 or 39, wherein thefood or beverage precursor is suitable for transformation into a food orbeverage by reconstitution and/or by heat treatment, optionally withmixing.

41. A method of modulating one or more sensory properties of a food or abeverage, wherein the method comprises the step of adding to the food,beverage, or food or beverage ingredients, one or more products of anyone of paragraphs 1 to 29.

42. A method of paragraph 41, wherein the method is a method ofsweetening the food or beverage.

43. A method of of paragraphs 41 or 42, wherein the method is a methodof increasing the kokumi of the food or beverage.

44. A composition comprising one or more sweeteners, one or more aminedonors and optionally one or more reducing sugars.

45. A composition of paragraph 44, wherein the composition comprises oneor more sweeteners and one or more amine donors, but substantially noreducing sugars.

46. A composition of paragraph 45, wherein the composition is suitablefor use as a blend of starting materials to manufacture the product ofparagraphs 23 or 24.

47. A composition of paragraph 44, wherein the composition comprises oneor more sweeteners, one or more amine donors and one or more reducingsugars.

48. A composition of paragraph 47, wherein the composition is suitablefor use as a blend of starting materials to manufacture the product ofany one of paragraphs 25 to 29.

49. A composition comprising one or more products of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 29, and one or more additional components that aresuitable for human consumption.

50. A composition of paragraph 49, wherein the composition is suitablefor use as a sweetener or a flavouring agent.

51. A composition of paragraphs 49 or 50, wherein the total amount ofthe one or more products constitutes at least 1 wt. % of thecomposition.

52. A composition of any one of paragraphs 49 to 51, wherein the one ormore additional components are selected from the group consisting ofco-sweeteners, sweetener enhancers and non-sweetening food or drinkadditives.

53. A composition of paragraph 52, wherein the composition comprises oneor more sweetener enhancers.

54. A composition of paragraph 53, wherein the composition comprisesthaumatin.

55. A composition of any one of paragraphs 49 to 54, comprising one ormore products of any one of paragraphs 25 to 29, and one or moreco-sweeteners.

56. A composition of paragraph 55, wherein at least one co-sweetener isa terpenoid sweetener or a terpenoid glycoside sweetener.

57. A composition of paragraph 56, wherein at least one co-sweetener isa steviol glycoside, a sweet tea glycoside or a mogroside.

58. A composition of paragraphs 56 or 57, wherein at least oneco-sweetener is a naturally occurring terpenoid glycoside sweetener.

59. A composition of any one of paragraphs 56 to 58, wherein at leastone co-sweetener is a glycosylated terpenoid glycoside sweetener.

60. A composition of paragraph 55, wherein at least one co-sweetener isa high intensity synthetic sweetener.

61. A composition of any one of paragraphs 55 to 60, wherein the ratioof the total amount of the one or more products to the total amount ofthe one or more co-sweeteners is from 1:99 to 99:1 by weight.

62. A method of preparing a composition of any one of paragraphs 49 to61, wherein the method comprises combining one or more products of anyone of paragraphs 1 to 29, with one or more additional components thatare suitable for human consumption.

63. A method of preparing a composition of any one of paragraphs 55 to61, wherein the method comprises combining one or more products in anyone of paragraphs 25 to 29, with one or more co-sweeteners.

64. A method of paragraph 63, wherein the method is a method ofincreasing the taste and/or smell of the one or more co-sweeteners.

65. A method of paragraphs 63 or 64, wherein the method is a method ofincreasing the kokumi of the one or more co-sweeteners.

66. A method of any one of paragraphs 63 to 65, wherein the method is amethod of reducing the aftertaste and/or the extent of taste lingeringof the one or more co-sweeteners.

67. A food or beverage comprising one or more compositions in any one ofparagraphs 49 to 61.

68. A food or beverage of paragraph 67, wherein the total amount of theone or more compositions constitutes from 0.0001 to 10 wt. % of the foodor beverage.

69. A food or beverage precursor comprising one or more compositions inany one of paragraphs 49 to 61.

70. A food or beverage precursor of paragraph 69, wherein the totalamount of the one or more compositions of any one of paragraphs 49 to 61constitutes from 0.0001 to 50 wt. % of the precursor.

71. A food or beverage precursor of paragraphs 69 or 70, wherein thefood or beverage precursor is suitable for transformation into a food orbeverage by reconstitution and/or by heat treatment, optionally withmixing.

72. A method of modulating one or more sensory properties of a food or abeverage, wherein the method comprises the step of adding to the food,beverage, or food or beverage ingredients, one or more compositions ofany one of paragraphs 49 to 61.

73. A method of paragraph 72, wherein the method is a method ofsweetening the food or beverage.

74. A method of paragraphs 72 or 73, wherein the method is a method ofincreasing the kokumi of the food or beverage.

75. A product preparable by the reaction of starting materials, whereinthe starting materials comprise one or more amine donors and one or morereducing sugars.

76. A product of paragraph 75, wherein at least one reducing sugar is amonosaccharide or a disaccharide.

77. A product of paragraphs 75 or 76, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are selected from the group consisting of D-xylose, D-glucose,D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose and lactose.

78. A product of any one of paragraphs 75 to 77, wherein the ratio ofthe total amount of the one or more reducing sugars to the total amountof the one or more amine donors in the starting materials is from 75:25to 50:50 by weight.

79. A product of any one of paragraphs 75 to 78, wherein at least oneamine donor is an amino acid.

80. A product of paragraph 79, wherein at least one amine donor isL-alanine, L-arginine, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine,L-proline or L-valine.

81. A product of any one of paragraphs75 to 80, wherein the product ispreparable by the reaction of the starting materials in a reactionmixture, wherein the reaction mixture comprises the starting materials,one or more solvents and optionally one or more additional acids orbases.

82. A product of paragraph 81, wherein at least one solvent is water.

83. A product of paragraphs 81 or 82, wherein the total amount of thestarting materials constitutes from 1 wt. % to 95 wt. % of the reactionmixture.

84. A product of any one of paragraphs 81 to 83, wherein the product ispreparable by the steps of (i) reacting the starting materials in thereaction mixture; and (ii) removing the one or more solvents from thereaction mixture to afford the product.

85. A product of paragraph 84, wherein the one or more solvents areremoved by spray drying the reaction mixture.

86. A product of any one of paragraphs 75 to 85, wherein the product ispreparable by the reaction of the starting materials at a temperature offrom 60 to 150° C., for a reaction period of from 30 minutes to 24hours.

87. A method of preparing a product of any one of paragraphs 75 to 86,wherein the method comprises the step of reacting the starting materialsto afford the product.

88. A food or beverage comprising one or more products of any one ofparagraphs 75 to 87.

89. A food or beverage of paragraph 88, wherein the total amount of theone or more products constitutes from 0.0001 to 1.0 wt. % of the food orbeverage.

90. A food or beverage precursor comprising one or more products of anyone of paragraphs 75 to 87.

91. A food or beverage precursor of paragraph 90, wherein the totalamount of the one or more products of any one of paragraphs 75 to 87constitutes from 0.0001 to 15 wt. % of the precursor.

92. A food or beverage precursor of paragraphs 90 or 91, wherein thefood or beverage precursor is suitable for transformation into a food orbeverage by reconstitution and/or by heat treatment, optionally withmixing.

93. A method of modulating one or more sensory properties of a food or abeverage, wherein the method comprises the step of adding to the food,beverage, or food or beverage ingredients, one or more products of anyone of paragraphs 75 to 87.

94. A method of paragraph 93, wherein the method is a method ofsweetening the food or beverage.

95. A method of paragraphs 93 or 94, wherein the method is a method ofincreasing the kokumi of the food or beverage.

96. A composition comprising one or more sweeteners and one or moreproducts of any one of paragraphs 75 to 87.

97. A composition of paragraph 96, wherein at least one sweetener is anon-sugar sweetener.

98. A composition of paragraphs 96 or 97, wherein at least one sweeteneris a terpenoid sweetener or a terpenoid glycoside sweetener.

99. A composition of paragraph 98, wherein at least one sweetener is asteviol glycoside, a sweet tea glycoside or a mogroside.

100. A composition of paragraphs 98 or 99, wherein at least onesweetener is a naturally occurring terpenoid glycoside sweetener.

101. A composition of any one of paragraphs 98 to 100, wherein at leastone sweetener is a glycosylated terpenoid glycoside sweetener.

102. A composition of any one of paragraphs 96 or 97, wherein at leastone sweetener is sucralose.

103. A composition of any one of paragraphs 96 to 102, wherein the ratioof the total amount of the one or more sweeteners to the total amount ofthe one or more products is from 100:1 to 1:10 by weight.

104. A composition of any one of paragraphs 96 to 103, wherein thecomposition further comprises one or more additional components that aresuitable for human consumption.

105. A composition of paragraph 104, wherein the composition furthercomprises one or more sweetener enhancers.

106. A composition of paragraph 105, wherein the composition furthercomprises thaumatin.

107. A composition of any one of paragraphs 96 to 106, wherein the totalamount of the one or more sweeteners and the one or more productsconstitutes at least 1 wt. % of the composition.

108. A composition of any one of paragraphs 96 to 107, wherein thecomposition is suitable for use as a sweetener or a flavouring agent.

109. A method of preparing a composition of any one of paragraphs 96 to108, wherein the method comprises combining one or more sweeteners withone or more products of any one of paragraphs 75 to 87.

110. A method of paragraph 109, wherein the method is a method ofincreasing the taste and/or smell of the one or more sweeteners bypreparing the composition.

111. A method of paragraphs 109 or 110, wherein the method is a methodof increasing the kokumi of the one or more sweeteners by preparing thecomposition.

112. A method of any one of paragraphs 109 to 111, wherein the method isa method of reducing the aftertaste and/or the extent of taste lingeringof the one or more sweeteners of the starting materials.

113. A food or beverage comprising one or more compositions of any oneof paragraphs 96 to 108.

114. A food or beverage of paragraph 113, wherein the total amount ofthe one or more compositions constitutes from constitutes from 0.0001 to10 wt. % of the food or beverage.

115. A food or beverage precursor comprising one or more compositions ofany one of paragraphs 96 to 108.

116. A food or beverage precursor of paragraph 115, wherein the totalamount of the one or more compositions as claimed in any one ofparagraphs 96 to 108 constitutes from 0.0001 to 50 wt. % of theprecursor.

117. A food or beverage precursor of paragraphs 115 or 116, wherein thefood or beverage precursor is suitable for transformation into a food orbeverage by reconstitution and/or by heat treatment, optionally withmixing.

118. A method of modulating one or more sensory properties of a food ora beverage, wherein the method comprises the step of adding to the food,beverage, or food or beverage ingredients, one or more compositions ofany one of paragraphs 96 to 107.

119. A method of paragraph 118, wherein the method is a method ofsweetening the food or beverage.

120. A method of paragraphs 118 or 119, wherein the method is a methodof increasing the kokumi of the food or beverage.

Additional Embodiments, Set 105

1. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor comprising one ormore sensory modifiers, wherein the sensory modifiers are preparable bythe reaction of starting materials, wherein the starting materialscomprise one or more terpenoid glycoside sweeteners, one or more aminedonors and optionally one or more reducing sugars.

2. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 1,wherein at least one terpenoid glycoside sweetener is a steviolglycoside.

3. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 2,wherein at least one steviol glycoside is a naturally occurring steviolglycoside.

4. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraphs 2 or 3,wherein at least one steviol glycoside is a glycosylated steviolglycoside.

5. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 1,wherein at least one terpenoid glycoside sweetener is a sweet teaglycoside, a mogroside or glycyrrhizin.

6. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 5, wherein at least one amine donor is an amino acid.

7. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 6,wherein at least one amine donor is L-alanine, L-arginine, L-glutamicacid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-threonine or L-valine.

8. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 7, wherein at least one amine donor is thaumatin.

9. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 8, wherein at least one amine donor is provided in theform of a yeast extract.

10. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 9, wherein the one or more sensory modifiers arepreparable by the reaction of the starting materials in a reactionmixture, wherein the reaction mixture comprises the starting materials,one or more solvents and optionally one or more additional acids orbases.

11. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 10,wherein at least one solvent is water.

12. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraphs 10 or11, wherein the total amount of the starting materials constitutes from1 wt. % to 95 wt. % of the reaction mixture.

13. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 10 to 12, wherein the one or more sensory modifiers arepreparable by the steps of (i) reacting the starting materials in thereaction mixture; and (ii) removing the one or more solvents from thereaction mixture to afford the one or more sensory modifiers.

14. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 13,wherein the one or more solvents are removed by spray drying thereaction mixture.

15. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 14, wherein the one or more sensory modifiers arepreparable by the reaction of the starting materials at a temperature offrom 60 to 150° C., for a reaction period of from 30 minutes to 24hours.

16. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 15, wherein one or more sensory modifiers are a Maillardreaction product, or a mixture of Maillard reaction products.

17. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 16,wherein the one or more sensory modifiers comprise at least one Amadoriproduct.

18. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraphs 16 or17, wherein the one or more sensory modifiers comprise one or morenon-volatile compounds.

19. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 18, wherein the starting materials comprise one or moreterpenoid glycoside sweeteners and one or more amine donors, butsubstantially no reducing sugars.

20. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 19,wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one or more terpenoidglycoside sweeteners to the total amount of the one or more amine donorsin the starting materials is from 99:1 to 4:1 by weight.

21. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 18, wherein the starting materials comprise one or moreterpenoid glycoside sweeteners, one or more amine donors and one or morereducing sugars.

22. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 21,wherein at least one reducing sugar is a monosaccharide or adisaccharide.

23. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraphs 21 or22, wherein the one or more reducing sugars are selected from the groupconsisting of D-xylose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamnoseand lactose.

24. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 21 to 23, wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one ormore terpenoid glycoside sweeteners to the total combined amount of theone or more amine donors and the one or more reducing sugars in thestarting materials is from 90:10 to 20:80 by weight.

25. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 21 to 24, wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one ormore reducing sugars to the total amount of the one or more amine donorsin the starting materials is from 90:10 to 10:90 by weight.

26. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 25, wherein the one or more sensory modifiers have aCitrus or tangerine flavor.

27. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 26, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor is a food or beverage, and wherein the total amount of the oneor more sensory modifiers constitutes from 0.0001 to 1.5 wt. % of thefood or beverage.

28. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 26, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor is a food precursor or a beverage precursor, and wherein thetotal amount of the one or more sensory modifiers constitutesconstitutes from 0.0001 to 15 wt. % of the precursor.

29. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 29, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor further comprises one or more co-sweeteners, sweetenerenhancers and/or non-sweetening drink additives.

30. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 29,wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor comprises oneor more sweetener enhancers.

31. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 30,wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor comprisesthaumatin.

32. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 29 to 31, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor comprises one or more co-sweeteners.

33. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph[004549], wherein at least one co-sweetener is a high intensity naturalsweetener.

34. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 32 or33, wherein at least one co-sweetener is a steviol glycoside, such as anaturally occurring steviol glycoside or a glycosylated steviolglycoside.

35. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 32 to 34, wherein at least one co-sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

36. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 32 to 35, wherein at least one co-sweetener is selected fromthe group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

37. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 32 to 36, wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one ormore sensory modifiers to the total amount of the one or moreco-sweeteners is from 1:99 to 99:1 by weight.

38. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 32 to 37, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor is a food or beverage, and wherein the total amount of the oneor more co-sweeteners constitutes from 0.001 to 10 wt. % of the food orbeverage.

39. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 32 to 37, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor is a food precursor or a beverage precursor, and wherein thetotal amount of the one or more co-sweeteners constitutes from 0.001 to40 wt. % of the precursor.

40. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor comprising one ormore sensory modifiers, wherein the sensory modifiers are preparable bythe reaction of starting materials, wherein the starting materialscomprise one or more amine donors and one or more reducing sugars.

41. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 40,wherein at least one reducing sugar is a monosaccharide or adisaccharide.

42. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraphs 40 or41, wherein the one or more reducing sugars are selected from the groupconsisting of D-xylose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamnoseand lactose.

43. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 40 to 42, wherein the ratio of the total amount of the one ormore reducing sugars to the total amount of the one or more amine donorsin the starting materials is from 75:25 to 50:50 by weight.

44. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 40 to 43, wherein at least one amine donor is thaumatin

45. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 40 to 43, wherein at least one amine donor is an amino acid.

46. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 45,wherein at least one amine donor is thaumatin.

47. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraphs 45 or46, wherein at least one amine donor is L-alanine, L-arginine,L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline or L-valine.

48. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 40 to 47, wherein the one or more sensory modifiers arepreparable by the reaction of the starting materials in a reactionmixture, wherein the reaction mixture comprises the starting materials,one or more solvents and optionally one or more additional acids orbases.

49. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 48,wherein at least one solvent is water.

50. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraphs 48 or49, wherein the total amount of the starting materials constitutes from1 wt. % to 95 wt. % of the reaction mixture.

51. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 48 to 50, wherein the one or more sensory modifiers arepreparable by the steps of (i) reacting the starting materials in thereaction mixture; and (ii) removing the one or more solvents from thereaction mixture to afford the one or more sensory modifiers.

52. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 51,wherein the one or more solvents are removed by spray drying thereaction mixture.

53. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 40 to 52, wherein the one or more sensory modifiers arepreparable by the reaction of the starting materials at a temperature offrom 60 to 150° C., for a reaction period of from 30 minutes to 24hours.

54. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 40 to 53, wherein the one or more sensory modifiers have aCitrus or tangerine flavor.

55. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 40 to 54, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor is a food or beverage, and wherein the total amount of the oneor more sensory modifiers constitutes from 0.0001 to 1.5 wt. % of thefood or beverage.

56. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 40 to 54, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor is a food precursor or a beverage precursor, and wherein thetotal amount of the one or more sensory modifiers constitutesconstitutes from 0.0001 to 15 wt. % of the precursor.

57. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 40 to 55, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor further comprises one or more co-sweeteners, sweetenerenhancers and/or non-sweetening drink additives.

58. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 57,wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor comprises oneor more sweetener enhancers.

59. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 58,wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor comprisesthaumatin.

60. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 40 to 59, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor comprises one or more co-sweeteners.

61. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 60,wherein at least one co-sweetener is a terpenoid glycoside sweetener.

62. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of paragraph 61,wherein at least one co-sweetener is a steviol glycoside, such as anaturally occurring steviol glycoside or a glycosylated steviolglycoside.

63. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 60 to 62, wherein at least one co-sweetener is a highintensity synthetic sweetener.

64. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 60 to 63, wherein at least one co-sweetener is selected fromthe group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose,cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

65. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 60 to 64, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor is a food or beverage, and wherein the total amount of the oneor more co-sweeteners constitutes from 0.001 to 10 wt. % of the food orbeverage.

66. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 60 to 64, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor is a food precursor or a beverage precursor, and wherein thetotal amount of the one or more co-sweeteners constitutes from 0.001 to50 wt. % of the precursor.

67. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 66, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor is a beverage.

68. A beverage of paragraph 67, wherein the beverage does not containany product made from roasted coffee beans.

69. A beverage of paragraphs 67 or 68, wherein the beverage is acarbonated soft beverage.

70. A beverage of any one of paragraphs 67 to 69, wherein the beverageis a flavored water.

71. A beverage of any one of paragraphs 67 to 70, wherein the beverageis a fruit juice or a beverage comprising a fruit juice.

72. A beverage of paragraphs 67 or 68, wherein the beverage is a diarybeverage or a beverage comprising a dairy product.

73. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 66, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor is a food.

74. A food of paragraph 73, wherein the food is a bakery product.

75. A food of paragraph 73, wherein the food is a biscuit or a cake.

76. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 66, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor is a food or beverage, and wherein the food or beverage is adairy product.

77. A food, beverage, or food or beverage precursor of any one ofparagraphs 1 to 76, wherein the food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor is a food precursor or a beverage precursor.

78. A food precursor or a beverage precursor of paragraph 77, whereinthe food or beverage precursor is suitable for transformation into afood or beverage by reconstitution and/or by heat treatment, optionallywith mixing.

79. A food precursor or a beverage precursor of paragraphs 77 or 78,wherein the food or beverage precursor is a beverage precursor.

80. A beverage precursor of paragraph 79, wherein the beverage precursoris a powdered or granulated drink, or a syrup or concentrate.

81. A food precursor or a beverage precursor of paragraphs 77 or 78,wherein the food or beverage precursor is a food precursor.

82. A food precursor of paragraph 81, wherein the food or beverageprecursor is a dough.

83. A food precursor of paragraph 81, wherein the food or beverageprecursor is a biscuit mix or a cake mix.

84. A sealed container comprising a food, beverage, or food or beverageprecursor of any one of paragraphs 1 to 83, wherein the food, beverage,or food or beverage precursor is sealed within the sealed container.

85. A method of making a bakery product, the method comprising thebaking of a dough of paragraph 82 into a bakery product.

86. A bakery product preparable by the method of paragraph 85.

87. A method for improving the taste profile of a bakery product,wherein the method comprises the steps of:

(i) preparing a dough of paragraph 82; and

(ii) baking the dough to produce the bakery product.

88. A method of making a biscuit or a cake, the method comprising thebaking of a biscuit mix or a cake mix of paragraph 83 into a biscuit ora cake.

89. A biscuit or a cake preparable by the method of paragraph 88.

90. A method for improving the taste profile of a biscuit or a cake,wherein the method comprises the steps of:

(i) preparing a biscuit mix or cake mix of paragraph 83; and

(ii) baking the biscuit mix or the cake mix to produce the biscuit orcake.

91. A method for improving the taste profile of a beverage, wherein themethod comprises the step of adding to the beverage or beverageingredients one or more sensory modifiers, wherein the sensory modifiersare preparable by the reaction of starting materials, wherein thestarting materials comprise one or more terpenoid glycoside sweeteners,one or more amine donors and optionally one or more reducing sugars.

92. A method of paragraph 91, wherein at least one terpenoid glycosidesweetener is a steviol glycoside.

93. A method of paragraph 92, wherein at least one steviol glycoside isa naturally occurring steviol glycoside.

94. A method of paragraphs 92 or 93, wherein at least one steviolglycoside is a glycosylated steviol glycoside.

95. A method of paragraph 91, wherein at least one terpenoid glycosidesweetener is a sweet tea glycoside, a mogroside or glycyrrhizin.

96. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 95, wherein at least oneamine donor is an amino acid.

97. A method of paragraph 96, wherein at least one amine donor isL-alanine, L-arginine, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine,L-proline, L-threonine or L-valine.

98. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 97, wherein at least oneamine donor is thaumatin.

99. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 98, wherein at least oneamine donor is provided in the form of a yeast extract.

100. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 99, wherein the startingmaterials comprise one or more terpenoid glycoside sweeteners and one ormore amine donors, but substantially no reducing sugars.

101. A method of paragraph 100, wherein the ratio of the total amount ofthe one or more terpenoid glycoside sweeteners to the total amount ofthe one or more amine donors in the starting materials is from 99:1 to4:1 by weight.

102. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 99, wherein the startingmaterials comprise one or more terpenoid glycoside sweeteners, one ormore amine donors and one or more reducing sugars.

103. A method of paragraph 103, wherein at least one reducing sugar is amonosaccharide or a disaccharide.

104. A method of paragraphs 102 or 103, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are selected from the group consisting of D-xylose, D-glucose,D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose and lactose.

105. A method of any one of paragraphs 102 to 104, wherein the ratio ofthe total amount of the one or more terpenoid glycoside sweeteners tothe total combined amount of the one or more amine donors and the one ormore reducing sugars in the starting materials is from 90:10 to 20:80 byweight.

106. A method of any one of paragraphs 102 to 105, wherein the ratio ofthe total amount of the one or more reducing sugars to the total amountof the one or more amine donors in the starting materials is from 90:10to 10:90 by weight.

107. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 106, wherein the one ormore sensory modifiers have a Citrus or tangerine flavor.

108. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 107, wherein the one ormore sensory modifiers are added in an amount such that the total amountof the one or more sensory modifiers constitutes from 0.0001 to 1.5 wt.% of the final beverage.

109. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 108, wherein method furthercomprises the step of adding one or more co-sweeteners, sweetenerenhancers and/or non-sweetening drink additives to the beverage orbeverage ingredients.

110. A method of paragraph 109, wherein the method comprises the step ofadding one or more sweetener enhancers to the beverage or beverageingredients.

111. A method of paragraph 110, wherein the method comprises the step ofadding thaumatin to the beverage or beverage ingredients.

112 A method of any one of paragraphs 109 to 111, wherein the methodcomprises the step of adding one or more co-sweeteners to the beverageor beverage ingredients.

113. A method of paragraph 112, wherein at least one co-sweetener is ahigh intensity natural sweetener.

114. A method of paragraphs 112 or 113, wherein at least oneco-sweetener is a steviol glycoside, such as a naturally occurringsteviol glycoside or a glycosylated steviol glycoside.

115. A method of any one of paragraphs 112 to 114, wherein at least oneco-sweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

116. A method of any one of paragraphs 112 to 115, wherein at least oneco-sweetener is selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

117. A method of any one of paragraphs 112 to 116, wherein the ratio ofthe total amount of the one or more sensory modifiers to the totalamount of the one or more co-sweeteners in the final beverage is from1:99 to 99:1 by weight.

118. A method of any one of paragraphs 112 to 117, wherein the one ormore co-sweeteners are added in an amount such that the total amount ofthe one or more co-sweeteners constitutes from 0.001 to 10 wt. % of thefinal beverage.

119. A method for improving the taste profile of a beverage, wherein themethod comprises the step of adding to the beverage or beverageingredients one or more sensory modifiers, wherein the sensory modifiersare preparable by the reaction of starting materials, wherein thestarting materials comprise one or more amine donors and one or morereducing sugars.

120. A method of paragraph 119, wherein at least one reducing sugar is amonosaccharide or a disaccharide.

121. A method of paragraphs 119 or 120, wherein the one or more reducingsugars are selected from the group consisting of D-xylose, D-glucose,D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose and lactose.

122. A method of any one of paragraphs 119 to 121, wherein the ratio ofthe total amount of the one or more reducing sugars to the total amountof the one or more amine donors in the starting materials is from 75:25to 50:50 by weight.

123. A method of any one of paragraphs 119 to 122, wherein at least oneamine donor is thaumatin

124. A method of any one of paragraphs 119 to 123, wherein at least oneamine donor is an amino acid.

125. A method of paragraph 124, wherein at least one amine donor isthaumatin.

126. A method of paragraphs 124 or 125, wherein at least one amine donoris L-alanine, L-arginine, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine,L-proline or L-valine.

127. A method of any one of paragraphs 119 to 126, wherein the one ormore sensory modifiers have a Citrus or tangerine flavor.

128. A method of any one of paragraphs 119 to 127, wherein the one ormore sensory modifiers are added in an amount such that the total amountof the one or more sensory modifiers constitutes from 0.0001 to 1.5 wt.% of the final beverage.

129. A method of any one of paragraphs 119 to 128, wherein methodfurther comprises the step of adding one or more co-sweeteners,sweetener enhancers and/or non-sweetening drink additives to thebeverage or beverage ingredients.

130. A method of paragraph 129, wherein the method comprises the step ofadding one or more sweetener enhancers to the beverage or beverageingredients.

131. A method of paragraph 130, wherein the method comprises the step ofadding thaumatin to the beverage or beverage ingredients.

132. A method of any one of paragraphs 129 to 131, wherein the methodcomprises the step of adding one or more co-sweeteners to the beverageor beverage ingredients.

133. A method of paragraph 132 wherein at least one co-sweetener is ahigh intensity natural sweetener.

134. A method of paragraphs 132 or 133, wherein at least oneco-sweetener is a steviol glycoside, such as a naturally occurringsteviol glycoside or a glycosylated steviol glycoside.

135. A method of any one of paragraphs 132 to 134, wherein at least oneco-sweetener is a high intensity synthetic sweetener.

136. A method of any one of paragraphs 132 to 135, wherein at least oneco-sweetener is selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.

137. A method of any one of paragraphs 132 to 136, wherein the one ormore co-sweeteners are added in an amount such that the total amount ofthe one or more co-sweeteners constitutes from 0.001 to 10 wt. % of thefinal beverage.

138. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 137, wherein the beveragedoes not contain any product made from roasted coffee beans.

139. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 138, wherein the beverageis a carbonated soft beverage.

140. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 138, wherein the beverageis a flavored water.

141. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 138, wherein the beverageis a fruit juice or a beverage comprising a fruit juice.

142. A method of any one of paragraphs 91 to 138, wherein the beverageis a diary beverage or a beverage comprising a dairy product.

Additional embodiments Set 106

1. A flavor or sweetener composition comprising a Maillard reactionproduct and a first sweetening agent, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is a reaction product of a mixture comprising a sugar donor andan amine donor; the first sweetening agent is one or more selected froma licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingleextract, sweet tea glycoside (rubusoside and suaviosides), a steviolglycoside, a mogroside, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogrosideand mixtures thereof.

2. The composition of paragraph 1, the sugar donor comprises a reducingsugar; preferably, the reducing sugar is one or more selected frommonosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, andcombinations thereof; preferably, the reducing sugar is one or moreselected from mannose, glucose, rhamnose, fructose, arabinose, lactose,galactose, xylose, raffinose or mixtures thereof.

3. The composition of paragraph 2, the sugar donor comprises the secondsweetening agent, and the second sweetening agent is one or moreselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, sweet tea glycoside (rubusoside and suaviosides), asteviol glycoside, a mogroside, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside or mixtures thereof.

4. The composition of paragraph 3, the second sweetening agent is one ormore selected from a Stevia extract, a steviol glycoside or aglycosylated steviol glycoside.

5. The composition of paragraph 1, the sugar donor comprises the secondsweetening agent, and the second sweetening agent is one or moreselected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract,a swingle extract, sweet tea glycoside (rubusoside and suaviosides), asteviol glycoside, a mogroside, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, aglycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, aglycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside or mixtures thereof.

6. The composition of paragraph 5, the second sweetening agent is one ormore selected from a Stevia extract, a steviol glycoside or aglycosylated steviol glycoside.

7. The composition of any one of paragraphs 4 or 6, the amine donorcomprises one or more of a primary amine compound, a secondary aminecompound, an amino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract ormixtures thereof.

8. The composition of paragraph 7, wherein the amino acid is one or moreselected from alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine,glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine,lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine,tryptophan, tyrosine, valine or mixtures thereof.

9. The composition of paragraph 7 or 8, wherein the steviol glycoside isone or more selected from stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudioside A,rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E,rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H,rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K,rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside A or mixtures thereof. Preferably,the Stevia extract comprises combination of rebaudioside A with at leastone selected from steviol, stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudioside B,rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I,rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J,rubusoside, dulcoside A or any mixtures thereof; More preferably, theStevia extract comprises combination of at least two selected fromrebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, and rebaudioside M.

10. The composition of paragraph 7 or 8, wherein the steviol glycosideis one or more selected from rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, ormixtures thereof.

11. The composition of paragraph 7 or 8, wherein the steviol glycosideis rebaudioside A and rebaudioside B; rebaudioside B and rebaudioside D;rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M; rebaudioside A and rebaudioside M;rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, and rebaudioside D; rebaudioside B,rebaudioside D, and rebaudioside M; rebaudioside A, rebaudioside D, andrebaudioside M.

12. The composition of paragraph 7 or 8, wherein the glycosylatedsteviol glycoside is one or more selected from glycosylation products ofsteviol, stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B,rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F,rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I,rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J,rubusoside, dulcoside A or mixtures thereof.

13. The composition of paragraph 7 or 8, wherein the glycosylatedsteviol glycoside is one or more selected from glycosylation products ofrebaudioside A and rebaudioside B; rebaudioside B and rebaudioside D;rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M; rebaudioside A and rebaudioside M;rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, and rebaudioside D; rebaudioside B,rebaudioside D, and rebaudioside M; rebaudioside A, rebaudioside D, andrebaudioside M.

14. The composition of paragraph 7 or 8, wherein the steviol glycosideis A with a purity of at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, 90%, 95%,97%, 98%, 99% or 100%.

15. The composition of any one of paragraphs 9-14, wherein thecomposition further comprises the sweetener enhancer; preferably, thesweetener enhancer is one or more selected from the group consisting ofbrazzein, miraculin, curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, ormixtures thereof.

16. The composition of any one of paragraphs 9-14, wherein the sweetenerenhancer is thaumatin.

17. The composition of paragraph 16, wherein the sweetener enhancer is0.01 ppm-60%, preferably 1 ppm-50%, more preferably 1%-40% by weight ofthe total weight of the composition.

18. The composition of paragraph 16, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct is present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 99% by weight of thetotal weight of the composition.

19. The composition of paragraph 16, wherein the weight ratio of theMaillard reaction product to the first sweetening agent is 0.5:99.5 to99.5: 0.5, preferably, 1:50:50:1.

20. The composition of any one of paragraph 1-19, wherein thecomposition comprises the one or more non-nutritive sweetener(s) or oneor more sweetener enhancer(s).

21. The composition of paragraph 20, wherein the one or morenon-nutritive sweetener(s) or one or more sweetener enhancer(s)comprises sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

22. The composition of any one of paragraph 1-19, wherein the Maillardreaction product is the result of the Maillard reaction withoutseparation or purification from reaction component.

23. The composition of paragraph 22, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct consists of volatile substances and non-volatile substances.

24. The composition of paragraph 23, wherein the weight ratio of thevolatile substances and the non-volatile substances is 1:99: to 99:1.

25. The composition of paragraph 22, wherein the Maillard reactionproduct comprises the direct resultant of the Stevia or steviolglycosides and unreacted Stevia extract or steviol glycosides.

26. The composition of paragraph 25, wherein the direct resultant of theStevia or steviol glycosides comprises volatile substances of non-Steviaglycoside components, which is preferably characterized by Citrusflavor.

27. The composition of paragraph 25, wherein the direct resultant of theStevia or steviol glycosides comprises non-volatile substances ofnon-Stevia glycoside, which is preferably one or more moleculescharacterized by terpene, di-terpene, or ent-kaurene structure.

28. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-27, wherein thecomposition further comprises an alkaline pH adjuster.

29. The composition of paragraph 28, wherein the alkaline pH adjuster issodium hydroxide.

30. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-29, wherein thecomposition further comprises a salt.

31. The composition of paragraph 30, wherein the salt is sodiumcarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride,magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfateor mixtures thereof.

32. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-31, wherein thecomposition further comprises acids, which is preferably one or moreselected from acetic acid, propanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoicacid, trans 2-hexenoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid,(Z)-9-octadecenoic acid, decahydro-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid,2,3-dihyd-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid and or mixture thereof.

33. The composition of paragraph 3, the second sweetening agent is oneor more selected from a sweet tea extract, rubusoside, suavioside,glycosylated sweet tea extract, or glycosylated rubusoside, glycosylatedsuavioside and/or mixtures thereof.

34. The composition of paragraph 1, the sugar donor comprises a secondsweetening agent, and the second sweetening agent is one or moreselected from a sweet tea extract, rubusoside, suavioside, glycosylatedsweet tea extract, or glycosylated rubusoside, glycosylated suaviosidesand/or mixtures thereof.

35. The composition of paragraph 1, the sugar donor comprises a secondsweetening agent, and the second sweetening agent is one or moreselected from a swingle extract, a mogroside, a glycosylated mogrosideor mixtures thereof.

36. The composition of paragraph 3, the second sweetening agent is oneor more selected from a sweet tea extract, rubusoside, suavioside,glycosylated sweet tea extract, or glycosylated rubusoside, glycosylatedsuaviosides and/or mixtures thereof.

37. The composition of paragraph 3, the second sweetening agent is oneor more selected from a swingle extract, a mogroside, a glycosylatedmogroside or mixtures thereof.

38. A food or beverage with decreased unsatisfactory or unpleasanttaste, which comprises foodstuff and the composition of any one ofparagraphs 1-37, said unsatisfactory or unpleasant taste is one or moreof sour, astringent, bitter taste or aftertaste, metallic taste, staletaste, an alkaline taste, a mineral or pungent taste, the grassy, earthyor herb taste.

39. The food or beverage of paragraph 38, wherein the composition of anyone of paragraphs 1-37 is 1 ppm-99%, more preferably 0.001-20 wt %,further preferably 0.001-1 wt % by weight of the food.

40. The food or beverage of paragraph 38 or 39, the food is reduced saltfood.

41. The food or beverage of 40, the food or beverage is enhanced saltytaste without increasing sodium intake.

42. The food or beverage of paragraph 38 or 39, the food or beverage isvegetable or vegetable juices, especially garlic, ginger, or beet root.

43. The food or beverage of paragraph 38 or 39, the food or beveragecontains vegetables with a bitter taste, which is preferably artichoke,broccoli, radicchio, arugula, brussel sprouts, chicory, white asparagus,endive, kale and Brassica, dandelion, eggplant or bitter melon.

44. The food or beverage of paragraph 38 or 39, the food or beverage isa juice, juice concentrate, or fruit extract, which is preferablycranberry, pomegranate, bilberry, raspberry, lingonberry, grapefruit,lime and Citrus.

45. The food or beverage of paragraph 38 or 39, the food or beveragecontains minerals and trace elements.

46. The food or beverage of paragraph 38 or 39, the food or beverage isvitamin fortified food or a beverage with vitamin B and vitamin C.

47. The food or beverage of paragraph 38 or 39, the food or beveragecontains amino acids, which is preferably selected from arginine,aspartic acid, cysteine HCl, glutamine, histidine HCl, isoleucine,lysine HCl, methionine, proline, tryptophan, valine, and any mixturethereof.

48. The food or beverage of paragraph 38 or 39, the food or beveragecontains fatty acids, which is preferably linoleic acid, linolenic acidor palmitoleic acid.

49. The food or beverage of paragraph 38 or 39, the food or beveragecontains natural herbs, natural herb extracts, concentrates, or purifiedsubstances from herbs.

50. The food or beverage of paragraph 38 or 39, the food or beverage iscaffeine, tea extract, ginseng juice or ginseng extract, taurine orguarana that function to boost energy.

51. The food or beverage of paragraph 38 or 39, the food or beverage iscocoa powder or coffee powder, cocoa or coffee extract; or tea powder ortea extract, or flavored tea.

52. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 38-51, the food orbeverage contains natural antioxidant, which is preferably enriched inanthocyanins.

53. A food or beverage with kokumi, which comprises foodstuff and thecomposition of any one of paragraphs 1-37; preferably, wherein the MRPcomposition is present in the final food or beverage in an amount of0.001-20 wt %, more preferably 0.001-1 wt %.

54. A method for producing the composition of any one of paragraphs1-37, comprising the step of mixing the Maillard reaction product and afirst sweetening agent.

55. The method of paragraph 54, wherein the Maillard reaction product isobtained from the step comprising:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising:

-   -   the sugar donor and amine donor;    -   combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents to        provide a reaction solution; and    -   heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for        forming a solution or slurry;    -   wherein the first sweetening agent is added to the solution or        slurry during or after the completion of the Maillard reaction,        to form a Maillard reaction mixture composition.

56. The method of paragraph 55, the sugar donor is the reducing sugar.

57. The method of paragraph 55, the sugar donor is the mixture ofreducing sugar and the second sweetening agent.

58. The method of paragraph 55, the sugar donor is the second sweeteningagent.

59. The method of paragraph 58, the second sweetening agent is one ormore selected from a Stevia extract, a steviol glycoside or aglycosylated steviol glycoside.

60. The method of paragraph 58, the first sweetening agent is one ormore selected from a Stevia extract, a steviol glycoside or aglycosylated steviol glycoside.

61. The method of any one of paragraphs 54-60, comprising isolating theMaillard reaction mixture composition.

62. A method for producing the food or beverage of any one of paragraphs38-56, comprising the step of mixing the Maillard reaction product, afirst sweetening agent and the foodstuff.

63. The method of paragraph 62, wherein the Maillard reaction product isobtained from the step comprising:

preparing a reaction mixture comprising:

-   -   the sugar donor and amine donor;    -   combining the reaction mixture with one or more solvents to        provide a reaction solution; and    -   heating the reaction solution under conditions suitable for        forming a solution or slurry;    -   wherein the first sweetening agent is added to the solution or        slurry during or after the completion of the Maillard reaction,        to form a Maillard reaction mixture composition; and    -   adding the Maillard reaction mixture composition to provide a        food or beverage, wherein the taste and/or mouthfeel profile of        the food or beverage is improved.

64. The method of paragraph 63, the sugar donor is the reducing sugar.

65. The method of paragraph 63, the sugar donor is the mixture ofreducing sugar and the second sweetening agent.

66. The method of paragraph 63, the sugar donor is the second sweeteningagent.

67. The method of paragraph 66, the second sweetening agent is one ormore selected from a Stevia extract, a steviol glycoside or aglycosylated steviol glycoside.

68. The method of paragraph 66, the first sweetening agent is one ormore selected from a Stevia extract, a steviol glycoside or aglycosylated steviol glycoside.

69. The method of any one of paragraphs 62-68, comprising isolating theMaillard reaction mixture composition.

70. A Maillard reaction product which is formed by a reaction mixturecontaining a sweetening agent and an amine donor, the sweetening agentis one or more selected from a licorice extract, a sweet tea extract, aStevia extract, a swingle extract, sweet tea glycoside (rubusoside andsuaviosides), a steviol glycoside, a mogroside, a glycosylated sweet teaextract, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract,a glycosylated sweet tea glycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, aglycosylated mogroside or mixtures thereof.

71. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 70, wherein thesweetening agent is one or more selected from a Stevia extract, asteviol glycoside, a glycosylated Stevia extract, a glycosylated steviolglycoside and mixtures thereof.

72. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 70, the amine donorcomprises one or more of a primary amine compound, a secondary aminecompound, an amino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract ormixtures thereof.

73. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 70 or 72, the amine donorcomprises thaumatin, preferably, thaumatin is 0.01 ppm-90%, preferably 1ppm-80%, more preferably 1%-70% by weight of the reaction mixture fromwhich the Maillard reaction product is formed.

74. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 70 or 72, wherein theamino acid is one or more selected from alanine, arginine, asparagine,aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine,threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine or mixtures thereof.

75. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 74, wherein the steviolglycoside is one or more selected from steviol, stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor mixtures thereof; Preferably, the Stevia extract comprisescombination of rebaudioside A with at least one selected from steviol,stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudiosideD, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O,rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N,rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside A or any mixturesthereof; More preferably, the Stevia extract comprises combination of atleast two selected from rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D,and rebaudioside M.

76. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 74, wherein the steviolglycoside is rebaudioside A and rebaudioside B; rebaudioside B andrebaudioside D; rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M; rebaudioside A andrebaudioside M; rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, and rebaudioside D;rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, and rebaudioside M; rebaudioside A,rebaudioside D, and rebaudioside M.

77. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 74, wherein theglycosylated steviol glycoside is one or more selected fromglycosylation products of steviol, stevioside, steviolbioside,rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O,rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N,rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside A or mixturesthereof.

78. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 74, wherein theglycosylated steviol glycoside is one or more selected fromglycosylation products of rebaudioside A and rebaudioside B;rebaudioside B and rebaudioside D; rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M;rebaudioside A and rebaudioside M; rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, andrebaudioside D; rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, and rebaudioside M;rebaudioside A, rebaudioside D, and rebaudioside M.

79. The Maillard reaction product of any one of paragraphs 74-78, thesteviol glycoside is A with a purity of at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%,60%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%.

80. The Maillard reaction product of any one of paragraphs 74-79, theMaillard reaction product comprises the direct resultant of the Steviaor steviol glycosides and unreacted Stevia extract or steviolglycosides.

81. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 80, the direct resultantof the Stevia or steviol glycosides comprise volatile substances ofnon-Stevia glycoside components, which is preferably characterized byCitrus flavor.

82. The Maillard reaction product of paragraph 80 or 81, the directresultant of the Stevia or steviol glycosides comprises non-volatilesubstances of non-Stevia glycoside, which is preferably one or moremolecules characterized by terpene, di-terpene, or ent-kaurenestructure.

83. A food or beverage with decreased unsatisfactory or unpleasanttaste, which comprises foodstuff and the Maillard reaction product ofany one of paragraphs 70-82.

84. The food or beverage of paragraph 83, wherein said unsatisfactory orunpleasant taste is one or more of sour, astringent, bitter taste oraftertaste, metallic taste, stale taste, an alkaline taste, a mineral orpungent taste, the grassy, earthy or herb taste.

85. The food or beverage of paragraph 83, wherein the food comprises asweetening agent, which is preferably one or more selected from alicorice extract, a sweet tea extract, a Stevia extract, a swingleextract, sweet tea glycoside (rubusoside and suaviosides), a steviolglycoside, a mogroside, a glycosylated sweet tea extract, a glycosylatedStevia extract, a glycosylated swingle extract, a glycosylated sweet teaglycoside, a glycosylated steviol glycoside, a glycosylated mogrosideand mixtures thereof.

86. The food or beverage of paragraph 85, wherein the sweetening agentis one or more selected from a Stevia extract, a steviol glycoside or aglycosylated steviol glycoside.

87. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 83-86, wherein theproduct of any one of paragraphs 70-82 is added to the foodstuff toobtain the food or beverage; preferably, wherein the MRP product ispresent in the final food or beverage in an amount of 0.001-20 wt %,more preferably 0.001-1 wt %.

88. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 85-87, wherein thesteviol glycoside is one or more selected from steviol, stevioside,steviolbioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M,rebaudioside O, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L,rebaudioside N, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside Aor mixtures thereof; Preferably, the Stevia extract comprisescombination of rebaudioside A with at least one selected from steviol,stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudiosideD, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O,rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N,rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside A or any mixturesthereof; More preferably, the Stevia extract comprises combination of atleast two selected from rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D,and rebaudioside M.

89. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 85-87, wherein thesteviol glycoside is rebaudioside A and rebaudioside B; rebaudioside Band rebaudioside D; rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M; rebaudioside Aand rebaudioside M; rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, and rebaudioside D;rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, and rebaudioside M; rebaudioside A,rebaudioside D, and rebaudioside M.

90. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 85-87, wherein theglycosylated steviol glycoside is one or more selected fromglycosylation products of steviol, stevioside, steviolbioside,rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside O,rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside N,rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rubusoside, dulcoside A or mixturesthereof.

91. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 85-87, wherein theglycosylated steviol glycoside one or more selected from glycosylationproducts of rebaudioside A and rebaudioside B; rebaudioside B andrebaudioside D; rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M; rebaudioside A andrebaudioside M; rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, and rebaudioside D;rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, and rebaudioside M; rebaudioside A,rebaudioside D, and rebaudioside M.

92. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 85-87, wherein thesteviol glycoside is A with a purity of at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%,60%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%.

93. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 83-92, wherein theMaillard reaction product is present from about 10⁻⁹ ppb to about 99% byweight of the total weight of the food or beverage.

94. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 83-92, wherein thecomposition comprises the one or more non-nutritive sweetener(s) or oneor more sweetener enhancer(s).

95. The food or beverage of paragraph 94, wherein the one or morenon-nutritive sweetener(s) or one or more sweetener enhancer(s)comprises sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, sucralose, aspartame,acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol, trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose,tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC),maltol, advantame or combinations thereof.

96. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-95, wherein thefood or beverage further comprises an alkaline pH adjuster, which ispreferably sodium hydroxide.

97. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-96, wherein thefood or beverage contains a salt; preferably, the salt is sodiumcarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride,magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfateor mixtures thereof; more preferably, the weight content of the salt inthe total weight of the food or beverage is 0.01%-40%.

98. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-97, wherein thefood or beverage further comprises acids, which is preferably one ormore selected from acetic acid, propanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoicacid, trans 2-hexenoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid,(Z)-9-octadecenoic acid, decahydro-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid,2,3-dihyd-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid and or mixture thereof; morepreferably, the weight content of the acids in the total weight of thefood or beverage is 0.01%-60%.

99. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-98, wherein thefood or beverage is enhanced salty taste without increasing sodiumintake.

100. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-99, wherein thefood or beverage is vegetable or vegetable juices, especially garlic,ginger, or beet root.

101. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-99, wherein thefood or beverage contains vegetables with a bitter taste, which ispreferably artichoke, broccoli, radicchio, arugula, brussel sprouts,chicory, white asparagus, endive, kale and Brassica, dandelion, eggplantor bitter melon.

102. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-99, wherein thefood or beverage is juices, juice concentrate, or fruit extract, whichis preferably cranberry, pomegranate, bilberry, raspberry, lingonberry,grapefruit, lime and Citrus.

103. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-99, wherein thefood or beverage is vitamin fortified food or beverage with vitamin Band vitamin C; or the food or beverage contains minerals and traceelements.

104. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-99, wherein thefood or beverage contains amino acids, which is preferably selected fromarginine, aspartic acid, cysteine HCl, glutamine, histidine HCl,isoleucine, lysine HCl, methionine, proline, tryptophan, valine, and anymixture thereof.

105. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-99, wherein thefood or beverage contains natural herbs, natural herb extracts,concentrates, or purified substances from herbs.

106. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-99, wherein thefood or beverage is caffeine, tea extract, ginseng juice or ginsengextract, taurine or guarana that function to boost energy.

107. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-99, wherein thefood or beverage is cocoa powder or coffee powder, cocoa or coffeeextract; or tea powder or tea extract, or flavored tea.

108. The food or beverage of any one of paragraphs 86-107, wherein thefood or beverage contains natural antioxidant, which is preferablyenriched in anthocyanins.

109. A food or beverage with kokumi, which comprises foodstuff and theproduct of any one of paragraphs 70-82.

110. The food or beverage with kokumi, wherein the MRP product ispresent in the final food or beverage in an amount of 0.001-20 wt %,more preferably 0.001-1 wt %.

111. A method for producing the composition of any one of paragraphs70-82, comprising the step of combining the reaction mixture with one ormore solvents to provide a reaction solution; and heating the reactionsolution under conditions suitable for forming a solution or slurry tocarry out the Maillard reaction, to form the Maillard reaction mixturecomposition.

112. A method for producing the food or beverage of any one ofparagraphs 83-110, comprising the step of mixing the Maillard reactionproduct and the foodstuff.

113. The method of paragraph 112, during or after the completion of theMaillard reaction, the Maillard reaction mixture or product is mixedwith the foodstuff to obtain the food or beverage.

EXAMPLES

A general method to prepare the Stevia derived Maillard reactionproduct(s) is described as follows.

A Stevia extract is dissolved with/without a sugar donor, together withamino acid donor in deionized water. When required, a pH adjuster or pHbuffer can be added to regulate the pH of the reaction mixture.Generally, the pH of the reaction mixture should be from about a pH of 7to a pH of about 14. The solution is then heated at an elevatedtemperature, for example, from about 50 to about 100 degrees centigrade.The reaction time can be varied from more than one second to few days,more generally a few hours, until MRPs (Maillard Reacted Products) withor without CRPs (Caramelization Reacted Products) are formed or thereaction between components is completed. When the reaction iscompleted, if needed, a pH adjuster or pH buffer can be added toregulate the pH of reaction mixture to about pH 6-7. The resultantsolution is dried by spray dryer or hot air oven to remove the water andto obtain the MRP(s).

Example 1. Preparation of MRPs from RA97 and Alanine

0.9 g RA97 (available from Sweet Green Fields) was dissolved togetherwith 0.1 g DL-alanine (available from Anhui Huaheng BiologicalEngineering Co., Ltd., China) in 2 ml deionized water. The water contentin the reaction mixture was about 67%. The weight to weight ratio ofStevia extract to amino acid was 9:1. Na₂CO₃ was added to adjust the pHof the reaction mixture to a pH of about 10. The solution was heated toabout 80 to about 85 degrees centigrade for about 2 hours. When thereaction was completed, the solution was dried by hot air oven at 80degrees centigrade for about 3 hours to provide about 1 g of an offwhite powder MRP.

Example 2. Preparation of MRPs from RA75/RB15 and Alanine

9 g RA75/RB15 (available from Sweet Green Fields) was dissolved togetherwith 2.25 g DL-alanine (available from Anhui Huaheng BiologicalEngineering Co., Ltd., China) in 2 ml deionized water. The water contentin the reaction mixture was about 15%. The weight to weight ratio ofStevia extract to amino acid was 4:1. The solution was heated to about80 to about 85 degrees centigrade for about 2 hours. When the reactionwas completed, the slurry was dried by hot air oven at 80 degreescentigrade for about 2 hours to provide about 11 g of the off whitepowder MRP.

Example 3. Preparation of MRPs from RA97 and Alanine

In this example several MRPs were prepared according to the process ofExample 1 except that the Stevia extract, its ratio to DL-alanine, andthe water content in the reaction mixture were changed. The details wereas follow:

TABLE 3.1 Stevia Ratio of Stevia Sample extract extract to DL- Water No.reactant alanine (w:w) content 3-1 RA97 99:1 15% 3-2 RA97 99:1 50% 3-3RA97 99:1 80%

Example 4. Preparation of MRPs from RA50 and Alanine

In this example several MRPs were prepared according to the process ofExample 1 except for the Stevia extract, its ratio to DL-alanine, andthe water content in the reaction mixture were changed. The details wereas follow:

TABLE 4.1 Stevia Ratio of Stevia Sample extract extract to DL- Water No.reactant alanine (w:w) content 4-1 RA50 99:1  80% 4-2 RA50 99:5  80% 4-3RA50 90:10 80%

Example 5. Preparation of MRPs from Glucose and Alanine

1.98 g glucose monohydrate was dissolved together with 1.78 g DL-alanine(available from Anhui Huaheng Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., China)in 0.45 ml deionized water. The water content in the reaction mixturewas about 10%. The mole to mole ratio of glucose to amino acid was 1:2.The solution was heated at about 80 to about 85 degrees centigrade forabout 2 hours. When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried byhot air oven at 80 degrees centigrade for about 2 hours to provide about3.2 g of a light brown powder MRP.

Example 6. Preparation of MRPs from GSG-RA20 and Alanine

9 g Glycosylated steviol glycoside (GSG-RA20, available from Sweet GreenFields) was dissolved together with 1 g DL-alanine (available from AnhuiHuaheng Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., China) in 20 ml deionizedwater. The water content in the reaction mixture was about 50%. Theweight to weight ratio of Stevia extract to amino acid was 9:1. Sodiumcarbonate was added to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about10. The solution was then heated to about 100 degrees centigrade forabout 2 hours. When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried byspray dryer to provide about 9.5 g of an off white powder MRP.

The information provided as follows provides the compositional make upof GSG-RA20 and the analytical processes to determine the composition.

Materials:

Reference standards for steviol glycosides (Reb A, Reb B, Reb C, Reb D,Reb E, Reb F, Reb G, Reb I, Reb M, Reb N, Reb O, Isoreb A,Isostevioside) were obtained from Chromadex (LGC Germany). Solvents andreagents (HPLC grade) were obtained from VWR (Vienna) or Sigma-Aldrich(Vienna).

Davisil Grade 633 (high-purity grade silica gel, pore size 60 A, 200-425mesh particle size was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna).

Sample Preparation:

All samples were fractionated over a glass column (100×5 mm) filled withDavisil Grade 633. The column was equilibrated with ethyl acetate/Aceticacid/H₂O=8/3/2 (v/v/v). 100 mg sample, dissolved in 2 ml H₂O, wereloaded on the column and eluted with ethyl acetate/Acetic acid/H₂O=8/3/2at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. The first 6 ml of the eluate were discardedand the next 30 ml containing unreacted steviol-glycosides werecollected. Enzymatically reacted steviol-glycosides eluted in the rangeof 36-70 ml and were again collected.

After fractionation of 3 samples, the pooled eluates were evaporated todryness and reconstituted in 20 ml Acetonitrile/H₂O=9/1 (v/v)corresponding to an equivalent sample concentration of 150 mg sample/10ml.

The method was qualified by fractionation of steviol glycoside standardsand enzymatically reacted steviol-glycosides. An elution yield of >97%of steviol-glycosides and of >95% enzymatically reactedsteviol-glycosides was observed, the carry over between the fraction wascalculated to less than 3%.

The pooled, evaporated samples were used for further analysis.

HPLC-Method:

The HPLC system consisted of an Agilent 1100 system (autosampler,ternary gradient pump, column thermostat, VWD-UV/VIS detector,DAD-UV/VIS detector) connected in-line to an Agilent mass spectrometer(ESI-MS quadrupole G1956A VL). For HPLC analysis 150 mg of thecorresponding sample was dissolved in Acetonitrile (1 ml) and filled upto 10 ml with H₂O.

The samples were separated at 0.8 ml/min on a Phenomenex SynergiHydro-RP (150×3 mm) followed by a Macherey-Nagel Nucleosil 100-7 C18(250×4.6 mm) at 45° C. by gradient elution. Mobile Phase A consisted ofa 0.01 molar NH₄-Acetate buffer (native pH) with 0.1% acetic acid, 0.05%trimethylamine and 0.001% dichloromethane. Mobile Phase B consisted of0.01 molar NH₄-Acetate buffer (native pH) and Acetonitrile (1/9 v/v)with 0.1% acetic acid, 0.05% trimethylamine and 0.001% dichloromethane.The gradient started with 22% B, was increased linearly in 20 minutes to45 B and kept at this condition for another 15 minutes. Injection volumewas set to 10 μl.

The detectors were set to 210 nm (VWD), to 205 and 254 nm (DAD withspectra collection between 200-600 nm) and to ESI negative mode TIC m/z300-1500, Fragmentor 200, Gain 2 (MS, 300° C., nitrogen 12 l/min,nebulizer setting 50 psig. Capillary voltage 4500 V).

Detections at 205 and 210 nm were used to quantify the chromatograms,the MS-spectra were used to determine the molar mass and structuralinformation of individual peaks. Detection at 254 nm was used toidentify non-steviol glycoside peaks.

Samples were quantified by external standardization against referencecompounds, in case where no authentic reference standard was available,the peak area was quantified against the reference standard with themost similar mass and corrected for the molar mass differences. Themaximum calibration range of reference standards was in a range 0.1-50mg/10 ml (dissolved in Acetonitrile/H₂O=9/1 (v/v)).

Identification and Quantification:

Steviol-glycosides and enzymatically reacted steviol-glycosides wereidentified by comparison of retention times to authentic referencestandards and/or by evaluation of the mass spectra obtained (includinginterpretation of the fragmentation pattern and double charged ionstriggered by the presence of dichloromethane).

Steviol-glycosides were quantified against external standards. In casethat no reference standard was available quantification was performedagainst the reference standard with the most similar molar mass.

Steviol glycosides (SGs) are molecules composed of a steviol-backbonewith a series of sugars attached.

Based on the type of sugar (i.e. glucose, rhamnose/deoxyhexose,xylose/arabinose) SGs are grouped into three families:

SGs with glucose (Table 6.1)

SGs with glucose and 1 rhamnose/deoxyhexose (Table 6.2)

SGs with glucose and 1 xylose/arabinose (Table 6.3)

The nomenclature introduced is to be interpreted as follows (x isbetween 2 and 6):

SG-xG: Steviol glycoside composed of steviol and “x” attached glucosemolecules

SG-xG1R: Steviol glycoside composed of steviol and “x” attached glucosemolecules and 1 rhamnose or deoxyhexose molecule

SG-xG1X: Steviol glycoside composed of steviol and “x” attached glucosemolecules and 1 xylose or arabinose molecule

Any number between −1 and −8 given additionally represents the number ofglucose molecules attached to the SG.

Examples: SG-4G-2 represents an SG with four glucose molecules to which2 glucose molecules were added during enzymatic treatment.

SG-3G1R-4 represents an SG with 3 glucose molecules and 1rhamnose/deoxyhexose molecule to which 4 glucose molecules were addedduring enzymatic treatment.

SG-4G1X-3 represents an SG with 4 glucose molecules and 1xylose/arabinose molecule to which 3 glucose molecules were added duringenzymatic treatment.

TABLE 6.1 SGs with glucose SG-{ }-Added mg/ SG- Individual SG Glucose(reacted 10 % group (unreacted part) part) [Mr] ml (m/m) SG 2GRubusoside — 642 1.16 0.77 Stev-Bios — 642 0.41 0.27 SG-3G Reb-B — 8041.29 0.86 Reb-G — 804 0.83 0.55 Stevioside — 804 5.05 3.36 Re-KA — 804<0.05 <0.05 Stevioside B — 804 <0.05 <0.05 SG-3G-2 1128 13.02 8.68SG-3G-3 1290 4.50 3.00 SG-3G-4 1452 2.25 1.50 SG-3G-7 1938 3.72 2.48SG-3G-8 2100 4.43 2.96 SG-4G Reb-A — 966 4.67 3.11 Reb-E — 966 1.33 0.88Reb-A2 — 966 <0.05 <0.05 Reb-H1 — 966 <0.05 <0.05 GSG-4G-1 1128 8.605.73 GSG-4G-2 1290 1.47 0.98 GSG-4G-3 1452 1.89 1.26 GSG-4G-7 2100 4.933.29 SG-5G Reb-D — 1128 0.96 0.64 Reb I — 1128 <0.05 <0.05 Reb L — 1128<0.05 <0.05 Reb Q — 1128 <0.05 <0.05 Reb I2 — 1128 <0.05 <0.05 GSG-5G-11290 0.42 0.28 GSG-5G-2 1452 0.23 0.15 GSG-5G-3 1614 1.90 1.27 GSG-5G-41776 0.09 0.06 GSG-5G-5 1938 4.14 2.76 SG-6G Reb-M — 1290 0.36 0.24GSG-6G-3 1776 0.15 0.10 “[Mr]” refers to molecular mass. m/m refers tomass/mass.

TABLE 6.2 SGs with glucose and 1 rhamnose/deoxyhexose SG- Individual SGSG-{ }-Added mg/10 % group (unreacted part) (reacted part) [Mr] ml (m/m)SG-2G1R Dulcoside A — 788 0.33 0.22 Dulcoside B — 788 2.35 1.57 SG-3G1RReb-C — 950 0.92 0.62 Reb-S — 950 2.18 1.46 Reb-H — 950 <0.05 <0.05GSG-3G1R-3 1436 0.78 0.52 GSG-3G1R-3 1436 4.25 2.83 SG-4G1R Reb J — 1112<0.05 <0.05 Reb K — 1112 <0.05 <0.05 Reb K2 — 1112 <0.05 <0.05GSG-4G1R-2 1436 0.65 0.44 GSG-4G1R-3 1598 0.33 0.22 GSG-4G1R-4 1760 1.671.12 GSG-4G1R-6 2084 2.75 1.84 SG-5G1R Reb-N — 1274 <0.05 <0.05GSG-5G1R-4 1922 4.72 3.15 SG-6G1R Reb-O — 1436 0.32 0.21 GSG-6G1R-1 15980.81 0.54 GSG-6G1R-1 1598 0.77 0.52 GSG-6G1R-2 1760 1.72 1.14

TABLE 6.3 SGs with glucose and 1 xylose/arabinose SG- Individual SG SG-{}-Added mg/10 % group (unreacted part) (reacted part) [Mr] ml (m/m)SG-3G1X Reb-F — 936 0.81 0.54 Reb-R — 936 0.75 0.50 GSG-3G1X-4 1584 4.933.29 GSG-3G1X-5 1746 1.86 1.24 SG-4G1X Reb U — 1098 <0.05 <0.05 Reb T —1098 <0.05 <0.05 Reb W — 1098 <0.05 <0.05 Reb W2 — 1098 <0.05 <0.05GSG-4G1X-1 1260 1.34 0.89 GSG-4G1X-2 1422 1.10 0.73 GSG-4G1X-3 1584 5.893.93 GSG-4G1X-4 1746 1.73 1.15 SG-5G1X Reb V — 1260 <0.05 <0.05GSG-5G1X-1 1422 2.94 1.96

Example 7. Preparation of MRPs from Rubusoside 90 and Alanine

In this example several MRPs were prepared according to the process ofExample 6 except for the Stevia extract, its ratio to DL-alanine, andthe water content in the reaction mixture. The details were as follow.

TABLE 7.1 Stevia Ratio of Weight of extract Stevia extract to RubusosideWeight of Volume Sample No. reactant DL-alanine (w:w) Water content 90DL-alanine of water 7-1 Rubusoside 90 95:5  50% 9.5 g 0.5 g 10 ml 7-2Rubusoside 90 90:10 50%   9 g   1 g 10 ml

Example 8. Preparation of MRPs from Stevioside 90 and Alanine

In this example several MRPs were prepared according to the process ofExample 6 except for the Stevia extract, its ratio to DL-alanine, andthe water content in the reaction mixture. The details were as follow.

TABLE 8.1 Stevia Ratio of Weight of extract Stevia extract to steviosideWeight of Volume Sample No. reactant DL-alanine (w:w) Water content 90DL-alanine of water 8-1 Stevioside 90 95:5  50% 9.5 g 0.5 g 10 ml 8-2Stevioside 90 90:10 50%   9 g   l g 10 ml

Example 9. Preparation of MRPs from RA50 and Yeast Extract

RA50 (available from Sweet Green Fields) was dissolved together withYeast Extract (available from Leiber GmbH, Germany) in deionized water.Sodium carbonate was added to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH toabout 10. The solution was heated to about 100 degrees centigrade forabout 2 hours. When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried byspray dryer to provide an off white powder MRP.

Two MRPs in this Example were prepared with the parameters as follow.

TABLE 9.1 Weight Weight Ratio of Stevia Stevia of of extract to Sampleextract Stevia yeast Yeast Water No. reactant extract extract Extract(w:w) content 9-1 RA 50 9.5 g 0.5 g 95:5  50% 9-2 RA 50   9 g   1 g90:10 50%

Example 10. Preparation of MRPs from RA 80 and Yeast Extract

RA80 was dissolved together with Yeast Extract (available from LeiberGmbH, Germany) in 10 ml deionized water. Sodium carbonate was added tothe reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 10. The solution was thenheated at about 100 degrees centigrade for about 2 hours. When thereaction was complete, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to obtain anoff white powder MRP.

Two MRPs in this Example were prepared with the parameters as follow:

TABLE 10.1 Stevia Weight of Weight of Ratio of Stevia Sample extractStevia yeast extract to Yeast Water No. reactant extract extract Extract(w:w) content 10-1 RA80 9.5 g 0.5 g 95:5  50% 10-2 RA 80   9 g   1 g90:10 50%

Example 11. Preparation of MRPs from RA90/RD7 Alanine or Yeast Extract

A Stevia composition of RA 90% and RD 7% (available from Sweet GreenFields) was dissolved together with Yeast Extract (available from LeiberGmbH, Germany) or DL-alanine (available from Anhui Huaheng BiologicalEngineering Co., Ltd., China) in 10 ml deionized water. Sodium carbonatewas added to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 10. Thesolution was then heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for about 2hours. When the reaction was complete, the slurry was dried by spraydryer to obtain an off white powder MRP.

Four MRPs in this Example were prepared with the parameters as follow.

TABLE 11.1 Weight Weight Ratio of Stevia of of Stevia extract Sampleextract Stevia DL- to DL- Water No. reactant extract alanine alanine(w:w) content 11-1 RA90/RD7 9.5 g 0.5 g 95:5  50% 11-2 RA90/RD7   9 g  1 g 90:10 50% 11-3 RA90/RD7 9.5 g 0.5 g 95:5  50% 11-4 RA90/RD7   9 g  1 g 90:10 50%

Example 12. Preparation of MRPs from RA80/RB10/RD6 and Alanine or YeastExtract

A Stevia composition of RA 80%, RB 10% and RD 6% (available from SweetGreen Fields) was dissolved together with Yeast Extract (available fromLeiber GmbH, Germany) or DL-alanine (available from Anhui HuahengBiological Engineering Co., Ltd., China) in 10 ml deionized water.Sodium carbonate was added to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH toabout 10. The solution was heated at about 100 degrees centigrade forabout 2 hours. When the reaction was complete, the slurry was dried byspray dryer to obtain an off white powder MRP.

Four MRPs in this Example were prepared with the parameters as follow.

TABLE 12.1 Weight Weight Ratio of Stevia Sample Stevia extract of Steviaof DL- extract to DL- Water No. reactant extract alanine alanine (w:w)content 12-1 RA80/RB10/RD6 9.5 g 0.5 g 95:5  50% 12-2 RA80/RB10/RD6   9g   1 g 90:10 50% 12-3 RA80/RB10/RD6 9.5 g 0.5 g 95:5  50% 12-4RA80/RB10/RD6   9 g   1 g 90:10 50%

Example 13. Preparation of MRPs from RD6/TSG(40+)95 and Alanine or YeastExtract

RD6/TSG(40+)95 (available from Sweet Green Fields) was dissolvedtogether with Yeast Extract (available from Leiber GmbH, Germany) orDL-alanine (available from Anhui Huaheng Biological Engineering Co.,Ltd., China) in 10 ml deionized water. Sodium carbonate was added to thereaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 10. The solution was heatedat about 100 degrees centigrade for about 2 hours. When the reaction wascomplete, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to obtain the off whitepowder MRP.

The composition of RD6/TSG(40+)95 is depicted in more detail below:

Materials:

Reference standards for steviol glycosides (Reb A, Reb B, Reb C, Reb D,Reb E, Reb F, Reb G, Reb M, Reb N) were obtained from Chromadex (LGCGermany). Solvents and reagents (HPLC grade) were obtained from VWR(Vienna) or Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna).

Davisil Grade 633 (high-purity grade silica gel, pore size 60 Å, 200-425mesh particle size was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna).

Sample Preparation:

300 mg sample was dissolved in 20 ml Acetonitrile/H₂O=9/1 (v/v).

HPLC-Method:

The HPLC system consisted of an Agilent 1100 system (autosampler,ternary gradient pump, column thermostat, VWD-UV/VIS detector,DAD-UV/VIS detector) connected in-line to an Agilent mass spectrometer(ESI-MS quadrupole G1956A VL). For HPLC analysis 150 mg of thecorresponding sample was dissolved in Acetonitrile (1 ml) and filled upto 10 ml with H₂O.

The samples were separated at 0.8 ml/min on a Phenomenex SynergiHydro-RP (150×3 mm) followed by a Macherey-Nagel Nucleosil 100-7 C18(250×4.6 mm) at 45° C. by gradient elution. Mobile Phase A consisted ofa 0.01 molar NH₄-Acetate buffer (native pH) with 0.1% acetic acid, 0.05%trimethylamine and 0.001% dichloromethane. Mobile Phase B consisted of0.01 molar NH₄-Acetate buffer (native pH) and Acetonitrile (1/9 v/v)with 0.1% acetic acid, 0.05% trimethylamine and 0.001% dichloromethane.The gradient started with 22% B, was increased linearly in 20 minutes to45 B and kept at this condition for another 15 minutes. Injection volumewas set to 10 μl.

The detectors were set to 210 nm (VWD), to 205 and 254 nm (DAD withspectra collection between 200-600 nm) and to ESI negative mode TIC m/z300-1500, Fragmentor 200, Gain 2 (MS, 300° C., nitrogen 12 l/min,nebulizer setting 50 psig. Capillary voltage 4500 V).

Detection at 210 nm was used to quantify the chromatograms, theMS-spectra were used to determine the molar mass and structuralinformation of individual peaks. Detection at 254 nm was used toidentify non-steviol glycoside peaks.

Identification and Quantification:

Steviol-glycosides were identified by comparison of retention times toauthentic reference standards and/or by evaluation of the mass spectraobtained (including interpretation of the fragmentation pattern anddouble charged ions triggered by the presence of dichloromethane).

Steviol-glycosides were quantified against external standards. In casethat no reference standard was available quantification was performedagainst Reb-A.

The maximum calibration range of reference standards was in a range0.1-50 mg/10 ml (dissolved in Acetonitrile/H₂O=9/1 (v/v)).

TABLE 13.1 Steviol glycosides sample (151.4 mg/10 ml) Name m/z [M-H]⁻mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427 <0.01 <0.01Related steviol glycoside #2 981.00 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviolglycoside #3 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #4 675 or1127 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #5 981 0.15 0.10 Reb-V 12590.71 0.47 Reb-T 1127 0.94 0.62 Reb-E 965 0.30 0.20 Reb-O 1435 1.39 0.92Reb-D 1127 9.34 6.17 Reb-K 1111 4.98 3.29 Reb-N 1273 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-M1289 0.28 0.19 Reb-S 949 1.85 1.22 Reb-J 1111 0.27 0.18 Reb-W 1097 0.400.27 Reb-U2 1097 0.59 0.39 Reb-W2/3 1097 0.27 0.18 Reb-O2 965 0.21 0.14Reb-Y 1259 0.46 0.31 Reb-I 1127 0.85 0.56 Reb-V2 1259 0.67 0.44 Reb-K21111 0.20 0.13 Reb-H 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-A 965 43.90 29.00 Stevioside803 44.06 29.10 Reb-F 935 4.65 3.07 Reb-C 949 16.80 11.09 Dulcoside-A787 2.40 1.59 Rubusoside 641 3.15 2.08 Reb-B 803 1.91 1.26 Dulcoside B787 0.62 0.41 Steviolbioside 641 2.32 1.54 Reb-R 935 0.27 0.18 Reb-G 803<0.01 <0.01 Stevioside-B 787 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G1 641 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-R1773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Iso-Steviolbioside 641 <0.01<0.01 Sum 143.96 95.09 m/m refers to mass/mass

Four MRPs in this Example were prepared with the parameters as follow.

TABLE 13.2 Ratio of Stevia Weight extract of Weight to DL- Sample Steviaextract Stevia of DL- alanine Water No. reactant extract alanine (w:w)content 13-1 RD6/TSG(40+)95 9.7 g 0.3 g 97:3 50% 13-2 RD6/TSG(40+)95 9.5g 0.5 g 95:5 50% 13-3 RD6/TSG(40+30)95 9.7 g 0.3 g 97:3 50% 13-4RD6/TSG(40+30)95 9.5 g 0.5 g 95:5 50%

Example 14. Preparation of MRPs from RA99 (With NaOH) and Yeast Extract

20 g RA99 (available from Sweet Green Fields) was dissolved togetherwith 90 mg NaOH in 180 ml deionized water. The solution was heated to85° C-90° C. The reaction solution was stirred at that temperature for 1hour. Then 0.3 g Yeast Extract (available from Leiber GmbH, Germany) wasadded. Stirring was continued at that temperature for another 2 hours.When the reaction was complete, the solution was dried by spray dryer toobtain an off white powder MRP. It contained 88% of RA, 6.6% of RB and95.7% of TSG(9).

Example 15. Evaluate the Taste Profile of MRPs Compare to Their StartingMaterials

Test Method:

The samples were dissolved in deionized water with ultrasound at roomtemperature and left to equilibrate for 30 min. The concentrations ofthe solutions were all 500 ppm.

Panel: 4 Persons

For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested by a panelof four people. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samples first.The taster was asked to describe the taste profile and score 0-5according to the increasing sugar like, bitterness, aftertaste andlingering taste profiles. The first taster was allowed to re-taste, andthen make notes for the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards,another 3 tasters tasted and the attributes were noted and discussedopenly to find a suitable description. In case that more than 1 tasterdisagreed with the results, the tasting was repeated. For example, a “5”for sugar like is the best score for having a taste that is sugar likeand conversely a value of 0 or near zero is not sugar like. Similarly, a“5” for bitterness, aftertaste and lingering is not desired. A value ofzero or near zero means that the bitterness, aftertaste and/or lingeringis reduced or is removed. This method can also be used in Example 18.

Result:

TABLE 15.1 MRP of Example 1 comparing to RA97 Taste profile Sugar sampledescription like Bitterness aftertaste lingering RA97 Bitter, 3 3 4 3flat, sweet lingering MRP Almost no 4.5 0.5 1 2 of bitterness, full Ex.1 mouth feel, caramel aroma

TABLE 15.2 MRP of Example 2 comparing to RA75/RB15 sample Taste profiledescription Sugar like Bitterness aftertaste lingering RA75/RB15 flat,sweet lingering 4 0.5 0.5 2 MRP of Ex. full mouth feel, short 4.5 0.5 01 2 sweet lingering, caramel aroma

TABLE 15.3 Comparison of RA97, MRP of Example 3 and the blend of RA97with MRP of Example 5 (99:1, w/w) Taste profile Sugar sample descriptionlike Bitterness aftertaste lingering RA97 Bitter, flat, sweet 3   3  4   3 lingering 3-1 full mouth feel, 4   0.5 0   2 no off-note 3-2 fullmouth feel, 4   0.5 0.5 2 no off-note 3-3 full mouth feel, 4   0.5 1   2a little bitter aftertaste blend of More full 3.5 0.5 2   3 RA97 withmouth feel MRP of than RA97 but Ex. 5 less than the (99:1, w/w) MRPs ofEx 3, bitter aftertaste

TABLE 15.4 Comparison of RA50, MRP of Ex. 4 and the blend of RA50 withMRP of Example 5 (99:1, w/w) sample Taste profile description Sugar likeBitterness aftertaste lingering RA50 Very bitter, bitter and 2 4.5 4 4licorice aftertaste, flat, strong sweet lingering 4-1 full mouth feel, alittle 3.5 1.5 2 3 bitter and licorice aftertaste 4-2 full mouth feel,less 4 1 1 2 bitter but less sweet, short sweet lingering 4-3 full mouthfeel, almost 4 0.5 1 2 no bitterness, a little licorice aftertaste,short sweet lingering blend of RA50 full mouth feel, a little 3 1.5 3.53 with MRP of bitter, obvious licorice Ex. 5 (99:1, aftertaste, sweetw/w) lingering

TABLE 15.5 Comparison of GSG-RA20 to MRP of Example 6 sample Tasteprofile description Sugar like Bitterness aftertaste lingering GSG-RA20flat, obviously licorice 3.5 1 2 2 aftertaste, sweet lingering MRP ofEx. Almost no licorice 4.5 0.5 1 2 6 aftertaste, full mouth feel,caramel aroma

TABLE 15.6 Comparison of RU90 to MRP of Example 7 Taste profile Sugarsample description like Bitterness aftertaste lingering RU 90 Verybitter, licorice 2   5 3.5 3.5 aftertaste, sweet and bitter lingeringMRP of less bitterness, 3.5 2 1   2.5 Ex. 7 full mouth feel, caramelaroma, almost no licorice aftertaste

TABLE 15.7 Comparison of STV90 to MRP of Example 8 sample Taste profiledescription Sugar like Bitterness aftertaste lingering STV 90 Bitter,licorice aftertaste, 2 4.5 3.5 3.5 sweet and bitter lingering MRP of Ex.less bitterness, full mouth 3.5 2 1.5 2 8 feel, caramel aroma, almost nolicorice aftertaste

TABLE 15.8 Comparison of RA50 to MRPs of Example 9 Taste profile Sugarlinger- sample description like Bitterness aftertaste ing RA50 Verybitter, bitter 2 4.5 4 4 and licorice aftertaste, flat, strong sweetlingering 9-1 full mouth feel, a 4 1 1 3 pleasant aftertaste 9-2Sweeter, full mouth 4.5 0.5 1 2 feel, a very strong pleasant aftertaste,less lingering

TABLE 15.9 Comparison of RA80 to MRPs of Example 10 Taste profile Sugarlinger- sample description like Bitterness aftertaste ing RA80 Bitter;bitter 2 4 3.5 4 and licorice aftertaste; flat; sweet lingering 10-1full mouth feel 4 0.5 1 2.5 pleasant aftertaste short lingering 10-2Sweeter 4.5 0.5 1 2 full mouth feel very strong pleasant barbecue flavorless lingering

TABLE 15.10 Comparison of RA90/RD7 to MRPs of Example 11 Taste profileSugar linger- sample description like Bitterness aftertaste ing RA90/Fruit aftertaste; 4 0.5 3 3 RD7 flat; sweet lingering 11-1 full mouthfeel 4 0.5 1 2 caramel aroma short lingering 11-2 full mouth feel 4 0.51 2 caramel aroma less lingering 11-3 full mouth feel 4.5 0 1 1.5 umamiaroma short lingering 11-4 Sweeter 4.5 0 1 1 full mouth feel very strongpleasant barbecue flavor less lingering

TABLE 15.11 Comparison of RA80/RB10/RD6 to MRPs of Example 12 Tasteprofile Sugar linger- sample description like Bitterness aftertaste ingRA80/ flat; sweet 4 0.5 2 2 RB10/ lingering RD6 12-1 full mouth feel 4.50 1 1.5 caramel aroma short lingering 12-2 full mouth feel 4.5 0 1 1caramel aroma less lingering 12-3 full mouth feel 4.5 0 1 1.5 umamiaroma short lingering 12-4 Sweeter 4.5 0 1 1 full mouth feel very strongpleasant barbecue flavor less lingering

TABLE 15.12 Comparison of RD6/TSG(40+)95 to MRPs of Example 13 Tasteprofile Sugar linger- sample description like Bitterness aftertaste ingRD6/TSG Less sweet; 3 0.5 3 2 (40+)95 flat; strong herbal aftertaste;sweet lingering 13-1 full mouth feel 4 0 2 1.5 less herbal aftertastecaramel aroma short lingering 13-2 full mouth feel 4 0 1.5 1 almost noherbal aftertaste caramel aroma less lingering 13-3 full mouth feel 4 01.5 1.5 no herbal aftertaste umami aroma short lingering 13-4 Sweeter4.5 0 1 1 full mouth feel no herbal aftertaste strong umami aroma lesslingering

TABLE 15.13 MRP of Example 14 comparing to RA75/RB15 Taste profile SugarBitter- after- linger- Sample description like ness taste ing RA75/Flat; sweet 4 0.5 0.5 2 RB15 lingering MRP of Very sugar like; 4.5 0 1.51 Ex. 14 full mouth feel; sweeter;

Conclusion:

The taste profile of Stevia extract components can be improved byMaillard reaction. It provides the Stevia component with full mouthfeel, decreased or eliminated bitterness and a shortened sweetlingering.

Example 16. Evaluate the Taste Profile of MRPs Before and After theReaction

Stevia extract material:

RD6/TSG(40+)95, available from Sweet Green Fields.

RA99: contain 99.36% of Reb A, available from Sweet Green Fields.

Procedure: Stevia extract material was dissolved together with aminoacid and/or sugar donor in deionized water. Sodium carbonate was addedto the reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 8. The solution washeated at about 100 degrees centigrade for about 2 hours. When thereaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to providean off white powder MRP.

Several MRPs in this Example were prepared. The parameters and the tasteprofiles of the products are as follow in the following table.

TABLE 16.1 Amino acid sugar donor Water in Taste profile (after SampleStevia extract Weight ratio Weight ratio reaction reaction compared with# material/weight Type/weight to Stevia extract Type/weight to Steviaextract mixture before reaction)** 16-1 RA99/9.5 g Phenylalanine/  5:95— — 10 ml 1. Increased sweetness; 0.5 g 2. Violet flavor 16-2 RA99/9.5 glysine/0.5 g  5:95 — — 10 ml 1. Toast flavor; 2. A little more bitter16-3 RA99/9.5 g glutamate/0.5 g  5:95 — — 10 ml 1. Full mouth feel 2.Less sweet lingering 3. Little bit bitter 16-4 RA99/9.5 g Alanine/0.25 g2.5:95 Glucose/0.25 g 2.5:95 10 ml 1. Full mouth feel 2. Less sweetlingering 3. Quick onsite 16-5 RA99/9.5 g Alanine/0.25 g 2.5:95Galactose/0.25 g 2.5:95 10 ml 1. Full mouth feel 2. Less sweet lingering3. Quick onsite 16-6 RA99/9.5 g Alanine/0.25 g 2.5:95 Mannose/0.25 g2.5:95 10 ml 1. Full mouth feel 2. Less sweet lingering 3. Quick onsite16-7 RA99/9.5 g Alanine/0.25 g 2.5:95 Xylose/0.25 g 2.5:95 10 ml 1. Fullmouth feel 2. Less sweet lingering 3. Quick onsite 16-8 RA99/9.5 gAlanine/0.17 g 1.7:95 Glucose/0.33 g 3.3:95 10 ml 1. Full mouth feel 2.Less sweet lingering 3. Quick onsite 16-9 RA99/9.5 g Alanine/0.125 g1.25:95 Glucose/0.375 g 3.75:95 10 ml 1. Increased sweetness; 2. Fullmouth feel 3. Quick onsite 16-10 RD6/ Alanine/0.33 g 3.3:90 Glucose/0.67g 6.7:90  5 ml 1. Full mouth feel TSG(40+)95/ 2. Pleasant herbal 9 gsmell and taste 16-11 RD6/ Phenylalanine/  4:96 — —  5 ml 1. Violetflavor TSG(40+)95/ 0.4 g 2. Full mouth feel 9.6 g 16-12 RD6/Phenylalanine/ 3.3:90 Glucose/0.67 g 6.7:90  5 ml 1. Violet flavor, moreTSG(40+)95/ 0.33 g intense than 16-9 9 g 2. Full mouth feel 16-13 RD6/lysine/0.33 g 3.3:90 glucose/0.67 g 6.7:90  5 ml 1. Nut flavorTSG(40+)95/ 2. Full mouth feel 9 g 3. Less sweet lingering 16-14 RD6/Glutamic 3.3:90 glucose/0.67 g 6.7:90  5 ml 1. Jasmine flavorTSG(40+)95/ acid/0.33 g 2. Full mouth feel 9 g 3. Less sweet lingering16-15 RD6/ threonine/0.33 g 3.3:90 glucose/0.67 g 6.7:90  5 ml 1.Caramel flavor TSG(40+)95/ 2. Full mouth feel 9 g 3. Less sweetlingering 16-16 RD6/ valine/0.33 g 3.3:90 glucose/0.67 g 6.7:90  5 ml 1.Full mouth feel TSG95(40+)/ 2. Less sweet lingering 9 g

Taste and smell were evaluated under following conditions: roomtemperature (around 25 centigrade), neutral water, 500 ppm of testmaterial, each sample tested two times. Method: 1 trained taster tastedindependently the samples first. The taster was allowed to re-taste, andthen made notes for the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards,another 3 tasters tasted and the attributes were noted and discussedopenly to find a suitable description. In case that more than 1 tasterdisagreed with the result, the tasting was repeated. This method wasalso used in Examples 16, 17, 20, 21, 24, 26-28.

Example 17. Evaluate the Taste Profile of MRPs Compared to TheirStarting Materials

Monk Fruit Extract Materials:

Mogroside V 25%: contains 25.56% of Mogroside V, available from HunanHuacheng Biotech, Inc., China; Mogroside V 60%: contain 60.18% ofMogroside V, available from Hunan Huacheng Biotech, Inc., China.

Common process: Monk fruit extract material was dissolved together withamino acid in deionized water. 10 ml deionized water was added to makethe solid contents of the reaction to 50%. Sodium carbonate was added tothe reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 10. The solution was thenheated at about 100 degrees centigrade for about 2 hours. When thereaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to providean off white powder MRP.

Several MRPs in this Example were prepared. The parameters and the tasteprofile of the products are as follow (taste profile compared withinitial Monk Fruit extract). The test procedure was that as described inExample 16.

TABLE 17.1 Results Monk fruit Amino acid extract Weight ratio Samplematerial/ Type/ to Monk # weight weight fruit extract Taste profile 17-1Mogroside V Alanine/  5:95 1. Full mouth 25%/9.5 g 0.5 g feel; 2.Caramel 3. Reduced sweet lingering 17-2 Mogroside V Alanine/ 10:90 1.Full mouth 25%/9 g 1 g feel; 2. Caramel richer than 17-1 3. Reducedsweet lingering 17-3 Mogroside V Alanine/  5:95 1. Full mouth 60%/9.5 g0.5 g feel 2. Reduced sweet lingering 3. less bitter than material 4.Caramel 17-4 Mogroside V Alanine/1 g 10:90 1. Full mouth 60%/9g feel 2.Reduced sweet lingering 3. less bitter than material 4. Caramel richerthan 17-3

Example 18. Evaluation of the Taste Profiles of MRPs Compared to TheirStarting Material

Materials: RA99 (contains 99.1% of Reb A), RD90 (contains 93.1% of RebD) and RM190 (contains 93.1% of Reb M) are all available from SweetGreen Fields.

Common process: Stevia extract material was dissolved together with anamino acid in deionized water. 10 ml deionized water was added to makethe solid contents of the reaction to 50%. Sodium carbonate was added tothe reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 10. The solution was thenheated at about 100 degrees centigrade for about 2 hours. When thereaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to providean off white powder MRP.

Several MRPs in this Example were prepared. The parameters and the tasteprofile of the products are as follow. (Taste profile is compared withinitial steviol glycosides). The test procedure was the same as that ofExample 16.

TABLE 18.1 Results Amino acid Weight ratio to Sample Stevia extractType/ Monk fruit # material/weight weight extract Taste profile 18-1RD90/9.5 g Alanine/ 5:95 1. Full mouth 0.5 g feel; 2. Caramel 3. Reducedsweet lingering 18-2 Blend of RD90 Alanine/ 5:95 1. Full mouth and RM90with 0.5 g feel; the ratio of 2. Caramel 9:1/9.5 g 3. Reduced sweetlingering 4. Reduced aftertaste 18-3 Blend of RA99, Alanine/ 5:95 1.Full mouth RD90 and 0.5 g feel RM90 with 2. Reduced the ratio of sweetlingering 1:8.1:0.9/9.5 g 3. Caramel 18-4 Blend of RA99, alanine/5:95 1. Full mouth RD90 and 0.5 g feel RA490 with 2. Reduced the ratioof sweet lingering 4:5.4:0.6/9.5 g 3. Caramel

Example 19. Evaluation of the Improvement Effects of MRPs to CommonStevia Extract Products

Materials:

MRP—product of Example 16-1

Stevia extract—RA97 (Available from Sweet Green Fields)

TABLE 19.1 Samples Sample composition # MRP RA97 control 500 ppm 19-1475 ppm  25 ppm 19-2 450 ppm  50 ppm 19-3 350 ppm 150 ppm

Evaluation of the taste profile of the samples according to the methodused in Example 15. The test results were as follow.

TABLE 19.2 Taste profiles sample Taste profile Sugar linger- controldescription like Bitterness aftertaste ing Bitter, flat, 3 3 4 3 sweetlingering 19-1 1. A little 4 1.5 2 2 fragrance of a flower 2. Lessbitter and less aftertaste 19-2 1. full mouth feel 4 0.5 0.5 1 2.fragrance of violet flower 3. less bitter 4. reduced sweet lingering19-3 1. full mouth feel 4.5 0.5 0 0.5 2. strong fragrance of violetflower 3. less bitter 4. reduced sweet lingering

Conclusion: MRP can improve the taste profile of the common Steviaextract significantly. It can give special flavor, improve the mouthfeel and reduce the bitter and sweet lingering.

Example 20. Comparison of Steviol Glycoside Composition Before and AfterMaillard Reaction

Materials:

Reference standards for steviol glycosides (Reb A, Reb B, Reb C, Reb D,Reb E, Reb F, Reb G, Reb M, Reb N) were obtained from Chromadex (LGCGermany). Solvents and reagents (HPLC grade) were obtained from VWR(Vienna) or Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna).

Davisil Grade 633 (high-purity grade silica gel, pore size 60 A, 200-425mesh particle size was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna).

Sample Preparation:

300 mg sample was dissolved in 20 ml Acetonitrile/H₂O=9/1 (v/v).

HPLC-Method:

The HPLC system consisted of an Agilent 1100 system (autosampler,ternary gradient pump, column thermostat, VWD-UV/VIS detector,DAD-UV/VIS detector) connected in-line to an Agilent mass spectrometer(ESI-MS quadrupole G1956A VL). For HPLC analysis 150 mg of thecorresponding sample was dissolved in Acetonitrile (1 ml) and filled upto 10 ml with H₂O.

The samples were separated at 0.8 ml/min on a Phenomenex SynergiHydro-RP (150×3 mm) followed by a Macherey-Nagel Nucleosil 100-7 C18(250×4.6 mm) at 45° C. by gradient elution. Mobile Phase A consisted ofa 0.01 molar NH₄-Acetate buffer (native pH) with 0.1% acetic acid, 0.05%trimethylamine and 0.001% dichloromethane. Mobile Phase B consisted of0.01 molar NH₄-Acetate buffer (native pH) and Acetonitrile (1/9 v/v)with 0.1% acetic acid, 0.05% trimethylamine and 0.001% dichloromethane.The gradient started with 22% B, was increased linearly in 20 minutes to45% B and kept at this condition for another 15 minutes. Injectionvolume was set to 10 μl.

The detectors were set to 210 nm (VWD), to 205 and 254 nm (DAD withspectra collection between 200-600 nm) and to ESI negative mode TIC m/z300-1500, Fragmentor 200, Gain 2 (MS, 300° C., nitrogen 12 l/min,nebulizer setting 50 psig. Capillary voltage 4500 V).

Detection at 210 nm was used to quantify the chromatograms, theMS-spectra were used to determine the molar mass and structuralinformation of individual peaks. Detection at 254 nm was used toidentify non-steviol glycoside peaks.

Identification and Quantification:

Steviol-glycosides were identified by comparison of retention times toauthentic reference standards and/or by evaluation of the mass spectraobtained (including interpretation of the fragmentation pattern anddouble charged ions triggered by the presence of dichloromethane).

Steviol-glycosides were quantified against external standards. In casethat no reference standard was available quantification was performedagainst Reb-A.

The maximum calibration range of reference standards was in a range0.1-50 mg/10 ml (dissolved in Acetonitrile/H₂O=9/1 (v/v)).

The Tables 20.1 and 20.2 provide detailed data evaluation andquantification of steviol-glycosides in all Stevia extract of Example 37as tested. Peaks without structural information are not shown.

TABLE 20.1 RA50 after Maillard Reaction. Name m/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml %m/m Related steviol 517 or 427 <0.01 <0.01 glycoside #1 Related steviol981 <0.01 <0.01 glycoside #2 Related steviol 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01glycoside #3 Related steviol 675 or 1127 0.54 0.336 glycoside #4 Relatedsteviol 981 2.35 1.457 glycoside #5 Reb-V 1259 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-T 1127<0.01 <0.01 Reb-E 965 1.01 0.625 Reb-O 1435 0.44 0.275 Reb-D 1127 2.051.268 Reb-K 1111 0.10 0.060 Reb-N 1273 0.16 0.097 Reb-M 1289 0.09 0.054Reb-S 949 0.19 0.118 Reb-J 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-W 1097 <0.01 <0.01Reb-U2 1097 0.05 0.031 Reb-W2/3 1097 0.19 0.119 Reb-O2 965 0.18 0.112Reb-Y 1259 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-I 1127 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-V2 1259 <0.01 <0.01Reb-K2 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-H 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-A 965 69.53 43.054Stevioside 803 48.01 29.730 Reb-F 935 1.52 0.942 Reb-C 949 8.60 5.322Dulcoside-A 787 0.32 0.197 Rubusoside 641 0.80 0.495 Reb-B 803 6.343.925 Dulcoside B 787 0.90 0.555 Steviolbioside 641 1.16 0.719 Reb-R 9350.03 0.020 Reb-G 803 0.21 0.131 Stevioside-B 787 0.77 0.475 Reb-G1 6410.23 0.144 Reb-R1 773 1.74 1.080 Reb-F1 773 <0.01 <0.01Iso-Steviolbioside 641 <0.01 <0.01 Sum 147.52 91.34

TABLE 20.2 Typical Steviol glycosides in RA50 Name m/z [M-H]⁻ mg/10 ml %m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviolglycoside #2  981  0.23  0.130 Related steviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 0.27  0.151 Related steviol glycoside #4  675 or 1127  0.07  0.037Related steviol glycoside #5  981  2.23  1.242 Reb-V 1259 <0.01 <0.01Reb-T 1127 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-E  965  0.87  0.487 Reb-O 1435  0.02  0.009Reb-D 1127  2.63  1.464 Reb-K 1111  0.06  0.035 Reb-N 1273  0.03  0.014Reb-M 1289  0.07  0.038 Reb-S  949  0.00  −0.002 Reb-J 1111  0.05  0.028Reb-W 1097  0.13  0.074 Reb-U2 1097 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-W2/3 1097 <0.01<0.01 Reb-O2  965  0.08  0.047 Reb-Y 1259  0.09  0.050 Reb-I 1127 <0.01<0.01 Reb-V2 1259 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-K2 1111  1.19  0.661 Reb-H 1111 <0.01<0.01 Reb-A  965 91.72  51.041 Stevioside  803 55.43  30.844 Reb-F  935 0.15  0.086 Reb-C  949  7.40  4.118 Dulcoside-A  787  0.45  0.248Rubusoside  641  0.47  0.260 Reb-B  803  4.02  2.239 Dulcoside B  787 0.65  0.362 Steviolbioside  641  0.96  0.531 Reb-R  935  0.01  0.005Reb-G  803  0.23  0.128 Stevioside-B  787  0.94  0.526 Reb-G1  641 <0.01<0.01 Reb-R1  773  1.39  0.771 Reb-F1  773 <0.01 <0.01Iso-Steviolbioside  641  0.23  0.130 Sum 171.33  95.34

Example 21. Evaluation of the Taste Profiles of MRPs Compared to TheirStarting Material

Stevia extract material:

RD6/TSG(40+)95: Available from Sweet Green Fields;

Common process: Stevia extract material RD6/TSG(40+)95 was dissolvedtogether with an amino acid and a reducing sugar in deionized water.Sodium carbonate was added to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH toabout 8. The solution was then heated at about 100 degrees centigradefor about 2 hours. When the reaction was completed, the slurry was driedby spray dryer to afford an off white powder MRP.

Several MRPs in this Example were prepared. The parameters and the tasteprofile of the products are as follow. The test procedure was the sameas that of Example 16.

TABLE 21.1 Amino acid reducing sugar Weight of Weight ratio Weight ratioWater in Sample Stevia to Stevia to Stevia reaction Taste # extractType/weight extract Type/weight extract mixture profile 21-1 9.5 gValine/0.17 g 1.7:95 Fructose/0.33 g 3.3:95 5 ml 1. Full mouth feel; 2.caramel 21-2 9.5 g glutamic acid/ 1.7:95 Fructose/0.33 g 3.3:95 5 ml 1.Quick 0.17 g onsite; 2. Orange flavor 21-3 9.5 g Aspartic acid/ 1.7:95Fructose/0.33 g 3.3:95 5 ml 1. Full 0.17 g mouth feel; 2. Verysugar-like 21-4 9.5 g Phenylalanine/ 1.7:95 Fructose/0.33 g 3.3:95 5ml 1. Quick 0.17 g onsite; 2. Reduced sweet lingering; 3. Fragrance offlowers 21-5 9.5 g Lysine/0.17 g 1.7:95 Fructose/0.33 g 3.3:95 5 ml 1.Quick onsite; 2. Toast flavor 21-6 9.5 g glutamic acid/ 1.7:95Rhamnose/0.33 g 3.3:95 5 ml 1. Full 0.17 g mouth feel 2. Caramel flavor3. Fruity flavor 21-7 9.5 g Lysine/0.17 g 1.7:95 Rhamnose/0.33 g 3.3:955 ml 1. Full mouth feel; 2. Barbecue flavor 21-8 8.5 g Phenylalanine/0.7g  7:85 Galactose/0.8 g   8:85 3.3 ml Violet flavor 21-9 8.5 g glutamicacid/0.7 g  7:85 Galactose/0.8 g   8:85 3.3 ml 1. Fragrance of flowers;2. Lemon flavor 21-10 7.4 g glutamic acid/1.1 g 11:74 Galactose/1.5 g15:74 3 ml Fruity flavor 21-11 8.5 g Valine/0.7 g  7:85 Galactose/0.8 g  8:85 3.3 ml Caramel flavor 21-12 8.5 g Phenylalanine/0.7 g  7:85Lactose/0.8 g   8:85 3.3 ml 1. Fragrance of flowers; 2. Green tea flavor21-13 8.5 g glutamic acid/0.7 g  7:85 Lactose /0.8 g   8:85 3.3 mlOrange flavor 21-14 8.5 g Valine/0.7 g  7:85 Lactose/0.8 g   8:85 3.3 mlCaramel flavor 21-15 8.5 g Phenylalanine/0.7 g  7:85 Mannose/0.8 g  8:85 3.3 ml Nectar flavor 21-16 8.5 g Lysine/0.7 g  7:85 Mannose/0.8 g  8:85 3.3 ml Peach flavor 21-17 8.5 g Valine/0.7 g  7:85 Mannose/0.8 g  8:85 3.3 ml Jujube flavor

Example 22. Evaluation of Taste Profiles of MRPs in DifferentConcentration

Different concentrations of MRP samples were prepared from Steviaextract: RD6/TSG(40+)95 and then evaluated for their flavor. Theparameters and result are as follow.

The MRP sample is the product of Sample 21-8, 21-9, 21-11 and 21-15.

TABLE 22.1 EX. 21-8 EX. 21-9 EX. 21-11 EX. 21-15  50 ppm No flavorSlight Slight — fragrance caramel flavor  100 ppm Slight violetFragrance Slight Slight violet and flavor of caramel caramel flavorflowers flavor  500 ppm Thick lilac Nectar Caramel Nectar flavor; flowerflavor flavor Reduced sweet flavor lingering 1000 ppm Rose LemonChocolate Thick nectar flavor; flavor flavor flavor More sweet 2000 ppm— — — Thick nectar flavor; More sweet; A little bitter 3000 ppm — — —Very thick nectar flavor; More sweet; A litter bitter

This demonstrates that the identical MRP at different concentrations canprovide different flavors.

It was found that even for same MRP, different concentrations canprovide different flavors. The test method was the same as that ofExample 16.

Example 23. Preparation of MRP from Sucralose, Phenylalanine andGalactose

10 g of sucralose (available from ANHUI JINHE INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD,China) was dissolved together with 1 g phenylalanine and 0.8 g galactosein 4 g deionized water. Sodium carbonate was added to the reactionmixture to adjust the pH to about 8. The solution was heated at about100 degrees centigrade for about 2 hours. When the reaction wascompleted, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to provide an off whitepowder MRP. Compared to unreacted sucralose, the MRP provided thickviolet flavor as well as a reduction of the sweet lingering.

Example 24. Preparation of MRP from RD6/TSG(40+)95, Amino Acid Blend andReducing Sugar Blend

3.8 g RD6/TSG(40+)95 was dissolved together with an amino acid blend(mixture of 0.1 g lysine, 0.1 g alanine, 0.1 g serine, 0.1 g glycine and0.1 g threonine) and a reducing sugar blend (mixture of 0.2 g glucoseand 0.6 g fructose) in deionized water. The solution was heated at about100 degrees centigrade for about 2 hours. When the reaction wascompleted, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to provide an off whitepowder MRP.

The MRP prepared in this Example gave a pleasant nut flavor.

Example 25. Comparison of the Taste Profiles of MRPs Plus Sugar to Sugar

Enough citric acid was dissolved in deionized water to obtain a solutionwith pH 3.0. The solution was used to dissolve sugar and several MRPsprepared in above examples obtain several solutions as shown in thetable below.

TABLE 25.1 Solution MRP concentration # used sugar MRP 1 — 10% — 2 EX.16-10  5% 700 ppm 3 EX. 21-15  5% 700 ppm 4 EX. 21-9  5% 700 ppm 5 EX.21-11  5% 700 ppm 6 EX. 24  5% 700 ppm

The sugar solution (solution 1) was used as a control. A panel including8 persons was asked to taste the solutions and make a comparison betweeneach of solutions 2 through 6 in comparison to solution 1. The panelevaluated the sweetness, described the taste and mouth feel and chosewhich solution(s) performed best. The results are as follow:

TABLE 25.2 sweetness Less than Same as More than favorite Solution#solution 1 solution 1 solution 1 Taste Description control MRP 2 0 44 1. Very full body 0 8 2. Obvious violet note and taste 3. No bitter 30 3 5 1. Very full body 0 8 2. Nectar flavor 3. plum mouth feel 4. nobitter 4 0 3 5 1. Very full body 0 8 2. Fruity taste; 3. Orange note andtaste 5 0 4 4 1. Very full body 1 7 2. Caramel taste 3. Obvious toffeetaste 4. A little bitter 6 0 4 4 1. Very full body 3 5 2. Fried nuttaste

It can be concluded that MRPs can reduce the usage of sugar by 50% ormore without losing any good mouth feel, even when the total sugarequivalence (SE) reaches up to 10%-11%. The MRPs can give other pleasantnotes and tastes, which makes the taste of sugar reduction productsbetter than that of sugar.

Example 26. Taste Profiles of MRPs from RA90/RD7, Amino Acid and/orVitamin C and Reducing Sugar

Stevia extract material:

RA90/RD7: Available from Sweet Green Fields.

General Process for Samples 26-1 through 26-18:

5 g Stevia extract material was dissolved with 0.1 g amino acid and/orvitamin C and 0.1 g of a reducing sugar in 5 g deionized water. Thesolution was then heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for about 2hours. When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spraydryer to provide an off white powdered MRP. The test method was the sameas that of Example 16.

TABLE 26.1 The parameters and the taste profiles of the products. SampleAmino acid and/or reducing # vitamin C sugar Taste profile 26-1Phenylalanine Lactose Violet flavor 26-2 Valine Lactose Caramel flavor26-3 Glutamic acid Lactose acid 26-4 Tryptophan Lactose No other flavor,just sweet 26-5 Proline Lactose woody 26-6 Vitamin C Lactose Slightchocolate flavor; Milky aftertaste 26-7 Phenylalanine Galactose Violetflavor 26-8 glutamic acid Galactose acid 26-9 Valine Galactose Toastflavor 26-10 Tryptophan Galactose No other flavor, just sweet 26-11Phenylalanine Mannose Nectar 26-12 Glutamic acid Mannose No otherflavor, just sweet 26-13 Valine Mannose Toast flavor 26-14 TryptophanMannose No other flavor, just sweet 26-15 Phenylalanine Rhamnose Fruity26-16 Glutamic acid Rhamnose Roast barley flavor 26-17 Valine RhamnoseCaramel flavor 26-18 Tryptophan Rhamnose No other flavor, just sweet

Example 27. Comparison of the Taste Profiles of MRPs Plus Sugar andThaumatin to Sugar

Enough citric acid was dissolved in deionized water to obtain a solutionwith pH 3.0. The solution was used to dissolve sugar, thaumatin(available from Sweet Green Fields) and an MRP prepared in Example 26-1to make several solutions as shown in the table below.

TABLE 27.1 Solution MRP concentration # used sugar MRP Thaumatin 1 — 10%— — 2 EX. 26-1 — 1000 ppm — 3 EX. 26-1 —  800 ppm 0.5 ppm 4 EX. 26-1 — 600 ppm   1 ppm 5 EX. 26-1  2%  500 ppm   1 ppm

The sugar solution (solution 1) was used as a control. A panel including6 persons was asked to taste the solutions and make comparisons betweeneach of solutions 2 through 5 in comparison to solution 1. The panelevaluated the sweetness and described the taste and mouth feel. Theresults are as follow:

TABLE 26.2 sweetness Solu- Less than Same as More than tion# solution 1solution 1 solution 1 Taste Description 2 0 6 1. Obvious violet note andtaste 2. Full body 3. Obvious bitter aftertaste 4. Sweet lingering 3 1 50 1. Significant violet note and taste 2. Full body 3. Obvious bitteraftertaste 4. Sweet lingering 4 0 5 1 1. Significant violet note andtaste 2. Full body 3. A little bitter aftertaste 4. Sweet lingering 5 06 1. Very full body 2. Significant violet note and taste 3. Slightlybitter aftertaste 4. Slightly sweet lingering

It can be seen that MRP of RA90/RD7 together with thaumatin can reducethe usage of sugar by 80% or more as well as keep good mouth feel, evenwhen the total sugar equivalence (SE) reached up to 10%-12%. However,for full sugar reduction application, although the MRP of RA90/RD7 aloneor together with thaumatin can reach up to 10% SE, it did not provide asatisfactory taste because of the bitter aftertaste.

Example 28. Evaluation of the Taste Profiles of MRPs from RA80, AminoAcids and/or Vitamin C and Reducing Sugar

Stevia extract material:

RA80: Available from Sweet Green Fields.

General process for Samples 28-1 through 28-6: 5 g Stevia extractmaterial was dissolved together with 0.1 g of an amino acid and/orvitamin C and 0.1 g of a reducing sugar in 5 g deionized water. Thesolution was then heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for about 2hours. When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spraydryer to provide an off white powdered MRP. The test method was the sameas that of Example 16.

TABLE 28.1 the parameters and the taste profile of the products Aminoacid and/or reducing Sample # vitamin C sugar Taste profile 28-1Phenylalanine Mannose 1. Thick violet and nectar flavor 2. Almost nobitter 28-2 Phenylalanine Lactose No other flavor, just sweet 28-3Phenylalanine Galactose 1. Thick violet flavor 2. slightly bitter 28-4Phenylalanine Rhamnose No other flavor, just sweet 28-5 PhenylalanineRaffinose 1. Thick violet flavor 2. slightly bitter 28-6 Leucine +Vitamin C Glucose 1. Pancake flavor (1:1 w/w) 2. Milky aftertaste

These samples were evaluated by 4 persons. For RA80, the MRPs preparedprovided a pleasant flavor/taste and improved mouth feel.

Example 29. Evaluation of the Taste Profiles of MRPs from RA80, AminoAcids and Reducing Sugar

Stevia extract material:

RA80: Available from Sweet Green Fields.

General process for Samples 29-1 through 29-4: 5 g Stevia extractmaterial was dissolved with 0.4 g of an amino acid and 0.4 g of areducing sugar in 5 g deionized water and 10 g glycerin. The solutionwas heated to about 120 degrees centigrade for about 1 hour. When thereaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to providean off white powder MRP.

TABLE 29.1 the parameters and the taste profile of the products reducingSample # Amino acid sugar Taste profile 29-1 Phenylalanine Glucose Noother flavor, just sweet 29-2 valine Mannose 1. Caramel flavor 2. Blackchocolate flavor 3. Cocoa aftertaste 29-3 valine Raffinose 1. Fried nutsmell 2. Black chocolate flavor 29-4 valine Glucose 1. Fried nut smell2. Significant black chocolate flavor

The samples were evaluated by 4 persons. For RA80, the MRPs preparedprovided a pleasant chocolate flavor/taste and improved mouth feel. Thetest method was the same as that of Example 16.

Example 30. Evaluation of the Taste Profile of MRP Plus Sugar Comparedto Sugar

Enough citric acid was dissolved in deionized water to obtain a solutionwith pH 3.0. The solution was used to dissolve sugar or the MRP preparedin example 29-2 to make solutions as shown in the table below:

TABLE 30.1 concentration Solution# MRP used sugar MRP 1 — 10% — 2 EX.29-2  5% 250 ppm

The sugar solution (solution 1) was used as a control. A panel including6 persons was asked to taste the solutions and to make a comparison. Thepanel compared the sweetness and described the taste and mouth feel. Thetest method was the same as that of Example 16. The results are asfollow:

TABLE 30.2 sweetness Less than Same as More than Solution# solution 1solution 1 solution 1 Taste Description 2 0 6 0 1. Very full body 2.Significant chocolate milk taste 3. Slightly bitter aftertaste

It can be seen that MRP of RA80 can reduce the usage of sugar by 50% ormore as well as provide good mouth feel, even when the total sugarequivalence (SE) reaches up to 10%. In addition, it can give a verypleasant taste like that of chocolate milk.

Example 31. Evaluation of the Taste Profiles of MRPs from SteviaExtract, Glucose and Phenylalanine

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37

General Process for Samples 31-1-1 through 31-6-3:

Glucose and phenylalanine were blended in particular ratios and noted asa G&P mixture in the table below. The Stevia extract material wasdissolved together with the G&P mixture in 5 ml deionized water toadjust the solids content to 67%. Sodium carbonate was added to thereaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 8 or citric acid was added tothe reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 3 or no pH regulator wasadded so that the pH was about 5. The solution was then heated at about100 degrees centigrade for a period of time as noted in the table. Whenthe reaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spray dryer toprovide an off white powdered MRP.

Experiments

The parameters and the taste profile of the products are as follow. Eachsample was evaluated by a panel of 4 people and the resultant data wasthe average of the panel.

TABLE 31.1 Ratio of Ratio glucose to of Taste profile* Weight Weightphenylalanine Stevia Duration Intensity of Weight of in G&P to G&P at ofIntensity Sample Stevia of phenyl- mixture mixture 100° C./ flower offloral Full Sweet # extract glucose alanine w/w w/w pH hour smell tastebody lingering bitter 31-1-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1  3 2 1 0.5 14 1 31-1-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 31-1-3   8 g 1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 31-1-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:170:30 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 31-1-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 3 2 3 3 3 2 131-1-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 31-1-7   4 g     4g     2 g 2:1 40:60 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 31-1-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:1 30:703 2 1 1 2 1 1 31-1-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:80 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 31-1-  1 g     6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 3 2 1 0.5 1 1 2 10 31-1- 0.1 g   6.6 g  3.3 g 2:1  1:99 3 2 1 0.5 0.5 0 2 11 31-2-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:199:1  5 2 1 0.5 1 4 2 31-2-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 2 2 2 2 31 31-2-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 5 2 3 3 3 2 1 31-2-4   7 g    2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 5 2 4 4 3 2 0.5 31-2-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g2:1 60:40 5 2 4 4 3 2 0.5 31-2-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 5 2 4 42.5 1.5 0.5 31-2-7   4 g     4 g     2 g 2:1 40:60 5 2 2.5 3 2 1.5 0.531-2-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:1 30:70 5 2 1.5 1 2 1 0.5 31-2-9   2 g 5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:80 5 2 1.5 1 2 1 1 31-2-   1 g     6 g     3 g2:1 10:90 5 2 1 0.5 1 1 1.5 10 31-2- 0.1 g   6.6 g   3.3 g 2:1  1:99 5 21 0.5 1 1 2 11 31-3-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1  8 2 1 0.5 1 4 231-3-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 8 2 1 1 1.5 2 1 31-3-3   8 g 1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 8 2 1.5 1 1.5 2 1 31-3-4   7 g     2 g     1 g2:1 70:30 8 2 1.5 1.5 2.5 2 1 31-3-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 8 23 2 2.5 2 1 31-3-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 8 2 3 2.5 2.5 2 131-3-7   4 g     4 g     2 g 2:1 40:60 8 2 2 2 2 2 0.5 31-3-8   3 g 4.67 g  2.33 g 2:1 30:70 8 2 1 1 1.5 2 0.5 31-3-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g2:1 20:80 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 31-3-   1 g     6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 8 2 0.50.5 1 1 1.5 10 31-3- 0.1 g  6.6 g  3.3 g 2:1  1:99 8 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 1.511 31-4-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1  5 4 1 0.5 1 3.5 1 31-4-2   9 g 0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 4 2 2 2 2 0.5 31-4-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g2:1 80:20 5 4 4 3.5 3 1.5 0 31-4-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 5 4 55 3 1.5 0 31-4-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 5 4 5 5 3 1 0 31-4-6  5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 5 4 3.5 3.5 3 1 0.5 31-4-7   4 g     4 g    2 g 2:1 40:60 5 4 1 1.5 2 1 1 31-4-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:1 30:705 4 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 31-4-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:80 5 4 0.5 0.5 10.5 1.5 31-4-   1 g     6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 5 4 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 1.5 1031-4- 0.1 g   6.6 g   3.3 g 2:1  1:99 5 4 0.5 0.5 1 0 2 11 31-5-1 9.9 g 0.05 g  0.05 g 1:1 99:1  5 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 4 0 31-5-2   9 g   0.5 g   0.5g 1:1 90:10 5 2 1 1.5 1 2 0 31-5-3   8 g     1 g     1 g 1:1 80:20 5 2 22 2.5 2 0 31-5-4   7 g   1.5 g   1.5 g 1:1 70:30 5 2 2 2.5 2 2 0 31-5-5  6 g     2 g     2 g 1:1 60:40 5 2 3 3 3 2 0 31-5-6   5 g   2.5 g   2.5g 1:1 50:50 5 2 2 2 3 2 0.5 31-5-7   4 g     3 g     3 g 1:1 40:60 5 2 11 2 1.5 0.5 31-5-8   3 g   3.5 g   3.5 g 1:1 30:70 5 2 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.531-5-9   2 g     4 g     4 g 1:1 20:80 5 2 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 31-5-   1 g  4.5 g   4.5 g 1:1 10:90 5 2 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 1.5 10   9 g 31-5- 0.1 g 4.95 g  4.95 g 1:1  1:99 5 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 11 31-6-1   9 g  0.67g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 8 5 4 3 1.5 0.5 31-6-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:190:10 5 12 3 2.5 3 1.5 0.5 31-6-3   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 24 10.5 2 2 1 *the solid content of the taste solution is 500 ppm for eachsample.

Method: For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested bya panel of four people. The panel was asked to describe the tasteprofile and score values between 0-5 according to the increasingintensity of flower smell, intensity of floral taste, full body, sweetlingering and bitterness. One trained taster tasted independently thesamples first. The tester was allowed to re-taste, and then make notesfor the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards, another three tasterstasted the sample and the attributes were noted and discussed openly tofind a suitable description. In case that more than one taster disagreedwith the result, the tasting was repeated. For example, a “5” forintensity of flower smell is the best score for having a strong pleasantsmell and conversely a value of 0 or near 0 means the smell is veryslight. Similarly, a “5” for bitterness, and sweet lingering is notdesired. A value of zero or near zero means that the bitterness, and/orsweet lingering is reduced or is removed.

Data Analysis

The relationship between the intensity of floral taste to the ratio ofStevia to G&P mixture is depicted in FIG. 1.

Observations:

(1) For pH, the MRPs prepared with an acidic regulator, an alkalineregulator or at their naturally occurring pH all provided a pleasantfloral taste and fragrance as well as improving the mouth feel of theStevia extract. The effect was more intense at the unbuffered pH value(pH 5) in comparison to adjusted pH values (pH 3 or 8).

(2) For the ratio of Stevia to the G&P mixtures, it can be seen thatover the ratio range of 99:1 to 1:99, the MRPs provided fragrance,taste, and mouth feel improvement. Among those, there is a range inwhich the taste and mouth feel of the MRPs is enhanced. The ratio rangeis about 90:10 to 40:60.

(3) For the ratio of glucose to phenylalanine, the improvement offragrance, taste, and mouth feel was more intense by increasing theratio of glucose to phenylalanine. The more glucose, the better thetaste profile and the more extensive the range of the ratio of Stevia tothe G&P mixture.

(4) For the reaction duration, the MRPs can improve the fragrance,taste, and mouth feel of Stevia extract even after reaction of thecomponents at 24 hours. However, short reaction times, for example 8hours, appear to improve the products. That is, because it is believed,that the flavorful substances are generated early on in the reaction andmay change to less flavorful components after additional reaction time.

Example 32. Evaluation of the Taste Profiles of MRPs from SteviaExtract, Galactose and Glutamic Acid

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37

General Process for Samples 32-1-1 through 32-6-3:

Galactose and glutamic acid were blended in particular ratios and notedas a G&P mixture in the table below. The Stevia extract material wasdissolved together with the G&P mixture in 5 ml deionized water toadjust the solids content to 67%. Sodium carbonate was added to thereaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 8 or add citric acid wasadded to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 3 or no pHregulator was added so that the pH was about 5. The solution was thenheated at about 100 degrees centigrade for a period of time (see table).When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spray dryer toprovide an off white powdered MRP.

Experiments

The parameters and the taste profiles of the products were as follow.Each sample was evaluated by a panel of 4 people and the resultant datawas the average of the panel.

TABLE 32.1 Ratio of Ratio of galactose to Stevia Taste profile* WeightWeight glutamic to Duration Intensity Intensity of Weight of acid in G&PG&P at of of Sample Stevia of glutamic mixture mixture 100° C./tangerine tangerine Full Sweet # extract galactose acid w/w w/w pH hoursmell taste body lingering bitter 32-1-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1 3 2 1 0.5 1 4 0 32-1-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 3 2 1 1 2 2 032-1-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 3 2 2 3 3 1 0 32-1-4   7 g     2g     1 g 2:1 70:30 3 2 4 4 4 1 0 32-1-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:403 2 3 3 3.5 1 0 32-1-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 3 2 1 2.5 3 1 032-1-7   4 g     4 g     2 g 2:1 40:60 3 2 1 2 3 1 0 32-1-8   3 g  4.67g  2.33 g 2:1 30:70 3 2 1 1 2 1 0 32-1-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:803 2 1 1 1 0.5 0 32-1-   1 g     6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 3 2 1 1 1 0.5 0 1032-1- 0.1 g  6.6 g  3.3 g 2:1  1:99 3 2 0.5 0.5 1 0 0 11 32-2-1 9.9 g0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1  5 2 1 0.5 1 3 0 32-2-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g2:1 90:10 5 2 2 2 3 1 0 32-2-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 5 2 4 4 41 0.5 32-2-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 5 2 4 4 4 1 0.5 32-2-5   6g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 5 2 3 4 4 1 0.5 32-2-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g2:1 50:50 5 2 2.5 3 3 1 0.5 32-2-7   4 g     4 g     2 g 2:1 40:60 5 2 22 2 1 1 32-2-8   3 g 4.67 g 2.33 g 2:1 30:70 5 2 2 1 2 1 0.5 32-2-9   2g 5.33 g 2.67 g 2:1 20:80 5 2 1 1 1 1 0.5 32-2-   1 g     6 g     3 g2:1 10:90 5 2 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 10 32-2- 0.1 g  6.6 g  3.3 g 2:1  1:99 5 2 10.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 11 32-3-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1  8 2 1 0.5 0.53 0.5 32-3-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 8 2 1 1 2 2 1 32-3-3   8 g 1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 8 2 1 1 2 2 1 32-3-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:170:30 8 2 2 2 3 2 1 32-3-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 8 2 3 4 3.5 11 32-3-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 8 2 3 4 3 1 1 32-3-7   4 g    4 g     2 g 2:1 40:60 8 2 2 2 3 1 1 32-3-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:130:70 8 2 1 1 2 1 0.5 32-3-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:80 8 2 1 1 10.5 0.5 32-3-   1 g     6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 8 2 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 10 32-3-0.1 g  6.6 g  3.3 g 2:1  1:99 8 2 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 11 32-4-1 9.9 g 0.067 g0.033 g 2:1 99:1  5 4 1 0.5 1 3 0.5 32-4-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:190:10 5 4 2 1 2 1 0 32-4-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 5 4 3 3 4 0.50 32-4-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 5 4 4 5 4.5 0.5 0 32-4-5   6 g 2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 5 4 4 5 4.5 0.5 0 32-4-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g2:1 50:50 5 4 2 2 3 0.5 0 32-4-7   4 g     4 g     2 g 2:1 40:60 5 4 2 22.5 0.5 0 32-4-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:1 30:70 5 4 2 1.5 2.5 0.5 032-4-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:80 5 4 1 1 2 0.5 0 32-4-   1 g     6g     3 g 2:1 10:90 5 4 1 1 1 0 0 10 32-4- 0.1 g  6.6 g  3.3 g 2:1  1:995 4 1 0.5 1 0 0 11 32-5-1 9.9 g  0.05 g  0.05 g 1:1 99:1  5 2 1 0.5 1 41 32-5-2   9 g   0.5 g   0.5 g 1:1 90:10 5 2 1 2 2 2 1 32-5-3   8 g    1 g     1 g 1:1 80:20 5 2 3 3 3.5 1.5 1 32-5-4   7 g   1.5 g   1.5 g1:1 70:30 5 2 3 3.5 3.5 1.5 1 32-5-5   6 g     2 g     2 g 1:1 60:40 5 22 2 2 1.5 1 32-5-6   5 g   2.5 g   2.5 g 1:1 50:50 5 2 2 1.5 2 1 0.532-5-7   4 g     3 g     3 g 1:1 40:60 5 2 1 1 2 1 1 32-5-8   3 g   3.5g   3.5 g 1:1 30:70 5 2 0.5 0.5 1 0 0.5 32-5-9   2 g     4 g     4 g 1:120:80 5 2 0.5 0.5 1 0 0 32-5-   1 g  4.5 g  4.5 g 1:1 10:90 5 2 0.5 0.50.5 0 0 10 32-5- 0.1 g  4.95 g  4.95 g 1:1  1:99 5 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 1132-6-1   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 8 2 2 2 1 0.5 32-6-2   9 g 0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 12 1 1 1 1 1 32-6-3   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g2:1 90:10 5 24 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 1 *the solid content of the taste solutionis 500 ppm for each sample.

Method: For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested bya panel of four people. The panel was asked to describe the tasteprofile and score values between 0-5 according to the increasingintensity of flower smell, intensity of floral taste, full body, sweetlingering and bitterness. 1 trained taster tasted independently thesamples first. The tester was allowed to re-taste, and then make notesfor the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards, another 3 tasterstasted the sample and the attributes were noted and discussed openly tofind a suitable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreedwith the result, the tasting was repeated. For example, a “5” forintensity of flower smell is the best score for having a strong pleasantsmell and conversely a value of 0 or near zero means the smell is veryslight. Similarly, a “5” for bitterness, and sweet lingering is notdesired. A value of zero or near zero means that the bitterness, and/orsweet lingering is reduced or is removed.

Data Analysis

The relationship between the intensity of tangerine taste to the ratioof Stevia to G&P mixture in the examples is depicted in FIG. 2.

Observations:

(1) For pH, the MRPs prepared with an acidic regulator, an alkalineregulator or at their naturally occurring pH provided a pleasanttangerine taste and fragrance, as well as improving the mouth feel ofStevia extract.

(2) For the ratio of Stevia to the G&P mixtures, it can be seen thatover the ratio range of 99:1 to 1:99, the MRPs provided fragrance,taste, and mouth feel improvements. There is a range in which the tasteand mouth feel of the MRPs was better and the range was related to pHconditions. When the components were reacted or 2 hours, the ratio rangeis about 80:20 to 40:60 at pH 3; 90:10 to 40:60 at pH 5; and 70:30 to40:60 at pH 8.

(3) For the ratio of galactose to glutamic acid, the improvement offragrance, taste, and mouth feel was more intense by increasing theratio of galactose to glutamic acid. The more galactose, the better thetaste profile and the more extensive range of the ratio of Stevia to theG&P mixture.

(4) For the reaction duration, the MRPs can improve the fragrance,taste, and mouth feel of Stevia extract even after reaction of thecomponents at 24 hours. However, shorter reaction times, for example 2to 8 hours, appeared to improve the products. That is, because it isbelieved, that the flavorful substances are generated early in thereaction and can change to less flavorful components after additionalreaction time.

Example 33. Evaluation of the Taste Profiles of MRPs from SteviaExtract, Mannose and Lysine

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37

General Process for Samples 33-1-1 through 33-6-3:

Mannose and lysine were blended in particular ratios and noted as a G&Pmixture in the table below. The Stevia extract material was dissolvedtogether with the G&P mixture in 5 ml deionized water. Sodium carbonatewas added to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 8 or addcitric acid was added to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about3 or no pH regulator was added and the pH of the solution was about 5.The solution was at about 100 degrees centigrade for a period of timenoted in the table below. When the reaction was completed, the slurrywas dried by spray dryer to provide an off white powdered MRP.

Experiments

Each sample was evaluated by a panel of 4 people and the resultant datawas the average of the panel.

TABLE 33.1 Ratio of Ratio of mannose Stevia Weight to lysine to DurationWater Taste profile* of Weight Weight in G&P G&P at in IntensityIntensity Sample Stevia of of mixture mixture 100° C./ reaction of peachof peach Full Sweet # extract mannose lysine w/w w/w pH hour mixturesmell taste body lingering bitter 33-1-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1 3 2 33% 0.5 0.5 1 3 0 33-1-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 3 2 33% 10.5 2 2 0.5 33-1-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 3 2 33% 1 0.5 2 2 0.533-1-4   7 g     2 g 1 g 2:1 70:30 3 2 33% 2.5 2 3.5 1.5 0.5 33-1-5   6g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 3 2 33% 3.5 3 3.5 1.5 0.5 33-1-6   5 g  3.33g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 3 2 33% 3 3 3 1.5 0.5 33-1-7   4 g     4 g     2 g2:1 40:60 3 2 33% 3 3 3 1 0.5 33-1-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:1 30:70 3 233% 2.5 2.5 3 1 0.5 33-1-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:80 3 2 33% 1.51.5 2.5 0.5 0 33-1-   1 g     6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 3 2 33% 1 1 2 0 0 1033-1- 0.1 g  6.6 g  3.3 g 2:1  1:99 3 2 33% 1 0.5 2 0 0 11 33-2-1 9.9 g0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1  5 2 33% 1 0.5 2 3 0 33-2-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33g 2:1 90:10 5 2 33% 1 1 2 2.5 0.5 33-2-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:205 2 33% 1.5 1 2.5 2 0.5 33-2-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 5 2 33% 33 3 1 0.5 33-2-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 5 2 33% 4 3.5 3.5 1 0.533-2-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 5 2 33% 3.5 3 3.5 1 0.5 33-2-7  4 g     4 g     2 g 2:1 40:60 5 2 33% 3 2 3 1 0.5 33-2-8   3 g  4.67 g 2.33 g 2:1 30:70 5 2 33% 1.5 1 2 0.5 0.5 33-2-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g2:1 20:80 5 2 33% 1 1 2 0 0 33-2-   1 g     6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 5 233% 1 0.5 1 0 0 10 33-2- 0.1 g   6.6 g   3.3 g 2:1  1:99 5 2 33% 0.5 0.51 0 0 11 33-3-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1  8 2 33% 1 0.5 2 3 0.533-3-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 8 2 33% 1 1 2 2 0.5 33-3-3   8 g 1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 8 2 33% 1.5 2 2.5 1.5 1 33-3-4   7 g     2 g    1 g 2:1 70:30 8 2 33% 2 2 3 1.5 1 33-3-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:160:40 8 2 33% 3 3 3 1.5 1 33-3-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 8 2 33%3 3.5 3 1 0.5 33-3-7   4 g     4 g     2 g 2:1 40:60 8 2 33% 2.5 2.5 3 10.5 33-3-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:1 30:70 8 2 33% 1.5 1.5 2 1 0.533-3-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:80 8 2 33% 1 1 2 0.5 0.5 33-3-   1 g    6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 8 2 33% 1 1 2 0 0 10 33-3- 0.1 g   6.6 g   3.3g 2:1  1:99 8 2 33% 1 0.5 1 0 0 11 33-4-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:199:1  5 4 33% 1 0.5 2 3 0.5 33-4-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 433% 1 1 3 2 0.5 33-4-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 5 4 33% 2.5 2 31.5 1 33-4-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 5 4 33% 3 3 4 1.5 1 33-4-5  6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 5 4 33% 4 4 4 1.5 1 33-4-6   5 g  3.33 g 1.67 g 2:1 50:50 5 4 33% 2.5 1.5 3 1.5 1 33-4-7   4 g     4 g     2 g2:1 40:60 5 4 33% 2 1 3 1 0.5 33-4-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:1 30:70 5 433% 1 1 3 1 0.5 33-4-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:80 5 4 33% 1 1 2 0.50.5 33-4-   1 g     6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 5 4 33% 1 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 1033-4- 0.1 g   6.6 g   3.3 g 2:1  1:99 5 4 33% 0.5 0.5 1 0 0.5 11 33-5-19.9 g  0.05 g  0.05 g 1:1 99:1  5 2 33% 1 0.5 1 3 0.5 33-5-2   9 g   0.5g   0.5 g 1:1 90:10 5 2 33% 1 2 3 2 0.5 33-5-3   8 g     1 g     1 g 1:180:20 5 2 33% 1.5 2 3 1.5 0.5 33-5-4   7 g   1.5 g   1.5 g 1:1 70:30 5 233% 2 2 3 1.5 0.5 33-5-5   6 g     2 g     2 g 1:1 60:40 5 2 33% 3 3 3.51.5 0.5 33-5-6   5 g   2.5 g   2.5 g 1:1 50:50 5 2 33% 1.5 1.5 3 1 0.533-5-7   4 g     3 g     3 g 1:1 40:60 5 2 33% 1.5 1 2 1 0.5 33-5-8   3g   3.5 g   3.5 g 1:1 30:70 5 2 33% 1 1 2 0.5 0.5 33-5-9   2 g     4 g    4 g 1:1 20:80 5 2 33% 1 1 2 0.5 1 33-5-   1 g   4.5 g   4.5 g 1:110:90 5 2 33% 1 0.5 1 0 1 10 33-5- 0.1 g  4.95 g  4.95 g 1:1  1:99 5 233% 0.5 0.5 1 0 1 11 33-6-1   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 8 33% 1.51.5 2 1 0.5 33-6-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 12 33% 0.5 0.5 2 10.5 33-6-3   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 24 33% 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 0.5*the solid content of the taste solution is 500 ppm for each sample.

Method: For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested bya panel of four people. The panel was asked to describe the tasteprofile and score values between 0-5 according to the increasingintensity of peach smell, intensity of peach taste, full body, sweetlingering and bitterness. 1 trained taster tasted independently thesamples first. The taster was allowed to re-taste, and then made notesfor the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards, another 3 tasterstasted and the attributes were noted and discussed openly to find asuitable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed with theresult, the tasting was repeated. For example, a “5” for intensity ofpeach smell is the best score for having a strong pleasant smell andconversely a value of 0 or near zero means the smell is very slight.Similarly, a “5” for bitterness, and sweet lingering is not desired. Avalue of zero or near zero means that the bitterness, and/or sweetlingering is reduced or is removed.

Data Analysis

The relationship between the intensity of peach taste to the ratio ofStevia to G&P mixture in this example is depicted in FIG. 3.

Observations:

(1) For pH, the MRPs prepared with an acidic regulator, an alkalineregulator or at their naturally occurring pH provided a pleasanttangerine taste and fragrance, as well as improving the mouth feel ofStevia extract.

(2) For the ratio of Stevia to the G&P mixtures, it can be seen thatover the ratio range of 99:1 to 1:99, the MRPs provided fragrance,taste, and mouth feel improvements. There is a range in which the tasteand mouth feel of the MRPs was better and the range was related to pHconditions. When components were reacted for 2 hours, the ratio range isabout 70:30 to 30:70 at pH 3; 70:30 to 40:60 at pH 5; and 80:20 to 40:60at pH 8.

(3) For the ratio of mannose to lysine, the improvement of fragrance,taste, and mouth feel was more intense by increasing the ratio ofmannose to lysine. The more mannose, the better the taste profile andthe more extensive the range of the ratio of Stevia to the G&P mixture.

(4) For the reaction period, the MRPs improve the fragrance, taste, andmouth feel of Stevia extract even after reaction of the components at 24hours. However, shorter reaction times, for example 4 hours and 8 hours,appear to improve the products. That is, because it is believed, thatthe flavorful substances are generated early in the reaction may changeto less flavorful components after additional reaction time.

Example 34. Evaluation of the Taste Profiles of MRPs from SteviaExtract, Mannose and Valine

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37

General Process for Samples 34-1-1 through 34-6-3:

Mannose and valine were blended in particular ratios and noted as a G&Pmixture in the table below. The Stevia extract material was dissolvedtogether with the G&P mixture in 5 ml deionized water. Sodium carbonatewas to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 8 or add citricacid was added to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 3 or nopH regulator was added and the pH was about 5. Then solution was heatedat about 100 degrees centigrade for a given period of time. When thereaction was completed, the slurry was dried by a spray dryer to providean off white powdered MRP.

Experiments

The parameters and the taste profile of the products are as follow. Eachsample was evaluated by a panel of 4 people and the results are anaverage of the panel.

TABLE 34.1 Ratio of Ratio mannose of Taste profile* Weight to valineStevia Duration Water Intensity Intensity of Weight Weight in G&P to G&Pat in of of Sample Stevia of of mixture mixture 100° C./ reactionchocolate chocolate Full Sweet # extract mannose valine w/w w/w pH hourmixture smell taste body lingering bitter 34-1-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g2:1 99:1  3 2 33% 1 0.5 1 3 0.5 34-1-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 32 33% 1 1 2 2 0.5 34-1-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 3 2 33% 2 2 3.51 1 34-1-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 3 2 33% 2 2 4 1 1 34-1-5   6g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 3 2 33% 2 2.5 4 1 1 34-1-6   5 g  3.33 g 1.67 g 2:1 50:50 3 2 33% 2 2.5 4 0.5 1 34-1-7   4 g     4 g     2 g 2:140:60 3 2 33% 1 1.5 3 0.5 1 34-1-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:1 30:70 3 233% 1 1.5 3 0.5 0.5 34-1-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:80 3 2 33% 1 1 20.5 0.5 34-1-   1 g     6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 3 2 33% 1 0.5 1 0 0 1034-1- 0.1 g  6.6 g  3.3 g 2:1  1:99 3 2 33% 1 0.5 1 0 0 11 34-2-1 9.9 g0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1  5 2 33% 0.5 0.5 1 3 0.5 34-2-2   9 g  0.67 g 0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 2 33% 2 2 3 2 1 34-2-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:180:20 5 2 33% 2 3 4 1 1 34-2-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 5 2 33% 22 4 1 1 34-2-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 5 2 33% 2 2 3.5 1 1.534-2-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 5 2 33% 2 2 3 0.5 1.5 34-2-7   4g     4 g     2 g 2:1 40:60 5 2 33% 2 2 3 1 1 34-2-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33g 2:1 30:70 5 2 33% 1.5 1.5 3 1 0.5 34-2-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:120:80 5 2 33% 1 1 2 0.5 0.5 34-2-   1 g     6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 5 233% 1 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 10 34-2- 0.1 g   6.6 g   3.3 g 2:1  1:99 5 2 33% 0.50.5 1 0 1 11 34-3-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1  8 2 33% 1 0.5 2 30.5 34-3-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 8 2 33% 1 1 2 2 1 34-3-3   8g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 8 2 33% 2 2 3 1.5 1 34-3-4   7 g     2 g    1 g 2:1 70:30 8 2 33% 2.5 2.5 4 1 1.5 34-3-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g2:1 60:40 8 2 33% 3 3.5 4 1 1.5 34-3-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 82 33% 3 4 3.5 1 1.5 34-3-7   4 g     4 g     2 g 2:1 40:60 8 2 33% 2 2.53 1 1 34-3-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:1 30:70 8 2 33% 1 1.5 2 0.5 134-3-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:80 8 2 33% 1 1 2 0.5 0.5 34-3-   1 g    6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 8 2 33% 1 1 2 0 0.5 10 34-3- 0.1 g   6.6 g  3.3 g 2:1  1:99 8 2 33% 0.5 0.5 2 0 1 11 34-4-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g2:1 99:1  5 4 33% 1 1 2 3 0.5 34-4-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 433% 2 2 2 1.5 1 34-4-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 5 4 33% 2 2.5 31.5 1.5 34-4-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 5 4 33% 2 2.5 3 1 1.534-4-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 5 4 33% 2.5 2.5 4 1 1.5 34-4-6  5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 5 4 33% 3 4.5 4 1 2 34-4-7   4 g     4 g    2 g 2:1 40:60 5 4 33% 2 2.5 3 1 2 34-4-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:130:70 5 4 33% 2 1.5 3 1 1.5 34-4-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:80 5 433% 1.5 1 2 0.5 1.5 34-4-   1 g     6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 5 4 33% 1 1 20.5 1 10 34-4- 0.1 g   6.6 g   3.3 g 2:1  1:99 5 4 33% 1 0.5 2 0 1 1134-5-1 9.9 g  0.05 g  0.05 g 1:1 99:1  5 2 33% 0.5 0.5 1 3 1 34-5-2   9g   0.5 g   0.5 g 1:1 90:10 5 2 33% 1 1 2 2 1.5 34-5-3   8 g     1 g    1 g 1:1 80:20 5 2 33% 1 1 2 1 1 34-5-4   7 g   1.5 g   1.5 g 1:170:30 5 2 33% 1 1.5 2 1 1 34-5-5   6 g     2 g     2 g 1:1 60:40 5 2 33%2 3 3 1 1.5 34-5-6   5 g   2.5 g   2.5 g 1:1 50:50 5 2 33% 2 3.5 3.5 11.5 34-5-7   4 g     3 g     3 g 1:1 40:60 5 2 33% 2 2 3 1 1.5 34-5-8  3 g   3.5 g   3.5 g 1:1 30:70 5 2 33% 2 1.5 3 0.5 1.5 34-5-9   2 g    4 g     4 g 1:1 20:80 5 2 33% 2 1 2 0.5 0.5 34-5-   1 g   4.5 g  4.5 g 1:1 10:90 5 2 33% 2 1 2 0.5 0.5 10 34-5- 0.1 g  4.95 g  4.95 g1:1  1:99 5 2 33% 1 1 2 0 0 11     34-6-1   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:190:10 5 8 33% 2 2.5 3 1 1 34-6-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 1233% 2 1.5 2 0.5 1 34-6-3   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 24 33% 2 1.52 0 0 *the solid content of the taste solution is 500 ppm for eachsample.

Method: For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested bya panel of four people. The panel was asked to describe the tasteprofile and score values between 0-5 according to the increasingintensity of chocolate smell, intensity of chocolate taste, full body,sweet lingering and bitterness. 1 trained taster tasted independentlythe samples first. The taster was allowed to re-taste, and then madenotes for the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards, another 3tasters tasted and the attributes noted were discussed openly to find asuitable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed with theresult, the tasting was repeated. For example, a “5” for intensity ofchocolate smell is the best score for having a strong pleasant smell andconversely a value of 0 or near zero means the smell is very slight.Similarly, a “5” for bitterness, and sweet lingering is not desired. Avalue of zero or near zero means that the bitterness, and/or sweetlingering is reduced or is removed.

Data Analysis

The relationship between the intensity of chocolate taste to the ratioof Stevia to the G&P mixture in this example is depicted in FIG. 4.

Observations:

(1) For pH, the MRPs prepared with an acidic regulator, an alkalineregulator or at their naturally occurring pH gave a pleasant chocolatetaste and fragrance, as well as improving the mouth feel of Steviaextract.

(2) For the ratio of Stevia to the G&P mixtures, it can be seen thatover the ratio range of 99:1 to 1:99, the MRPs provided fragrance,taste, and mouth feel improvements. There is a range in which the tasteand mouth feel of the MRPs was better and the range was related to pHconditions. When components were reacted for 2 hours, the ratio range isabout 80:20 to 50:50 at pH 3; 90:10 to 40:60 at pH 5; and 80:20 to 40:60at pH 8.

(3) For the ratio of mannose to valine, the improvement of fragrance,taste, and mouth feel was more intense by increasing the ratio ofmannose to valine. The more mannose, the better taste profile and themore extensive the range of the ratio of Stevia to the G&P mixture.

(4) For the reaction duration, the MRPs can improve the fragrance,taste, and mouth feel of Stevia extract even after reaction of thecomponents at 24 hours. However, shorter reaction times, for example 4hours and 8 hours, appear to improve the products. That is, because itis believed that, the flavorful substances generated early on in thereaction may change to less flavorful MRPs after additional reactiontime.

Example 35. Evaluation of the Taste Profiles of MRPs from SteviaExtract, Mannose and Proline

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37

General Process for Samples 35-1-1 through 35-5-6:

Mannose and proline were blended in particular ratios and noted as a G&Pmixture in the table below. The Stevia extract material was dissolvedtogether with the G&P mixture in 5 ml deionized water. Sodium carbonatewas added to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about 8 or addcitric acid was added to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH to about3 or no pH regulator was added and the naturally occurring pH was about5. The solution was heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for a givenperiod of time. When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried byspray dryer to provide an off white powder MRP.

Experiments

The parameters and the taste profile of the products are as follow. Eachsample was evaluated by a panel of 4 people and the results were averageof the panel.

TABLE 33.1 Ratio of Ratio mannose of Taste profile* Weight to prolineStevia Duration Water Intensity Intensity of Weight Weight in G&P to G&Pat in of of Sample Stevia of of mixture mixture 100° C./ reactionpopcorn popcorn Full Sweet # extract mannose proline w/w w/w pH hourmixture smell taste body lingering bitter 35-1-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g2:1 99:1  3 4 33% 1 1 2 3 0.5 35-1-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 3 433% 3 3 4 1 0.5 35-1-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 3 4 33% 4 3 4 10.5 35-1-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 3 4 33% 2 2.5 3 1 0.5 35-1-5  6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 3 4 33% 2 2 3 1 0.5 35-1-6   5 g  3.33 g 1.67 g 2:1 50:50 3 4 33% 2 2 3 1 0.5 35-2-1 9.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:199:1  5 4 33% 1 2 3 1.5 1 35-2-2   9 g  0.67 g  0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 4 33%2 3.5 4 1.5 1 35-2-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:1 80:20 5 4 33% 3.5 4 4 1.51 35-2-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 5 4 33% 2.5 2.5 3.5 1.5 135-2-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 5 4 33% 2 2 3 1.5 1 35-2-6   5 g 3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 5 4 33% 2 2 3 1 0.5 35-2-7   4 g     4 g     2g 2:1 40:60 5 4 33% 1.5 1 3 1 0.5 35-2-8   3 g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:1 30:705 4 33% 1 1 2 0.5 0.5 35-2-9   2 g  5.33 g  2.67 g 2:1 20:80 5 4 33% 1 12 0.5 0.5 35-2-   1 g     6 g     3 g 2:1 10:90 5 4 33% 1 0.5 1 0 0.5 1035-2- 0.1 g   6.6 g   3.3 g 2:1  1:99 5 4 33% 0.5 0.5 1 0 0.5 11 35-3-19.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1  8 4 33% 1 1 2 3 1 35-3-2   9 g  0.67 g 0.33 g 2:1 90:10 8 4 33% 4.5 4 4 1 1.5 35-3-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g 2:180:20 8 4 33% 3.5 3 3.5 1 1.5 35-3-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 8 433% 2 1.5 3 1 1 35-3-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 8 4 33% 1 1 2 10.5 35-3-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 8 4 33% 1 1 2 1 0.5 35-4-19.9 g 0.067 g 0.033 g 2:1 99:1  5 2 33% 1 1 2 2 0.5 35-4-2   9 g  0.67 g 0.33 g 2:1 90:10 5 2 33% 2.5 2 3 1.5 0.5 35-4-3   8 g  1.33 g  0.67 g2:1 80:20 5 2 33% 3.5 3 3 1.5 1 35-4-4   7 g     2 g     1 g 2:1 70:30 52 33% 3.5 3.5 3 1.5 1 35-4-5   6 g  2.67 g  1.33 g 2:1 60:40 5 2 33% 2.51.5 2 1 1 35-4-6   5 g  3.33 g  1.67 g 2:1 50:50 5 2 33% 1.5 1.5 2 1 0.535-4-7   4 g     4 g     2 g 2:1 40:60 5 2 33% 1.5 1 2 1 0.5 35-4-8   3g  4.67 g  2.33 g 2:1 30:70 5 2 33% 1 1 2 1 0.5 35-4-9   2 g  5.33 g 2.67 g 2:1 20:80 5 2 33% 1 1 1.5 1 0.5 35-4-   1 g     6 g     3 g 2:110:90 5 2 33% 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 10 35-4- 0.1 g   6.6 g   3.3 g 2:1  1:99 5 233% 1 0.5 1 0 0 11 35-5-1 9.9 g  0.05 g  0.05 g 1:1 99:1  5 4 33% 1 2 31.5 1 35-5-2   9 g   0.5 g   0.5 g 1:1 90:10 5 4 33% 3 3 4 1 1.5 35-5-3  8 g     1 g     1 g 1:1 80:20 5 4 33% 2.5 2 3 1 1.5 35-5-4   7 g   1.5g   1.5 g 1:1 70:30 5 4 33% 1.5 1 2 1 1 35-5-5   6 g     2 g     2 g 1:160:40 5 4 33% 1 1 2 1 0.5 35-5-6   5 g   2.5 g   2.5 g 1:1 50:50 5 4 33%1 1 2 1 0.5 *the solid content of the taste solution is 500 ppm for eachsample.

Method: For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested bya panel of four people. The panel was asked to describe the tasteprofile and score values between 0-5 according to the increasingintensity of popcorn smell, intensity of popcorn taste, full body, sweetlingering and bitterness. 1 trained taster tasted independently thesamples first. The tester was allowed to re-taste, and then made notesfor the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards, another 3 tasterstasted and the attributes noted were discussed openly to find a suitabledescription. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed with the result,the tasting was repeated. For example, a “5” for intensity of popcornsmell is the best score for having a strong pleasant smell andconversely a value of 0 or near zero means the smell is very slight.Similarly, a “5” for bitterness, and sweet lingering is not desired. Avalue of zero or near zero means that the bitterness, and/or sweetlingering is reduced or is removed.

Data Analysis

The relationship between the intensity of popcorn taste to the ratio ofStevia to G&P mixture in this example is depicted in FIG. 5.

Observations:

(1) For pH, the MRPs prepared with an acidic regulator, an alkalineregulator or at their naturally occurring pH provided a pleasant popcorntaste and fragrance, as well as improving the mouth feel of Steviaextract. The effect was more intense at the naturally occurring pH value(pH5) than at adjusted pH values (pH3 or 8).

(2) For the ratio of Stevia to the G&P mixtures, it can be seen thatover the ratio range of 99:1 to 1:99, the MRPs can all give fragrance,taste, and mouth feel improvements. There is a range in which the tasteand mouth feel of the MRPs was better and the range was related to pHconditions. When components were reacted for 4 hours, the ratio rangeswere about 90:10 to 50:50 at pH 3; 99:1 to 50:50 at pH 5; and 90:10 to80:20 at pH 8.

(3) For the ratio of mannose to proline, the improvement of fragrance,taste, and mouth feel was more intense by increasing the ratio ofmannose to proline. The more mannose, the better the taste profile andthe more extensive the range of the ratio of Stevia to the G&P mixture.

Example 36. Comparison of the Taste Profiles of MRPs Prepared byDifferent Reactants

Evaluate the Improvement of MRP Relative to Sucralose

Materials:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37

Sucralose: Available from ANHUI JINHE INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD, China

General Processes for Samples 36-1 through 36-12:

Method #1 (Samples 36-1 to 36-4):

The product of Example 37 was dissolved with an amino acid and areducing sugar in deionized water as noted in the table below. Thesolution was then heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for about 2hours. When the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was cooledto room temperature. Sucralose was then added to the mixture. Theresultant slurry was freeze dried to provide an off white powdered MRP.

Method #2 (Samples 36-5 to 36-8):

An amino acid and a reducing sugar were dissolved in deionized water asnoted in the table below. The solution was heated at about 100 degreescentigrade for about 2 hours. When the reaction was completed, thereaction mixture was cooed to room temperature. Sucralose was then addedto the mixture. The resultant slurry was freeze dried to provide an offwhite powdered MRP.

Method #3 (Samples 36-9 to 36-12):

Sucralose, an amino acid and a reducing sugar were dissolved indeionized water as noted in the table below. Then heat the solution atabout 100 degrees centigrade for about 2 hours. When the reactioncompletes, cool the reaction mixture to room temperature. The resultedslurry is dried by freeze dryer. Thus obtain the off white powder MRP.

Experiments

The parameters and the taste profile of the products are as follow. Theevaluation was a comparison to sucralose.

TABLE 36.1 Stevia Water in Sample extract/ Reducing reaction Sucralose/# g Amino acid/g sugar/g mixture/g g 36-1 4 phenylalanine/ glucose/ 2.51 0.333 0.667 36-2 3.5 phenylalanine/ mannose/ 2.5 1 0.5  1.0  36-3 3lysine/0.667 mannose/ 2.5 1 1.333 36-4 4 glutamic acid/ galactose/ 2.5 10.333 0.667 36-5 0 phenylalanine/ galactose/ 2.5 1 0.333 36-6 0phenylalanine/ mannose/ 2.5 1 0.5  1.0  36-7 0 lysine/0.667 mannose/ 2.51 1.333 36-8 0 glutamic acid/ galactose/ 2.5 1 0.333 0.667 36-9 0phenylalanine/ galactose/ 2.5 4 0.333 36-10 0 phenylalanine/ mannose/2.5 3.5 0.5  1.0  36-11 0 lysine/0.667 mannose/ 2.5 3 1.333 36-12 0glutamic acid/ galactose/ 2.5 4 0.333 0.667

Evaluation

The appropriate product or control (sucralose) was dissolved indeionized water to make the concentration of sucralose in each solutionequal to 200 ppm (the content of sucralose in the mixture is based onits proportion in the materials). A panel of 4 people evaluated thesolutions by tasting the solutions and describing the taste profile. Theresults are as follow:

TABLE 36.2 Taste profile* Preparation Sample Type of Intensity FullSweet Metallic method # flavor of flavor sweetness body lingering bitteraftertaste Method #1 36-1 floral 3 5 4 3 1 2 36-2 nectar 4 5 4.5 3 0.5 236-3 peach 2.5 5 4 4 1 2.5 36-4 tangerine 3.5 4.5 4 3 0.5 1.5 Method #236-5 floral 1.5 4 3 4.5 0.5 3 36-6 nectar 1 4.5 3.5 4 0.5 2.5 36-7 peach1 4 3 4.5 1 3 36-8 tangerine 1 4 3 4.5 1 3 Method #3 36-9 floral 2.5 3.54 3 0.5 2 36-10 nectar 3 3.5 4 3 0.5 2 36-11 peach 2.5 3 4 4 0.5 1.536-12 tangerine 3 3.5 4 3 0.5 2 — control None 0 4 3 5 1 4

Method: For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested bya panel of four people. The panel was asked to describe the tasteprofile and score values between 0-5 according to the increasingintensity of smell, intensity of taste, full body, sweet lingering andbitterness. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samples first. Thetester was allowed to re-taste, and then made notes for the sensoryattributes perceived. Afterwards, another 3 tasters tasted and theattributes noted were discussed openly to find a suitable description.In case that more than 1 taster disagreed with the result, the tastingwas repeated. For example, a “5” for intensity of smell is the bestscore for having a strong pleasant smell and conversely a value of 0 ornear zero means the smell is very slight. Similarly, a “5” forbitterness, and sweet lingering is not desired. A value of zero or nearzero means that the bitterness, and/or sweet lingering is reduced or isremoved.

Observations:

In addition to providing special flavors, MRPs can improve the tasteprofile of sucralose by cutting the sweet lingering taste, reducing badaftertaste and providing a full mouth feel. However, the effect of theMRPs derived from amino acid and reduced sugar (method #1) was not assignificant. Samples from methods #2 or #3 had better taste profilesthan that of sucralose as the control.

Example 37. Preparation of Stevia Extract Used as the Material of MRPs

Air-dried leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (1 kg) were extracted withdistilled water at 45-55° C. for 2 hours. The extracting step wasrepeated three times. The volume of water in each extracting stage was 5L, 5 L and 3 L, respectively. The liquid extract was separated from thesolids by centrifugation. The filtered supernatant liquid extract wasflocculated and the supernatant was separated by centrifugation. Thesupernatant was passed through a macroporous resin (1 L, resin model:T28, available from Sunresin new materials Co. Ltd., China) and thendesorbed with 3 L of 65% ethanol/water. The desorption solution wastreated by 1 L of cationic exchange resin and 1 L of anion exchangeresin for desalination and decoloration. The desorption solution wasspray-dried to a powder and designated as the crude extract. The crudeextract was dissolved in 3 times its weight of 80% ethanol aqueoussolution. The solution was then heated to 75-80° C. and stirred for 1hour. The solution was then cooled and allowed to stand for an hour at20-25° C. The supernatant and precipitate were separated throughcentrifugation. The resultant precipitate was used to produce Steviaextract product, RA97. The supernatant was distilled to recover ethanoland subsequently spray-dried to a powder. The powder was dissolved in 10times its weight of water and treated with a macroporous resin (1 L,resin model: T28, available from Sunresin new materials Co. Ltd.,China). Materials were desorbed with a mixture of ethanol and water withdifferent blend ratios. The desorption solution with low blend ratio ofethanol/water mixture such as 3 L of 30% ethanol was concentrated andsubsequently spray-dried to provide a powder. This powder was designatedas the “final powder” which contained about 20-35% RA, 3-10% RD and70-95% total steviol glycosides (TSG based on 13 glycosides, include RA,RB, RC, RD, RE, RF, RN, RM, RO, DulcA, RU, STV and STB). The powder wasused as material of MRP in the Examples 31-36 above and examples whichindicate that the raw materials used were “the product of Example 37.”Example 13 gives a typical product of this process and its composition.

In another embodiment, the “final powder” also contained about 15-45%STV, about 0.1-2% RB, about 5-15% RC, about 0-1% RE, about 2-5% RF,about 0-1% RM, about 0-1% RN, about 0.5-2% RO, about 1-3% DulcA, about1-3% RU, about 0-2% STB.

Materials and Methods

Materials

Chemicals used for Maillard reactions were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich(Food Grade). Solvents and chemicals for analysis (GC/MS and LC/DAD/MSwere supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (HPLC-grade and USP certified material).Reb-B (Lot RB 100722) and Reb-A (Lot Reb A 100 EPC 043-17-02) weresupplied by EPC Natural Products.

Samples SG 1-1, SG 1-2, . . . etc. are samples taken of Example 37(above). The components are provided as follow.

TABLE 37.1 Steviol glycosides in SG Sample No. 1-1 (182.3 mg/10 ml) Namem/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427<0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #2  981 <0.01 <0.01 Relatedsteviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #4 675 or 1127 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #5  981 <0.01 <0.01Reb-V 1259 0.88 0.49 Reb-T 1127 0.80 0.44 Reb-E  965 0.34 0.19 Reb-O1435 2.02 1.11 Reb-D 1127 14.16 7.77 Reb-K 1111 7.62 4.18 Reb-N 12730.54 0.30 Reb-M 1289 0.51 0.28 Reb-S  949 2.19 1.20 Reb-J 1111 0.73 0.40Reb-W 1097 0.91 0.50 Reb-U2 1097 0.29 0.16 Reb-W2/3 1097 <0.01 <0.01Reb-O2  965 0.32 0.18 Reb-Y 1259 0.18 0.10 Reb-I 1127 0.30 0.16 Reb-V21259 0.27 0.15 Reb-K2 1111 0.39 0.22 Reb-H 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-A  96545.26 24.83 Stevioside  803 39.05 21.42 Reb-F  935 4.70 2.58 Reb-C  94920.69 11.35 Dulcoside-A  787 2.53 1.39 Rubusoside  641 3.82 2.10 Reb-B 803 2.39 1.31 Dulcoside B  787 1.97 1.08 Steviolbioside  641 <0.01<0.01 Reb-R  935 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G  803 <0.01 <0.01 Stevioside-B  787<0.01 <0.01 Reb-G1  641 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-R1  773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1  773<0.01 <0.01 Iso-Steviolbioside  641 <0.01 <0.01 Sum 152.85 83.84

TABLE 37.2 Steviol glycosides in SG Sample No. 1-2 (154.4 mg/10 ml) Namem/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427<0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #2 981.00 <0.01 <0.01 Relatedsteviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #4 675 or 1127 0.49 0.32 Related steviol glycoside #5 981 0.36 0.23 Reb-V1259 0.83 0.54 Reb-T 1127 1.32 0.86 Reb-E 965 0.48 0.31 Reb-O 1435 1.951.27 Reb-D 1127 13.45 8.71 Reb-K 1111 6.90 4.47 Reb-N 1273 0.32 0.20Reb-M 1289 0.39 0.25 Reb-S 949 2.36 1.53 Reb-J 1111 0.34 0.22 Reb-W 10970.57 0.37 Reb-U2 1097 0.73 0.47 Reb-W2/3 1097 0.31 0.20 Reb-O2 965 0.230.15 Reb-Y 1259 0.22 0.15 Reb-I 1127 0.23 0.15 Reb-V2 1259 0.48 0.31Reb-K2 1111 0.49 0.31 Reb-H 1111 0.28 0.18 Reb-A 965 44.56 28.86Stevioside 803 38.40 24.87 Reb-F 935 4.75 3.07 Reb-C 949 16.32 10.57Dulcoside-A 787 1.79 1.16 Rubusoside 641 2.77 1.80 Reb-B 803 1.83 1.19Dulcoside B 787 0.48 0.31 Steviolbioside 641 1.91 1.24 Reb-R 935 0.950.62 Reb-G 803 0.64 0.41 Stevioside-B 787 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G1 641 <0.01<0.01 Reb-R1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1 773 0.39 0.25 Iso-Steviolbioside 641<0.01 <0.01 Sum 147.52 95.54

TABLE 37.3 Steviol glycosides in SG Sample No. 1-3 (149.5 mg/10 ml) Namem/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427<0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #2 981.00 <0.01 <0.01 Relatedsteviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #4 675 or 1127 0.15 0.10 Related steviol glycoside #5 981 <0.01 <0.01Reb-V 1259 0.88 0.59 Reb-T 1127 1.46 0.98 Reb-E 965 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-O1435 1.62 1.08 Reb-D 1127 11.70 7.83 Reb-K 1111 5.95 3.98 Reb-N 1273<0.01 <0.01 Reb-M 1289 0.40 0.27 Reb-S 949 2.21 1.48 Reb-J 1111 0.260.17 Reb-W 1097 0.53 0.36 Reb-U2 1097 0.75 0.50 Reb-W2/3 1097 0.30 0.20Reb-O2 965 0.23 0.15 Reb-Y 1259 0.20 0.13 Reb-I 1127 0.36 0.24 Reb-V21259 0.40 0.27 Reb-K2 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-H 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-A 96542.36 28.34 Stevioside 803 40.28 26.94 Reb-F 935 4.76 3.18 Reb-C 94918.44 12.34 Dulcoside-A 787 1.96 1.31 Rubusoside 641 2.96 1.98 Reb-B 8032.39 1.60 Dulcoside B 787 0.45 0.30 Steviolbioside 641 2.40 1.60 Reb-R935 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G 803 <0.01 <0.01 Stevioside-B 787 <0.01 <0.01Reb-G1 641 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-R1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1 773 <0.01 <0.01Iso-Steviolbioside 641 <0.01 <0.01 Sum 143.42 95.93

TABLE 37.4 Steviol glycosides in SG Sample No. 1-4 (151.4 mg/10 ml) Namem/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427<0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #2 981.00 <0.01 <0.01 Relatedsteviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #4675 or 1127 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #5 981 0.15 0.10 Reb-V1259 0.71 0.47 Reb-T 1127 0.94 0.62 Reb-E 965 0.30 0.20 Reb-O 1435 1.390.92 Reb-D 1127 9.34 6.17 Reb-K 1111 4.98 3.29 Reb-N 1273 <0.01 <0.01Reb-M 1289 0.28 0.19 Reb-S 949 1.85 1.22 Reb-J 1111 0.27 0.18 Reb-W 10970.40 0.27 Reb-U2 1097 0.59 0.39 Reb-W2/3 1097 0.27 0.18 Reb-O2 965 0.210.14 Reb-Y 1259 0.46 0.31 Reb-I 1127 0.85 0.56 Reb-V2 1259 0.67 0.44Reb-K2 1111 0.20 0.13 Reb-H 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-A 965 43.90 29.00Stevioside 803 44.06 29.10 Reb-F 935 4.65 3.07 Reb-C 949 16.80 11.09Dulcoside-A 787 2.40 1.59 Rubusoside 641 3.15 2.08 Reb-B 803 1.91 1.26Dulcoside B 787 0.62 0.41 Steviolbioside 641 2.32 1.54 Reb-R 935 0.270.18 Reb-G 803 <0.01 <0.01 Stevioside-B 787 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G1 641 <0.01<0.01 Reb-R1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Iso-Steviolbioside641 <0.01 <0.01 Sum 143.96 95.09

TABLE 37.5 Steviol glycosides in SG Sample No. 1-5 (157.3 mg/10 ml) Namem/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427<0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #2 981.00 <0.01 <0.01 Relatedsteviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 0.29 0.18 Related steviol glycoside #4 675 or 1127 0.36 0.23 Related steviol glycoside #5 981 0.48 0.31 Reb-V1259 0.55 0.35 Reb-T 1127 0.81 0.52 Reb-E 965 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-O 14351.51 0.96 Reb-D 1127 10.82 6.88 Reb-K 1111 4.81 3.06 Reb-N 1273 0.410.26 Reb-M 1289 0.30 0.19 Reb-S 949 1.99 1.27 Reb-J 1111 0.40 0.25 Reb-W1097 0.20 0.13 Reb-U2 1097 0.53 0.34 Reb-W2/3 1097 0.28 0.18 Reb-O2 965<0.01 <0.01 Reb-Y 1259 0.23 0.15 Reb-I 1127 0.20 0.13 Reb-V2 1259 0.230.14 Reb-K2 1111 0.34 0.21 Reb-H 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-A 965 40.82 25.95Stevioside 803 46.30 29.43 Reb-F 935 6.98 4.43 Reb-C 949 19.76 12.56Dulcoside-A 787 3.06 1.95 Rubusoside 641 3.57 2.27 Reb-B 803 0.87 0.56Dulcoside B 787 0.83 0.53 Steviolbioside 641 2.35 1.50 Reb-R 935 0.630.40 Reb-G 803 0.38 0.24 Stevioside-B 787 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G1 641 <0.01<0.01 Reb-R1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1 773 0.37 0.24 Iso-Steviolbioside 641<0.01 <0.01 Sum 150.67 95.78

TABLE 37.6 Steviol glycosides in SG Sample No. 1-6 (164.6 mg/10 ml) Namem/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427<0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #2 981.00 <0.01 <0.01 Relatedsteviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #4 675 or 1127 0.52 0.32 Related steviol glycoside #5 981 0.41 0.25 Reb-V1259 0.80 0.48 Reb-T 1127 1.10 0.67 Reb-E 965 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-O 14351.60 0.97 Reb-D 1127 10.65 6.47 Reb-K 1111 7.01 4.26 Reb-N 1273 0.400.24 Reb-M 1289 0.31 0.19 Reb-S 949 2.27 1.38 Reb-J 1111 0.57 0.34 Reb-W1097 0.33 0.20 Reb-U2 1097 0.54 0.33 Reb-W2/3 1097 0.31 0.19 Reb-O2 9650.21 0.13 Reb-Y 1259 0.22 0.13 Reb-I 1127 0.59 0.36 Reb-V2 1259 0.500.30 Reb-K2 1111 0.26 0.16 Reb-H 1111 0.23 0.14 Reb-A 965 47.27 28.72Stevioside 803 49.46 30.05 Reb-F 935 6.08 3.70 Reb-C 949 16.21 9.85Dulcoside-A 787 2.87 1.75 Rubusoside 641 3.12 1.89 Reb-B 803 0.88 0.53Dulcoside B 787 1.03 0.63 Steviolbioside 641 2.49 1.51 Reb-R 935 0.540.33 Reb-G 803 0.67 0.41 Stevioside-B 787 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G1 641 <0.01<0.01 Reb-R1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1 773 0.55 0.33 Iso-Steviolbioside 641<0.01 <0.01 Sum 159.99 97.20

TABLE 37.7 Steviol glycosides in SG Sample No. 1-7 (156.8 mg/10 ml) Namem/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427<0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #2 981.00 <0.01 <0.01 Relatedsteviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #4675 or 1127 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #5 981 <0.01 <0.01Reb-V 1259 0.75 0.48 Reb-T 1127 0.95 0.61 Reb-E 965 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-O1435 1.74 1.11 Reb-D 1127 9.29 5.93 Reb-K 1111 7.57 4.83 Reb-N 1273 0.480.30 Reb-M 1289 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-S 949 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-J 1111 <0.01 <0.01Reb-W 1097 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-U2 1097 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-W2/3 1097 <0.01 <0.01Reb-O2 965 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-Y 1259 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-I 1127 <0.01 <0.01Reb-V2 1259 0.41 0.26 Reb-K2 1111 0.30 0.19 Reb-H 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-A965 50.34 32.10 Stevioside 803 51.85 33.07 Reb-F 935 4.22 2.69 Reb-C 94914.39 9.18 Dulcoside-A 787 2.21 1.41 Rubusoside 641 2.17 1.38 Reb-B 8030.81 0.52 Dulcoside B 787 0.51 0.33 Steviolbioside 641 2.00 1.27 Reb-R935 0.89 0.57 Reb-G 803 0.41 0.26 Stevioside-B 787 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G1641 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-R1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1 773 <0.01 <0.01Iso-Steviolbioside 641 <0.01 <0.01 Sum 151.28 96.48

TABLE 37.8 Steviol glycosides in SG Sample No. 1-8 (156.8 mg/10 ml) Namem/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427<0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #2 981.00 <0.01 <0.01 Relatedsteviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #4 675 or 1127 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #5 981 0.17 0.11Reb-V 1259 0.62 0.40 Reb-T 1127 0.93 0.59 Reb-E 965 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-O1435 1.71 1.09 Reb-D 1127 7.81 4.98 Reb-K 1111 3.54 2.25 Reb-N 1273 0.340.22 Reb-M 1289 0.25 0.16 Reb-S 949 2.00 1.28 Reb-J 1111 0.27 0.18 Reb-W1097 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-U2 1097 0.37 0.24 Reb-W2/3 1097 0.19 0.12 Reb-O2965 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-Y 1259 0.18 0.12 Reb-I 1127 0.18 0.12 Reb-V2 12590.30 0.19 Reb-K2 1111 0.53 0.33 Reb-H 1111 0.40 0.25 Reb-A 965 51.4332.80 Stevioside 803 52.14 33.25 Reb-F 935 4.88 3.11 Reb-C 949 13.258.45 Dulcoside-A 787 2.94 1.88 Rubusoside 641 2.91 1.86 Reb-B 803 1.220.78 Dulcoside B 787 0.80 0.51 Steviolbioside 641 2.07 1.32 Reb-R 9350.67 0.43 Reb-G 803 0.19 0.12 Stevioside-B 787 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G1 641<0.01 <0.01 Reb-R1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1 773 0.14 0.09Iso-Steviolbioside 641 <0.01 <0.01 Sum 152.44 97.22

TABLE 37.9 Steviol glycosides in SG Sample No. 1-9 (150.7 mg/10 ml) Namem/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427<0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #2 981.00 <0.01 <0.01 Relatedsteviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #4 675 or 1127 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #5 981 <0.01 <0.01Reb-V 1259 0.60 0.40 Reb-T 1127 0.93 0.62 Reb-E 965 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-O1435 1.14 0.76 Reb-D 1127 4.73 3.14 Reb-K 1111 2.66 1.77 Reb-N 1273<0.01 <0.01 Reb-M 1289 0.54 0.36 Reb-S 949 1.35 0.90 Reb-J 1111 0.220.15 Reb-W 1097 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-U2 1097 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-W2/3 1097 <0.01<0.01 Reb-O2 965 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-Y 1259 0.23 0.15 Reb-I 1127 <0.01 <0.01Reb-V2 1259 0.37 0.24 Reb-K2 1111 0.66 0.44 Reb-H 1111 0.30 0.20 Reb-A965 45.81 30.40 Stevioside 803 55.99 37.15 Reb-F 935 5.76 3.82 Reb-C 94912.90 8.56 Dulcoside-A 787 3.62 2.40 Rubusoside 641 3.41 2.26 Reb-B 8031.36 0.90 Dulcoside B 787 0.91 0.60 Steviolbioside 641 2.83 1.88 Reb-R935 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G 803 <0.01 <0.01 Stevioside-B 787 <0.01 <0.01Reb-G1 641 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-R1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1 773 <0.01 <0.01Iso-Steviolbioside 641 <0.01 <0.01 Sum 146.33 97.10

TABLE 37.10 Summary of the products Dulc TSG TSG Sample # RA STV RB RCRD RE RF RM RN RO A RU STB (13) (all) Example 29 29.1 1.26 11.09 6.170.2 3.07 0.19 / 0.92 1.59 2.08 1.54 86.21 95.09 13 Example 24.83 21.421.31 11.35 7.77 0.19 2.58 0.28 0.3 1.11 1.39 2.1 / 74.63 83.84 37 SGNo.1-1 Example 28.86 24.87 1.19 10.57 8.71 0.31 3.07 0.25 0.2 1.27 1.161.8 1.24 83.5 95.54 37 SG No.1-2 Example 28.34 26.94 1.6 12.34 7.83 /3.18 0.27 / 1.08 1.31 1.98 1.6 86.47 95.93 37 SG No.1-3 Example 29 29.11.26 11.09 6.17 0.2 3.07 0.19 / 0.92 1.59 2.08 1.54 86.21 95.09 37 SGNo.1-4 Example 25.95 29.43 0.56 12.56 6.88 / 4.43 0.19 0.26 0.96 1.952.27 1.5 86.94 95.78 37 SG No.1-5 Example 28.72 30.05 0.53  9.85 6.47 /3.7 0.19 0.24 0.97 1.75 1.89 1.51 85.87 97.2 37   SG No.1-6   Example32.1 33.07 0.52  9.18 5.93 / 2.69 / 0.3 1.11 1.41 1.38 1.27 88.96 96.4837   SG No.1-7   Example 32.8 33.25 0.78  8.45 4.98 / 3.11 0.16 0.221.09 1.88 1.86 1.32 89.9 97.22 37   SG No.1-8   Example 30.4 37.15 0.9 8.56 3.14 / 3.82 0.36 / 0.76 2.4 2.26 1.88 91.63 97.1 37 SG No.1-9

Materials:

Reference standards for steviol glycosides (Reb A, Reb B, Reb C, Reb D,Reb E, Reb F, Reb G, Reb M, Reb N) were obtained from Chromadex (LGCGermany). Solvents and reagents (HPLC grade) were obtained from VWR(Vienna) or Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna).

Davisil Grade 633 (high-purity grade silica gel, pore size 60 A, 200-425mesh particle size was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna).

Sample Preparation:

300 mg sample was dissolved in 20 ml Acetonitrile/H₂O=9/1 (v/v).

HPLC-Method:

The HPLC system consisted of an Agilent 1100 system (autosampler,ternary gradient pump, column thermostat, VWD-UV/VIS detector,DAD-UV/VIS detector) connected in-line to an Agilent mass spectrometer(ESI-MS quadrupole G1956A VL). For HPLC analysis 150 mg of thecorresponding sample was dissolved in Acetonitrile (1 ml) and filled upto 10 ml with H₂O.

The samples were separated at 0.8 ml/min on a Phenomenex SynergiHydro-RP (150×3 mm) followed by a Macherey-Nagel Nucleosil 100-7 C18(250×4.6 mm) at 45° C. by gradient elution. Mobile Phase A consisted ofa 0.01 molar NH₄-Acetate buffer (native pH) with 0.1% acetic acid, 0.05%trimethylamine and 0.001% dichloromethane. Mobile Phase B consisted of0.01 molar NH₄-Acetate buffer (native pH) and Acetonitrile (1/9 v/v)with 0.1% acetic acid, 0.05% trimethylamine and 0.001% dichloromethane.The gradient started with 22% B, was increased linearly in 20 minutes to45 B and kept at this condition for another 15 minutes. Injection volumewas set to 10 μl.

The detectors were set to 210 nm (VWD), to 205 and 254 nm (DAD withspectra collection between 200-600 nm) and to ESI negative mode TIC m/z300-1500, Fragmentor 200, Gain 2 (MS, 300° C., nitrogen 12 l/min,nebulizer setting 50 psig. Capillary voltage 4500 V).

Detection at 210 nm was used to quantify the chromatograms, theMS-spectra were used to determine the molar mass and structuralinformation of individual peaks. Detection at 254 nm was used toidentify non-steviol glycoside peaks.

Identification and Quantification:

Steviol-glycosides were identified by comparison of retention times toauthentic reference standards and/or by evaluation of the mass spectraobtained (including interpretation of the fragmentation pattern anddouble charged ions triggered by the presence of dichloromethane).

Steviol-glycosides were quantified against external standards. In casethat no reference standard was available quantification was performedagainst Reb-A.

The maximum calibration range of reference standards was in a range0.1-50 mg/10 ml (dissolved in Acetonitrile/H₂O=9/1 (v/v)).

Example 38. Screening the Scent of Stevia MRP

In this example, the amino acid and reducing sugar was reacted. Thereaction conditions were as follow.

Reducing sugar: 3.35 g

Amino acid: 1.65 g;

Amino acid: reducing sugar=1:2

Water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Duration: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, the reaction of amino acid, reducing sugar and Steviaextract was added in the process. The reaction conditions were asfollow.

Stevia extract: product of Example 37; Final powder

Weight ratio of reducing sugar to amino acid: 2:1;

Weight ratio of Stevia extract to the blend of reducing sugar and aminoacid: 90:10, 60:40, and 30:70, respectively;

The total weight of Stevia extract, reducing sugar and amino acid: 5 g;noted as following table.

TABLE 38.1 Weight ratio of Stevia extract to the blend of reducing sugarand amino acid Stevia extract reducing sugar amino acid 90:10 4.5 g 0.33g 0.17 g 60:40   3 g 1.33 g 0.67 g 30:70 1.5 g   2 g   1 g

Water: 2.5 g

Temperature: 100° C.;

Duration: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

The odor of all the resultant mixtures after reaction completion wereevaluated by a panel of 4 trained persons.

Results:

TABLE 38.2 The products of the amino acid and reducing sugar aminoacid:reducing sugar = 1:2 Duration: 2 hours Temperature: 100° C.Glutamic Phenylalanine Alanine Leucine Isoleucine Arginine Acid ValineSerine Proline Lysine Tryptophan Mannose Flora Burnt burnt burntOdorless Odorless burnt Odorless popcorn Odorless Odorless Glucose FloraBurnt burnt burnt Caramel Odorless Odorless Odorless popcorn OdorlessOdorless Rhamnose Almond Caramel Odorless Odorless Odorless OdorlessSweet Almond popcorn Almond Odorless almond Fructose Flora Burnt burntburnt Odorless Odorless burnt Odorless popcorn Odorless OdorlessArabinose Flora Caramel burnt burnt Odorless Almond burnt Burnt andCaramel burnt Odorless acid Lactose Flora Burnt Odorless OdorlessOdorless Odorless Odorless Odorless popcorn Odorless Odorless GalactoseFlora Caramel burnt burnt Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless popcornOdorless Odorless Xylose Flora Caramel Burnt Almond Odorless Almondburnt Caramel popcorn burnt burnt and bitter Raffinose Odorless OdorlessOdorless Odorless Ammonia Odorless Odorless Odorless Caramel OdorlessOdorless

TABLE 38.3 The products of Stevia extract, amino acid and reducing sugarStevia extract: amino acid:reducing sugar = 90:3.3:6.7 Duration: 2 hoursTemperature: 100° C. Glutamic Phenylalanine Alanine Leucine IsoleucineArginine Acid Valine Serine Proline Lysine Tryptophan Mannose FloraBurnt Odorless Odorless Sunflower Citrus Odorless Odorless popcorn PeachOdorless seed Glucose Odorless Odorless Odorless Burnt Sunflower CitrusBurnt Citrus popcorn Peach Odorless seed Rhamnose Caramel SunflowerBurnt Burnt Sunflower Citrus Caramel Odorless popcorn Flora Burnt andseed seed bitter Fructose Odorless Odorless Burnt Burnt Sunflower CitrusOdorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless seed Arabinose OdorlessOdorless Burnt Burnt Odorless Citrus Burnt Odorless popcorn PeachOdorless Lactose Odorless Caramel Odorless Odorless Burnt CitrusOdorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Galactose Odorless CaramelBurnt Caramel Burnt Citrus Caramel Caramel popcorn Peach Odorless XyloseFlora Caramel Burnt Burnt Odorless Citrus Burnt Flora Odorless PeachCitrus Raffinose Odorless Odorless Burnt Odorless Odorless CitrusOdorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless

TABLE 38.4 The products of Stevia extract, amino acid and reducing sugarStevia extract:amino acid:reducing sugar = 60:13.3:26.7 Duration: 2hours Temperature: 100° C. Glutamic Phenylalanine Alanine LeucineIsoleucine Arginine Acid Valine Serine Proline Lysine Tryptophan MannoseFlora Burnt Burnt Burnt Odorless Citrus Odorless Odorless Burnt PeachOdorless Glucose Flora Burnt Burnt Odorless Burnt Citrus OdorlessCaramel Burnt Odorless Odorless Rhamnose Flora Burnt Burnt OdorlessBurnt Citrus Caramel Burnt popcorn Almond Odorless Fructose FloraSunflower Burnt Burnt Burnt Citrus Burnt Odorless Odorless OdorlessBurnt seed Arabinose Flora Succade Burnt Burnt Odorless Citrus BurntOdorless Burnt Odorless Odorless Lactose Odorless Odorless OdorlessOdorless Odorless Citrus Odorless Odorless Burnt Odorless OdorlessGalactose Flora Jujube Burnt Burnt Odorless Citrus Caramel OdorlessOdorless Odorless Odorless Xylose Flora Caramel Burnt Burnt OdorlessBurnt Caramel Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Raffinose OdorlessSunflower Burnt Burnt Ammonia Citrus Odorless Burnt Burnt Odorless Burntseed

TABLE 38.5 The products of Stevia extract, amino acid and reducing sugarStevia extract:amino acid:reducing sugar = 30:23.3:46.7 Duration: 2hours Temperature: 100° C. Glutamic Phenylalanine Alanine LeucineIsoleucine Arginine Acid Valine Serine Proline Lysine Tryptophan MannoseFlora Caramel Odorless Chemical Odorless Citrus Burnt Caramel popcornOdorless Odorless Glucose Flora Chinese Chemical Chemical OdorlessCitrus Caramel Odorless popcorn Peach Odorless date Rhamnose FloraCaramel Chemical Chemical Caramel Almond Caramel Burnt popcorn AlmondOdorless Fructose Flora Burnt Chemical Odorless Odorless Citrus BurntOdorless Burnt Peach Odorless Arabinose Flora Caramel Bitter ChemicalOdorless Almond Burnt Caramel Odorless Burnt Odorless Lactose FloraOdorless Odorless Odorless Burnt Citrus Odorless Odorless popcornOdorless Odorless Galactose Flora Caramel Sour oil Almond Burnt CitrusBurnt Caramel popcorn Odorless Odorless Xylose Flora Caramel ChemicalSour oil Burnt Almond Burnt Caramel Caramel Chemical Odorless RaffinoseFlora Odorless Acid Odorless Ammonia Citrus Odorless popcorn popcornOdorless Odorless

Conclusions:

Comparing the odor evaluation results of above reaction solutions, itwas found that when amino acid and reducing sugar react, by selectingthe specific reducing sugar and amino acid, a specific odor could beobtained, such as phenylalanine and xylose (flora odor) or proline andglucose (popcorn). By selecting the specific reducing sugar and aminoacid, odorless MRPs could be obtained, too, such as glutamic acid andlactose, or arginine and rhamnose. It was be also found that when theStevia extract is added in the reaction for those amino acid andreducing sugar which could produce odor after reaction, the resultedproducts can still give the similar odor. Surprisingly, when Steviaextract is introduced in those reactions in which an amino acid and areducing sugar that doesn't provide an odor after reaction, in somecases, new pleasant odors were produced. For example, the reactionproduct of glutamic acid and lactose do not produce odor producing MRPs,but when Stevia extract participated in the reaction, a Citrus odor wasbe obtained. Similarly, examples include peach odor(lysine+glucose+Stevia extract), sunflower seed odor(arginine+rhamnose+Stevia extract), Chinese date odor(alanine+glucose+Stevia extract), or succade odor(alanine+arabinose+Stevia extract). Therefore, it has been surprisinglydiscovered that Stevia extract plays a key role in producing thesespecific odors which standard amino acids and sugar donors cannotproduce.

Example 39. The Products in Examples 40-49, 66, 74, 108-131, 147-165were Evaluated by the Following Method

For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested by a panelof four people. The panel was asked to describe the taste profile andscore values between 1-5 according to the standard procedure as follows.1 trained taster tasted independently the samples first. The tester wasallowed to re-taste, and then made notes for the sensory attributesperceived. Afterwards, another 3 tasters tasted and the attributes notedwere discussed openly to find a suitable description. In case that morethan 1 taster disagreed with the result, the tasting was repeated.

Sensory Evaluation Method:

Products were evaluated in terms of flavor intensity, sweetness profileand mouthfeel.

The score was used to evaluate the overall taste of the products. Theoverall-likeability score is the average of the score of flavorintensity, sweet profile and mouth feel.

For flavor intensity, 2 factors such as odor intensity and flavor tasteintensity were evaluated. The score of flavor intensity is the averageof the 2 factors.

For sweetness profile, 3 factors such as bitterness, metallic aftertasteand sweet lingering were evaluated. Because the stronger the degree ofthese three parameters, the higher the score, thus the worse thesweetness profile. So the score of sweetness profile is the result of 5minus the average of the 3 factors.

For mouth feel, 1 factor, kokumi, was evaluated.

A panel of 6 trained testers evaluated the samples and gave scores of1-5 according to the following standards. For the flavor intensity andmouth feel, the higher the score, the better. For the bitterness,metallic aftertaste and sweet lingering, the lower the score the better.

1) Odor Intensity

The odor intensity is defined by the level of threshold of productconcentration at which odor is perceived.

The sample was dissolved in a neutral aqueous solution to prepare a 500ppm solution. The solution was diluted stepwise, and 25 ml of the dilutewas placed in a 50 ml round bottom flask. The tester placed their nose 1cm above the mouth of the flask and smelled it to determine if thesolution had a characteristic odor. The concentration at which ≥50% ofthe testers considered the solution to be odorless is the odorconcentration threshold of the sample. The odor intensity score of thesample is given according to the level of concentration thresholdcorresponding to the score of the table below.

TABLE 39.1 Range of the odor concentration 101- 151- 201- threshold ≤100ppm 150 ppm 200 ppm 250 ppm >250 ppm odor intensity 5 4 3 2 1 score

2) Flavor Taste Intensity

The flavor taste intensity is defined by the level of threshold productconcentration at which flavor taste is perceptible with 5 being thebest.

The sample was dissolved in a neutral aqueous solution to prepare a 500ppm solution. This solution was diluted stepwise. The tester placed20-30 ml of the solution in his/her mouth for 5 seconds to judge whetherthe solution had a characteristic flavor taste. The concentration atwhich ≥50% of the testers considered the solution to be non-flavored(note that it is not sweet) is the flavor concentration threshold of thesample. The flavor taste intensity score of the sample is givenaccording to the level of concentration threshold corresponding to thescore of the table below.

TABLE 38.2 Range of the flavor taste concentration threshold ≤100101-150 151-200 201-250 >250 ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm flavor taste intensityscore 5 4 3 2 1

3) Kokumi Level

Evaluation Standard:

Prepare a 5% sucrose solution with neutral water. This solution was usedas a standard solution which kokumi degree is set to 5.

A 250 ppm RA solution was prepared with neutral water. This solution wasused as a standard solution to which the kokumi degree was set as 1 with5 being the best.

An appropriate amount of yeast extract (available from Leiber,44400P-145) was dissolved in a 250 ppm aqueous solution of RA97 suchthat the degree of kokumi of the resulting solution was consistent withthe standard solution of kokumi degree of 5 (5% sucrose). Afterevaluation by a panel of 6 testers, it was determined that a solution of100 ppm the yeast extract dissolved in 250 ppm RA97 was substantiallyidentical to the degree of kokumi of the 5% sucrose solution. Thus, thecriteria for determining the degree of kokumi are as follows.

TABLE 39.3 RA97 250 ppm Range of yeast extract concentration <25 25-5050-75 75-100 >100 ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Score of kokumi level 1 2 3 4 5

Evaluation Method:

The sample to be evaluated was dissolved in neutral deionized water tomake the concentration of steviol glycosides equal to 250 ppm. Thetester placed 20-30 mL of the evaluation solution in their mouth. After5 seconds the solution was spit out. After a mouthwash step with water,the standard solution was taken. If the degree of Kokumi was similar,the Kokumi degree of the sample solution can be determined as the Kokumidegree value of the standard solution. Otherwise it was necessary totake additional standard solutions and try again until the Kokumi degreevalue was determined.

4) Bitterness

Quinine (99% purity) concentration of 10⁻⁸-10⁻⁴ mol/L was the bitternessstandard, and the specific bitterness scoring standards are shown in thefollowing table.

TABLE 39.4 Range of quinine <8 × 10⁻⁷ 8 × 10⁻⁷~3 × 10⁻⁶ 7 × 10⁻⁶~2 ×10⁻⁵ 2 × 10⁻⁵~1 × 10⁻⁴ >1 × 10⁻⁴ concentration mol/L Score of bitterness1 2 3 4 5

The sample to be evaluated was dissolved in neutral deionized water tomake the concentration of steviol glycosides equal to 250 ppm. Thetester placed 20-30 mL of the evaluation solution in their mouth. After5 seconds the sample was spit out. After a rinse step with water, thestandard solution was tasted. If the bitter taste was similar, thebitterness of the sample can be determined as the bitterness value ofthe standard solution. Otherwise it was necessary to take additionalstandard solution(s) and try again until the bitterness value wasdetermined with 1 being the best.

5) Metallic Aftertaste

Sucralose (available from Anhui Jinhe Industrial Co., Ltd) was used as astandard reference. The specific metallic aftertaste scoring standardsare shown in the table below.

TABLE 39.5 Range of sucralose concentration <50 50-100 100- 150-200 >200ppm ppm 150 ppm ppm ppm Score of metallic 1 2 3 4 5 aftertaste

The sample to be evaluated was dissolved in neutral deionized water tomake the concentration of steviol glycosides equal to 250 ppm. Thetester places 20-30 mL of the evaluation solution in their mouth. After5 seconds, the solution is spit out. After a rinse step with water thestandard solution was tasted. If the metallic aftertaste was similar,the metallic aftertaste of the sample was determined as the metallicaftertaste score of the standard liquid, otherwise it was necessary totake additional standard liquid samples and taste it again until themetallic aftertaste score was determined with 1 being the best.

6) Sweet Lingering

The sample to be evaluated was dissolved in neutral deionized water tomake the concentration of steviol glycosides equal to 250 ppm. Thetester placed 20-30 mL of the evaluation solution in their mouth, andtiming was started to record the sweetness start time and peak time. Thetest solution was then spit out. Recording of time continued for thetime when the sweetness disappeared completely. The time at which thesweetness completely disappeared was compared to the time in the tablebelow to determine the value of sweet lingering.

TABLE 39.6 time at which the sweetness completely disappears <20 s 20-30s 30-40 s 40-50 s >50 s Score of sweet lingering 1 2 3 4 5

Example 40. The relationship between the taste profile of flora tasteMRP and the ratio of the mixture of Xylose and phenylalanine to Steviaextract

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37, Final Powder

Common Process:

Xylose and phenylalanine were blended in the ratio of 2:1 and named asX&P mixture. The Stevia extract material was dissolved together with theX&P mixture in deionized water to make the solids content to 67%. Therewas no need to add any pH regulator and the pH was about 5. The solutionwas heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When thereaction was complete, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to provide anoff white powder MRP.

Experiments

Several MRPs in this Example were prepared. Each sample was evaluatedaccording to above sensory evaluation method and the resultant data wasthe average of the panel. The reaction parameters and the taste profileof the products are as follow. Note that according to the sensoryevaluation method, mouth feel and sweetness profile were evaluated basedon the same sweetness. The concentrations of Stevia extract in allsample solutions are the same, 250 ppm.

TABLE 40.1 Ratio of X&P mixture Weight of to Stevia extract SteviaWeight Weight of Sample # w/w extract of xylose phenylalanine 40-0110/90 4.5 g 0.33 g 0.17 g 40-02 20/80   4 g 0.67 g 0.33 g 40-03 30/703.5 g   1 g  0.5 g 40-04 40/60   3 g 1.33 g 0.67 g 40-05 50/50 2.5 g1.67 g 0.83 g 40-06 60/40   2 g   2 g   1 g 40-07 70/30 1.5 g 2.33 g1.17 g 40-08 80/20   1 g 2.67 g 1.33 g

TABLE 40.2 Sensory evaluation flavor intensity sweet profile Score ScoreFlavor of mouth of Sample Odor taste flavor feel Sweet Metallic sweetOverall # flavor intensity intensity intensity kokumi lingeringbitterness aftertaste profile likeability 40-01 flora 3 4 3.5 4 2 1 13.67 3.72 40-02 5 5 5 4 3 1 1 3.33 4.11 40-03 5 5 5 5 3 1 1 3.33 4.4440-04 4 5 4.5 5 2 1 1 3.67 4.39 40-05 3 4 3.5 5 2 1 1 3.67 4.06 40-06 34 3.5 5 2 1 1 3.67 4.06 40-07 3 3 3 5 2 1 1 3.67 3.89 40-08 3 3 3 5 2 21 3.33 3.78

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofX&P mixture to Stevia extract in this example is presented in FIG. 6.

The relationship between the Overall-likeability score to the ratio ofX&P mixture to Stevia extract in this example is presented in FIG. 7.

Conclusion:

As can be seen from the overall-likeability data, with the ratio of X&Pmixture to Stevia extract ranged from 10/90 to 80/20, the productsprovided a very good taste (score >3.5), particularly when the ratio ofX&P mixture to Stevia extract ranged from 20/80 to 60/40, the productsgave a superior taste (score >4).

Example 41. Taste Comparison Between Stevia-Reacted MRP and the Blend ofStevia Extract with Non-Stevia-Reacted MRP (Flora Taste)

Stevia extract materials:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37, Final Powder; RA75/RB15; andRA80/RB 10/RD

Preparation of non-Stevia-reacted MRP:

3.3 g Xylose and 1.7 g phenylalanine were blended and dissolved in 2.5 gdeionized water. No pH regulator was added; resultant pH about 5. Thesolution was then heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours.When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spray dryer toprovide an off white powder non-Stevia-reacted MRP.

Preparation of the Stevia-Reacted MRP:

0.67 g Xylose, 0.33 g phenylalanine and 4 g Stevia extract material weredissolved in 2.5 g deionized water. No pH regulator was added; resultantpH was about 5. The solution was then heated at about 100 degreescentigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction was completed, the slurry wasdried by spray dryer to provide an off white powder MRP.

Experiments

Several Stevia-reacted MRPs in this Example were prepared. In addition,the Stevia extract was blended with non-Stevia-reacted MRP to makeseveral mixtures for comparison. Each sample was evaluated according toabove sensory evaluation method and the resultant data was the averageof the panel. The parameters and the taste profile of the products areas follow. For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were testedby a panel of four people. The panel was asked to describe the tasteprofile and score values between 1-5 according to the standard procedurethat follows. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samples first.The taster was allowed to re-taste, and then makes notes for the sensoryattributes perceived. Afterwards, another 3 tasters tasted the samplesand the attributes were noted and discussed openly to find a suitabledescription. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed with the result,the tasting was repeated.

TABLE 41.1 Sensory evaluation flavor intensity sweet profile Type FlavorScore of mouth Score of of Odor taste flavor feel Sweet Metallic sweetOverall # Stevia extract MRP* intensity intensity intensity kokumiintensity bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 41-1 the product ofa 5 5 5 4 3 1 1 3.33 4.11 Example 37 41-2 the product of b 2 2 2 3 3 1 13.33 2.78 Example 37 41-3 RA80/RB10/RD6 a 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 3.67 3.22 41-4RA80/RB10/RD6 b 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 3.33 2.44 41-5 RA75/RB15 a 3 2 2.5 3 3 1 13.33 2.94 41-6 RA75/RB15 b 2 1 1.5 2 3 1 1 3.33 2.28 *a Stevia-reactedMRP b blend the Stevia extract with non-Stevia-reacted MRP

Data Analysis

The comparison between the products of EX41-1 and EX41-2 is presented inFIG. 8. The comparisons between the products of EX41-3 and EX41-4,EX41-5 and EX41-6 presented similar results.

Conclusion:

When blended with an MRP, the taste of Stevia extract was improved inparticular with mouth feel improvement. Surprisingly, when the Steviaextract was introduced into the Maillard reaction, the taste ofresultant Stevia-reacted MRP was significantly improved compared to theblend.

Example 42. The Relationship Between the Taste Profile of Sunflower SeedTaste Stevia and the Ratio of the Mixture of Rhamnose and Arginine toStevia Extract

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37, Final Powder

Common Process:

Blend rhamnose and arginine in a ratio of 2:1 referred to as R&Amixture. The Stevia extract material was dissolved together with the R&Amixture in deionized water to make the solids content to 67%. A pHregulator was not added and the pH was about 5. The solution was heatedat about 100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction wascompleted, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to provide an off whitepowder MRP.

Experiments

Several MRPs in this Example were prepared. Each sample was evaluatedaccording to above sensory evaluation method and the resultant data wasthe average of the panel. The parameters and the taste profile of theproducts are as follow. Note that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the mouth feel and sweet profile were evaluated based on thesame sweetness. The concentrations of Stevia extract in all samplesolutions are the same, 250 ppm. For evaluation of the taste profile,the samples were tested by a panel of four people. The panel was askedto describe the taste profile and score values between 1-5 according tothe standard procedure that follows. 1 trained taster tastedindependently the samples first. The taster was allowed to re-taste, andthen makes notes for the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards,another 3 tasters tasted the samples and the attributes were noted anddiscussed openly to find a suitable description. In case that more than1 taster disagreed with the result, the tasting was repeated.

TABLE 42.1 Ratio of R&A mixture Weight of to Stevia extract SteviaWeight of Weight of Sample # w/w extract rhamnose arginine 42-01 10/904.5 g 0.33 g 0.17 g 42-02 20/80   4 g 0.67 g 0.33 g 42-03 30/70 3.5 g  1 g  0.5 g 42-04 40/60   3 g 1.33 g 0.67 g 42-05 50/50 2.5 g 1.67 g0.83 g 42-06 60/40   2 g   2 g   1 g 42-07 70/30 1.5 g 2.33 g 1.17 g42-08 80/20   1 g 2.67 g 1.33 g 42-09 90/10 0.5 g   3 g  1.5 g

TABLE 42.2 Sensory evaluation flavor intensity sweet profile FlavorScore of mouth Score of Sample Odor taste flavor feel Sweet Metallicsweet Overall # flavor intensity intensity intensity kokumi lingeringbitterness aftertaste profile likeability 42-01 Sunflower 2 1 1.5 2 3 11 3.33 2.28 42-02 seed 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3.67 2.56 42-03 4 3 3.5 3 2 1 13.67 3.39 42-04 3 2 2.5 4 2 1 1 3.67 3.39 42-05 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 3.67 3.2242-06 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 3.67 3.22 42-07 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 3.67 2.89 42-08 1 1 14 2 1 1 3.67 2.89 42-09 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 4.00 3.33

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofR&A mixture to Stevia extract in this example is depicted in FIG. 9.

The relationship between the Overall likeability score to the ratio ofR&A mixture to Stevia extract in this example is depicted in FIG. 10.

Conclusion:

As can be seen from the overall likeability data, with the ratio of R&Amixture to Stevia extract ranged from 20/80 to 90/10, the productsprovided good taste (score >2.5), particularly when the ratio of R&Amixture to Stevia extract ranges from 30/70 to 60/40, the productsprovided a very good taste (score >3). Note that when the ratio of R&Amixture to Stevia extract ranged from 70/30 to 90/10, in which thecontent of Stevia extract in the reactant is lower, there was notsignificant flavor taste and smell shown in the product. This isbelieved to be because the sunflower seed flavor was obtained whenintroducing the Stevia extract into the reaction of rhamnose andarginine. Accordingly, in the ratio range from 70/30 to 90/10, the levelof Stevia extract in the reactant was very low, so the flavor intensityis not significant. However, even though there was no strong flavor, theproduct provided significant mouth feel improvement and so made thescore of overall-likeability still high.

Example 43. Taste Comparison Between Stevia-Reacted MRP and the Blend ofStevia Extract with Non-Stevia-Reacted MRP (Sunflower Seed Taste)

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37, Final Powder; RA75/RB15; andRA80/RB 10/RD6

Preparation of non-Stevia-reacted MRP:

3.3 g rhamnose and 1.7 g arginine were blended and dissolved in 2.5 gdeionized water. No pH regulator was added and the pH of the solutionwas about 5. The solution was heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for2 hours. When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spraydryer to provide an off white powder non-Stevia-reacted MRP.

Preparation of the Stevia-reacted MRP:

1 g rhamnose, 0.5 g arginine and 3.5 g Stevia extract material weredissolved in 2.5 g deionized water. No pH regulator was added and the pHof the solution was about 5. The solution was heated at about 100degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction was completed, theslurry was dried by spray dryer to provide an off white powder MRP.

Experiments

Several Stevia-reacted MRPs in this Example were prepared. In addition,a blend of the Stevia extract with non-Stevia-reacted MRP was preparedto make several mixtures for comparison. Each sample was evaluatedaccording to above sensory evaluation method and the resultant data wasaveraged of the panel. The parameters and the taste profile of theproducts are as follow. For evaluation of the taste profile, the sampleswere tested by a panel of four people. The panel was asked to describethe taste profile and score values between 1-5 according to the standardprocedure that follows. 1 trained taster tasted independently thesamples first. The taster was allowed to re-taste, and then makes notesfor the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards, another 3 tasterstasted the samples and the attributes were noted and discussed openly tofind a suitable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreedwith the result, the tasting was repeated.

TABLE 43.1 Sensory evaluation flavor intensity sweet profile FlavorScore of mouth Score of Sample Type of Odor taste flavor feel SweetMetallic sweet Overall # Stevia extract MRP* intensity intensityintensity kokumi lingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability43-1 the product of a 4 3 3.5 3 2 1 1 3.67 3.39 Example 37 43-2 theproduct of b No flavor 2 2 1 1 3.67 1.89 Example 37 43-3 the product ofc No flavor 1 3 1 1 3.33 1.44 Example 37 43-4 RA80/RB10/ a 4 2 3 3 2 1 13.67 3.22 RD6 43-5 RA80/RB10/ b No flavor 2 2 1 1 3.67 1.89 RD6 43-6RA80/RB10/ c No flavor 1 3 1 1 3.33 1.44 RD6 43-7 RA75/RB15 a 5 4 4.5 32 1 1 3.67 3.72 43-8 RA75/RB15 b No flavor 2 2 1 1 3.67 1.89 43-9RA75/RB15 c No flavor 1 3 1 1 3.33 1.44 *a Stevia-reacted MRP; b blendthe Stevia extract with non-Stevia-reacted MRP; c the Stevia extract ascontrol

Conclusion:

No matter if the Stevia extract was blended with the MRP or wasintroduced into the Maillard reaction, the taste of Stevia extract wasimproved, especially with regard to mouth feel improvement. Surprisinglyand particularly, when the Stevia extract was introduced in the Maillardreaction, the taste of the resultant Stevia-reacted MRP wassignificantly improved compared to the simple blend.

Example 44. The Relationship Between the Taste Profile of Popcorn TasteStevia and the Ratio of the Mixture of Galactose and Proline to SteviaExtract

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37; Final Powder

Common Process:

Galactose and proline were blended in the ratio of 2:1 and named as G&Pmixture. The Stevia extract material was dissolved together with the G&Pmixture in deionized water to make the solids content to 67%. No pHregulator was added and the pH of the solution was about 5. The solutionwas heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When thereaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to providean off white powder MRP.

Experiments

Several MRPs in this Example were prepared. Each sample was evaluatedaccording to above sensory evaluation method and the resultant data wasthe average of the panel. The parameters and the taste profile of theproducts are as follow. Note that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the mouth feel and sweet profile were evaluated based on thesame sweetness. The concentrations of Stevia extract in all samplesolutions are the same, 250 ppm.

TABLE 44.1 Ratio of G&P mixture to Stevia extract Weight of Weight ofWeight of Sample # w/w Stevia extract galactose proline 44-01  1/99 4.95g  0.033 g  0.017 g  44-02 10/90 4.5 g 0.33 g 0.17 g 44-03 20/80   4 g0.67 g 0.33 g 44-04 30/70 3.5 g   1 g  0.5 g 44-05 40/60   3 g 1.33 g0.67 g 44-06 50/50 2.5 g 1.67 g 0.83 g 44-07 60/40   2 g   2 g   1 g44-08 70/30 1.5 g 2.33 g 1.17 g 44-09 80/20   l g 2.67 g 1.33 g 44-1090/10 0.5 g   3 g  1.5 g 44-11 99/1  0.05 3.3 1.65

TABLE 44.2 Sensory evaluation flavor intensity sweet profile FlavorScore of mouth Score of Sample Odor taste flavor feel Sweet Metallicsweet Overall # Flavor intensity intensity intensity kokumi lingeringbitterness aftertaste profile likeability 44-01 Popcorn 1 1 1 2 2 2 13.33 2.11 44-02 2 3 2.5 2 2 1 1 3.67 2.72 44-03 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 3.67 3.2244-04 4 4 4 3 2 1 1 3.67 3.56 44-05 4 4 4 3 2 1 1 3.67 3.56 44-06 4 4 43 1 1 1 4.00 3.67 44-07 Popcorn and 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 3.67 3.22 Caramel44-08 Caramel 2 2 2 4 1 2 1 3.67 3.22 44-09 2 2 2 4 1 3 1 3.33 3.1144-10 2 2 2 4 1 3 1 3.33 3.11 44-11 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 3.33 2.78

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofG&P mixture to Stevia extract in this example is shown in FIG. 11.

The relationship between the Overall likeability score to the ratio ofG&P mixture to Stevia extract in this example is shown in FIG. 12. Forevaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested by a panel offour people. The panel was asked to describe the taste profile and scorevalues between 1-5 according to the standard procedure that follows. 1trained taster tasted independently the samples first. The taster wasallowed to re-taste, and then makes notes for the sensory attributesperceived. Afterwards, another 3 tasters tasted the samples and theattributes were noted and discussed openly to find a suitabledescription. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed with the result,the tasting was repeated.

Conclusion:

As can be seen from the overall likeability data, when the ratio of G&Pmixture to Stevia extract ranged from 20/80 to 90/10, the productsprovided good taste (score >3), particularly when the ratio of G&Pmixture to Stevia extract ranged from 30/70 to 50/50, the productsprovided a very good taste (score >3.5).

Example 45. Taste Comparison Between Stevia-Reacted MRP and the Blend ofStevia Extract with Non-Stevia-Reacted MRP (Popcorn Taste)

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37, final powder; STV60/TSG(13)95(66.19% stevioside, available from sweet Green Fields); RA75/RB15; andRA80/RB10/RD6

Preparation of non-Stevia-reacted MRP:

3.3 g galactose and 6.7 g proline were blended and dissolved in 2.5 gdeionized water. No pH regulator was added and the pH of the solutionwas about 5. The solution was heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for2 hours. When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spraydryer to provide an off white powder non-Stevia-reacted MRP.

Preparation of the Stevia-Reacted MRP:

1 g galactose, 0.5 g proline and 3.5 g Stevia extract material weredissolved in 2.5 g deionized water. No pH regulator was added and the pHof the solution was about 5. The solution was heated at about 100degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction was completed, theslurry was dried by spray dryer to provide an off white powder MRP.

Experiments

Several Stevia-reacted MRPs in this Example were prepared. In addition,the Stevia extract was blended with non-Stevia-reacted MRP to makeseveral mixtures for comparison. Each sample was evaluated according toabove sensory evaluation method and the resultant data was the averageof the panel. The parameters and the taste profile of the products areas follow. For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were testedby a panel of four people. The panel was asked to describe the tasteprofile and score values between 1-5 according to the standard procedurethat follows. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samples first.The taster was allowed to re-taste, and then makes notes for the sensoryattributes perceived. Afterwards, another 3 tasters tasted the samplesand the attributes were noted and discussed openly to find a suitabledescription. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed with the result,the tasting was repeated.

TABLE 45.1 Sensory evaluation flavor intensity sweet profile FlavorScore of mouth Score of Sample Type of Odor taste flavor feel SweetMetallic sweet Overall # Stevia extract MRP* intensity intensityintensity kokumi lingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability45-1 the product of a 4 4 4 3 2 1 1 3.67 3.56 Example 37 45-2 theproduct of b 4 3 3.5 2 2 2 1 3.33 2.94 Example 37 45-3 STV60/TSG(13)95 a3 3 3 3 2 2 1 3.33 3.11 45-4 STV60/TSG(13)95 b 3 2 2.5 2 2 3 2 2.67 2.3945-5 RA80/RB10/RD6 a 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 4.00 3.33 45-6 RA80/RB10/RD6 b 2 2 23 2 1 1 3.67 2.89 45-7 RA75/RB15 a 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 3.67 2.89 45-8RA75/RB15 b 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3.67 2.56 *a Stevia-reacted MRP; b blend theStevia extract with non-Stevia-reacted MRP

Data Analysis

The comparison between the products of EX45-3 and EX45-4 is shown inFIG. 13.

The comparisons between the products of EX45-1 and EX45-2, EX45-5 andEX45-6, EX45-7 and EX45-8 present similar results.

Conclusion:

No matter if the Stevia extract was blended with MRP or was introducedin the Maillard reaction, the taste of Stevia extract was improvedespecially with mouth feel improvement. Surprisingly, when the Steviaextract was introduced in the Maillard reaction, the taste of theresultant Stevia-reacted MRP was significantly improved compared to theblend.

Example 46. The Effect of the Species of Reducing Sugar on the Flavor ofChocolate

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: RA80/TSG(13SG)95 (84.10% rebaudioside A, available fromSweet Green Fields)

Common Process:

The reducing sugar and valine were blended in a certain ratio and namedas the R&V mixture. The Stevia extract material was dissolved togetherwith the R&V mixture in deionized water to make the solids content to67%. The ratio of R&V mixture to Stevia extract was 30/70. Propyleneglycol was added to the reaction mixture to make the ratio of propyleneglycol to water equal to 1:5. No pH regulator was added and the pH wasabout 5. The solution was then heated at about 120 degrees centigradefor 45 min. When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried byspray dryer to provide an off white powder MRP.

Experiments

Several MRPs in this Example were prepared. Each sample was evaluatedaccording to above sensory evaluation method and the resultant data wasthe average of the panel. The parameters and the taste profile of theproducts are as follow.

TABLE 46.1 Ratio of re- Weight of Weight of Weight of Weight of SampleReducing ducing sugar Stevia reducing amino Weight of propylene # sugarto valine extract sugar acid water glycol 46-01 Glucose 1:1 3.5 g 0.75 g0.75 g 2.5 g 0.5 g 46-02 Galactose 3.5 g 0.75 g 0.75 g 2.5 g 0.5 g 46-03Rhamnose 3.5 g 0.75 g 0.75 g 2.5 g 0.5 g 46-04 Arabinose 3.5 g 0.75 g0.75 g 2.5 g 0.5 g 46-05 Xylose 3.5 g 0.75 g 0.75 g 2.5 g 0.5 g 46-06Glucose 2:1 3.5 g   1 g  0.5 g 2.5 g 0.5 g 46-07 Galactose 3.5 g   1 g 0.5 g 2.5 g 0.5 g 46-08 Rhamnose 3.5 g   1 g  0.5 g 2.5 g 0.5 g 46-09Arabinose 3.5 g   1 g  0.5 g 2.5 g 0.5 g 46-10 Xylose 3.5 g   1 g  0.5 g2.5 g 0.5 g

TABLE 46.2 Sensory evaluation flavor intensity sweet profile FlavorScore of mouth Score of Sample Odor taste flavor feel Sweet Metallicsweet Overall # intensity intensity intensity kokumi lingeringbitterness aftertaste profile likeability 46-01 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 3.00 2.3346-02 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 3.00 2.67 46-03 3 4 3.5 4 2 3 1 3.00 3.50 46-04 2 43 4 2 2 1 3.33 3.44 46-05 3 4 3.5 4 3 2 1 3.00 3.50 46-06 2 2 2 3 3 3 12.67 2.56 46-07 3 4 3.5 3 2 4 1 2.67 3.06 46-08 2 4 3 3 2 4 1 2.67 2.8946-09 2 4 3 4 2 2 1 3.33 3.44 44-10 3 4 3.5 4 3 2 1 3.00 3.50

Conclusion:

The products of valine reacting with all the reducing sugars gave a goodchocolate flavor. Among them, rhamose and xylose were the betterreactants to prepare a chocolate flavored MRP. When using rhamnose andvaline as the reactants, the preferred ratio was 1:1.

Example 47. The Relationship Between the Taste Profile of ChocolateTaste Stevia and the Ratio of the Mixture of Rhamnose and Valine toStevia Extract

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: RA80/TSG(13SG)95 (84.10% rebaudioside A, available fromSweet Green Fields).

Common Process:

Rhamnose and valine were blended in a ratio of 1:1 and named as R&Vmixture. The Stevia extract material was dissolved together with the R&Vmixture in deionized water to make the solids content to 67%. Propyleneglycol was added to the reaction mixture to make the ratio of propyleneglycol to water equal to 1:2.5. No pH regulator was added and the pH wasabout 5. The solution was then heated at about 120 degrees centigradefor 45 min. When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried byspray dryer to provide an off white powder MRP.

Experiments

Several MRPs in this Example were prepared. Each sample was evaluatedaccording to above sensory evaluation method and the resultant data werethe average of the panel. The parameters and the taste profile of theproducts are as follow. Note that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the mouth feel and sweet profile were evaluated based on thesame sweetness. The concentrations of Stevia extract in all samplesolutions are the same, 250 ppm.

TABLE 47.1 Ratio of R&V mixture to Stevia extract Weight of Weight ofWeight of Sample # w/w Stevia extract rhamnose valine 47-01 20/80   4 g 0.5 g  0.5 g 47-02 30/70 3.5 g 0.75 g 0.75 g 47-03 40/60   3 g   1 g  1 g 47-04 50/50 2.5 g 1.25 g 1.25 g 47-05 60/40   2 g  1.5 g  1.5 g

TABLE 47.2 Sensory evaluation flavor intensity sweet profile FlavorScore of mouth Score of Sample Odor taste flavor feel Sweet Metallicsweet Overall # flavor intensity intensity intensity kokumi lingeringbitterness aftertaste profile likeability 47-01 chocolate 2 3 2.5 4 2 31 3.00 3.17 47-02 3 4 3.5 4 2 3 1 3.00 3.50 47-03 3 4 3.5 4 2 3 1 3.003.50 47-04 4 3 3.5 4 1 4 1 3.00 3.50 47-05 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 3.00 3.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofR&V mixture to Stevia extract in this example is shown in FIG. 14.

The relationship between the Overall likeability score to the ratio ofR&V mixture to Stevia extract in this example is shown in FIG. 15.

Conclusion:

As can be seen from the overall likeability data, when the ratio of R&Vmixture to Stevia extract ranged from 20/80 to 60/40, the productsprovided good taste (score >3), especially when the ratio of R&V mixtureto Stevia extract ranged from 30/70 to 60/40, the products provided avery good taste (score >3.5). For evaluation of the taste profile, thesamples were tested by a panel of four people. The panel was asked todescribe the taste profile and score values between 1-5 according to thestandard procedure that follows. 1 trained taster tasted independentlythe samples first. The taster was allowed to re-taste, and then makesnotes for the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards, another 3tasters tasted the samples and the attributes were noted and discussedopenly to find a suitable description. In case that more than 1 tasterdisagreed with the result, the tasting was repeated.

Example 48. Taste Comparison Between Stevia-Reacted MRP and the Blend ofStevia Extract with Non-Stevia-Reacted MRP (Chocolate Taste).

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: RA80/TSG(13SG)95 (84.10% rebaudioside A, available fromSweet Green Fields); STV60/TSG(13SG)95 (66.19% stevioside, availablefrom Sweet Green Fields).

Preparation of the non-Stevia-reacted MRP:

Blend 2.5 g rhamnose and 2.5 g valine were blended and dissolved in 2.5g deionized water. 0.5 g propylene glycol was added to the reactionmixture. No pH regulator was added and the pH was about 5. The solutionwas heated at about 120 degrees centigrade for 45 min. When the reactionwas completed, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to provide an offwhite powder MRP.

Preparation of the Stevia-Reacted MRP:

0.75 g rhamnose, 0.75 g valine and 3.5 g Stevia extract material weredissolved in 2.5 g deionized water. 0.5 g propylene glycol was added tothe reaction mixture. No pH regulator was added and the pH was about 5.The solution was then heated at about 120 degrees centigrade for 45 min.When the reaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spray dryer toprovide an off white powder MRP.

Experiments

Several Stevia-reacted MRPs in this Example were prepared. In addition,the Stevia extract was blended with non-Stevia-reacted MRP to makeseveral mixtures for comparison. Each sample was evaluated according toabove sensory evaluation method and the result data were average of thepanel. The parameters and the taste profile of the products are asfollow.

TABLE 48.1 Sensory evaluation flavor intensity sweet profile FlavorScore of mouth Score of Type of Odor taste flavor feel Sweet Metallicsweet Overall # Stevia extract MRP* intensity intensity intensity kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 48-1 RA80/TSG(13)95a 2 4 3 4 2 2 1 3.33 3.44 48-2 RA80/TSG(13)95 b 1 2 1.5 3 3 2 1 3.002.50 48-3 STV60/TSG(13)95 a 3 4 3.5 4 2 2 1 3.33 3.61 48-4STV60/TSG(13)95 b 1 2 1.5 3 3 2 1 3.00 2.50 *a Stevia-reacted MRP; bblend the Stevia extract with non-Stevia-reacted MRP

Data Analysis

The comparison between the products of EX48-1 and EX48-2 is shown inFIG. 16.

The comparison between the products of EX48-3 and EX48-4 presentedsimilar results.

Conclusion:

No matter if the Stevia extract was blended with MRP or was introducedin the Maillard reaction, the taste of Stevia extract was improvedespecially with mouth feel improvement. Surprisingly, when the Steviaextract was introduced in Maillard reaction, the taste of the resultantStevia-reacted MRP was significantly improved in comparison to theblend. For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested by apanel of four people. The panel was asked to describe the taste profileand score values between 1-5 according to the standard procedure thatfollows. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samples first. Thetaster was allowed to re-taste, and then makes notes for the sensoryattributes perceived. Afterwards, another 3 tasters tasted the samplesand the attributes were noted and discussed openly to find a suitabledescription. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed with the result,the tasting was repeated.

Example 49. Taste Comparison Between Stevia-Reacted MRP and the Blend ofStevia Extract with Non-Stevia-Reacted MRP (Citrus Taste)

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37, final powder;STV60/TSG(13SG)95 (66.19% stevioside, available from Sweet Green Fields)

Preparation of non-Stevia-reacted MRP:

3.3 g lactose and 1.7 g glutamic acid were blended and dissolved in 2.5g deionized water. No pH regulator was added and the pH was about 5. Thesolution was heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for 3 hours. Whenthe reaction was completed, the slurry was dried by spray dryer toprovide an off white powder MRP.

Preparation of the Stevia-Reacted MRP:

0.33 g lactose, 0.17 g glutamic acid and 4.5 g Stevia extract materialwas dissolved in 2.5 g deionized water to make the solids content to67%. No pH regulator was added and the pH was about 5. The solution washeated at about 100 degrees centigrade for 3 hours. When the reactionwas completed, the slurry was dried by spray dryer to provide an offwhite powder MRP.

Experiments

Several Stevia-reacted MRPs in this Example were prepared. In addition,the Stevia extract was blended with non-Stevia-reacted MRP to makeseveral mixtures for comparison. Each sample was evaluated according toabove sensory evaluation method and the result data were average of thepanel. The parameters and the taste profile of the products are asfollow. For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested bya panel of four people. The panel was asked to describe the tasteprofile and score values between 1-5 according to the standard procedurethat follows. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samples first.The taster was allowed to re-taste, and then makes notes for the sensoryattributes perceived. Afterwards, another 3 tasters tasted the samplesand the attributes were noted and discussed openly to find a suitabledescription. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed with the result,the tasting was repeated.

TABLE 49.1 Sensory evaluation flavor intensity sweet profile FlavorScore of mouth Score of Sample Type of Odor taste flavor feel SweetMetallic sweet Overall # Stevia extract MRP* intensity intensityintensity kokumi lingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability49-1 the product of a 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 3.67 3.22 Example 37 49-2 theproduct of b No flavor 2 2 2 1 3.33 1.78 Example 37 49-3 STV60/ a 2 2 23 2 1 1 3.67 2.89 TSG(13)95 494 STV60/ b No flavor 2 2 2 1 3.33 1.78TSG(13)95 *a Stevia-reacted MRP; b blend the Stevia extract withnon-Stevia-reacted MRP

Data Analysis

The comparison between the products of EX49-1 and EX49-2 is shown inFIG. 17.

The comparison between the products of EX49-3 and EX49-4 presentssimilar result.

Conclusion:

It did not matter if the Stevia extract was blended with MRP or it wasadded during the Maillard reaction, the taste of Stevia extract wasimproved especially with mouth feel improvement. Surprisingly, when theStevia extract participates in Maillard reaction, the resultantStevia-reacted MRP has significant Citrus flavor which was not shown innon-Stevia-involved MRPs and the blend of the Stevia extract withnon-Stevia-involved MRPs. Meanwhile, the Stevia-reacted MRP also givessignificant taste improvement compared to the blend.

Example 50. Experimental Reaction Conditions for MRPs—Different ReactionPartners and Conditions

Materials

Chemicals used for Maillard reactions were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich(Food Grade). Solvents and chemicals for analysis (GC/MS and LC/DAD/MSwere supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (HPLC-grade and USP certified material).Rebaudioside B (Lot RB 100722) and Rebaudioside A (Lot Reb A 100 EPC043-17-02) was supplied by EPC.

Test Series Using Glycerol or Glycerol/Water as Reaction Solvent

As seen in FIG. 18, one series of experiments was performed in sealed 20ml Pyrex-Vials filled with 10 ml of reaction solvent. The reactionpartner (amino acid, carbohydrate source) were dissolved/suspended inthe reaction solvent and transferred into a glass beaker filled withsand pre-heated for at least 30 minutes at the reaction temperature in adrying oven. After the planned reaction time, the vials were transferredinto ice water. After cooling to room temperature, sensory analysis andanalytical characterization was performed.

All tests were performed with negative controls (only reaction solvent,reaction solvent and amino acid, reaction solvent and carbohydrate).

Concentrations of the reaction partners, the incubation time andtemperature are given in Tables 50.1 to 50.7.

TABLE 50.1 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. — (solvent only)1 ml water + 1 100 167 mMol Glu 9 ml Glycerin 167 mMol Xyl Phe 60 mMolPhe 60 mMol + 167 mMol Glu Phe 60 mMol + 167 mMol Xyl

TABLE 50.2 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. — (solvent only)1 ml water + 0.67 100 0.05 mMol Reb-A 9 ml 0.05 mMol Reb-B + 0.05 mMolGlu Glycerin 0.05 mMol Reb-B + 0.05 mMol Gluc acid 0.05 mMol Reb-B +0.05 mMol GlucLac 0.1 mMol Phe 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol Glu 0.1 mMolPhe + 0.1 mMol Reb-A 0.05 mMol Phe + 0.05 mMol Reb-B + 0.05 mMol Glu 0.1mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol GlucLac 0.05 mMol + 0.05 mMol Reb-B + 0.05 mMolGlucLac 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol Gluc Acid 0.05 mMol Phe + 0.05 mMolReb-B + 0.05 mMol Gluc Acid 0.1 mMol Ala 0.1 mMol Alanin + 0.1 mMol Glu0.1 mMol Alanin + 0.1 mMol Reb-A 0.05 mMol Ala + 0.05 mMol Reb-B + 0.05mMol Glu

TABLE 50.3 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. — (solvent only)1 ml water + 0.67 100 0.1 mMol Lys 9 ml 0.1 mMol Glu Glycerin 0.1 mMolLys + 0.1 mMol Glu 0.1 mMol Lys + 0.1 mMol Reb-A 0.05 mMol Lys + 0.05mMol Reb-B + 0.05 mMol Glu

TABLE 50.4 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. 0.1 mMol Phe +0.1 mMol GlucLac 1 ml water + 1.0 120 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol Gluc Acid9 ml 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol Glu Glycerin

TABLE 50.5 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. — (solvent only)1 ml water + 2.0 120 0.1 mMol Phe 9 ml 0.1 mMol Glu Glycerin 0.1 mMolGlucLac 0.1 mMol Gluc Acid 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol GlucLac 0.1 mMolPhe + 0.1 mMol Gluc Acid 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol Glu

TABLE 50.6 Time, Reaction partners Solvent min Temp, ° C. — (solventonly) Glycerin, 40 100 10 mMol Glu 10 ml 40 10 mmol Xyl 40 3.3 mMol Phe5 10 20 40 3.3 mMol Phe + 10 mMol Glu 5 10 20 40 3.3 mMol Phe + 10 mmolXyl 5 10 20 40

TABLE 50.7 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. — (solvent only)Glycerin, 10 ml 1 120 10 mMol Glu 10 mMol Xyl 3.3 mMol Phe 3.3 mMolPhe + 10 mMol Glu 3.3 mMol Phe + 10 mMol Xyl

Abbreviations: Glu . . . Glucose, Suc . . . Sucrose, Gluc Acid . . .Glucuronic Acid, GlucLac . . . Glucuronolactone, Phe . . .Phenylalanine, Ala . . . Alanine, Lys . . . Lysine, Cys . . . Cysteine,Met . . . Methionine, Asp . . . Asparaginic Acid, Tyr . . . Tyrosine,Pro . . . Proline, Ser . . . Serine, Try . . . Tryptophan, Glt . . .Glutaminic acid, Thr . . . Threonine, Ile . . . Isoleucine, Xyl . . .Xylose, Ile . . . Isoleucine, Asp . . . Asparaginic acid, SG . . .Steviol glycosides.

Test Series Using Buffer as Reaction Solvent

Another series of experiments was performed in 50 round flasks filledwith 10 ml of reaction solvent. The reaction partner (amino acid,carbohydrate source) were dissolved/suspended in the reaction solventand reflux heated for the time given on heating plates. After theplanned reaction time, the flasks were transferred into ice water. Aftercooling to room temperature, sensory analysis and analyticalcharacterization was performed.

Concentrations of the reaction partners, the incubation time andtemperature are given in Tables 50.8 to 50.9.

TABLE 50.8 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. 10 mMol Phe +3,3 mMol Glu Water 3 120 10 mMol Phe + 3,3 mMol Glu Water, pH 5.2 (HCl)10 mMol Phe + 3,3 mMol Glu 6 molar HC1 10 mMol Phe + 3,3 mMol Glu 0.1molar KH₂PO₄, pH 7.8

TABLE 50.9 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. 0.1 Mol Phe +0.1 Mol Glu 0.1 molar KH₂PO₄, 3 120 pH 7.8 4 5 6 0.1 Mol Phe + 0.1 MolGlu 0.1 molar NH₃/Water, 3 120 pH 7.8 4 5 0.1 Mol Ala + 0.1 Mol Glu 0.1molar KH₂PO₄, 3 120 pH 7.8 4 5 0.1 Mol Phe + 0.1 Mol Xyl 0.1 molarKH₂PO₄, 3 120 pH 7.8 4 5 0.1 Mol Phe + 0.1 Mol Xyl 0.1 molar NH₃/Water,3 120 pH 7.8 4 5

Test Series with Dry Reaction Conditions

Another series of experiments was performed in 20 ml sealed Pyrex vials.The reaction partner (amino acid, carbohydrate source) were finelygrinded and mixed, then transferred in the Pyrex vial. A small volume ofwater was added and the reaction initiated in a drying oven. After theplanned reaction time, the vials were transferred into ice water. Aftercooling to room temperature, sensory analysis and analyticalcharacterization was performed.

Concentrations of the reaction partners, the incubation time andtemperature are given in Tables 50.10 to 50.11.

TABLE 50.10 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. 0.1 mMol Phe +0.1 mMol Glu +0.3 ml water 0.5 120 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol Xyl 0.25 0.3After the reactions, 10 ml 0.1 molar KH₂PO₄, pH 7.8 were added

TABLE 50.11 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. 0.1 mMol Phe +0.1 mMol Glu +0.3 ml water 0.5 120 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol Xyl 0.3 0.1mMol Ala + 0.1 mMol Glu 0.3 0.1 mMol Ala + 0.1 mMol Xyl 0.3 0.1 mMolIle + 0.1 mMol Glu 0.3 0.1 mMol Ile + 0.1 mMol Xyl 0.3 0.1 mMol Asp +0.1 mMol Glu 0.3 0.1 mMol Asp + 0.1 mMol Xyl 0.3 After the reactions,5ml ethanol was added.

Example 51. Analytical Methods

The HPLC system consisted of an Agilent 1100 system (autosampler,ternary gradient pump, column thermostat, VWD-UV/VIS detector,DAD-UV/VIS detector) connected in-line to an Agilent mass spectrometer(ESI-MS quadrupole G1956A VL). For HPLC analysis the reacted sampleswere injected after filtration (2 μm syringe filters).

The samples were separated at 0.9 ml/min on a Phenomenex SynergiHydro-RP (150×3 mm) at 35° C. by gradient elution. Mobile Phase Aconsisted of a 0.1% formic acid in water. Mobile Phase B consisted of0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The gradient started with 2% B, wasincreased linearly in 5 minutes to 15% B and kept at this condition foranother 15 minutes. Injection volume was set to 20 μl.

The detectors were set to 205 nm (VWD), to 254 and 380 nm (DAD withspectra collection between 200-600 nm) and to ESI positive mode TIC m/z120-800, Fragmentor 1000, Gain 2 (MS, 300° C., nitrogen 12 l/min,nebulizer setting 50 psig. Capillary voltage 4500 V).

GC/MS Conditions

TABLE 51.1 Analytical conditions 1 Shimadzu GC-2010 Plus GasChromatograph Column Aglient Technologies DB-1701 30.0 m × 0.25 mm I.D.,0.25 μm Column Oven Temperature 45° C. (3 min) → 15° C./min→ 250° C.(23.67 min) GC Program Time 23.67 min Mobile Phase He Constant Pressure250.0 kPa Transfer Line Temperature 280° C. GCMS-QP2020 MassSpectrometer Measurement Mode Full Scan (50-400 m/z) Injection HeadSpace 500 μL Ion Source Temperature 200° C. TriPlus RSH AutosamplerInjection Temperature 250° C. Injection Mode Splitless Sample InjectionVolume 1.0 μL

TABLE 51.2 Analytical Conditions 2 Thermo Scientific Trace 1300Gaschromatograph Column SGE Analytical Science DB-5 MS 30.0 m × 0.25 mmI.D., 0.25 μm Column Temperature 50° C. (3 min) → 15° C./min → 300° C.Injection Splitmode Injection Temperature 280° C. Carrier Flow 1.500mL/min Split Flow 45.0 mL/min Split ratio 30 Transfer Line Temperature280° C. Thermo Scientific DSQ-II GC/MS Scan Mode Full Scan (50-500 m/z)Ion Source Temperature 210° C. AS 3000 Autosampler Sample InjectionVolume 1.0 μl

Example 52. Sensory Evaluation of the Samples Prepared in Example 50

TABLE 52.1 Smell Color Taste - (solvent only) neutral No color No taste167 mMol Glu caramel Slightly Yellow Sweet 167 mMol Xyl neutral/meat Nocolor Sweet Phe 60 mMol flowery/bloomy- Slightly Yellow Sweet caramelPhe 60 mMol + flowery/bloomy- Slightly Yellow Sweet 167 mMol Glu caramelPhe 60 mMol + flowery/bloomy Slightly Yellow Sweet 167 mMol Xyl

TABLE 52.2 Reaction partners Smell Color Taste - (solvent only) neutralno color sweet 0.05 mMol Reb-A neutral/unpleasant Slightly Yellow sweet0.05 mMol Reb-B + 0.05 mMol Glu non-pleasant (Plastics) Slightly Yellowsweet 0.05 mMol Reb-B + 0.05 mMol Gluc acid neutral Slightly Yellowsweet 0.05 mMol Reb-B + 0.05 mMol GlucLac neutral Slightly Yellow sweet0.1 mMol Phe flowery/bloomy, Slightly Yellow sweet caramel 0.1 mMolPhe + 0.1 mMol Glu flowery/bloomy Slightly Yellow sweet 0.1 mMol Phe +0.1 mMol Reb-A honey Slightly Yellow sweet 0.05 mMol Phe + 0.05 mMolReb-B + 0.05 mMol Glu non-pleasant (plastics) Slightly Yellow sweet 0.1mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol GlucLac flowery/bloomy Slightly Yellow sweet 0.05mMo1 + 0.05 mMol Reb-B + 0.05 mMol GlucLac flowery/bloomy SlightlyYellow sweet 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol Gluc Acid honey Yellow sweet 0.05mMol Phe + 0.05 mMol Reb-B + 0.05 mMol Gluc caramel Yellow sweet Acid0.1 mMol Ala Agar No Color sweet 0.1 mMol Alanin +0.1 mMol Glu Coffee NoColor sweet 0.1 mMol Alanin +0.1 mMol Reb-A Agar No Color sweet 0.05mMol Ala +0.05 mMol Reb-B + 0.05 mMol Glu non-pleasant (plastics)Slightly Yellow sweet

TABLE 52.3 Reaction partners Smell Color Taste — (solvent only) neutralno color sweet 0.1 mMol Lys Popcorn Brown Sweet 0.1 mMol Glu caramelSlightly Yellow Sweet 0.1 mMol Lys + 0.1 mMol Glu Caramel Brown Sweet0.1 mMol Lys + 0.1 mMol Reb-A Popcorn/Chips Brown Sweet 0.05 mMol Lys +0.05 mMol Reb-B + Popcorn Brown Sweet 0.05 mMol Glu

TABLE 52.4 Reaction partners Smell Color Taste 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMolGlucLac burnt bread (+++) Almost black Bitter 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMolGluc Acid burnt bread (+++) Almost black Bitter 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMolGlu Popcorn/burnt Brown Sweet bread (++) (+), (++), (+++).... Intensityof Smell

TABLE 52.5 Reaction partners Smell Color Taste - (solvent only) neutralSlightly yellow sweet 0.1 mMol Phe Caramel, burnt (+) Slightly Yellowsweet 0.1 mMol Glu Burnt sugar (+) Brown Sweet/bitter 0.1 mMol GlucLacBurnt sugar (+++) Almost black Bitter 0.1 mMol Gluc Acid burnt bread(+++) Almost black Bitter 0.1 mMol Phe + burnt bread (+++) Almost blackBitter 0.1 mMol GlucLac 0.1 mMol Phe + burnt bread (+++) Almost blackBitter 0.1 mMol Gluc Acid 0.1 mMol Phe + Popcorn/ Brown Sweet 0.1 mMolGlu burnt bread (++) (+), (++), (+++) . . . Intensity of Smell

TABLE 52.6 Reaction partners Smell Color Taste - (solvent only) NeutralSlightly Yellow 10 mMol Glu Slightly Caramel Slightly Yellow 10 mmol XylSlightly Popcorn Slightly Yellow 3.3 mMol Phe Slightly bloomy No color —flowery/bloomy No color — flowery/bloomy Slightly Yellow —flowery/bloomy Yellow-slightly — brown 3.3 mMol Phe +10 mMol Glu neutralNo color — flowery/bloomy No color — flowery/bloomy Yellow —flowery/bloomy Yellow-slightly — brown 3.3 mMol Phe +10 mmol Xyl neutralNo color — Present, Slightly Yellow — uninterpretable Present, SlightlyYellow — uninterpretable flowery/bloomy Yellow-slightly — brown

TABLE 52.7 Reaction partners Smell Color Taste — (solvent only) 10 mMolGlu Slightly Caramel No color — 10 mMol Xyl neutral No color — 3.3 mMolPhe flowery/bloomy Brown — 3.3 mMol Phe + 10 mMol Glu flowery/bloomyBrown — 3.3 mMol Phe + 10 mMol Xyl Nutmeg Brown —

TABLE 52.8 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. 0.1 Mol Phe +0.1 molar KH₂PO₄, pH 7.8 3 120 0.1 Mol Glu 4 5 6 0.1 Mol Phe + 0.1 molarNH₃/Water, pH 7.8 3 0.1 Mol Glu 4 5 0.1 Mol Ala + 0.1 molar KH₂PO₄, pH7.8 3 0.1 Mol Glu 4 5 0.1 Mol Phe + 0.1 molar KH₂PO₄, pH 7.8 3 0.1 MolXyl 4 5 0.1 Mol Phe + 0.1 molar NH₃/Water, pH 7.8 3 0.1 Mol Xyl 4 5

TABLE 52.9 Reaction partners Smell Color Taste 0.1 Mol Phe + caramelYellowish-brown Slightly 0.1 Mol Glu bitter caramel Dark brown Slightlybitter caramel Dark brown Slightly bitter caramel Dark brown Slightlybitter 0.1 Mol Phe + caramel Slightly yellow Slightly 0.1 Mol Glu bittercaramel Slightly yellow Slightly bitter caramel Yellow-slightly Slightlybrown bitter 0.1 Mol Ala + caramel, Cotton candy Brown Slightly 0.1 MolGlu bitter caramel Brown Slightly bitter caramel Dark brown Slightlybitter 0.1 Mol Phe + caramel, Cotton candy Dark brown Strong 0.1 Mol Xylbitterness caramel, Cotton candy Dark brown Strong bitterness caramel,burnt Dark brown Bitter 0.1 Mol Phe + caramel yellow Bitter 0.1 Mol Xylcaramel slightly brown Bitter caramel Brown Bitter

TABLE 52.10 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. 10 mMol Phe +Water 3 120 3.3 mMol Glu 10 mMol Phe + Water, pH 5.2 (HCl) 3,3 mMol Glu10 mMol Phe + 6 molar HCl 3,3 mMol Glu 10 mMol Phe + 0.1 molar KH₂PO₄,3,3 mMol Glu pH 7.8

TABLE 52.11 Reaction partners Smell Color Taste 10 mMol Phe + Nutty oil,Slightly yellow Slightly 3.3 mMol Glu flowery/bloomy bitter 10 mMolPhe + Nutty oil, Slightly yellow Slightly 3,3 mMol Glu flowery/bloomybitter 10 mMol Phe + flowery/bloomy Brown — 3,3 mMol Glu 10 mMol Phe +flowery/bloomy Yellow Bitter 3,3 mMol Glu

TABLE 52.12 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. 0.1 mMol Phe +0.1 mMol Glu +0.3 ml water 0.5 120 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol Xyl 0.25 0.3

TABLE 52.13 Reaction partners Smell Color Taste 0.1 mMol Phe +flowery/bloomy Yellow Slightly bitter 0.1 mMol Glu 0.1 mMol Phe +flowery/bloomy (rose) Yellow Slightly Sweet 0.1 mMol Xyl flowery/bloomy(rose) Yellow Almost Neutral

TABLE 52.14 Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C. 0.1 mMol Phe +0.1 mMol Glu +0.3 ml water 0.5 120 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol Xyl 0.3 0.1mMol Ala + 0.1 mMol Glu 0.3 0.1 mMol Ala + 0.1 mMol Xyl 0.3 0.1 mMolIle + 0.1 mMol Glu 0.3 0.1 mMol Ile + 0.1 mMol Xyl 0.3 0.1 mMol Asp +0.1 mMol Glu 0.3 0.1 mMol Asp + 0.1 mMol Xyl 0.3

TABLE 52.15 Reaction partners Smell Color Taste 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMolGlu flowery/bloomy Yellow — 0.1 mMol Phe + 0.1 mMol Xyl flowery/bloomy(rose) brown — 0.1 mMol Ala + 0.1 mMol Glu caramel No color — 0.1 mMolAla + 0.1 mMol Xyl flowery/bloomy Yellowish-brown — 0.1 mMol Ile + 0.1mMol Glu neutral No color — 0.1 mMol Ile + 0.1 mMol Xyl neutral Yellow —0.1 mMol Asp + 0.1 mMol Glu flowery/bloomy Yellow — 0.1 mMol Asp + 0.1mMol Xyl flowery/bloomy Yellowish-brown —

For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested by a panelof four people. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samples first.The taster was asked to describe the taste profile and score 0-5according to the increasing sugar likeness, bitterness, aftertaste andlingering taste profiles. The first taster was allowed to re-taste, andthen make notes for the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards,another 3 tasters tasted and the attributes were noted and discussedopenly to find a suitable description. In case that more than 1 tasterdisagreed with the results, the tasting was repeated. In some sensorytest results (above), the taste rating was expressed by “+”, which meansthe intensity of the factors is shown by three levels. “+” for slight,“++” for moderate and “+++” for very strong.

Example 53. Analytical Investigations

Chemical Considerations

As seen in following reaction scheme, the first reaction step betweenthe reducing sugar and the amino group is a condensation reactionyielding a product which is usually denoted as MRI (Maillard ReactionIntermediate) or (after further reaction steps) Amadori Product, both,MRI and Amadori Products share the same molar mass.

Reaction Scheme 1, Example of Early Maillard Reaction Between Xylose andPhenylalanine

The molar mass of any MM can be calculated as molar mass of the sugarplus the molar mass of the amino acid minus 18. The following tableprovides the molar ions (m/z=[M+H]+) of different MRIs which are ofrelevance for the Maillard reactions performed.

Basic calculation: MRI [M+H]+=mr amino acid+mr carbohydrate−mr H2O+H+

TABLE 53.1 MRI (Amadori) products formed during the first stage ofMaillard reactions Mill (Amadori) m/z Amino Acid Carbohydrate [M + H]⁺Phe Glu 328 Phe Xyl 298 Lys Glu 309 Lys Xyl 279 Ala Glu 252 Ala Xyl 222Ile Glu 294 Ile Xyl 264 Asp Glu 296 Asp Xyl 266

HPLC/DAD/MS

The following example chromatograms show the formation of MaillardReaction Products (MM) for different combinations of amino acids andcarbohydrates. Formation of MRIs is considered as a proof for theinitiation of the Maillard Reaction. FIGS. 7 through 12 demonstrate theformation of MRIs.

FIG. 19 is an MS-Chromatogram 1, MRP (SIM m/z=309) observed afterreaction of 0.1 mMol Lys+0.1 mMol Gluc in 10 ml glycerin/water=9/1 at100° C. for 40 minutes.

FIG. 20 is an MS-spectrum related to FIG. 7.

FIG. 21 is an MS-Chromatogram 2, MRI (SIM m/z=309) observed afterreaction of 0.1 mMol Lys+0.1 mMol Reb-A (upper lane) or 0.05 mMolReb-B/Glu (lower lane) in 10 ml glycerin/water=9/1 at 100° C. for 40minutes.

FIG. 22 is an MS-Chromatogram 3, MM (SIM m/z=298 observed after reactionof 3.3 mMol Phe+10 mMol Xyl in 10 ml glycerin/water=9/1 at 100° C. for20 minutes.

FIG. 23 is an MS-Spectrum related to FIG. 10.

FIG. 24 is a UV-Chromatogram, 254 nm observed after reaction of 3.3 mMolPhe+10 mMol Xyl in 10 ml glycerin/water=9/1 at 100° C. for 20 minutes(upper lane), lower lane Phe Standard.

Upper Lane, Peak at 4.77 min refers to MRI formed, at 14.5 min. the peakis related to Phe and has a corresponding UV/VIS spectrum and a m/z=244,explained as MRI-3 H₂O (sugar dehydration)

Main findings: In all combinations tested, the early MRI (Amadori)products were identified by LC/MS (Table 5). Based on UV-detection thedegradation of the free amino acid and appearance of the MRIs can befollowed and quantified.

TABLE 53.2 MRI (Amadori) products detected during the experiments AminoAcid Carbohydrate Detected in Experiments Phe Glu Yes Phe Xyl Yes LysGlu Yes Lys Xyl Yes Ala Glu Yes Ala Xyl Yes Ile Glu Yes Ile Xyl Yes AspGlu Yes Asp Xyl Yes

Example 54. Analysis of Reaction Products.

GC/MS

FIG. 25 is a MS-Chromatogram (direct injection) obtained for reaction of3.3 mMol Phe+10 mMol Glu (upper lane) or Xyl (lower lane) in 10 mlglycerin/water=9/1 at 100° C. for 20 minutes.

Identified flavor compounds (lower lane) of FIG. 19 show Rt 4.11 min:Furfural, Rt 7.24 min: Benzeneacetaldehyde, Rt 7.97 min: Furan, Rt 12.57min: Xylose, Rt 18.30 min: unknown

The region from about 8.59 minutes to 14.39 minutes is a region wheresugar degradation products occur (acetol, glyoxal, glyceraldehyde, etc.)

Main findings: Flavor compounds are formed during the reaction, theconditions applied are yielding 2^(nd) stage Maillard reaction products(sugar degradation).

FIG. 26 depicts an MS-Chromatogram (head-space injection) obtained forreaction 0.1 mMol Phe+0.1 mMol Reb-A in 10 ml glycerin/water=9/1 at 100°C. for 40 minutes.

10 peaks found, structure proposal from 1 to 10 (major peaks) includeN-Nitrosodimethylamine, none, 3-Hexen-1-ol acetate, none, Benzaldehyde,Benzoic acid methyl ester, Benzeneacetaldehyde, Cinnamaldehyde,1,4-Butylene glycol dimethacrylate, none.

FIG. 27 is an MS-Chromatogram (head-space injection) obtained forreaction 0.1 mMol Phe+0.05 mMol Reb-B/0.05 mMol Glu in 10 mlglycerin/water=9/1 at 100° C. for 40 minutes.

10 peaks found, structure proposal from 1 to 10 (bold the major peaks)

N-Nitrosodimethylamine, none, 3-Hexen-1-ol acetate, none, Benzaldehyde,Benzoic acid methyl ester, Benzeneacetaldehyde, Cinnamaldehyde, 1,4-Butylene glycol dimethacrylate, none.

Main findings: Reb-A and Reb-B/Glu (equimolar ratio) yield under thesame conditions the same reaction products.

Example 55. Combined Sensory and Analytical Investigations(Steviol-Glycosides)

Example Phe-Reb A (Glue, Xyl, Suc)

TABLE 55.1 Test Conditions Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C.16.5 mg Phe + 18 mg Glu 10 ml KH₂PO₄ 1.0 120 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 Reb-ABuffer, pH 5.5 16.5 mg Phe + 15 mg Xyl 16.5 mg Phe + 34.2 mg Sacch 16.5mg Phe + 18 mg Glu 10 ml KH₂PO₄ 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 Reb-A Buffer, pH 7.016.5 mg Phe + 15 mg Xyl 16.5 mg Phe + 34.2 mg Sacch 16.5 mg Phe + 18 mgGlu 10 ml KH₂PO₄ 16.5 mg Phe + 96,5 Reb-A Buffer, pH 8.5 16.5 mg Phe +15 mg Xyl 16.5 mg Phe + 34.2 mg Sacch

TABLE 55.2 Sensory evaluation Reaction partners Smell Color Taste 16.5mg Phe + 18 mg Glu Cotton Candy Slightly Yellow Neutral-salty¹⁾ 16.5 mgPhe + 96.5 Reb-A Unpleasant Slightly Yellow Sweet, (Agar) slightlybitter 16.5 mg Phe + 15 mg Xyl Unpleasant Slightly YellowNeutral-salty¹⁾ (Agar) 16.5 mg Phe + 34.2 mg Suc Cotton Candy VerySlightly Neutral-salty¹⁾ Yellow 16.5 mg Phe + 18 mg Glu Honey, SlightlyYellow Slightly bloomy bloomy sweet 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 Reb-A HoneySlightly Yellow Sweet, slightly bitter- 16.5 mg Phe + 15 mg Xyl bloomy,Yellow Neutral-salty¹⁾ pleasant 16.5 mg Phe + 34.2 mg Suc UnpleasantVery Slightly Neutral-salty¹⁾ (Agar) Yellow 16.5 mg Phe + 18 mg GluHoney, Slightly Yellow Slightly bloomy bloomy sweet 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5Reb-A Bloomy Slightly Yellow Sweet, slightly bitter 16.5 mg Phe + 15 mgXyl Honey Yellow Slightly bloomy sweet 16.5 mg Phe + 34.2 mg SucUnpleasant Very Slightly Neutral-salty¹⁾ (Agar) Yellow ¹⁾salty due tobuffer 1^(st) four results for PH = 5.5; 2^(ND) four results for PH =7.0; last four results for PH = 8.5 The taste test was performed as inExample 36.

Analytical Investigations

All samples were analyzed by HPLC/MS using following conditions.

The samples were separated at 0.9 ml/min on a Phenomenex SynergiHydro-RP (150×3 mm) at 35° C. The mobile phase consisted of (A) 0.1%HCOOH (v/v) and (B) AcCN. A gradient of 5% (B) to 15% (B) was appliedbetween 0 min to 15 min. Between 15 and 20 min (B) was increased to 45%which was kept for 5 min. Detection consisted of UV/VIS-DAD (205 nm, 254nm, 450 nm) coupled to ESI-MS (pos mode, 300° C., TIC from m/z 120-1200,fragmentor 100).

Quantitative evaluation was performed using external standardization.

General Chemistry

As seen in following reaction scheme, the first reaction step betweenthe reducing sugar and the amino group is a condensation reactionyielding a product which is usually denoted as MM (Maillard ReactionIntermediate) or (after further reaction steps) Amadori Product. Both,MM and Amadori Products share the same molar mass.

Reaction Scheme 1, Example of Early Maillard Reaction Between Xylose andPhenylalanine

Reaction Scheme 2, General Formation of Amadori Products

The molar mass of any MRI can be calculated as molar mass of the sugarplus the molar mass of the amino acid minus 18. The following tableprovides the molar ions (m/z=[M+H]⁺) of different MRIs which are ofrelevance for the Maillard reactions performed.

Basic calculation: MRI[M+H]+=mr amino acid+mr carbohydrate−mr H₂0+H⁺.

TABLE 55.3 MRI (Amadori) products formed during the first stage ofMaillard reactions MRI (Amadori) m/z Amino Acid Carbohydrate [M + H]⁺Phe Glu 328 Phe Xyl 298 Phe Suc 528¹⁾ Phe Reb-A 1146 ¹⁾Not existent intheory

The MRI of Phe/Glu and Phe/Xyl have already been detected and are shownbefore.

Kinetics of Reaction in Dependence of pH-Conditions

The following Tables show the reaction kinetics under the conditionschosen.

TABLE 55.4 Degradation of Phe and Reb-A at various pH-conditions % %formation degradation MRI (Phe-MRI (Phe-Reb- Phe Reb-A Reb-B¹⁾ Gluc)²⁾A)³⁾ pH = 5.5 1.97 8.25 23.1 34.1 10.4 pH = 7.0 9.07 10.1 22.7 25.9 11.3pH = 8.5 12.8 12.6 19.1 16.8 14.7 ¹⁾% formation from degraded Reb-A ²⁾%formation from degraded Phe ³⁾% formation from degraded Phe, allpossible isomers included

TABLE 55.5 Degradation of Phe and Gluc at various pH-conditions %degradation % formation Phe Glu MRI (Phe-Gluc)¹⁾ pH = 5.5 2.26 3.65 31.8pH = 7.0 2.18 4.6 29.1 pH = 8.5 4.24 7.62 22.6 ¹⁾% formation fromdegraded Phe

TABLE 55.6 Degradation of Phe and Xyl at various pH-conditions %degradation % formation Phe Xyl MRI (Phe-Xyl)¹⁾ pH = 5.5 4.24 4.59 42.0pH = 7.0 4.80 6.3 37.9 pH = 8.5 9.89 9.47 29.4 ¹⁾% formation fromdegraded Phe

TABLE 55.7 Degradation of Phe and Suc at various pH-conditions % %formation degradation MRI MRI MRI Phe Suc (Phe-Suc)¹⁾ (Phe-Glu)¹⁾(Phe-Fru)¹⁾ pH = 5.5 5.50 3.67 n.d. <0.10 <0.10 pH = 7.0 5.19 5.69 n.d.0.54 0.99 pH = 8.5 5.36 9.81 n.d. 0.84 1.76 ¹⁾% formation from degradedPhe n.d. . . . not detected

Confirmation of Phe/Reb-A Maillard Reaction Product

FIG. 28 is a chromatogram for reacted Phenylalanine and Reb-A, UpperLane MS (SIM 1146), lower lane UV=205.

FIG. 29 is a mass spectrum of Reb-A (m/z 985=M+H₂O+H]⁺).

FIG. 30 is a mass spectrum of Reb-B (m/z 823=[M−162+H₂O+H]⁺).

FIG. 31 is a mass spectrum of Reb-A MRP (m/z 1146=Reb-A+Phenylalanin(Schiff's Base)+H+H₂0]⁺) with proposed m/z 1146=[M+H₂O+H]⁺, m/z1000=[M+H₂O+H−164+H₂O]⁺ indicating loss of Phe and addition of onemolecule H2O, m/z 582=[2M−H₂O]⁺.

Structural Proposal (Several Isomers are Formed) of MRP Phe-Reb-A

Example 56. Sensory Evaluation for 13 Amino Acids Tested Alone and withGlu, Reb-A and Reb-B/Glu (Equimolar Ratio)

All reactions were performed in 10 ml glycerin/water=9:1. The reactionpartners were dissolved in water and then warmed glycerin (60° C.) wasadded. The reactions were performed at 100° C. for 40 minutes in adrying oven (sealed vials were positioned in pre-heated sand to increaseheat transfer).

TABLE 56.1 Sensory Evaluation for “negative controls” (i.e. nocarbohydrate source) Reaction partners Smell Color Taste 8.91 mg AlaNeutral, slightly Agar No color Slightly sweet 13.3 mg Asp Unpleasant(plastic) No color Slightly sweet 12.1 mg Cys Unpleasant (sulfur)Slightly Yellow Slightly sweet 14.62 mg Gln Unpleasant (Agar) VerySlightly Slightly sweet Yellow 13.11 mg Ile Coffee No color Slightlysweet 14.7 mg Lys Popcorn brown Slightly sweet 14.9 mg Met Sulfuric VerySlightly Slightly sweet Yellow 16.5 mg Phe Bloomy, caramel Very SlightlySlightly sweet Yellow 11.5 mg Pro Neutral, slightly chloric SlightlyYellow Slightly sweet 10.5 mg Ser Lotus flower Slightly Yellow Slightlysweet 11.91 mg Thr Vanilla, butter Very Slightly Slightly sweet Yellow18.1 mg Tyr neutral No color Slightly sweet 20.42 mg Try Unpleasant(fecal) Slightly Yellow Slightly sweet

The taste test was performed as in Example 38.

TABLE 56.2 Sensory Evaluation of reactions between selected amino acidsand GLu, Reb-A, Re-B/Glu (equimolar ratio) Reaction partners Smell ColorTaste 8.91 mg Ala + 18 mg Glucose Chicory root, No color Sweet Coffee8.91 mg Ala + 96.5 mg Reb-A Unpleasant (Agar) No color Very Sweet 4.45mg Ala + 40.2 mg Reb-B + 9 mg Unpleasant (plastic) Slightly YellowSweet, metallic Glu 13.3 Asp + 18 mg Glu Bread, Yeast No color Sweet13.3 mg Asp + 96.5 mg Reb-A Neutral No color Very Sweet 6.7 mg Asp + 9mg Glu + 40.2 mg Unpleasant (plastic) No color Sweet Reb-B 12.1 mg Cys +18 mg Glu Unpleasant Slightly Yellow Sweet (sulfuric) 12.1 mg Cys + 96.5mg Reb-A Pop corn Slightly Yellow Very Sweet 6.06 mg Cys + 9 mg Glu +40.2 mg Pop corn Slightly Yellow Sweet Reb-B 14.62 mg Gln + 18 mg GluSlightly charcoal Slightly Yellow Sweet 14.62 mg Gln + 96.5 mg Reb AFresh, bloomy Slightly Yellow Very Sweet 7.31 mg Gln + 9 mg Glu + 40.2mg Fresh, bloomy Slightly Yellow Sweet Reb-B (Lotus) 13.11 mg Ile + 18mg Glu Coffee No color Sweet 13.11 mg Ile + 96.5 mg Reb A Coffee Nocolor Very Sweet 5.65 mg Ile + 9 mg Glu + 40.2 mg Coffee No color SweetReb-B 14.7 mg Lys + 18 mg Glucose caramel brown Sweet 14.7 mg Lys + 96.5Reb-A Popcorn brown Very Sweet 7.3 mg Lys + 40.2 mg Reb-B + 9 mg Popcornbrown Sweet Glu 14.9 mg Met + 18 mg Glu Fried Potatoes Very slightlySweet Yellow 14.9 mg Met + 96.5 mg Reb-A Herbal Very slightly Very SweetYellow 7.5 mg Met + 40.2 mg Reb-B + 9 mg Sulfuric Very slightly SweetGlu Yellow 16.5 mg Phe + 18 mg Glu bloomy Very slightly Sweet Yellow16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg Reb-A Unpleasant (herbal) Very slightly Very SweetYellow 8.3 mg Phe + 40.2 mg Reb-B + 9 mg Unpleasant Very slightly SweetGlu (plastics) Yellow 11.5 mg Pro + 18 mg Glu Unpleasant (fecal)Slightly Yellow Sweet 11.5 mg Pro + 96.5 mg Reb A Chlorine SlightlyYellow Very Sweet 5.75 mg Pro + 9 mg Glu + 40.2 mg Chlorine SlightlyYellow Sweet Reb-B 10.5 mg Ser + 18 mg Glu Charcoal Slightly YellowSweet 10.5 mg Ser + 96.5 mg Reb A Charcoal Slightly Yellow Very Sweet5.25 mg Ser + 9 mg Glu + 40.2 mg Unpleasant (fecal) Slightly YellowSweet Reb-B 11.91 mg Thr + 18 mg Glu Charcoal Very slightly Sweet Yellow11.91 mg Thr + 96.5 mg Reb A Unpleasant Very slightly Very Sweet Yellow5.95 mg Thr + 9 mg Glu + 40.2 mg Unpleasant Very slightly Sweet Reb-BYellow 18.1 mg Tyr + 18 mg Glu neutral farblos Sweet 18.1 mg Tyr + 96.5mg Reb-A Neutral, slightly farblos Very Sweet honey 9.1 mg Tyr + 9 mgGlu + 40.2 mg Neutral, slightly farblos Sweet Reb-B plastics 20.42 mgTrp + 18 mg Glu Unpleasant (fecal) Slightly Yellow Sweet 20.42 mg Trp +96.5 mg Reb A Unpleasant (fecal) Slightly Yellow Very Sweet 10.21 mgTrp + 9 mg Glu + 40.2 mg neutral Slightly Yellow Sweet Reb-B

The taste test was performed as in Example 38.

Example 57. Combined Sensory and Analytical Investigations (GlucuronicAcid-Glucuronolactone)

TABLE 57.1 Test Conditions Reaction partners Solvent Time, h Temp, ° C.16.5 mg Phe 10 ml KH₂PO₄, pH 7.8 2.5 120 9.0 mg Glucose 18 mg GlucuronicAcid 18 mg Glucurolactone 16.5 mg Phe + 18 mg Glucuronic Acid 16.5 mgPhe + 18 mg Glucurolactone 16.5 mg Phe + 9 mg Glucuronic Acid + 9.0 mgGlucose 16.5 mg Phe + 9.0 mg Glucurolactone + 9.0 mg Glucose

Under the reaction conditions phenylalanine and glucose form the MRI(Phe+Glu).

If Glucuronolactone and Glucuronic Acid react with phenylalanine in thesame way as glucose the predicted MM would have a molar mass of 323 or341. If both compounds are reacting with Phenylalanine after reductionto glucose, the MRI would have a molar mass of 327. Althoughtheoretically the MM of glucuronolactone may be formed it is reasonableto assume that glucuronolactone will hydrolyze to glucuronic acid underthe reaction conditions; hence, the MRI with a molar mass of 342 isconsidered to represent a unique MRI for this reaction.

To clarify whether glucuronic acid and glucuronolactone react uniquelywith phenylalanine, the reaction was performed with glucuronic acid orglucuronolactone in absences/presence of glucose.

Reaction Scheme, MRI of Glucuronolactone/Glucuronic Acid andPhenylalanine

Results

TABLE 57.2 Sensory evaluation, before reaction Reaction partners SmellColor Taste 16.5 mg Phe neutral No color No taste 9 mg Glucose neutralNo color Sweet 18 mg Glucuronic Acid neutral No color No taste 18 mgGlucurolactone neutral No color No taste Phe + Glucuronic Acid neutralNo color No taste Phe + Glucuronolactone neutral No color No taste Phe +Glucuronic Acid + Glucose neutral No color Sweet Phe +Glucuronolactone + Glucose neutral No color SweetThe taste test was performed as in Example 38.

TABLE 57.3 Sensory evaluation, after reaction Reaction partners SmellColor Taste Phe Caramel, burnt Slightly Yellow sweet Glu Burnt sugarDeep Yellow Sweet/bitter Glucuronolactone Burnt sugar Deep Yellow BitterGlucuronic Acid burnt bread Deep Yellow Bitter Phe + Glucuronic AcidCaramel, bloomy Deep Yellow Neutral-slightly sweet Phe +Glucuronolactone Honey Deep Yellow Neutral-slightly sweet Phe +Glucuronic Acid + Glucose Caramel Deep Yellow Neutral-slightly sweetPhe + Glucuronolactone + Glucose Honey Deep Yellow Neutral-slightlysweetThe taste test was performed as in Example 38.

TABLE 57.4 Semi-quantitative evaluation of the MRIs formed by differentreaction conditions MTI (Phe + Glucuronic Acid/ MRI Reaction partnerGlucuronolactone) (Phe + Glucose) Phe + Glucuronic Acid +++ − Phe +Glucuronolactone +++ + Phe + Glucuronic Acid + +++ − Glucose Phe +Glucuronolactone + +++ ++ Glucose

As seen, any reaction with glucuronic acid yields an MM (Phe+GlucuronicAcid), but even in presence of glucose only this Mill detected. Thatpoints to a highly efficient and more preferred reaction when comparedto glucose. On the other hand, glucurolactone forms the same Mill(Phe+glucuronolacte, hydrolyzed) but also the MM (Phe+Glu) is formedeven if no glucose is present. In case of presence of glucose, theamount of the Mill (Phe+Glu) is substantially higher than in absence ofglucose.

TABLE 57.5 Detection of unreacted partners Glucuronic Glucurono-Reaction partners Phe Glu Acid lactone Phe + − − − Glu − + − −Glucuronic Acid − − + − Glucuronolactone − − − + Phe + Glu + + − − Phe +Glucuronic Acid + − − − Phe + Glucuronolactone + − − − Phe +Glucose + + + − − Glucuronic Acid Phe + Glucose + + + − −Glucuronolactone

From the Table above it becomes obvious that glucuronic acid andglucuronolactone are completely consumed in the reaction irrespectivelyof whether glucose is present or not. Glucose on the other hand ispresent in reacted samples whether glucuronic acid or glucuronolactoneis present or not. That is a clear indication of the higher reactivityof glucuronic acid/glucuronolactone when compared to glucose.

The analytical proof of above findings is shown in FIG. 32 through FIG.37.

FIG. 32 is a chromatogram of the reaction of Phe+Glucuronic Acid (SIMmode). Upper Lane: m/z=166 (Phe), m/z=328 (Mill Phe+Glucose), m/z=343.2(Phe+Glucuronic Acid).

FIG. 33 is a chromatogram of the reaction of Phe+Glucose+Glucuronic Acid(SIM mode). Upper Lane: m/z=166 (Phe), m/z=328 (Mill Phe+Glucose),m/z=343.2 (Phe+Glucuronic Acid).

FIG. 34 is a chromatogram of the reaction of Phe+Glucuronolactone (SIMmode). Upper Lane: m/z=166 (Phe), m/z=328 (Mill Phe+Glucose), m/z=343.2(Phe+Glucuronolactone).

FIG. 35 is a chromatogram of the reaction ofPhe+Glucose+Glucuronolactone (SIM mode). Upper Lane: m/z=166 (Phe),m/z=328 (MM Phe+Glucose), m/z=343.2 (Phe+Glucuronolactone).

FIG. 36 is a chromatogram of unreacted reactants Glucuronic Acid (SIMmode). Upper Lane Glucuronic Acid, medium lane lower Phe+GlucuronicAcid, lower lane Phe+Glu+Glucuronic Acid.

FIG. 37 is a chromatogram of unreacted reactants Glucuronolactone (SIMmode). Upper Lane Glucuronolactone, medium lane lowerPhe+Glucuronolactone, lower lane Phe+Glu+Glucuronolactone.

Example 58. Combined Sensory and Analytical Investigations (SteviaExtract of Example 37)

TABLE 58.1 Test Conditions Time, Temp, Reaction partners Solvent h ° C.16.5 mg Phe 10 ml 2.5 120 9.0 mg Glu KH₂PO₄, 96.5 mg pH 7.8 SG SampleNO. 1-1 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg SG Sample NO. 1-1 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg SGSample NO. 1-3 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg SG Sample NO. 1-8 16.5 mg Phe +96.5 mg SG Sample NO. 2-2 8.91 mg Ala + 96.5 mg SG Sample NO. 1-1 8.91mg Ala + 96.5 mg SG Sample NO. 1-3 8.91 mg Ala + 96.5 mg SG Sample NO.1-8 8.91 mg Ala + 96.5 mg SG Sample NO. 2-2 14.7 mg Lys + 96.5 mg SGSample NO. 1-1 14.7 mg Lys + 96.5 mg SG Sample NO. 1-3 14.7 mg Lys +96.5 mg SG Sample NO. 1-8 14.7 mg Lys + 96.5 mg SG Sample NO. 2-2

Under the reaction conditions amino acids and reducing sugar undergoMaillard reaction.

Results

TABLE 58.2 Sensory evaluation, before reaction Reaction partners SmellColor Taste¹⁾ 16.5 mg Phe Neutral No color No taste 9.0 mg Glu NeutralNo color Sweet 96.5 mg SG Neutral-Slightly No color Sweet Sample NO. 1-1Sweet 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg SG Pleasant, slightly No color Sweet SampleNO. 1-1 sweet 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg SG Pleasant, slightly No color SweetSample NO. 1-3 sweet 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg SG Pleasant, slightly Nocolor Sweet Sample NO. 1-8 sweet 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg SG Pleasant,slightly No color Sweet Sample NO. 2-2 sweet 8.91 mg Ala + 96.5 mg SGPleasant, slightly No color Sweet Sample NO. 1-1 sweet 8.91 mg Ala +96.5 mg SG Pleasant, slightly No color Sweet Sample NO. 1-3 sweet 8.91mg Ala + 96.5 mg SG Pleasant, slightly No color Sweet Sample NO. 1-8sweet 8.91 mg Ala + 96.5 mg SG Pleasant, slightly No color Sweet SampleNO. 2-2 sweet 14.7 mg Lys + 96.5 mg SG Typical Lysine Slightly SweetSample NO. 1-1 smell Yellow 14.7 mg Lys + 96.5 mg SG Typical LysineSlightly Sweet Sample NO. 1-3 smell Yellow 14.7 mg Lys + 96.5 mg SGTypical Lysine Slightly Sweet Sample NO. 1-8 smell Yellow 14.7 mg Lys +96.5 mg SG Typical Lysine Slightly Sweet Sample NO. 2-2 smell Yellow¹⁾after dilution 1:20 The taste test was performed as in Example 38.

TABLE 58.3 Sensory evaluation, after reaction Reaction partners SmellColor Taste¹⁾ 16.5 mg Phe Caramel, burnt Slightly Sweet Yellow 9.0 mgGlu Burnt sugar Deep Sweet/bitter Yellow 96.5 mg SG Sample Burnt sugar,Deep Sweet/bitter NO. 1-1 herbal Yellow 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg SG HoneyYellow Sweet, honey/ Sample NO. 1-1 caramel 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg SGHoney Yellow Sweet, honey/ Sample NO. 1-3 (intensive) caramel 16.5 mgPhe + 96.5 mg SG Honey Yellow Sweet, honey/ Sample NO. 1-8 (intensive)caramel 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg SG Honey Yellow Sweet, honey/ Sample NO.2-2 caramel 8.91 mg Ala + 96.5 mg SG Pleasant, Yellow Sweet Sample NO.1-1 bloomy (Lotus) 8.91 mg Ala + 96.5 mg SG Pleasant, Yellow SweetSample NO. 1-3 bloomy 8.91 mg Ala + 96.5 mg SG Pleasant, Yellow SweetSample NO. 1-8 bloomy (Lotus) 8.91 mg Ala + 96.5 mg SG Pleasant, YellowSweet Sample NO. 2-2 bloomy 14.7 mg Lys + 96.5 mg SG Herbal YellowSweet, herbal, Sample NO. 1-1 (Chamomile) slightly bitter 14.7 mg Lys +96.5 mg SG Herbal Yellow Sweet, herbal, Sample NO. 1-3 (Chamomile)slightly bitter 14.7 mg Lys + 96.5 mg SG Herbal Yellow Sweet, herbal,Sample NO. 1-8 (Chamomile) slightly bitter 14.7 mg Lys + 96.5 mg SGHerbal Yellow Sweet, herbal, Sample NO. 2-2 (Chamomile) slightly bitter¹⁾after dilution 1:20 The taste test was performed as in Example 38.

TABLE 58.4 Steviol glycosides in SG Sample No. 2-1 (160.6 mg/10 ml) Namem/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427<0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #2 981.00 <0.01 <0.01 Relatedsteviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #4675 or 1127 0.34 0.21 Related steviol glycoside #5 981 0.23 0.14 Reb-V1259 0.48 0.30 Reb-T 1127 0.79 0.49 Reb-E 965 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-O 14351.00 0.62 Reb-D 1127 4.41 2.75 Reb-K 1111 2.51 1.56 Reb-N 1273 <0.01<0.01 Reb-M 1289 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-S 949 1.09 0.68 Reb-J 1111 <0.01 <0.01Reb-W 1097 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-U2 1097 0.39 0.25 Reb-W2/3 1097 0.31 0.19Reb-O2 965 0.32 0.20 Reb-Y 1259 0.20 0.12 Reb-I 1127 0.39 0.24 Reb-V21259 0.64 0.40 Reb-K2 1111 0.26 0.16 Reb-H 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-A 96547.52 29.59 Stevioside 803 59.35 36.95 Reb-F 935 6.56 4.08 Reb-C 9499.75 6.07 Dulcoside-A 787 4.54 2.83 Rubusoside 641 5.10 3.17 Reb-B 8032.32 1.44 Dulcoside B 787 1.01 0.63 Steviolbioside 641 3.77 2.35 Reb-R935 0.48 0.30 Reb-G 803 0.37 0.23 Stevioside-B 787 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G1641 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-R1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1 773 <0.01 <0.01Iso-Steviolbioside 641 <0.01 <0.01 Sum 154.12 95.97

TABLE 58.5 Steviol glycosides in SG Sample No. 2-2 (166.6 mg/10 ml) Namem/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427<0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #2 981.00 <0.01 <0.01 Relatedsteviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #4675 or 1127 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #5 981 <0.01 <0.01Reb-V 1259 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-T 1127 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-E 965 <0.01 <0.01Reb-O 1435 0.87 0.52 Reb-D 1127 3.85 2.31 Reb-K 1111 2.30 1.38 Reb-N1273 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-M 1289 0.24 0.14 Reb-S 949 0.72 0.43 Reb-J 1111<0.01 <0.01 Reb-W 1097 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-U2 1097 0.45 0.27 Reb-W2/3 10970.25 0.15 Reb-O2 965 0.20 0.12 Reb-Y 1259 0.21 0.13 Reb-I 1127 0.39 0.24Reb-V2 1259 0.80 0.48 Reb-K2 1111 0.33 0.20 Reb-H 1111 0.42 0.25 Reb-A965 48.56 29.15 Stevioside 803 55.86 33.53 Reb-F 935 7.34 4.40 Reb-C 94914.97 8.99 Dulcoside-A 787 4.34 2.61 Rubusoside 641 6.24 3.75 Reb-B 8033.42 2.05 Dulcoside B 787 1.05 0.63 Steviolbioside 641 4.43 2.66 Reb-R935 0.73 0.44 Reb-G 803 0.61 0.37 Stevioside-B 787 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G1641 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-R1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1 773 <0.01 <0.01Iso-Steviolbioside 641 <0.01 <0.01 Sum 158.58 95.19

TABLE 58.6 Steviol glycosides in SG Sample No. 2-3 (165.1 mg/10 ml) Namem/z [M − H]⁻ mg/10 ml % m/m Related steviol glycoside #1 517 or 427<0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #2 981.00 <0.01 <0.01 Relatedsteviol glycoside #3 427 or 735 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #4675 or 1127 <0.01 <0.01 Related steviol glycoside #5 981 <0.01 <0.01Reb-V 1259 0.43 0.26 Reb-T 1127 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-E 965 0.25 0.15 Reb-O1435 0.63 0.38 Reb-D 1127 3.70 2.24 Reb-K 1111 2.11 1.28 Reb-N 1273<0.01 <0.01 Reb-M 1289 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-S 949 1.22 0.74 Reb-J 1111 <0.01<0.01 Reb-W 1097 0.31 0.19 Reb-U2 1097 0.57 0.34 Reb-W2/3 1097 0.24 0.14Reb-O2 965 0.33 0.20 Reb-Y 1259 0.21 0.13 Reb-I 1127 0.36 0.22 Reb-V21259 0.75 0.46 Reb-K2 1111 0.28 0.17 Reb-H 1111 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-A 96549.10 29.74 Stevioside 803 55.69 33.73 Reb-F 935 7.73 4.68 Reb-C 94914.51 8.79 Dulcoside-A 787 4.65 2.82 Rubusoside 641 6.82 4.13 Reb-B 8034.05 2.45 Dulcoside B 787 1.43 0.86 Steviolbioside 641 4.69 2.84 Reb-R935 0.21 0.13 Reb-G 803 <0.01 <0.01 Stevioside-B 787 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-G1641 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-R1 773 <0.01 <0.01 Reb-F1 773 <0.01 <0.01Iso-Steviolbioside 641 <0.01 <0.01 Sum 160.26 97.07

Analytical Results

FIG. 38 is a chromatogram of Ala+SG Sample No. 1-1, upper lane MS-TIC,lower lane m/z=319 (selective for SGs). Interpretation: 7.7 min: MM(Ala+Glu); 15-17 min: Products related to heated sugar; 17-25 min: SGsof SG Sample No. 1-1 and MRIs (Ala+SG).

FIG. 39 is a chromatogram of Phe+SG Sample No. 1-1, upper lane MS-trace,lower lane UV=254 nm. Interpretation: 3-5 min: Phe and MRI (Phe+Glu);15-17 min: Products related to heated sugar; 17-25 min: SGs of SG SampleNo. 1-1 and MRIs (Phe+SG).

FIG. 40 is a chromatogram of Lys+SG Sample No. 1-1, upper lane MS-trace,lower lane UV=254 nm. Interpretation: 7 min: MRI (Lys+Glu); 15-17 min:Products related to heated sugar; 17-25 min: SGs of SG Sample No. 1-1and MRIs (Lys+SG).

FIG. 41 is a chromatogram of Phe+SG Sample No. 1-1, m/z=1146 (SIM)indicative for MRI Phe+SG (SG m_(r)=966).

FIG. 42 is chromatogram of Ala+SG Sample No. 1-1, m/z=274 (SIM)indicative for MRI Ala+Glu (M+Na⁺).

FIG. 43 is a chromatogram of Lys+SG Sample No. 1-1, m/z=969 (SIM)indicative for MRI Lys+SG (SG m_(r)=804, [M+H₂O+H]).

FIG. 44 is a chromatogram of a sugar degradation product and MS spectrumwith corresponding m/z values. Upper lane Phe+SG Sample No. 1-1, mediumlane Ala+SG Sample NO. 1-1, lower lane Lys+SG Sample No. 1-1.

Example 59. Sensory Evaluation of Amino Acids and Glc

TABLE 59.1 Reaction partners and conditions Reaction partners SolventTime, h Temp, ° C. 16.5 mg Phe + 0.3 ml 0.3 170 18 mg Glc KH₂PO₄ buffer,0.5 pH = 7.8 0.6 8.91 mg Ala + 0.3 170 18 mg Glc 0.5 0.6 14.7 mg Lys +0.17 170 18 mg Glc 0.5 0.6 12.1 mg Cys + 0.3 170 18 mg Glc 0.5 0.6 14.62mg Glu + 0.17 170 18 mg Glc 0.5 0.6

TABLE 59.2 Sensory Evaluation before reaction Reaction Partners SmellColor Taste 16.5 mg Phe + Neutral Colorless Slightly sweet 18 mg Glc8.91 mg Ala + Unpleasant Colorless Slightly sweet 18 mg Glc 14.7 mgLys + Yeast Slightly Slightly sweet, 18 mg Glc yellow slightlyunpleasant 12.1 mg Cys + Neutral- Colorless Slightly sweet, 18 mg Glcslightly slightly rubber unpleasant 14.62 mg Glu + Neutral- ColorlessSlightly sweet 18 mg Glc slightly yeastyThe taste test was performed as in Example 38.

TABLE 59.3 Sensory Evaluation after reaction Reaction Partners Time, hSmell Color Taste 16.5 mg Phe + 0.3 Flowery Brown Neutral, 18 mg Glcsalty¹⁾ 0.5 Intensive Dark Neutral, flowery brown salty 0.6 IntensiveDark Neutral, flowery, brown salty roasted herbs 8.91 mg Ala + 0.3Fruity Dark Neutral, 18 mg Glc brown salty 0.5 Fruity, Dark Neutral,marmalade brown salty 0.6 Overcooked, Dark Neutral, burnt brown salty14.7 mg Lys + 0.17 Butter Light Neutral, 18 mg Glc cookies brown salty0.5 Butter Dark Neutral, cookies brown salty 0.6 Butter Dark Neutral,cookies, brown salty burnt 12.1 mg Cys + 0.3 Unpleasant, Yellow Neutral,18 mg Glc sulfuric salty 0.5 Popcorn Yellow Neutral, salty 0.6 BurntDark Neutral, starch, yellow salty coal 14.62 mg Glu + 0.17 Meat LightNeutral, 18 mg Glc brown salty 0.5 Grilled Dark Neutral, meat brownsalty 0.6 Intensive Dark Neutral, grilled brown salty meat ¹⁾slightsalty taste from phosphate bufferThe taste test was performed as in Example 38.

Example 60. Sensory Evaluation of Amino Acids and Xyl

TABLE 60.1 Reaction partners and conditions Reaction partners SolventTime, h Temp, ° C. 16.5 mg Phe + 0.3 ml KH₂PO₄ buffer, 0.25 170 15.13 mgXyl pH = 7.8 8.91 mg Ala + 0.3 ml KH₂PO₄ buffer, 15.13 mg Xyl pH = 7.814.7 mg Lys + 0.3 ml KH₂PO₄ buffer, 15.13 mg Xyl pH = 7.8 12.1 mg Cys +0.3 ml KH₂PO₄ buffer, 15.13 mg Xyl pH = 7.8 14.62 mg Glu + 0.3 ml KH₂PO₄buffer, 15.13 mg Xyl pH = 7.8

TABLE 60.2 Sensory Evaluation after reaction Reaction Partners SmellColor Taste 16.5 mg Phe + Flowery Brown Neutral, 15.13 mg Xyl salty¹⁾8.91 mg Ala + Roasted Coffee Brown Neutral, 15.13 mg Xyl bean, cocoasalty¹⁾ 14.7 mg Lys + Butter cookie, Brown Neutral, 15.13 mg Xyl honeysalty¹⁾ 12.1 mg Cys + Unpleasant, Brown Neutral, 15.13 mg Xyl sulfuricsalty¹⁾ 14.62 mg Glu + Meat (Umami) Brown Neutral, 15.13 mg Xyl salty¹⁾¹⁾slight salty taste from phosphate bufferThe taste test was performed as in Example 38.

Example 61. Sensory Evaluation

TABLE 61.1 Reaction partners and conditions Reaction partners SolventTime, h Temp, ° C. 16.5 mg Phe + 8.91 mg Ala + 0.3 ml KH₂PO₄ buffer, pH= 7.8 0.25 170 14.7 mg Lys + 14.62 mg Glu + 18 mg Glc 16.5 mg Phe + 8.91mg Ala + 14.7 mg Lys + 14.62 mg Glu + 15.13 mg Xyl

TABLE 61.2 Sensory Evaluation after reaction Reaction Partners SmellColor Taste 16.5 mg Phe + 8.91 mg Pleasant, flowery, Brown Neutral,Ala + 14.7 mg Lys + caramel, slight salty¹⁾ 14.62 mg Glu + “Barbecue” 18mg Glc 16.5 mg Phe + 8.91 mg Pleasant, honey, Brown Neutral, Ala + 14.7mg Lys + cacao, nuts salty¹⁾ 14.62 mg Glu + 15.13 mg Xyl ¹⁾slight saltytaste from phosphate bufferThe taste test was performed as in Example 38.

Example 62. Sensory Evaluation of MRPs from Stevia Extract Samples andAmino Acids

TABLE 62.1 Reaction partners and conditions Reaction partners SolventTime, h Temp, ° C. 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg SG 0.3 ml KH₂PO₄ 0.50 170Sample NO.-1 buffer, 16.5 mg Phe + 96.5 mg SG pH = 7.8 Sample NO.-2 8.91mg Ala + 96.5 mg SG 0.67 Sample NO.-1 8.91 mg Ala + 96.5 mg SG SampleNO.-2 14.7 mg Lys + 96.5 mg SG 0.50 Sample NO.-1 14.7 mg Lys + 96.5 mgSG Sample NO.-2 12.1 mg Cys + 96.5 mg SG 1.00 Sample NO.-1 12.1 mg Cys +96.5 mg SG Sample NO.-2 14.62 mg Glu + 96.5 mg SG 0.50 Sample NO.-114.62 mg Glu + 96.5 mg SG Sample NO.-2 SG Sample NO.-1: Pool SG SampleNO. 1-2 to 1-9 from Example 37; SG Sample NO.-2: Pool SG Sample NO. 2-1to 2-3 from Example 58. Varying times of incubation were chosen on basisof development of brown color

TABLE 62.2 Sensory Evaluation after reaction Reaction Partners SmellColor Taste 16.5 mg Phe + Flowery, Brown Slight bitter, 96.5 mg SGfruity sweet, salty¹⁾ Sample NO.-1 16.5 mg Phe + Flowery, Brown Slightbitter, 96.5 mg SG fruity sweet, salty¹⁾ Sample NO.-2 8.91 mg Ala +Fruity Brown Slight bitter, 96.5 mg SG (grape) sweet, salty¹⁾ SampleNO.-1 8.91 mg Ala + Fruity Brown Slight bitter, 96.5 mg SG (grape)sweet, salty¹⁾ Sample NO.-2 14.7 mg Lys + Caramel Brown Slight bitter,96.5 mg SG sweet, salty¹⁾ Sample NO.-1 14.7 mg Lys + Cookies, BrownSlight bitter, 96.5 mg SG Honey sweet, salty¹⁾ Sample NO.-2 12.1 mgCys + Unpleasant, Brown Slight bitter, 96.5 mg SG sulfuric sweet,salty¹⁾ Sample NO.-1 12.1 mg Cys + Unpleasant, Brown Slight bitter, 96.5mg SG sulfuric sweet, salty¹⁾ Sample NO.-2 14.62 mg Glu + Unpleasant,Brown Slight bitter, 96.5 mg SG algae sweet, salty¹⁾ Sample NO.-1 14.62mg Glu + Artificial Brown Slight bitter, 96.5 mg SG (lemonade) sweet,salty¹⁾ Sample NO.-2 ¹⁾slight salty taste from phosphate bufferThe taste test was performed as in Example 38.

Sensory Analysis

All samples were assessed at 22° C. after the Maillard reaction wasstopped by placing the sealed vials in an ice bath. After 20 minutes inthe ice bath the sealed vials were put in a water bath set to 22° C.

The odor/smell was assessed independently by 3 persons; the finaldescription was agreed after discussion. The color was assessed by 1person using sugar color reference solution to compare for no color,slightly yellow, yellow, deep yellow and brown. The taste was assessedindependently by 3 persons either in the original samples or afterappropriate dilution to achieve relevant concentrations of sugars andsteviol-glycosides (i.e. 5-9% SE); the final description was agreedafter discussion.

Example 63. Exhausting Maillard Reaction for Amino Donor

Reaction Conditions:

1 mM phenylalanine and 10 mM glucose were dissolved in 0.1 MKH₂PO₄-buffer (pH=7.2) and heated to 120° C. for up to 5 hours.

Analytical Evaluation:

As seen in FIG. 45, the amino acid was totally consumed under thereaction conditions described after 5 hours. The kinetics of the decayis shown in FIG. 46.

Sensory Evaluation:

The reaction mixture was almost odorless with a faint of burnt sugar,color is described as slightly yellow, taste was neutral.

Exhausting Maillard Reaction for Sugar Donor

Reaction Conditions:

10 mM phenylalanine and 1 mM glucose were dissolved in 0.1 MKH₂PO₄-buffer (pH=7.2) and heated to 120° C. for up to 5 hours.

Analytical Evaluation:

As seen in FIG. 47, the carbohydrate was totally consumed under thereaction conditions described after 5 hours. The kinetics of the decayis shown in FIG. 48.

Sensory Evaluation:

The reaction mixture has a strong honey-like odor note of caramel, coloris described as yellow, taste was neutral.

Sensory Evaluation of MRPs prepared under exhausting conditions

Reaction Conditions

1 mM amino acid and 10 mM sugar or 1 mM amino acid and 1 mM sugar weredissolved in 0.1 M KH₂PO₄-buffer (pH=7.2) and heated to 120° C. for 5hours. These conditions were shown to yield exhausting conditions foreither the amino- or the sugar-donor in case of phenylalanine andglucose.

As an amino donor, phenylalanine, alanine and lysine (the 2 latter aminoacids are well known to react quicker than phenylalanine) and as a sugardonor glucose and xylose (again the latter is well known to reactquicker than glucose).

Sensory Evaluation

Sensory evaluation was performed by a group of five experienced tasters.The test result represents the joint decision of the tasters and isreported if at least four tasters confirmed the result.

In a prior training session, mouth feel was trained with water against0.05% xanthan solution in water, an acesulfame/water solution against anequi-sweet sugar solution and a mixed berry juice against an exoticfruit juice (main component mango).

The rating was fixed to: 1—void taste (water), 2—weak mouthfeel,3—medium mouth feel, 4—strong mouthfeel (0.05% xanthan solution).

TABLE 63.1 Sensory Exhausted Excessive evaluation component component(mouth feel) Glucose Phenylalanine 1 Alanine 1-2 Lysine 1 XylosePhenylalanine 1-2 Alanine 2 Lysine 1-2 Phenylalanine Glucose 2 Xylose2-3 Alanine Glucose 3 Xylose 3 Lysine Glucose 2-3 Xylose 2-3

The taste test was performed as in Example 38.

In summary, it is considered that mouth feel is more pronounced if theamino-donor is consumed during the reaction when compared to thecarbohydrate-source.

Example 64. Assay to Test Reducing Power

Reagents:

0.2 M Sodium phosphate buffer, pH=6.6; 500 mg Potassiumferric(III)cyanide/50 mL water, 10% Trichloroacetic acid; 20 mgIron-III-Chloride/20 mL water; Calibration samples were prepared withAscorbic acid in a concentration of 0-100 μg/mL 0.2 M Sodium phosphatebuffer, pH=6.6 (freshly prepared); as negative control sample water wasused.

Samples in aqueous solution were used as such or diluted in 0.2 M Sodiumphosphate buffer, pH=6.6.

Test Assay:

A 1 mL sample (or calibration standard) was mixed with 1 mL 0.2 M Sodiumphosphate buffer, pH=6.6 and 1 mL Potassium ferricyanide solution. Thesample was incubated and protected from light at 50° C. for 20 min.

To the solution was added 1 mL Trichloroacetic acid with thoroughmixing.

A 1 mL of the mixture was diluted with 1 mL H₂O and 0.2 mLIron-III-chloride and reacted for 10 minutes; The absorbance was thendetermined at 700 nm against H₂O.

Example 65. Assay to Test DPPH Radical-Scavenging Activity

Reagents:

1 mg 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH)/ml ethanol, dilutionto assay concentration were prepared in ethanol (40 μg/mL); Calibrationsamples were prepared with Ascorbic acid in a concentration of 0-10μg/mL; as a negative control sample, water was used.

Samples in aqueous solution were used as such or diluted with water.

Test Assay:

A 0.1 ml sample (or calibration standard) was mixed with 3.9 ml solutionof DPPH (100 μMolar) and reacted while protected from light at roomtemperature for 30 min. Absorbance was determined at 517 nm againstethanol.

Test Samples

10 mM of amino acid and/or 10 mM sugar were dissolved in 10 ml 0.1 mMKH₂PO₄-buffer, pH=7.8.

The samples were kept at 100° C. in sealed glass vials (Pyrex 15 ml withscrew caps) for 0 (before reaction), 2.5 or 5.0 hours. Thereafter thesamples were transferred to an ice water bath and cooled down to roomtemperature. These samples were diluted 1:10 and used for the test assayfor anti-oxidant potential.

TABLE 65.1 sample combinations prepared Amino Acid Sugar SampleAnnotations — Reb-A Reb 0 h, Reb-A 2.5 h, Reb-A 5.0 h Arginine Reb-AArgReb 0 h, ArgReb 2.5 h, ArgReb 5.0 h Phenylalanine Reb-A PheReb 0 h,PheReb 2.5 h, PheReb 5.0 h Alanine Reb-A AlaReb 0 h, AlaReb 2.5 h,AlaReb 5.0 h Glutaminic Acid Reb-A GltReb 0 h, GltReb 2.5 h, GltReb 5.0h

FIG. 49 shows active iron-III reduction of combinations of amino acidsand Reb-A.

FIG. 50 shows radical scavenging properties of combinations of aminoacids and Reb-A.

Reb-A showed substantial anti-oxidant properties, although the effectwas less pronounced than observed for glucose or xylose under the sameconditions.

Example 66. The Relationship Between the Taste Profile of Flora TasteStevia and the Ratio of Xylose to Phenylalanine

Stevia extract material:

Stevia extract: the product of Example 37, Final Powder

Common Process:

Blend xylose and phenylalanine designated as X&P mixture. The Steviaextract material was dissolved together with the X&P mixture indeionized water to make the solids content to 67%. A pH regulator wasnot added and the pH was about 5. The solution was heated at about 100degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction was complete, theslurry was dried by spray dryer to provide an off white powder MRP.

Experiments

Several MRPs in this Example were prepared. Each sample was evaluatedaccording to above sensory evaluation method and the resulting data werethe average of the panel. The reaction parameters and the taste profileof the products are as follow. Note that according to the sensoryevaluation method, the mouth feel and sweet profile were evaluated basedon the same sweetness. That is to say in those evaluations theconcentrations of Stevia extract in all sample solutions are the same,250 ppm.

TABLE 66.1 Ratio of xylose to Weight of Sample phenylalanine SteviaWeight Weight of # w/w extract of xylose phenylalanine 66-01 5/1 4 g0.83 g 0.17 g 66-02 3/1 4 g 0.75 g 0.25 g 66-03 1/1 4 g  0.5 g  0.5 g66-04 ⅓ 4 g 0.25 g 0.75 g 66-05 ⅕ 4 g 0.17 g 0.83 g

TABLE 66.2 Sensory evaluation flavor intensity sweet profile FlavorScore of mouth Score of Sample Odor taste flavor feel Sweet Metallicsweet Overall # flavor intensity intensity intensity kokumi lingeringbitterness aftertaste profile likeability 66-01 flora 2 1 1.5 2 2 1 13.67 2.39 66-02 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 3.67 3.22 66-03 3 2 2.5 3 2 1 1 3.67 3.0666-04 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 3.67 2.89 66-05 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 3.67 2.89

The taste test was performed as in Example 39.

FIG. 51 shows the relationship between the sensory evaluation results tothe ratio of xylose to phenylalanine in the above example.

FIG. 52 shows the relationship between the Overall likeability score tothe ratio of xylose to phenylalanine in example above.

As can be seen from the overall likeability data, with the ratio ofxylose to phenylalanine ranging from 5/1 to 1/5, the products providedgood taste (score >2.5), especially when the ratio of xylose tophenylalanine ranges from 3/1 to 1/1, the products provided excellenttaste (score >3).

Example 67. Preparation of Flora MRP

80 g RA20/TSG(9)95 (available from Sweet Green Fields) was dissolvedtogether with 6.7 g phenylalanine and 13.3 g xylose in 50 ml deionizedwater. The mixture was stirred and heated at about 95-100 degreescentigrade for about 2 hours. When the reaction was complete, thesolution was spray dried to provide about 95 g of an off white powder,named Flora MRP.

Example 68. Preparation of Caramel MRP

60 g RA20/TSG(9)95 (available from Sweet Green Fields) was dissolvedtogether with 10 g alanine and 30 g xylose in 50 ml deionized water. Themixture was stirred and heated to about 95-100 degrees centigrade forabout 2 hours. When the reaction was complete, the solution was spraydried to provide about 95 g of an off white powder, named Caramel MRP.

Example 69. Effect of Flora MRP on Taste Modification of Black Coffee

Materials:

Sugar

Flora MRP, the product of Example 67

RA60/TSG(9)95, Available from Sweet Green Fields

Coffee beans: Brazilian flavor coffee beans (Mings coffee selectionseries, available from SHANGHAI Mings Foods Group CO, LTD)

Coffee Maker:

Delonghi Magnifica S ECAM 21.117.SB

Sample Preparation

Coffee beans and coffee maker were used to make three cups of blackcoffee, 180 ml for each.

To the coffee was added 9 g sugar, 60 mg Flora MRP or 45 mgRA60/TSG(9)95, respectively.

Sensory Evaluation

A panel of six persons tasted the coffee samples and gave scores to thefollowing aspects. The average score of each aspect was shown in thetable below and FIG. 53. Method: For evaluation of the taste profile,the samples were tested by a panel of six people. The panel was asked todescribe the taste profile and score values between 0-5 according to theincreasing intensity of aroma, bitter, acid, sweet lingering, bitterlingering and acid lingering. 1 trained taster tasted independently thesamples first. The tester was allowed to re-taste, and then made notesfor the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards, another 5 tasterstasted the samples and the attributes were noted and discussed openly tofind a suitable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreedwith the result, the tasting was repeated. For example, a “5” forintensity of aroma is the best score for having a strong pleasant smelland conversely a value of 0 or near zero means the smell is very slight.Similarly, a “5” for bitter, acid, sweet lingering, bitter lingering oracid lingering is not desired. A value of zero or near zero means thatthe bitter, acid, sweet lingering, bitter lingering or acid lingering isreduced or is removed.

TABLE 69.1 Overall Sweet Bitter Acid sample likeability Aroma BitterAcid lingering lingering lingering Coffee 4 4 3 2 1 3 2 sweetened bysugar Coffee 5 5 3 3 2 1 1 sweetened by Flora MRP Coffee 3 4 4 3 4 3 2sweetened by RA60/TSG(9)95

As can be seen, the taste profile of coffee sweetened by Flora MRP ismuch better than that of coffee sweetened by traditional Stevia extractproduct (such as RA60/TSG95) by significantly cutting lingering anddecreasing the bitter. Also, coffee sweetened by Flora MRP shows a moreobvious effect of masking the bitter and acid aftertaste than sugar.

Example 70. Effect of Flora MRP and/or Thaumatin on the TasteModification of Energy Drink

Materials:

Flora MRP, the product of Example 67

Thaumatin, 1000 ppm concentrate, available from EPC Natural productsCO., Ltd.

Energy Drink:

Red Bull sugar free, sweetened with sucralose and ACE-K, produced by RedBull Gmbh

Monster energy, sweetened by sugar, glucose and sucralose, produced byMonster Energy Company.

Sample Preparation

Add a defined amount of Flora MRP powder or thaumatin concentrate to theenergy drink. The sample details are as follow.

TABLE 70.1 Concentration of Concentration of Flora MRP in the thaumatinin the Sample # Sample base base base 70-1 Red Bull sugar — — free 70-2Red Bull sugar — 2 ppm free 70-3 Red Bull sugar 100 ppm 1 ppm free 70-4Monster energy — — 70-5 Monster energy — 2 ppm 70-6 Monster energy 100ppm 1 ppm

Sensory Evaluation

A panel of six persons tasted the samples and gave scores to thefollowing aspects. The average score of each aspect was shown in thetable below and FIGS. 54 and 55.

TABLE 70.2 Overall Full Sweet Acid sample likeability Aroma Bitter Acidbody lingering lingering 70-1 3.5 4 0 4 2 2 3 70-2 4 5 0 3 4 3 1 70-3 55 0 3 5 1 1 70-4 3 4 1 4 3 3 3 70-5 4 5 0 3 4 4 2 70-6 4 5 0 3 5 2 1

As can be seen, the taste profile of the energy drink can be improved bythaumatin or Flora MRP. The mouth feel of the bases is flat, especiallyfor the Red Bull Sugar free which is sweetened only by artificialsweeteners. When adding thaumatin, the mouth feel becomes very full.When Flora MRP and thaumatin are used together, the full body mouth feelcontinues to increase as well as the sweet lingering and acid lingeringcan be masked. The acid and sweet taste in the drinks are moreharmonious. Method: For evaluation of the taste profile, the sampleswere tested by a panel of six people. The panel was asked to describethe taste profile and score values between 0-5 according to theincreasing intensity of aroma, bitter, acid, sweet lingering, bitterlingering and acid lingering. 1 trained taster tasted independently thesamples first. The tester was allowed to re-taste, and then made notesfor the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards, another 5 tasterstasted the samples and the attributes were noted and discussed openly tofind a suitable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreedwith the result, the tasting was repeated. For example, a “5” forintensity of aroma is the best score for having a strong pleasant smelland conversely a value of 0 or near zero means the smell is very slight.Similarly, a “5” for bitter, acid, sweet lingering, bitter lingering oracid lingering is not desired. A value of zero or near zero means thatthe bitter, acid, sweet lingering, bitter lingering or acid lingering isreduced or is removed.

Example 71. Effect of Flora MRP, Caramel MRP and/or Thaumatin on theTaste Modification of Coffee Drink

Materials:

Flora MRP, the product of Example 67

Caramel MRP, the product of Example 68

Thaumatin, 1000 ppm concentrate, available from EPC Natural productsCO., Ltd.

Coffee Drink:

Starbucks Frappuccino, Vanilla, available from Starbucks.

Starbucks Frappuccino, Caramel, available from Starbucks.

Sample Preparation

Add a designated amount of Flora MRP powder, Caramel MRP powder orthaumatin concentrate to the coffee drink. The sample details are asfollow.

TABLE 71.1 Concentration Concentration Concentration of Flora of Caramelof thaumatin Sample MRP in MRP in the in # Sample base the base base thebase 71-1 Starbucks — — — Frappuccino, Vanilla 71-2 Starbucks — — 2 ppmFrappuccino, Vanilla 71-3 Starbucks 100 ppm — 1 ppm Frappuccino, Vanilla71-4 Starbucks — — — Frappuccino, Caramel 71-5 Starbucks — — 2 ppmFrappuccino, Caramel 71-6 Starbucks — 100 ppm 1 ppm Frappuccino, Caramel

Sensory Evaluation

A panel of six persons tasted the samples and gave scores to thefollowing aspects. The average score of each aspect was shown in thetable below and FIGS. 56-57. For evaluation of the taste profile, thesamples were tested by a panel of six people. The panel was asked todescribe the taste profile and score values between 0-5 according to theincreasing intensity of aroma, bitter, milky, full body, and sweetlingering. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samples first. Thetester was allowed to re-taste, and then made notes for the sensoryattributes perceived. Afterwards, another 5 tasters tasted the samplesand the attributes were noted and discussed openly to find a suitabledescription. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed with the result,the tasting was repeated. For example, a “5” for intensity of aroma,milky or full body is the best score for having a strong pleasant smell,strong milky or rich mouth feel and conversely a value of 0 or near zeromeans the smell is very slight, less milky or the mouth feel is watery.Similarly, a “5” for bitter, or sweet lingering is not desired. A valueof zero or near zero means that the bitter, or sweet lingering isreduced or is removed.

TABLE 71.2 Overall Full Sweet sample likeability Aroma Bitter milky bodylingering 71-1 4 4 2 3 2 1 71-2 4.5 5 1 4.5 4 3 71-3 5 5 1 4 5 1 71-4 44 2 3 2 1 71-5 4 4.5 1 4.5 4 3 71-6 5 5 1 5 5 2

As can be seen, the taste profile of Starbucks coffee drinks can beimproved by thaumatin or MRP. When adding thaumatin, the mouth feelbecomes very full and the milky taste and coffee aroma can be increased.When MRP and thaumatin are used together, the full body mouth feelcontinues to increase as well as the bitter taste and sweet lingeringcan be mask.

Example 72. Effect of Caramel MRP and/or Thaumatin on the TasteModification of Sugar Free Carbonated Drink

Materials:

Caramel MRP, the product of Example 68

Thaumatin, 1000 ppm concentrate, available from EPC Natural productsCO., Ltd.

Carbonated Drink:

Coke Zero, sweetened by sucralose, aspartame and ACE-K, available fromCoca-Cola.

Coke, sweetened by sugar and high fructose syrup, available fromCoca-Cola.

Sample Preparation

Add a designated amount of Caramel MRP powder or thaumatin concentrateto the energy drink. The sample details are as follow.

TABLE 72.1 Concentration of Concentration of Caramel MRP in thaumatin inthe Sample # Sample base the base base 72-1 Coke Zero — — 72-2 Coke — 2ppm 72-3 Coke Zero 100 ppm 1 ppm

Sensory Evaluation

A panel of 12 persons tasted the samples, ranked them by preference andgave reasons. The sample ranked “1” indicated that it was the mostpreferred. The statistical analysis results are shown in the tablebelow.

TABLE 62.2 Ranking of samples according to preference (highest 1, least3) Ranking by percentage (%) of panel members sample 1 2 3 description72-1 0 50 50 Less sweet Flat Bitter Metallic aftertaste Sweet lingering72-2 50 33 17 Sweet Full body Clean taste 72-3 50 17 33 More sweet Fullbody No bitter Sweet lingering (less than 72-1) No metallic aftertaste

Based on the panel's preferences, it can be concluded that the taste ofCoke Zero is not as good and has a very different to that of the tasteof common Coke. When adding certain amounts of thaumatin and Caramel MRPto the Coke Zero, its taste was improved and was very similar to that ofcommon Coke.

Example 73. MRPs Derived from Two Kinds of Amino Acid and Glucose andthe Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of two kinds of amino acid andglucose in this example. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Glucose: 3.33 g

Amino acid #1 (listed in the vertical column of table): 0.83 g;

Amino acid #2 (listed in the horizontal row of table): 0.83 g.

Amino acid #1 (listed in the vertical column of table): amino acid #2(listed in the vertical column of table): glucose=1:1:4

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, two kinds of amino acid and glucose in this example, namedS-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method the same as Example 37. RA 24.33%, RD4.41%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%

Glucose: 1 g

Amino acid #1 (listed in the vertical column of table): 0.25 g;

Amino acid #2 (listed in the horizontal row of table): 0.25 g

Stevia extract: amino acid #1 (listed in the vertical column of table):amino acid #2 (listed in the horizontal row of table): glucose=70:5:5:20

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

TABLE 73.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of glucose and twokinds of amino acid Phenyl- alanine Ala- burnt Ala- nine nine Leu- flomlburnt Leu- cine cine Iso- Odor- burnt burnt Iso- leucine less leucineArgi- Odor- burnt creamy burnt Argi- nine less nine Glu- Odor- acidburnt burnt burnt Glu- tamic less tamic Acid Acid Valine light burntburnt burnt burnt burnt Valine floral Serine floral burnt burnt burntOdor- burnt Odor- Serine less less Proline Caramel burnt burnt burntOdor- Odor- toast Odor- Proline less less less Lysine Light acid burntburnt acid Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Lysine floral less less less lessTrypto- Light Odor- meat Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor-Trypto- phan floral less less less less less less less less phan Threo-floral + burnt Odor- burnt Odor- Odor- Cara- burnt Odor- Odor- Odor-Threo- nine Caramel less less less mel less less less nine Histi- floralOdor- Odor- burnt burnt + Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor-Histi- dine less less milky less less less less less less less dine Gly-burnt Odor- Odor- burnt Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- burntOdor- Gly- cine less less less less less less less less less less cineGluta- floral Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor-Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Gluta- mine less less less less less less lessless less less less less less mine Gluta- floral Odor- Odor- burnt burntOdor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- thione lessless less less less less less less less less less less

TABLE 73.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extractglucose and two kinds of amino acid Phenyl- alanine Ala- burnt Ala- ninenine Leu- floral burnt Leu- cine cine Iso- Odor- burnt burnt Iso-leucine less leucine Argi- Odor- burnt creamy burnt Argi- nine less nineGlu- Odor- acid burnt burnt burnt Glu- tamic less tamic Acid Acid Valinelight burnt burnt burnt burnt burnt Valine floral Serine floral burntburnt burnt Odor- burnt Odor- Serine less less Proline Caramel burntburnt burnt Odor- Odor- toast Odor- Proline less less less Lysine Lightacid burnt burnt acid Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Lysine floral less lessless less Trypto- Light Odor- meat Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor-Odor- Trypto- phan floral less less less less less less less less phanThreo- floral Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- citrus Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor-Odor- Threo- nine less less less less less less less less less nineHisti- floral + Odor- cheesy Odor- Odor- citrus Odor- Odor- Odor- citruslight Odor- Histi- dine citrus less less less less less less citrus lessdine Gly- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor-Odor- Odor- Odor- Gly- cine less less less less less less less less lessless less less less cine Gluta- floral Odor- burnt burnt sun- Odor-Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Gluta- mine less flowerless less less less less less less less less mine seed Gluta- floralOdor- burnt Odor- Odor- citrus Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor-citrus Odor- Odor- thione less less less less less less less less lessless less

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction including glucose and two kinds ofamino acid can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiers orsweeteners. Some of them have some aroma, some can be used as a flavor,and some of them are odorless and can be used as a flavor enhancer etc.as noted above. When a Stevia extract containing non-steviol glycosidesreacts with glutamic acid and/or histidine and glucose, some Stevia-MRPshave a Citrus aroma. After the reaction was complete, the scent of thereaction mixture was evaluated by a panel of 6 people. Each panel membersmelled the reaction mixture solution, discussed amongst themselves andthen agreed how to best describe a suitable description for the smell.This test procedure was used for Examples 64 through 79 which follow.

Example 74. MRPs Derived from Two Kinds of Amino Acid and Lactose andthe Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of two kinds of amino acid andlactose in this example. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Lactose: 3.33 g

Amino acid #1 (listed in the vertical column of table): 0.83 g;

Amino acid #2 (listed in the horizontal row of table): 0.83 g

Amino acid#1: amino acid #2: lactose=1:1:4

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, two kinds of amino acid and lactose in this example, namedS-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 3.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37 final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 4.41%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

Lactose: 1 g

Amino acid #1 (listed in the vertical column of table): 0.25 g;

Amino acid #2 (listed in the horizontal row of table): 0.25 g

Stevia extract: amino acid #1: amino acid #2: lactose=70:5:5:20

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 74.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of lactose and twokinds of amino acid Phenyl- alanine Alanine floral Alanine Leucinefloral + Burnt Leucine burnt Iso- floral + Odor- burnt Iso- leucineCaramel less leucine Arginine floral + sunflower Coconut burnt ArginineCarmel seed milk Glu- floral Green meat burnt Odor- Glu- tamic lesstamic Acid Acid Valine Odor- Green burnt cheesy Odor- Odor- Valine lessless less Serine floral Odor- Odor- burnt Caramel Odor- Odor- Serineless less less less Proline floral Odor- burnt Caramel burnt Odor- burntburnt Proline less less Lysine floral Green Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor-Odor- Odor- burnt Lysine less less less less less less Trypt- floralOdor- Odor- Odor- minty Odor- Odor- Odor- burnt Odor- Trypt- ophan lessless less less less less less ophan Thre- floral Green cheesy Odor- sun-Odor- burnt Odor- burnt Caramel Odor- Thre- onine less flower less lessless onine seed Histidine floral Green Odor- Odor- sun- Odor- Odor-Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Hist- less less flower less less less lessless less less idine seed Glycine Odor- Milky, burnt Odor- Odor- Odor-burnt Odor- burnt Odor- Odor- milky milky Gly- less light less less lessless less less cine Glu- floral Green cheesy burnt Odor- Odor- Odor-milky burnt Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- tamine less less less lessless less less less

TABLE 74.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,lactose and two kinds of amino acid Phenylal- anine Alanine OdorlessAla- nine Leucine Odorless Cara- Leucine mel Iso- Odorless Cara- Odor-Iso- leucine mel less leucine Arginine creamy Milky Cara- Burnt Arginineand mel and burnt acid Glutamic floral citrus Burnt light OdorlessGlutamic Acid citrus citrus citrus Acid Valine Odorless Odor- burntOdor- creamy citrus Valine less and less acid Serine Odorless Odor-burnt Light creamy citrus Odor- Serine less and Cara- less acid melProline Floral Odor- burnt burnt sunflower citrus Cara- Odor- Prolineand less and seed mel less popcorn acid and popcorn Lysine floral Odor-Odor- light sunflower citrus Odor- Odor- Odorless Lysine less less burntseed less less Tryp- Odorless Odor- burnt Odor- burnt citrus Odor- Odor-Odorless malty Tryp- tophan less less less less tophan Thre- Odorlessmalty burnt Odor- Creamy citrus Odor- Odor- malty Odor- Odor- Thre-onine and less and less less less less onine acid sunflower seedHistidine fruity fruity fruity fruity malty citrus citrus citrus citruscitrus citrus citrus Histidine Glycine Odorless Odor- light Odor-sunflower citrus Odor- Odor- malty malty Odor- Odor- citrus Glycine lessburnt less seed less less less less Gluta- Odorless Cara- Odor- Odor-sunflower citrus Odor- Odor- malty Odor- Odor- Odor- citrus Odor- minemel less less seed less less less less less less

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction of lactose (disaccharide) and twoamino acids can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiers or assweeteners. Some of them have aroma, some can be used as a flavor, someof them are odorless and can be used as a flavor enhancer etc., as notedabove. When a Stevia extract containing non-steviol glycosides reactswith glutamic acid, and or histidine and lactose, some Stevia-MRPs havea Citrus or a fruity aroma. When the amino acid is arginine, someStevia-MRPs have a creamy aroma.

Example 75. MRPs Derived from Two Kinds of Amino Acid and Mannose andthe Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of two kinds of amino acid andmannose in this example. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Mannose: 3.33 g

Amino acid #1 (listed in the vertical column of table): 0.83 g;

Amino acid #2 (listed in the horizontal row of table): 0.83 g

Amino acid #1: amino acid #2: mannose=1:1:4

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, two kinds of amino acid and mannose in this example, namedS-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 3.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method the same as Example 37, final powder.RA 24.33%, RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

Mannose: 1 g

Amino acid #1 (listed in the vertical column of table): 0.25 g;

Amino acid #2 (listed in the horizontal row of table): 0.25 g

Stevia extract: amino acid #1: amino acid #2: mannose=70:5:5:20

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 75.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of mannose and twokinds of amino acid Phenylal- anine Alanine Odorless Alanine Leucineburnt cheesy Leucine Iso- Odorless sweet and burnt Iso- leucine acidleucine Arginine Caramel Creamy creamy burnt Arginine and sunflower seedGlu- floral Odorless burnt burnt Odorless Glu- tamic tamic Acid AcidValine floral Chinese Odor Odor- sunflower Odor- Valine date less lessseed less Serine floral Caramel burnt Odor- sunflower Odor- Odor- Serineless seed less less Proline Chinese milky milky milky creamy Odor- Odor-Odor- Proline date less less less Lysine burnt Odorless Odor- Odor-Cookie Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Lysine less less less less less lessTryp- Odorless Odorless Odor- Odor- acid Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor-Tryp- tophan less less less less less less less tophan Thre- floralOdorless burnt Chinese sunflower Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor-Thre- onine date seed less less less less less less onine Histidinefloral Odorless burnt Odor- Odorless Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- sun- Odor-Odor- Histidine less less less less less flower less less seed GlycineOdorless Odorless Odor- Odor- Odorless Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor-Odor- Odor- Odorless Glycine less less less less less less less lessless Gluta- floral Odorless burnt burnt creamy Odor- Odor- Odor- Odor-Odor- Odor- Cara- Odorless Cara- mine Cookie less less less less lessless mel mel

TABLE 75.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,mannose and two kinds of amino acid Phenylal- anine Alanine ChineseAlanine date Leucine burnt + Odor- Leucine acid less Iso- burnt Odor-Odorless Iso- leucine less leucine Arginine burnt sun- Odorless sun-Arginine flower flower seed seed Glutamic floral + citrus citrus nectarcitrus Glu- Acid citrus and tamic citrus Acid Valine floral Odor- burntCaramel Odorless citrus Valine less Serine floral burnt burnt Odorlesssunflower citrus Odor Serine seed less Proline popcorn sun- Creamy sun-Creamy citrus pop sun- Proline flower and flower and corn flower seedsun- seed sunflower seed flower seed seed Lysine citrus sun- burntCaramel sunflower citrus citrus citrus sun- Lysine flower seed flowerseed seed Tryp- floral Odor- Odorless Caramel sunflower citrus burntOdor- popcorn Odor- Tryp- tophan less seed less less tophan Thre-citrus + Odor- burnt Odorless sunflower citrus Cara- Odor- popcornfruity sun- Thre- onine floral less seed mel less flower onine seedHistidine citrus + fruity citrus citrus sunflower citrus citrus citrusfruity citrus fruity citrus Histidine floral seed Glycine floral maltyburnt Odorless sunflower citrus Odor- Odor- sun- fruity Odor- Odor-citrus Glycine seed less less flower less less seed Gluta- floral +malty burnt Caramel sunflower citrus Odor- Odor- sun- Odor- Odor- Cara-citrus Odorless mine citrus seed less less flower less less mel seed

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction including mannose and two amino acidscan act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiers or as sweeteners, Someof them have aroma, can be further used as a flavor, and some of themare odorless and can be used as a flavor enhancer etc., as noted above.When a Stevia extract containing non-steviol glycosides reacts withglutamic acid, and or histidine and mannose, most of the Stevia-MRPshave a Citrus or fruity aroma. When the amino acid is proline, some ofStevia-MRPs have a popcorn aroma.

Example 76. MRPs Derived from Two Kinds of Amino Acid and Two Kinds ofReducing Sugar and the Evaluation of Their Scent

Material:

Reducing sugar:

Monosaccharide: mannose, rhamnose;

Disaccharide: Lactose;

Trisaccharide: raffinose;

Amino acid: alanine (aliphatic), phenylalanine (aromatic), glutamic acid(acidic), proline (imine), lysine (alkaline), cysteine(sulfur-containing)

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of two kinds of amino acid andtwo kinds of reducing sugar in this example. The reaction conditions areas follows.

The weight of amino acid and reducing sugar in every experiment is shownin Table 76.1.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, two kinds of amino acid and two kinds of reducing sugar in thisexample, named S-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of amino acid and reducing sugar in every experiment is shownin Table 76.2.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 76.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of two kinds ofamino acid and two kinds of reducing sugar Reducing sugar Amino acidMan- Rham- Lac- Raffi- Ala- Phenyl- Glutamic Pro- Ly- Cys- nose nosetose nose nine alanine acid line sine teine Aroma weight/ — 0.625 0.625— 0.625 0.625 — — — — Burnt g — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — —Odorless — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 — — Burnt — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625— — — 0.625 — Caramel — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — — — 0.0063 Meat — 0.6250.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — — Floral — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 — —Burnt — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — — 0.625 — Floral — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625— — — 0.0063 Meat — 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 — — Odorless — 0.6250.625 — — — 0.625 — 0.625 — Caramel — 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 — — 0.0063Meat — 0.625 0.625 — — — — 0.625 0.625 — Caramel — 0.625 0.625 — — — —0.625 — 0.0063 Meat — 0.625 0.625 — — — — — 0.625 0.0063 Meat — 0.625 —0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — — Floral — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — —Odorless — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — — Odorless — 0.625 — 0.6250.625 — — — 0.625 — Burnt — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — — — 0.0063 Meat —0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — — Floral — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625— — Burnt — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 — Floral — 0.625 — 0.625 —0.625 — — — 0.0063 Meat — 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — Odorless —0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 — Odorless — 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 — —0.0063 Meat — 0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 — Caramel — 0.625 — 0.625— — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat — 0.625 — 0.625 — — — — 0.625 0.0063 Meat0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — — — Caramel 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 —0.625 — — — Odorless 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 — — Burnt 0.625 —0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.625 — Caramel 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — — — 0.0063Meat 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — — Floral 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625— 0.625 — — Floral 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 — — 0.625 — Odorless 0.625 —0.625 — — 0.625 — — — 0.0063 Meat 0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 — —Odorless 0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.625 — 0.625 — Caramel 0.625 — 0.625 — — —0.625 — — 0.0063 Meat 0.625 — 0.625 — — — — 0.625 0.625 — Odorless 0.625— 0.625 — — — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 0.625 — 0.625 — — — — — 0.625 0.0063Meat 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — — — Caramel + floral 0.625 0.625 —— 0.625 — 0.625 — — — Caramel 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — — 0.625 — —Caramel 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — — — 0.625 — Caramel 0.625 0.625 — —0.625 — — — — 0.0063 Meat 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 — — — Floral0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 — 0.625 — — Burnt 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 — —0.625 — Floral 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 — — — 0.0063 Meat 0.625 0.625 — —— — 0.625 0.625 — — Odorless 0.625 0.625 — — — — 0.625 — 0.625 — Caramel0.625 0.625 — — — — 0.625 — — 0.0063 Meat 0.625 0.625 — — — — — 0.6250.625 — Caramel 0.625 0.625 — — — — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 0.625 0.625 —— — — — — 0.625 0.0063 Caramel 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — —Floral 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — — Odorless 0.625 — — 0.6250.625 — — 0.625 — — Odorless 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 —Odorless 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — — — 0.0063 Odorless 0.625 — — 0.625 —0.625 0.625 — — — Floral 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — Floral0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 — Burnt 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 — — —0.0063 Meat 0.625 — — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — Odorless 0.625 — — 0.625— — 0.625 — 0.625 — Burnt 0.625 — — 0.625 — — 0.625 — — 0.0063 Meat0.625 — — 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 — Burnt 0.625 — — 0.625 — — — 0.625 —0.0063 Burnt 0.625 — — 0.625 — — — — 0.625 0.0063 Burnt — — 0.625 0.6250.625 0.625 — — — — Odorless — — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — —Odorless — — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — — Malty — — 0.625 0.625 0.625— — — 0.625 — Burnt — — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — — 0.0063 Meat — — 0.6250.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — — Floral — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — —Odorless — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 — Odorless — — 0.625 0.625 —0.625 — — — 0.0063 Meat — — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — Odorless — —0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 — Burnt — — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — —0.0063 Meat — — 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 — Odorless — — 0.625 0.625— — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat — — 0.625 0.625 — — — — 0.625 0.0063 Burnt

TABLE 76.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,two kinds of amino acid and two kinds of reducing sugar Amino acidStevia Reducing sugar Glutamic extract Mannose Rhamnose LactoseRaffinose Alanine Phenylalanine Acid Proline Lysine Cysteine Aromaweight/ 2.5 — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — — — Floral g 2.5 — 0.6250.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — — Citrus 2.5 — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 —— Burnt 2.5 — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.625 — Malty 2.5 — 0.625 0.625— 0.625 — — — — 0.0063 Meat 2.5 — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — —Floral 2.5 — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 — — Floral 2.5 — 0.625 0.625— — 0.625 — — 0.625 — Floral 2.5 — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — — — 0.0063Meat 2.5 — 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 — — Citrus 2.5 — 0.625 0.625 —— — 0.625 — 0.625 — Citrus 2.5 — 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 — — 0.0063Citrus 2.5 — 0.625 0.625 — — — — 0.625 0.625 — Burnt 2.5 — 0.625 0.625 —— — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 2.5 — 0.625 0.625 — — — — — 0.625 0.0063 Meat2.5 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — — Floral 2.5 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625— 0.625 — — — Citrus 2.5 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — — Burnt 2.5 —0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 — Caramel 2.5 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — —— — 0.0063 Meat 2.5 — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — — Floral + citrus2.5 — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — Floral 2.5 — 0.625 — 0.625 —0.625 — — 0.625 — Floral 2.5 — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.0063Floral + meat 2.5 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — Citrus 2.5 — 0.625— 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 — Odorless 2.5 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 — —0.0063 Citrus 2.5 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 — Odorless 2.5 —0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 2.5 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — — —0.625 0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — — — Floral 2.50.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — — Citrus 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — —0.625 — — Odorless 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.625 — Caramel 2.50.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — — — 0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.6250.625 — — — Floral + citrus 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 — —Floral 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 — — 0.625 — Floral 2.5 0.625 — 0.625— — 0.625 — — — 0.0063 Floral 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 — —Citrus 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.625 — 0.625 — Odorless 2.5 0.625 —0.625 — — — 0.625 — — 0.0063 Citrus 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — — — — 0.6250.625 — Caramel 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — — — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Grilled 2.50.625 — 0.625 — — — — — 0.625 0.0063 Caramel 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — 0.6250.625 — — — — Floral 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 — — — Citrus 2.50.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — — 0.625 — — Burnt 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — —— 0.625 — Burnt + acid 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — — — — 0.0063 Meat 2.50.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 — — — Floral + citrus 2.5 0.625 0.625 — —— 0.625 — 0.625 — — Caramel 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 — — 0.625 —Floral 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 — — — 0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.625 0.625 — —— — 0.625 0.625 — — Citrus 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — — — 0.625 — 0.625 —Citrus 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — — — 0.625 — — 0.0063 Meat + acid 2.5 0.6250.625 — — — — — 0.625 0.625 — Burnt 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — — — — 0.625 —0.0063 Grilled 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — — — — — 0.625 0.0063 Acid 2.5 0.625 —— 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — — Floral 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — —— Citrus 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — — Burnt 2.5 0.625 — —0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 — Burnt 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — — — 0.0063Meat 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — — Floral + citrus 2.5 0.625 —— 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — Light floral 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 — —0.625 — Odorless 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.0063 Floral + meat2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — Citrus 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 — —0.625 — 0.625 — Burnt 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 — — 0.625 — — 0.0063 Meat +citrus 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 — Burnt 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625— — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Grilled 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 — — — — 0.625 0.0063Meat 2.5 — — 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — — Floral 2.5 — — 0.625 0.6250.625 — 0.625 — — — Citrus 2.5 — — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — — Malty2.5 — — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 — Burnt 2.5 — — 0.625 0.625 0.625— — — — 0.0063 Meat 2.5 — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — — Floral 2.5 —— 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — — Floral 2.5 — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — —0.625 — Burnt 2.5 — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — — 0.0063 Meat 2.5 — —0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — — Citrus 2.5 — — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 —0.625 — Burnt 2.5 — — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — — 0.0063 Meat + citrus 2.5— — 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 — Burnt 2.5 — — 0.625 0.625 — — —0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 2.5 — — 0.625 0.625 — — — — 0.625 0.0063 Meat

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction including two reducing sugars and twoamino acids can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiers or assweeteners. Some of them have aroma, some can be used as flavor, andsome of them are odorless and can be used a as flavor enhancer etc., asnoted above. When a Stevia extract containing non-steviol glycosidesreacts with two reducing sugars, and amino acids containing glutamicacid, some of Stevia-MRPs have a Citrus aroma. When the amino acid isarginine, some of Stevia-MRPs have a creamy aroma. When Stevia isinvolved in the reaction, all aroma strengths of Stevia-MRPs are muchstronger when compared to corresponding MRPs without Stevia.

Examples 77-80. MRPs Derived from Three Kinds of Amino Acid and One Kindof Reducing Sugar and the Evaluation of Their Scent

Material:

Reducing sugar:

Monosaccharide: mannose, rhamnose;

Disaccharide: Lactose;

trisaccharide: raffinose;

Amino acid: alanine (aliphatic), phenylalanine (aromatic), glutamic acid(acidic), proline (imine), lysine (alkaline), cysteine(sulfur-containing).

Example 77. MRPs Derived from Three Kinds of Amino Acid and Rhamnose andthe Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of three kinds of amino acidand rhamnose in this example. The reaction conditions are as follow.

The weight of amino acid and rhamnose in every experiment is shown inTable 77.1.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, three kinds of amino acid and rhamnose in this example, namedS-MRP. The reaction conditions were as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of amino acid and rhamnose in every experiment is shown inTable 77.2.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 77.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of rhamnose andthree kinds of amino acid Re- ducing Amino acid sugar Glu- Rham- Ala-Phenyl- tamic Pro- Ly- Cys- nose nine alanine Acid line sine teine Aromaweight/ 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — Nectar g 0.625 0.625 0.625 — 0.625— — Cara- mel 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — Cara- mel 0.625 0.625 0.625— — — 0.0063 Meat 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — Cara- mel 0.625 0.625 —0.625 0.625 0.625 — Cara- mel 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 0.6250.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — Meat 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Cara- mel0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.0063 Cara- mel 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — —Floral 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — Floral 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — —0.0063 Meat 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — Fruity 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 —0.0063 Meat 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 0.625 — — 0.625 0.6250.625 — Odor- less 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 0.625 — — 0.625 —0.625 0.0063 Meat 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 0.0063 Odor- less

TABLE 77.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,rhamnose and three kinds of amino acid Reducing Amino acid Stevia sugarAla- Phenyl- Glutamic Pro- Ly- Cys- extract Rhamnose nine alanine Acidline sine teine Aroma weight/ 2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — Nectar gand citrus 2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — Popcorn 2.5 0.625 0.6250.625 — — 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.0063 Meat2.5 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — Citrus 2.5 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.6250.625 Popcorn 2.5 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.625 0.625 —0.625 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 2.50.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.0063 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 0.6250.625 — — Nectar and citrus 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — Milky andsunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.0063 Citrus 2.5 0.625 —0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.0063Meat 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.0063 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — —0.625 0.625 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.0063Meat 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Toast 2.5 0.625 — — — 0.6250.625 0.0063 Odorless

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction of three kinds of amino acids withrhamnose can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel and modifiers or assweeteners. Some of them have aroma, some can be used as a flavor, andsome of them are odorless and can be used as a flavor enhancer etc., asmentioned above. When a Stevia extract containing non-steviol glycosidesreacts with rhamnose and three amino acids containing glutamic acid,some of Stevia-MRPs have a Citrus aroma. When the amino acid is proline,some of Stevia-MRPs have a popcorn aroma. When Stevia is involved in thereaction, all aroma strengths of Stevia-MRPs are much stronger ascompared to corresponding MRPs without Stevia.

Example 78. MRPs Derived from Three Kinds of Amino Acid and Mannose andthe Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of three kinds of amino acidand mannose in this example. The reaction conditions are as follow.

The weight of amino acid and mannose in every experiment is as shown inTable 78.1.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, three kinds of amino acid and mannose in this example, namedS-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of amino acid and mannose in every experiment is shown inTable 78.2.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 78.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of mannose and threekinds of amino acid Re- ducing Amino acid sugar Glu- Man- Ala- Phenyl-tamic Pro- Ly- Cys- nose nine alanine acid line sine teine Aroma weight/0.625 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — Floral g 0.625 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — —Cara- mel 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — Cara- mel 0.625 0.625 0.625 — —— 0.0063 Odor- less 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — Odor- less 0.625 0.625— 0.625 0.625 0.625 — Odor- less 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 0.6250.625 — 0.625 0.625 — Cara- mel 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.0063 Cara- mel 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — —Floral 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — Floral 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — —0.0063 Meat 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — Cara- mel 0.625 — 0.625 —0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.0063 Floral 0.625 — —0.625 0.625 0.625 — Cara- mel 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 0.625— — 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Meat + spicy 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 0.0063Cara- mel

TABLE 78.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,mannose and three kinds of amino acid Reducing Amino acid Stevia sugarAla- Phenyl- Glutamic Pro- Ly- Cys- extract Mannose nine alanine Acidline sine teine Aroma weight/ 2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — Nectarand citrus g 2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — Popcorn 2.5 0.625 0.6250.625 — — 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.0063 Meat2.5 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — Citrus 2.5 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.6250.625 — Popcorn 2.5 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.625 0.625 —0.625 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 2.50.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.0063 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 0.6250.625 — — Nectar and citrus 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — Milky andsunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.0063 Citrus 2.5 0.625 —0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.0063Meat 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.0063 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — —0.625 0.625 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.0063Meat 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Toast 2.5 0.625 — — — 0.6250.625 0.0063 Odorless

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction of three kinds of amino acid withmannose can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiers or assweeteners. Some of them have aroma, some can be used as a flavor, andsome of them are odorless and can be used as a flavor enhancer etc., asnoted above. When a Stevia extract containing non-steviol glycosidesreacts with mannose and three kinds of amino acid containing glutamicacid, some of Stevia-MRPs have a Citrus aroma. When the amino acidscontain L-Lysine, some of Stevia-MRPs have a nutty aroma such as asunflower seed. When Stevia is involved in the reaction, all aromastrengths of Stevia-MRPs are much stronger as compared to correspondingMRPs without Stevia.

Example 79. MRPs Derived from Three Kinds of Amino Acid and Lactose andthe Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of three kinds of amino acidand lactose in this example. The reaction conditions are as follow.

The weight of amino acid and lactose in every experiment is shown inTable 79.1.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, three kinds of amino acid and lactose in this example, namedS-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of amino acid and lactose in every experiment is shown inTable 79.2.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 79.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of lactose and threekinds of amino acids Re- Amino acid ducing Glu- sugar Ala- Phenyl- tamicPro- Ly- Cys- Lactose nine alanine Acid line sine teine Aroma weight/0.625 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — Nectar g 0.625 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — —Floral + Cara- mel 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — Cara- mel 0.625 0.6250.625 — — — 0.0063 Meat 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — Cara- mel 0.6250.625 — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — Odor- less 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Meat0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — Cara- mel 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.0063Meat 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.0063 Cara- mel 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 0.625— — Floral 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — Floral 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — —0.0063 Meat 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — Burnt 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 —0.0063 Meat 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.0063 Burnt 0.625 — — 0.625 0.6250.625 — Odor- less 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.0063 Odor- less 0.625 — —0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Odor- less 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 0.0063 Odor-less

TABLE 79.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,lactose and three kinds of amino acid Reducing Amino acid Stevia sugarAla- Phenyl- Glutamic Pro- Ly- Cys- extract Lactose nine alanine Acidline sine teine Aroma weight/ 2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — Citrus g2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — Popcorn 2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 — —0.625 — Milky and sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.0063 Meat2.5 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — Citrus 2.5 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.6250.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.6250.625 — 0.625 0.625 — Milky and sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625— 0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.0063 Sunflower seed 2.50.625 — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — Citrus 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 —Nectar 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.0063 Citrus 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 —0.625 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.0063 Popcorn2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.0063 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — — 0.6250.625 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 2.50.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — — — 0.6250.625 0.0063 Sunflower seed

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction with three kinds of amino acid withlactose (disaccharide) can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiersor as sweeteners. Some of them have aroma, some can be used as a flavor,and some of them are odorless and be used as a flavor enhancer etc., asnoted above. When a Stevia extract containing non-steviol glycosidescompound reacts with lactose and three kinds of amino acids containingglutamic acid, some of Stevia-MRPs have a Citrus aroma. When the aminoacids contain L-Lysine, some of Stevia-MRPs have a nutty aroma such as asunflower seed. When Stevia is involved in the reaction, all aromastrengths of Stevia-MRPs are much stronger when compared tocorresponding MRPs without Stevia.

Example 80. MRPs Derived from Three Kinds of Amino Acid and Raffinoseand the Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of three kinds of amino acidand raffinose in this example. The reaction conditions are as follow.

The weight of amino acid and raffinose in every experiment is shown inTable 80.1.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, three kinds of amino acid and raffinose in this example, namedS-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of amino acid and raffinose in every experiment is shown inTable 80.2.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 80.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of raffinose andthree kinds of amino acid Re- ducing Amino acid sugar Glu- Raffi- Ala-Phenyl- tamic Pro- Ly- Cys- nose nine alanine acid line sine teine Aromaweight/ 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — Floral g 0.625 0.625 0.625 — 0.625— — Pop- corn 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — Fruity 0.625 0.625 0.625 — —— 0.0063 Meat 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — Odor- less 0.625 0.625 —0.625 0.625 0.625 — Odor- less 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 0.6250.625 — 0.625 0.625 — Fruity 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 0.6250.625 — — — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — Odor- less0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — Floral 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — 0.0063 Meat0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — Odor- less 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.0063Meat 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 0.625 —Odor- less 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.6250.0063 Meat 0.625 — — — 0.625 0.625 0.0063 Meat

TABLE 80.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,raffinose and three kinds of amino acid Reducing Amino acid Stevia sugarAla- Phenyl- Glutamic Pro- Ly- Cys- extract Raffinose nine alanine Acidline sine teine Aroma weight/ 2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — Citrus g2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 —— 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — — 0.0063 Meat 2.50.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — — Citrus 2.5 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 0.625— Citrus 2.5 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.625 0.625 — 0.6250.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.6250.625 — — — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — — Citrus2.5 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — 0.625 — Popcorn 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — —0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — 0.625 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 —0.625 — 0.625 — 0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.625 — 0.625 — — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 2.50.625 — — 0.625 0.625 0.625 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 0.625 —0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.625 — — 0.625 — 0.625 0.0063 Meat 2.5 0.625 — — —0.625 0.625 0.0063 Sunflower seed

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction of three kinds of amino acids andraffinose (trisaccharide) can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feelmodifiers or as sweeteners; some of them have aroma, some could be usedas a flavor, and some of them are odorless and can be used as a flavorenhancer etc., as noted above. When a Stevia extract containingnon-steviol glycosides reacts with raffinose and three kinds of aminoacids containing glutamic acid, some of Stevia-MRPs have a Citrus aroma.When the amino acids contain L-lysine, some of Stevia-MRPs have a nuttyaroma such as a sunflower seed. When Stevia is involved in the reaction,all aroma strengths of Stevia-MRPs are much stronger as compared tocorresponding MRPs without Stevia.

Example 81-84. MRPs Derived from Four Kinds of Amino Acid and One Kindof Reducing Sugar and the Evaluation of Their Scent

Material:

Reducing sugar:

Monosaccharide: mannose, rhamnose;

Disaccharide: Lactose;

Trisaccharide: raffinose;

Amino acid: alanine (aliphatic), phenylalanine (aromatic), glutamic acid(acidic), proline (imine), lysine (alkaline), cysteine(sulfur-containing).

Example 81. MRPs Derived from Four Kinds of Amino Acid and Rhamnose andthe Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of four kinds of amino acidand rhamnose in this example. The reaction conditions are as follow.

The weight of amino acid and rhamnose in every experiment is as shown inTable 81.1.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, four kinds of amino acid and rhamnose in this example, namedS-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of amino acid and rhamnose in every experiment is shown inTable 81.2.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 81.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of rhamnose and fourkinds of amino acid Re- ducing Amino acid sugar Glu- Rham- Ala- Phenyl-tamic Pro- Ly- Cys- nose nine alanine Acid line sine teine Aroma weight/0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — Floral g 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — Odorless 0.50.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.005 Odorless 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — Sun- flower seed0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.005 Floral 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.005 Sun- flowerseed 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Caramel 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Meat 0.50.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.005 Burnt and acid 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Popcorn0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Caramel 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Meat 0.5 — 0.50.5 — 0.5 0.005 Caramel 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Caramel 0.5 — — 0.50.5 0.5 0.005 Burnt

TABLE 81.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,rhamnose and four kinds of amino acid Reducing Amino acid Stevia sugarAla- Phenyl- Glutamic Pro- Ly- Cys- extract Rhamnose nine alanine Acidline sine teine Aroma weight/ 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — Citrus g 2.50.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — Caramel 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.005 Citrus 2.50.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — Caramel 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.005 Odorless2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.005 Caramel 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 —Caramel 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Citrus 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.50.005 Odorless 2.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Popcorn 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.50.5 0.5 — Popcorn 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Popcorn 2.5 0.5 — 0.50.5 — 0.5 0.005 Floral 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Caramel 2.5 0.5 — —0.5 0.5 0.5 0.005 Popcorn

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction of four kinds of amino acid andrhamnose can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiers or assweeteners. Some of them have aroma, some can be used as a flavor, andsome of them are odorless and can be used as a flavor enhancer etc. asnoted above. When a Stevia extract containing non-steviol glycosidesreacts with rhamnose and four kinds of amino acids comprising glutamicacid, some of Stevia-MRPs have a Citrus aroma. When the amino acidscomprise proline, some of Stevia-MRPs have a Popcorn aroma. When Steviais involved in the reaction, all aroma strengths of Stevia-MRPs are muchstronger as compared to corresponding MRPs without Stevia.

Example 82. MRPs Derived from Four Kinds of Amino Acid and Mannose andthe Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of four kinds of amino acidand mannose in this example. The reaction conditions are as follow.

The weight of amino acid and mannose in every experiment is as shown inTable 82.1.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, four kinds of amino acid and mannose in this example, namedS-MRP. The reaction condition is as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method the same as Example 37, final powder.RA 24.33%, RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of amino acid and mannose in every experiment is shown inTable 82.2.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 82.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of mannose and fourkinds of amino acid Re- ducing Amino acid sugar Glu- Man- Ala- Phenyl-tamic Pro- Ly- Cys- nose nine alanine acid line sine teine Aroma weight/0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — Caramel g 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — Caramel 0.50.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.005 Burnt and acid 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — Sun- flowerseed 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.005 Odorless 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.005Odorless 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Sun- flower seed 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 —0.005 Meat 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.005 Acidic 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.005Sun- flower seed 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Burnt 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.005Acidic meat 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.005 Sun- flower seed 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.50.5 0.005 Odorless 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.005 Caramel

TABLE 82.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,mannose and four kinds of amino acid Reducing Amino acid Stevia sugarGlutamic extract Mannose Alanine Phenylalanine Acid Proline LysineCysteine Aroma weight/g 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — Floral 2.5 0.5 0.50.5 0.5 — 0.5 — Caramel 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.005 Floral 2.5 0.5 0.50.5 — 0.5 0.5 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.005 Popcorn 2.50.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.005 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 —Caramel 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Citrus 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.50.005 Odorless 2.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 —0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Citrus2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.005 Citrus 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.005Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.005 Caramel

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction of four kinds of amino acid andmannose can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiers or assweeteners; some of them have aroma, some can be used as a flavor, andsome of them are odorless and can be used as a flavor enhancer etc., asnoted above. When a Stevia extract containing non-steviol glycosidesreacts with mannose and four kinds of amino acids comprising glutamicacid, some of Stevia-MRPs have a Citrus aroma. When the amino acidscomprise proline, some of Stevia-MRPs have a Popcorn aroma. When theamino acids comprise L-Lysine, some of MRPs have a strong nutty aromasuch as a sunflower seed. When Stevia is involved in the reaction, allaroma strengths of Stevia-MRPs are much stronger as compared tocorresponding MRPs without Stevia.

Example 83. MRPs Derived from Four Kinds of Amino Acid and Lactose andthe Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of four kinds of amino acidand lactose in this example. The reaction conditions are as follow.

The weight of amino acid and lactose in every experiment is shown inTable 83.1.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, four kinds of amino acid and lactose in this example, namedS-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of amino acid and lactose in every experiment is shown inTable 83.2.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 83.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of lactose and fourkinds of amino acid Reducing Amino acid sugar Glutamic Lactose AlaninePhenylalanine Acid Proline Lysine Cysteine Aroma weight/g 0.5 0.5 0.50.5 0.5 — — Odorless 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — Odorless 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 —— 0.005 Burnt 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — Caramel 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.005Odorless 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.005 Caramel 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 —Popcorn 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Odorless 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.005Burnt 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Popcorn 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Caramel0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Caramel 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.005 Caramel 0.5— 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Caramel 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.005 Caramel

TABLE 83.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,lactose and four kinds of amino acid Reducing Amino acid Stevia sugarGlutamic extract Lactose Alanine Phenylalanine Acid Proline LysineCysteine Aroma weight/g 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — Floral 2.5 0.5 0.50.5 0.5 — 0.5 — Citrus 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.005 Floral 2.5 0.5 0.50.5 — 0.5 0.5 — Citrus 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.005 Acidic 2.5 0.5 0.50.5 — — 0.5 0.005 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Caramel 2.50.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Citrus 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.005 Caramel2.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 —Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Citrus 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 —0.5 0.005 Caramel 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 —— 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.005 Caramel

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction of four kinds of amino acid andlactose can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiers or assweeteners. Some of them have aroma, some can be used as a flavor, andsome of them are odorless and can be used as flavor enhancer etc., asnoted above. When a Stevia extract containing non-steviol glycosidesreacts with lactose and four kinds of amino acids comprising glutamicacid, some of the Stevia-MRPs have a Citrus aroma. When the amino acidis proline, some of the Stevia-MRPs have a Popcorn aroma. When Stevia isinvolved in the reaction, all aroma strengths of Stevia-MRPs are muchstronger as compared to corresponding MRPs without Stevia.

Example 84. MRPs Derived from Four Kinds of Amino Acid and Raffinose andthe Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of four kinds of amino acidand raffinose in this example. The reaction conditions are as follow.

The weight of amino acid and raffinose in every experiment is as shownin Table 84.1.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, four kinds of amino acid and raffinose in this example, namedS-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of amino acid and raffinose in every experiment is shown inTable 84.2.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 84.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of raffinose andfour kinds of amino acid Reducing Amino acid sugar Glutamic RaffinoseAlanine Phenylalanine acid Proline Lysine Cysteine Aroma weight/g 0.50.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — Floral 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — Odorless 0.5 0.5 0.50.5 — — 0.005 Odorless 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — Sunflower seed 0.5 0.50.5 — 0.5 — 0.005 Meat 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.005 Chemical 0.5 0.5 — 0.50.5 0.5 — Odorless 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Odorless 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 —0.5 0.005 Meat 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Sunflower seed 0.5 — 0.5 0.50.5 0.5 — Burnt 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Burnt 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.50.005 Meat 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Burnt 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.005Meat

TABLE 84.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,raffinose and four kinds of amino acid Reducing Amino acid Stevia sugarGlutamic extract Raffinose Alanine Phenylalanine Acid Proline LysineCysteine Aroma weight/g 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — Citrus 2.5 0.5 0.50.5 0.5 — 0.5 — Odorless 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.005 Citrus 2.5 0.50.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — Odorless 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.005 Meat 2.5 0.50.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.005 Odorless 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Sunflowerseed 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Citrus 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.005Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Meat 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.50.5 — Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.005 Citrus 2.5 0.5 — 0.50.5 — 0.5 0.005 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.005 Sunflowerseed 2.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.005 Sunflower seed

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction including four kinds of amino acid andraffinose can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiers or assweeteners. Some of them have aroma, some can be used as a flavor, andsome of them are odorless and can be used as a flavor enhancer etc., asnoted above. When a Stevia extract containing non-steviol glycosidesreacts with raffinose and four kinds of amino acids comprising glutamicacid, some of Stevia-MRPs can have a Citrus aroma. When the amino acidscomprise L-Lysine, some of MRPs have a strong nutty aroma such as asunflower seed. When Stevia is involved in the reaction, all aromastrengths of Stevia-MRPs are much stronger compared to correspondingMRPs without Stevia.

Examples 85-86. MRPs Derived from Four Kinds of Reducing Sugar and OneKind of Amino Acid and the Evaluation of Their Scent

Material:

Reducing sugar:

Monosaccharide: glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and xylose;

Disaccharide: Lactose;

Trisaccharide: raffinose;

Amino acid: glutamic acid (acidic), lysine (alkaline)

Example 85. MRPs Derived from Four Kinds of Reducing Sugar and GlutamicAcid and the Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of four kinds of reducingsugar and glutamic acid in this example. The reaction conditions are asfollow.

The weight of reducing sugar and glutamic acid in every experiment isshown in Table 85.1.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, four kinds of reducing sugar and glutamic acid in this example,named S-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of reducing sugar and glutamic acid in every experiment isshown in Table 85.2.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 85.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of glutamic acid andfour kinds of reducing sugar Amino acid Glutamic Reducing sugar acidGlucose Rhamnose Mannose Xylose Lactose Raffinose Aroma weight/g 0.5 0.50.5 0.5 0.5 — — Almond 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — Odorless 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5— — 0.5 Odorless 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — Almond 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5Almond 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 Odorless 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Almond0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 Almond 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 Odorless 0.5 0.5— — 0.5 0.5 0.5 Odorless 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Almond 0.5 — 0.5 0.50.5 — 0.5 Almond 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 Odorless 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.50.5 Almond 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Almond

TABLE 85.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,glutamic acid and four kinds of reducing sugar Amino acid SteviaGlutamic Reducing sugar extract Acid Glucose Rhamnose Mannose XyloseLactose Raffinose Aroma weight/g 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — Citrus 2.50.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — Citrus 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 Citrus 2.50.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — Citrus 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 Citrus 2.50.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 Citrus 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Odorless 2.50.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 Citrus 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 Citrus 2.50.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.5 Citrus 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Citrus 2.50.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 Odorless 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 Citrus 2.50.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 Citrus 2.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Citrus

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction including four reducing sugars andglutamic acid can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiers orsweeteners. Some of them have aroma, can be used as a flavor, some ofthem are odorless and can be used as a flavor enhancer etc., as notedabove. Interestingly, most of the MRPs with four kinds of reducingsugars and glutamic acid have an almond aroma. When a Stevia extractcontaining non-steviol glycosides reacts with four reducing sugars andglutamic acid, most of the Stevia-MRPs have a Citrus aroma. When Steviais involved in the reaction, all aroma strengths of Stevia-MRPs are muchstronger compared to corresponding MRPs without Stevia.

Example 86. MRPs Derived from Four Kinds of Reducing Sugar and Lysineand the Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of four kinds of reducingsugar and lysine in this example. The reaction conditions are as follow.

The weight of reducing sugar and lysine in every experiment is shown inTable 86.1.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, four kinds of reducing sugar and lysine in this example, namedS-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of reducing sugar and lysine in every experiment is shown inTable 86.2.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 86.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of lysine and fourkinds of reducing sugar Amino acid Reducing sugar Lysine GlucoseRhamnose Mannose Xylose Lactose Raffinose Aroma weight/g 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.5 — — Sunflower seed 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — Sunflower seed 0.5 0.50.5 0.5 — — 0.5 Sunflower seed 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — Sunflower seed0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 Sunflower seed 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 Sunflowerseed 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Sunflower seed 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.5Sunflower seed 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 Sunflower seed 0.5 0.5 — — 0.50.5 0.5 Sunflower seed 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Nut 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 —0.5 Sunflower seed 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 Sunflower seed 0.5 — 0.5 —0.5 0.5 0.5 Nut 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Sunflower seed

TABLE 86.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,lysine and four kinds of reducing sugar Stevia Amino acid Reducing sugarextract Lysine Glucose Rhamnose Mannose Xylose Lactose Raffinose Aromaweight/g 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — Fruity 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 —Fruity 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.5 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.50.5 — Fruity 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 Fruity 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 0.50.5 Fruity 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Fruity 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 —0.5 Fruity 2.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 0.5 — —0.5 0.5 0.5 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — Fruity 2.5 0.5 —0.5 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 Fruity 2.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 Sunflower seed 2.50.5 — 0.5 — 0.5 0.5 0.5 Sunflower seed 2.5 0.5 — — 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Sunflower seed

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction including four reducing sugars andLysine have a nice aroma, and can act as a flavor, a flavor enhancer, amouth feel modifier or a sweeteners. MRPs without Stevia can have a nicesunflower seed or nutty aroma. Stevia-MRPs can have either a fruity or asunflower seed aroma. When a Stevia extract containing non-steviolglycosides reacts with rhamnose and four reducing sugars and L-Lysine,some of Stevia-MRPs have a nice fruity aroma. When the reducing sugarsare mannose and or xylose, the aroma strength of the MRPs are strongercompared to MRPs without these reducing sugars. When Stevia is involvedin the reaction, all aroma strengths of Stevia-MRPs are much strongercompared to corresponding MRPs without Stevia.

Example 87. MRPs Derived from Amino Acid and Fatty Acid or itsDerivatives and the Evaluation of Their Scent

Fatty acid or its derivatives in this invention refer to aliphatic acidor aliphatic esters of aliphatic acid which can be used as sugar donorin Maillard reaction. The materials used in the following examplescomprise cinnamic acid, glyceryl stearate and lactic acid.

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of amino acid and fatty acidor its derivatives in this example. The reaction conditions are asfollow.

The type and weight of amino acid and fatty acid or its derivatives inevery experiment is shown in Table 87.1.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, amino acid and fatty acid or its derivatives in this example,named S-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of amino acid and fatty acid or its derivatives in everyexperiment is shown in Table 87.2.

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 87.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of amino acid andfatty acid or its derivatives Phenylalanine Glutamic acid LysineCysteine Type (weight) Alanine (1.25 g) (1.25 g) (1.25 g) Proline (1.25g) (1.25 g) (0.0125 g) Cinnamic acid Floral Floral Ammonia FloralOdorless Ammonia (1.25 g) Glyceryl stearate Sunflower seed Oily OdorlessOily Sunflower Meat (1.25 g) seed Lactic acid (1.25 g) Chinese dateFloral Chinese date Chinese date Odorless Ammonia

TABLE 87.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction product of Stevia extract,amino acid and fatty acid or its derivatives Phenylalanine Glutamic acidCysteine Type (weight) Alanine (1.25 g) (1.25 g) (1.25 g) Proline (1.25g) Lysine (1.25 g) (0.0125 g) Cinnamic acid Floral Floral Floral FloralAmmonia Floral (1.25 g) Glyceryl stearate Sunflower seed Oily OdorlessBurnt Ammonia Meat (1.25 g) Lactic acid (1.25 g) Fruity Floral CitrusCitrus Sunflower Sharp and seed pungent

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction including an amino acid and a fattyacid or its derivatives can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feelmodifiers or sweeteners. Some of them have aroma, can be used as aflavor, some of them are odorless and can be used as a flavor enhanceretc., as noted above. Interestingly, when a Stevia extract containingnon-steviol glycosides reacts with an amino acid and cinnamic acid, mostof Stevia-MRPs have a nice floral aroma. When Stevia is involved in thereaction, all aroma strengths of the Stevia-MRPs are much strongercompared to corresponding MRPs without Stevia.

Examples 88-89 MRPs Derived from Amino Acid, Reducing Sugar and FattyAcid or its Derivatives and the Evaluation of Their Scent

Material:

Reducing sugar: glucose and rhamnose;

Amino acid: alanine (aliphatic), phenylalanine (aromatic), glutamic acid(acidic), proline (imine), lysine (alkaline), cysteine(sulfur-containing);

Fatty acid or its derivatives: aliphatic acid or aliphatic esters ofaliphatic acid which can be used as sugar donor in Maillard reaction.The materials used in the following example comprise cinnamic acid,glyceryl stearate and lactic acid.

Example 88. MRPs Derived from Amino Acid, Glucose and Fatty Acid or itsDerivatives and the Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of amino acid, glucose andfatty acid or its derivatives in this example. The reaction conditionsare as follow.

The type and weight of amino acid and fatty acid or its derivatives inevery experiment is shown in Table 88.1.

Glucose: 1 g

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, amino acid, glucose and fatty acid or its derivatives in thisexample, named S-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method the same as Example 37. RA 24.33%, RD3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of amino acid and fatty acid or its derivatives in everyexperiment can be as shown in Table 88.2.

Glucose: 1 g

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 88.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of amino acid,glucose and fatty acid or its derivatives Cysteine Type (weight) Alanine(1 g) Phenylalanine (1 g) Glutamic acid (1 g) Proline (1 g) Lysine (1 g)(0.01 g) Cinnamic acid Aniseed Floral Burnt Floral Burnt Ammonia (1 g)Glyceryl stearate Burnt Floral Oily Burnt Creamy Ammonia (1 g) cookieLactic acid (1 g) Caramel Caramel Acid Odorless Odorless Ammonia

TABLE 88.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction product of Stevia extract,amino acid, glucose and fatty acid or its derivatives Proline CysteineType (weight) Alanine (1 g) Phenylalanine (1 g) Glutamic acid (1 g) (1g) Lysine (1 g) (0.01 g) Cinnamic acid Fruity Floral Odorless FruityBurnt Ammonia (1 g) Glyceryl stearate Odorless Floral Odorless BurntSesame oil Ammonia (1 g) Lactic acid (1 g) Odorless Fruity Citrus MintyFruity Ammonia

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction of amino acid, glucose and fatty acidor its derivatives can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiers oras sweeteners. Some of them have aroma, some could be used as a flavor,and some of them are odorless and can be used as a flavor enhancer etc.,as noted above. Interestingly, when a Stevia extract containingnon-steviol glycosides reacts with an amino acid and a fat-likesubstance, most of Stevia-MRPs have a nice fruity or floral aroma. WhenStevia is involved in the reaction, all aroma strengths of Stevia-MRPsare much stronger as compared to corresponding MRPs without Stevia.

Example 89. MRPs Derived from Amino Acid, Rhamnose and Fatty Acid or ItsDerivatives and the Evaluation of Their Scent

Several MRPs are produced by the reaction of amino acid, rhamnose andfatty acid or its derivatives in this example. The reaction conditionsare as follow.

The type and weight of amino acid and fatty acid or its derivatives inevery experiment is shown in Table 89.1.

Rhamnose: 1 g

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

In addition, several products are produced by the reaction of Steviaextract, amino acid, rhamnose and fatty acid or its derivatives in thisexample, named S-MRP. The reaction conditions are as follow.

Stevia extract: 2.5 g, available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%;

The weight of amino acid and fatty acid or its derivatives in everyexperiment is shown in Table 89.2.

Rhamnose: 1 g

Pure water: 2.5 g;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Reaction time: 2 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

After the reaction was complete, the scent of the reaction mixture wasevaluated by a panel of six persons. The results are as follow.

TABLE 89.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of amino acid,rhamnose and fatty acid or its derivatives Phenylalanine GlutamicProline Lysine Cysteine Type (weight) Alanine (1 g) (1 g) acid (1 g) (1g) (1 g) (0.01 g) Cinnamic acid Fruity Floral Fruity Burnt Burnt Ammonia(1 g) Glyceryl stearate Odorless Floral Oily Burnt Burnt Ammonia (1 g)Lactic acid (1 g) Fruity Burnt Yogurt Yogurt Odorless Ammonia

TABLE 89.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture of Stevia extract,amino acid, rhamnose and fatty acid or its derivatives PhenylalanineGlutamic Proline Lysine Cysteine Type (weight) Alanine (1 g) (1 g) acid(1 g) (1 g) (1 g) (0.01 g) Cinnamic acid Fruity Floral Odorless BurntFruity Ammonia (1 g) Glyceryl stearate Fruity Floral Odorless BurntBurnt Ammonia (1 g) Lactic acid (1 g) Fruity Floral Fruity Fruity FruityAmmonia

Conclusion:

All MRPs produced by the reaction of an amino acid and a fatty acid orits derivatives can act as flavor enhancers, mouth feel modifiers or assweeteners. Some of them have aroma, some can be used as a flavor, andsome of them are odorless and can be used as a flavor enhancer etc., asnoted above. Interestingly, when a Stevia extract containing non-steviolglycosides reacts with an amino acid and fat-like substances, most ofStevia-MRPs have nice a fruity or floral aroma. When Stevia is involvedin the reaction, all aroma strengths of Stevia-MRPs are much stronger ascompared to corresponding MRPs without Stevia.

Example 90. The Relationship Between the Taste Profile of Flora TasteSucralose and the Ratio of Xylose to Phenylalanine in the ReactionMixture

Common Process:

Sucralose, xylose and phenylalanine were blended according to the weightshown in Table 90.1. The mixture was dissolved into 2.5 g pure water. NopH regulator was added and the pH was (about 5). The solution was heatedat about 100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction wascomplete, the slurry was dried, to obtain an off white powder MRP.

TABLE 90.1 the weight of sucralose, xylose and phenylalanine the ratioof phenylalanine to xylose Weight of Weight of Weight of # w/w sucralosexylose phenylalanine 90-01 10/90 4 g 0.9 g 0.1 g 90-02 20/80 4 g 0.8 g0.2 g 90-03 30/70 4 g 0.7 g 0.3 g 90-04 40/60 4 g 0.6 g 0.4 g 90-0550/50 4 g 0.5 g 0.5 g 90-06 60/40 4 g 0.4 g 0.6 g 90-07 70/30 4 g 0.3 g0.7 g 90-08 80/20 4 g 0.2 g 0.8 g 90-09 90/10 4 g 0.1 g 0.9 g

Experiments

Several sucralose-MRPs in this Example were prepared. Each sample wasevaluated according to above sensory evaluation method and the resultingdata was the average of the panel. The reaction parameters and the tasteprofile of the products are as follow. Note that according to thesensory evaluation method, the mouth feel and sweet profile wereevaluated based on the same sweetness. That's to say, in thoseevaluations the concentrations of sucralose in all sample solutions werethe same, 100 ppm. The results are shown in Table 90.2.

TABLE 90.2 the score in sensory evaluation Sensory evaluation flavorintensity sweet profile Flavor Score of mouth Score of Sample Odor tasteflavor feel Sweet Metallic sweet Overall # flavor intensity intensityintensity kokumi lingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability90-01 floral 2 4 3 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.22 90-02 2 4 3 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.22 90-032 4 3 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.33 90-04 3 5 4 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.67 90-05 2 5 3.5 3 11 1 5.00 3.83 90-06 2 4 3 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.33 90-07 2 4 3 2 1 1 1 5.003.33 90-08 2 4 3 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.33 90-09 2 3 2.5 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofphenylalanine to xylose in this example is as shown in FIG. 58.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofphenylalanine to xylose in this example is as shown in FIG. 59.

Conclusion:

The result showed that MRPs (sucralose-MRPs) can significantly improvetaste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sucralose. All rangesin tested ratios of phenylalanine to xylose from 10/90 to 90/10 has goodtaste (overall likeability score >3), preferably when the ratio rangesfrom 30/70 to 80/20, the products provide superior taste (overalllikeability score >3.5). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and99:1. The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

Example 91. The Relationship Between the Taste Profile of Flora TasteSucralose and the Ratio of Sucralose to the Mixture of Xylose andPhenylalanine (2:1) in the Reaction Mixture

Common Process:

Sucralose, xylose and phenylalanine are blended according to the weightshown in Table 91.1. The mixture was dissolved into 2.5 g pure water. NopH regulator was added and the pH was about 5. The solution was heatedat about 100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction wascomplete, the slurry was dried to obtain an off white powder MRP.

TABLE 91.1 the weight of sucralose, xylose and phenylalanine ratio ofsucralose to the weight weight Ratio of mixture of of of Weight ofphenylalanine xylose and sucralose xylose phenylalanine # to xylosephenylalanine (g) (g) (g) 91-01 ½ 10/90 0.50 3.00 1.50 91-02 20/80 1.002.67 1.33 91-03 30/70 1.50 2.33 1.17 91-04 40/60 2.00 2.00 1.00 91-0550/50 2.50 1.67 0.83 91-06 60/40 3.00 1.33 0.67 91-07 70/30 3.50 1.000.50 91-08 80/20 4.00 0.67 0.33

Experiments

Several sucralose-MRPs in this Example were prepared. Each sample wasevaluated according to above sensory evaluation method and the resultingdata was the average of the panel. The reaction parameters and the tasteprofile of the products are as follow. Note that according to thesensory evaluation method, the mouth feel and sweet profile wereevaluated based on the same sweetness. That's to say in thoseevaluations the concentrations of sucralose in all sample solutions werethe same, 100 ppm. The results are shown in Table 91.2.

TABLE 91.2 the score in sensory evaluation Sensory evaluation flavorintensity sweet profile Flavor Score of mouth Score of Sample Odor tasteflavor feel Sweet Metallic sweet Overall # flavor intensity intensityintensity kokumi lingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability91-01 floral 2 4 3 2 1 2 1 4.67 3.22 91-02 2 4 3 3 1 1 1 5.00 3.67 91-032 4 3 4 2 1 1 4.67 3.89 91-04 2 4 3 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.56 91-05 2 5 3.5 3 21 1 4.67 3.72 91-06 2 5 3.5 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.72 91-07 2 4 3 3 2 1 1 4.673.56 91-08 1 4 2.5 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.06

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofsucralose to the mixture of xylose and phenylalanine in this example isas shown in FIG. 60.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofsucralose to the mixture of xylose and phenylalanine in this example isas shown in FIG. 61.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs (sucralose-MRPs) can significantly improvetaste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sucralose. All rangesin tested ratios of sucralose to the mixture of xylose and phenylalaninefrom 10/90 to 80/20 had good taste (overall likeability score >3),preferably when the ratio ranges were from 20/80 to 70/30, the productsprovided superior taste (overall likeability score >3.5). Thisconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

Example 92. The Relationship Between the Taste Profile of Popcorn TasteSucralose and the Ratio of Rhamnose to Proline in the Reaction Mixture

Common Process:

Sucralose, rhamnose and proline were blended according to the weightshown in Table 92.1. The mixture was dissolved into 2.5 g pure water. Noneed to add any pH regulator was added and the pH was about 5. Thesolution was heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. Whenthe reaction was complete, the slurry was dried to obtain an off whitepowder MRP.

TABLE 92.1 the weight of sucralose, rhamnose and proline Ratio ofproline to rhamnose weight of Weight of Weight of # w/w sucraloserhamnose proline 92-01 10/90 4 g 0.9 g 0.1 g 92-02 20/80 4 g 0.8 g 0.2 g92-03 30/70 4 g 0.7 g 0.3 g 92-04 40/60 4 g 0.6 g 0.4 g 92-05 50/50 4 g0.5 g 0.5 g 92-06 60/40 4 g 0.4 g 0.6 g 92-07 70/30 4 g 0.3 g 0.7 g92-08 80/20 4 g 0.2 g 0.8 g 92-09 90/10 4 g 0.1 g 0.9 g

Experiments

Several sucralose-MRPs in this Example were prepared. Each sample wasevaluated according to above sensory evaluation method and the resultingdata was the average of the panel. The reaction parameters and the tasteprofile of the products are as follow. Note that according to thesensory evaluation method, the mouth feel and sweet profile wereevaluated based on the same sweetness. That's to say in thoseevaluations the concentrations of sucralose in all sample solutions werethe same, 100 ppm. The results are shown in Table 92.2.

TABLE 92.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation flavorintensity sweet profile Flavor Score of mouth score of Odor taste flavorfeel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor intensity intensity intensitykokumi lingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 92-01 popcorn2 2 2 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.22 92-02 1 4 2.5 3 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 92-03 2 3 2.5 31 1 1 5.00 3.50 92-04 2 5 3.5 4 1 1 1 5.00 4.17 92-05 1 4 2.5 4 1 1 15.00 3.83 92-06 1 3 2 4 1 1 1 5.00 3.67 92-07 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 5.00 3.3392-08 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 5.00 3.33 92-09 1 2 1.5 2 1 1 1 5.00 2.83

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofproline to rhamnose in this example is as shown in FIG. 62.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofproline to rhamnose in this example is as shown in FIG. 63.

Conclusion:

The result showed that MRPs (sucralose-MRPs) can significantly improvetaste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sucralose. All rangesin tested ratios of proline to rhamnose from 10/90 to 90/10 had goodtaste (overall likeability score >3), preferably when the ratio rangeswere from 20/80 to 60/40, the products provided superior taste (overalllikeability score >3.5). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and99:1. The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

Example 93. The Relationship Between the Taste Profile of Popcorn TasteSucralose and the Ratio of Sucralose to the Mixture of Proline andRhamnose (1:2) in the Reaction Mixture

Common Process:

Sucralose, proline and rhamnose were blended according to the weightshown in Table 93.1. The mixture was dissolved into 2.5 g pure water. NopH regulator was added and the pH was about 5. The solution was heatedat about 100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction wascomplete, the slurry was dried to obtain an off white powder MRP.

TABLE 93.1 the weight of sucralose, proline and rhamnose The ration ofWeight Weight The ratio of sucralose to the weight of of of proline tomixture of proline sucralose rhamnose proline # rhamnose and rhamnose(g) (g) (g) 93-01 ½ 10/90 0.50 3.00 1.50 93-02 20/80 1.00 2.67 1.3393-03 30/70 1.50 2.33 1.17 93-04 40/60 2.00 2.00 1.00 93-05 50/50 2.501.67 0.83 93-06 60/40 3.00 1.33 0.67 93-07 70/30 3.50 1.00 0.50 93-0880/20 4.00 0.67 0.33 93-09 90/10 4.50 0.33 0.17

Experiments

Several sucralose-MRPs in this Example were prepared. Each sample wasevaluated according to above sensory evaluation method and the resultingdata was an average of the panel. The reaction parameters and the tasteprofile of the products were as follow. Note that according to thesensory evaluation method, the mouth feel and sweet profile wereevaluated based on the same sweetness. That's to say in thoseevaluations the concentrations of sucralose in all sample solutions werethe same, 100 ppm. The results are shown in Table 93.2.

TABLE 93.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation flavorintensity sweet profile Flavor Score of mouth score of Odor taste flavorfeel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor intensity intensity intensitykokumi lingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 93-01 popcorn2 3 2.5 3 1 2 1 4.67 3.39 93-02 2 3 2.5 3 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 93-03 2 3 2.53 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 93-04 2 3 2.5 3 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 93-05 3 4 3.5 3 2 1 14.67 3.72 93-06 2 3 2.5 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.06 93-07 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 4.67 2.8993-08 1 2 1.5 2 2 1 1 4.67 2.72 93-09 1 2 1.5 2 2 1 2 4.33 2.61

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofsucralose to the mixture of proline and rhamnose in this example is asshown in FIG. 64.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofsucralose to the mixture of proline and rhamnose in this example is asshown in FIG. 65.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs (sucralose-MRPs) can significantly improvetaste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sucralose. All rangesin tested ratios of sucralose to the mixture of proline and rhamnosefrom 10/90 to 60/40 had good taste (overall likeability score >3),preferably when the ratio ranges were from 20/80 to 50/50, the productsprovided superior taste (overall likeability score >3.5). Thisconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

Example 94. The Relationship Between the Taste Profile of Caramel TasteSucralose and the Ratio of Xylose to Alanine in the Reaction Mixture

Common Process:

Sucralose, xylose and alanine were blended according to the weight shownin Table 94.1. The mixture was dissolved into 2.5 g pure water. No pHregulator was added and the pH was about 5. The solution was heated atabout 100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction wascomplete, the slurry was dried to obtain an off white powder MRP.

TABLE 94.1 the weight of sucralose xylose and alanine The ratio ofalanine to xylose weight of Weight of Weight of # w/w sucralose xylosealanine 94-01 10/90 4 g 0.9 g 0.1 g 94-02 20/80 4 g 0.8 g 0.2 g 94-0330/70 4 g 0.7 g 0.3 g 94-04 40/60 4 g 0.6 g 0.4 g 94-05 50/50 4 g 0.5 g0.5 g 94-06 60/40 4 g 0.4 g 0.6 g 94-07 70/30 4 g 0.3 g 0.7 g 94-0880/20 4 g 0.2 g 0.8 g 94-09 90/10 4 g 0.1 g 0.9 g

Experiments

Several sucralose-MRPs in this Example were prepared. Each sample wasevaluated according to above sensory evaluation method and the resultingdata was an average of the panel. The reaction parameters and the tasteprofile of the products are as follow. Note that according to thesensory evaluation method, the mouth feel and sweet profile wereevaluated based on the same sweetness. That's to say in thoseevaluations the concentrations of sucralose in all sample solutions werethe same, 100 ppm. The results are shown in Table 94.2.

TABLE 94.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation flavorintensity sweet profile Flavor Score of mouth score of Odor taste flavorfeel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor intensity intensity intensitykokumi lingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 94-01 Caramel2 3 2.5 2 2 2.5 1 4.17 2.89 94-02 2 3 2.5 3 2 2 1 4.33 3.28 94-03 3 43.5 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.72 94-04 3 4 3.5 3 1 1 1 5.00 3.83 94-05 2 2 2 2 1 11 5.00 3.00 94-06 1 2 1.5 2 1 1 1 5.00 2.83 94-07 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 5.002.67 94-08 1 1 1 2 1 1 1.5 4.83 2.61 94-09 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 4.33 2.44

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofalanine to xylose in this example is as shown in FIG. 66.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofalanine to xylose in this example is as shown in FIG. 67.

Conclusion:

The results show that MRPs (sucralose-MRPs) can significantly improvetaste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sucralose. All rangesin tested ratios of alanine to xylose from 20/80 to 50/50 had good taste(overall likeability score >3), preferably when the ratio ranges from30/70 to 40/60, the products provided superior taste (overalllikeability score >3.5). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and99:1. The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

Example 95. The Relationship Between the Taste Profile of Caramel TasteSucralose and the Ratio of Sucralose to the Mixture of Xylose andAlanine (2:1) in the Reaction Mixture

Common Process:

Sucralose, alanine and xylose were blended according to the weight shownin Table 95.1. The mixture was dissolved into 2.5 g pure water. No pHregulator was added and the pH was about 5. The solution was at about100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction was complete, theslurry was dried to obtain an off white powder MRP.

TABLE 95.1 the weight of sucralose, alanine and xylose Ratio of Ratio ofsucralose to weight of weight of Weight of alanine the mixture ofsucralose xylose alanine # to xylose alanine and xylose (g) (g) (g)95-01 ½ 10/90 0.50 3.00 1.50 95-02 20/80 1.00 2.67 1.33 95-03 30/70 1.502.33 1.17 95-04 40/60 2.00 2.00 1.00 95-05 50/50 2.50 1.67 0.83 95-0660/40 3.00 1.33 0.67 95-07 70/30 3.50 1.00 0.50 95-08 80/20 4.00 0.670.33 95-09 90/10 4.50 0.33 0.17

Experiments

Several sucralose-MRPs in this Example were prepared. Each sample wasevaluated according to above sensory evaluation method and the resultingdata was an average of the panel. The reaction parameters and the tasteprofile of the products are as follow. Note that according to thesensory evaluation method, the mouth feel and sweet profile wereevaluated based on the same sweetness. That's to say in thoseevaluations the concentrations of sucralose in all sample solutions werethe same, 100 ppm. The results are shown in Table 95.2.

TABLE 95.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation flavorintensity sweet profile Flavor Score of mouth score of Odor taste flavorfeel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor intensity intensity intensitykokumi lingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 95-01 floral2 3 2.5 3 1 2.5 1 4.50 3.33 95-02 2 3 2.5 2 1 1.5 1 4.83 3.11 95-03 3 33 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.33 95-04 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.33 95-05 4 3 3.5 2 1 1 15.00 3.50 95-06 4 4 4 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.67 95-07 3 3 3 2 1 1 1.5 4.83 3.2895-08 2 3 2.5 2 1 1 2 4.67 3.06 95-09 2 3 2.5 2 1 1 2 4.67 3.06

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofsucralose to the mixture of alanine and xylose in this example is asshown in FIG. 68.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofsucralose to the mixture of alanine and xylose in this example is asshown in FIG. 69.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs (sucralose-MRPs) can significantly improvetaste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sucralose. All rangesin tested ratios of sucralose to the mixture of alanine and xylose from10/90 to 90/10 had good taste (overall likeability score >3), preferablywhen the ratio ranges were from 50/50 to 60/40, the products gavesuperior taste (overall likeability score >3.5). The conclusion can beextended to 1:99 and 99:1. The tasting procedure is the same as Example38.

Example 96. Preparation of MRP-FL from Phenylalanine and Xylose

33.35 g xylose and 16.65 g phenylalanine were mixed. The ratio of xyloseto phenylalanine was 2:1. The mixture was dissolved into 125 g purewater. No pH regulator was added and the pH was about 5. The solutionwas heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When thereaction was complete, the reaction mixture was filtered by filter paperand the filtrate was dried by spray dryer to provide about 42 g of alight brown powder MRP-FL.

Example 97. Preparation of MRP-CA from Alanine and Xylose

30 g xylose and 10 g alanine were mixed. The ratio of xylose to alaninewas 3:1. The mixture was dissolved into 50 g pure water. No pH regulatorwas added and let the pH was about 5. The solution was heated at about100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction was complete, thereaction mixture was filtered with filter paper and the filtrate wasdried by spray dryer to provide about 33 g of a light brown powderMRP-CA.

Example 98. Preparation of MRP-CI from Glutamic Acid and Galactose

37.5 g galactose and 12.5 g glutamic acid were mixed. The ratio ofgalactose to glutamic acid was 3:1. The mixture was dissolved into 250 gpure water. No pH regulator was added and the pH was about 5. Thesolution was heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. Whenthe reaction was complete, the reaction mixture was filtered with filterpaper and the filtrate was dried by spray dryer to provide about 39 g ofan off white powder MRP-CI.

Example 99. Preparation of MRP-CH from Valine and Rhamnose

7.5 g rhamnose and 7.5 g valine were mixed. The ratio of rhamnose tovaline was 1:1. The mixture was dissolved into a mixture of 1.875 g purewater and 7.5 g propylene glycol. The solution was heated at about 120degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction was complete, thetemperature of the reaction mixture was cooled to 30 degrees centigrade.A premix of 37.5 g maltodextrin and 37.5 g pure water was added to thereaction mixture and stirred for about 4 hour. The mixture was filteredby filter paper and the filtrate was dried by spray dryer to provideabout 50 g of a light brown powder MRP-CH.

Example 100. Preparation of S-MRP-CI from Stevia Extract, Glutamic Acidand Galactose

Stevia extract: available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method of Example 37, final powder. RA 24.33%,RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%

45 g Stevia extract, 1.25 g galactose and 3.75 g glutamic acid weremixed. The ratio of galactose to glutamic acid was 3:1 and the ratio ofStevia extract to the mixture of galactose and glutamic acid is 9:1. Themixture was dissolved into 25 g pure water. No pH regulator was addedand the pH was about 5. The solution was heated at about 100 degreescentigrade for 2 hours. When the reaction was complete, the reactionmixture was filtered by filter paper and the filtrate was dried by spraydryer to provide about 39 g of an off white powder S-MRP-CI.

Example 101. Preparation of S-MRP-CH from Stevia Extract, Valine andRhamnose

Stevia extract: RA20/TSG(9)95 (available from Sweet Green Fields, lot#YCJ20180403; RA 27.89%, TSG (JECFA2010) 99.03%)

52.5 g Stevia extract, 11.25 g rhamnose and 11.25 g valine were mixed.The ratio of rhamnose to valine was 1:1. The mixture was dissolved intoa mixture of 9.375 g pure water and 37.5 g propylene glycol. Thesolution was heated at about 120 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. Whenthe reaction was complete, the temperature of reaction mixture wascooled to 30 degrees centigrade. A premix of 165 g maltodextrin and 165g pure water was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for about 4hour. The mixture was filtered by filter paper and the filtrate wasdried by spray dryer to provide about 250 g of a light brown powderS-MRP-CH.

Examples 102-104. Salt Reduction Synergic Effect of MRP, S-MRP andTS-MRP to Edible Salt

Materials:

MRP-CI the product of Example 98

S-MRP-CI the product of Example 100

thaumatin available from EPC Natural Products Co., Ltd, China, lot#20180801, the content of thaumatin is 10.74%.

TS-MRP-CI the mixture of above S-MRP-CI and thaumatin with the weightratio of 10:1

Edible salt Iodine and low sodium salt, available from Guangdong SaltIndustry Group Co., Ltd, China, lot #2018/05/31C2GZ

Example 102. Salt reduction synergic effect of MRP to edible salt

Method

Several of 0.05% edible salt solutions were prepared, and an appropriateamount of MRP-CI was added to prepare salt solutions containingdifferent concentrations of MRP-CI. The data of each test sample isshown in Table 102.1.

TABLE 102.1 the weight and concentration of MRP-CI in 0.05% edible saltsolutions 0.05% edible salt Weight of MRP-CI Concentration of # solution(m1) (mg) MRP-CI ( ppm) 102-01 50 1.5 30 102-02 50 2.5 50 102-03 50 4 80102-04 50 5 100 102-05 50 6 120 102-06 50 7.5 150 102-07 50 9 180 102-0850 10 200

Results

The members of panel tasted each test solution and compared it withdifferent concentrations of standard saline solution to determine thesensory saltiness of each test sample. Results are shown in Table 102.2.Method: For evaluation for the sensory of saltiness, the samples weretested by a panel of four people. The panel was asked to determine thesaltiness of samples in comparison to a standard saline solution. 1trained taster tasted independently the samples first. The tester wasallowed to re-taste, and then determine the saltiness. Afterwards,another 3 tasters tasted and the saltiness of the samples was discussedopenly to find a suitable result. In case that more than 1 tasterdisagreed with the result, the tasting was repeated.

TABLE 102.2 salt reduction synergic effect of MRP-CI to edible saltConcentration of Concentration of Sensory Saltiness # MRP-CL( ppm)edible salt saltiness increasing* 102-01  30 0.05%  0.05% 0 102-02  500.05%  0.05% 0 102-03  80 0.05%  0.05% 0 102-04 100 0.05% 0.085%  70%102-05 120 0.05%  0.09%  80% 102-06 150 0.05%  0.11% 120% 102-07 1800.05%  0.11% 120% 102-08 200 0.05%  0.12% 140% *Saltiness increasing =(Sensory saltiness-Concentration of edible salt)/Concentration of ediblesalt × 100%

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs can significantly produce salt reductionsynergistic effects with edible salt. For 0.05% solution of edible salt,adding 100 ppm to 200 ppm of MRP-CI increased the saltiness by 70% to140%.

Example 103. Salt Reduction Synergic Effect of S-MRP to Edible Salt

Method

Several of 0.05% edible salt solutions were prepared, and an appropriateamount of S-MRP-CI was added to prepare salt solutions containingdifferent concentrations of S-MRP-CI. The data of each test sample isshown in Table 103.1.

TABLE 103.1 the weight and concentration of S-MRP-CI in 0.05% ediblesalt solutions 0.05% edible salt Weight of S- Concentration of S- #solution (ml) MRP-CI (mg) MRP-CI ( ppm) 103-01 50 1.5 30 103-02 50 2.550 103-03 50 4 80 103-04 50 5 100 103-05 50 6 120 103-06 50 7.5 150103-07 50 9 180 103-08 50 10 200

Results

The members of panel tasted each test solution and compared it withdifferent concentrations of standard saline solution to determine thesensory saltiness of each test sample. Results are shown in Table 103.2.The samples were evaluated as in Example 102.

TABLE 103.2 salt reduction synergic effect of S-MRP-CI to edible saltConcentra- Concentra- tion of tion of S-MRP-CI edible Sensory Saltiness# (ppm) salt saltiness increasing* 103-01  30 0.05% 0.085% 70% 103-02 50 0.05% 0.085% 70% 103-03  80 0.05% 0.085% 70% 103-04 100 0.05% 0.085%70% 103-05 120 0.05% 0.085% 70% 103-06 150 0.05% 0.095% 90% 103-07 1800.05% 0.095% 90% 103-08 200 0.05% 0.095% 90% *Saltiness increasing =(Sensory saltiness − Concentration of edible salt)/ Concentration ofedible salt × 100%

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs can significantly produce salt reductionsynergistic effects with edible salt. For 0.05% solution of edible salt,adding 30 ppm to 200 ppm of S-MRP-CI increased the saltiness by 70% to90%.

Example 104. Salt Reduction Synergic Effect of TS-MRP to Edible Salt

Method

Several of 0.05% edible salt solutions were prepared, and an appropriateamount of TS-MRP-CI was added to prepare salt solutions containingdifferent concentrations of TS-MRP-CI. The data of each test sample isshown in Table 104.1.

TABLE 104.1 the weight and concentration of TS-MRP-CI in 0.05% ediblesalt solutions 0.05% Weight Concentration edible salt of of solutionTS-MRP-CI TS-MRP-CI # (ml) (mg) (ppm) 104-01 50 1.5 30 104-02 50 2.5 50104-03 50 4 80 104-04 50 5 100 104-05 50 6 120 104-06 50 7.5 150 104-0750 9 180 104-08 50 10 200

Results

The members of panel tasted each test solution and compared it withdifferent concentrations of standard saline solution to determine thesensory saltiness of each test sample. Results are shown in Table 104.2.The tasting procedure is the same as Example 102.

TABLE 104.2 salt reduction synergic effect of TS-MRP-CI to edible saltConcentra- Concentra- tion tion of of TS-MRP-CI edible Sensory Saltiness# (ppm) salt saltiness increasing* 104-01  30 0.05% 0.05% 0 104-02  500.05% 0.085% 70% 104-03  80 0.05% 0.085% 70% 104-04 100 0.05% 0.085% 70%104-05 120 0.05% 0.085% 70% 104-06 150 0.05% 0.09% 80% 104-07 180 0.05%0.09% 80% 104-08 200 0.05% 0.09% 80% *Saltiness increasing = (Sensorysaltiness − Concentration of edible salt)/ Concentration of edible salt× 100%

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs can significantly produce salt reductionsynergistic effects with edible salt. For 0.05% solution of edible salt,adding 30 ppm to 200 ppm of TS-MRP-CI increased the saltiness by 70% to80%.

Example 105. The Evaluation of Synergistic Effect of MRP, S-MRP andTS-MRP to Fat Mouth Feel

Materials:

MRP-FL the product of Example 96

S-MRP-CA the product of Example 68

S-MRP-CH the product of Example 101

Thaumatin available from EPC Natural Products Co., Ltd, China, lot#20180801, the content of thaumatin is 10.74%.

TS-MRP-CH the mixture of above S-MRP-CH and thaumatin with the weightratio of 10:1

Milk WEIDENDORF® skim milk, fat amount 0 g/100 ml, origin: Germany,purchased from Jingdong Supermarket, lot #2018/03/21

WEIDENDORF® whole milk, fat amount 3.5 g/100 ml, origin: Germany,purchased from Jingdong Supermarket, lot #2018/04/11

Method

Skim milk and whole milk are mixed in predetermined amounts to make milkwith different fat content. The specific mixing ratio and fat contentare shown in Table 105.1.

TABLE 105.1 specific mixing ratio and fat content Specific mixing ratioFat content of of skim milk the mixed milk and whole milk (g/100m1) 8:20.7 7:3 1.05 6:4 1.4 5:5 1.75 4:6 2.1 3:7 2.45 2:8 2.8 1:9 3.05

To three kinds of mixed milk with fat content of 0.7 g/100 ml, 1.75g/100 ml and 2.8 g/100 ml were added different concentrations of MRP,S-MRP or TS-MRP to judge the synergistic effect of fat mouth feel. Themouth feel of the milk with added MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP was compared tothe milk with standard fat mouth feel in Table 105.1. Method: Forevaluation of the fat mouth feel, the samples were tested by a panel offour people. The panel was asked to determine the degree of fat mouthfeel of each sample solution in comparison to standard milk withspecific mixing ratio. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samplesfirst. The tester was allowed to re-taste, and then determine the degreeof fat mouth feel. Afterwards, another 3 tasters tasted the samples andthe fat mouth feel was discussed openly to find a suitable result. Incase that more than 1 taster disagreed with the result, the tasting wasrepeated.

Results

The original fat content of each test sample, the concentration of MRP,S-MRP or TS-MRP added, and the synergistic fat mouth feel correspondingto the fat content in Table 89.1 are shown in Table 105.2.

TABLE 105.2 synergistic effect of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP to fat mouth feelOriginal fat fat mouth feel of test content of Sample added and itsconcentration sample corresponding synergic Fat milk (g/ MRP- S-MRP-TS-MRP- TS-MRP- to the fat content effect of fat replacement # 100 ml)FL CA CH CH (g/100 ml) mouth feel* effect** 105-01 1.05 500 ppm — — —1.75  67%   40% 105-02 1.75 500 ppm — — — 2.45  40% 28.6% 105-03 2.8 500ppm — — —  2.8~3.05  <9%  0-8.2% 105-04 1.05 — 500 ppm — — 1.4   33%  25% 105-05 1.75 — 500 ppm — — 1.75~2.1  <20% 0-16.7% 105-06 2.8 — 500ppm — —  2.8~3.05  <9%  0-8.2% 105-07 1.05 — — 500 ppm — 2.1  100%   50%105-08 1.75 — — 500 ppm —  2.8~3.05 60%~74% 37.5%-42.6% 105-09 2.8 — —500 ppm — 3.05  9%  8.2% 105-10 1.05 — — — 100 ppm 1.75  67%   40%105-11 1.75 — — — 100 ppm 2.45  40% 28.6% 105-12 2.8 — — — 100 ppm 3.05 9%  8.2% *synergic effect of fat mouth feel = (fat mouth feel of testsample corresponding to the fat content—Original fat content)/Originalfat content × 100% **Fat replacement effect = (fat mouth feel of testsample corresponding to the fat content—Original fat content)/fat mouthfeel of test sample corresponding to the fat content × 100%

Conclusion:

The results showed that the synergistic effect of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRPon the fat mouth feel of partially skimmed milk is significant,particularly in lower fat milk. TS-MRP's synergistic effect of fat mouthfeel is most significant. Under certain conditions, such as, addition of500 ppm of TS-MRP to the milk with a fat content of 1.05 g/100 ml, 50%fat replacement effect was achieved.

Examples 106-126. The Improvement of MRP, S-MRP and TS-MRP to the Tasteand Mouth Feel of Stevia Extract

The sources of the Stevia extract and MRP samples used in the followingExamples are as follows.

TABLE 106-126 sample source Lot # specification RA, EPC Natural ProductsCo., Ltd, China 140-24-1 RA 99.94% rebaudioside A STV, stevioside EPCNatural Products Co., Ltd, China 130-32-01 STV 96.69% RD, Sichuan IngiaBiosynthetic Co,.ltd, China 20180914 RD 94.39% rebaudioside D RM,Sichuan Ingia Biosynthetic Co,.ltd, China 20180915 RM 93.03%,rebaudioside M RD3.67% MRP-FL The product of Example 96 MRP-CA Theproduct of Example 97 MRP-CI The product of Example 98 MRP-CH Theproduct of Example 99 S-MRP-FL The product of Example 67 S-MRP-CA Theproduct of Example 68 S-MRP-CI The product of Example 100 S-MRP-CH Theproduct of Example 101 thaumatin The product of EPC Natural ProductsCo., 20180801 thaumatin Ltd, China 10.74% TS-MRP-FL the mixture of aboveS-MRP-FL and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-CA themixture of above S-MRP-CA and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1TS-MRP-CI the mixture of above S-MRP-CI and thaumatin with the weightratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-CH the mixture of above S-MRP-CH and thaumatin withthe weight ratio of 10:1

Example 106. The Improvement of MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel of RA

Common Process:

MRP-CH and RA were weighed and uniformly mixed according to the weightshown in Table 88-1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amount shown inTable 106.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjected to a mouthfeel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 106.1 the weight of MRP-CH and RA The ratio Weight of Weight of ofMRP- Weight of the mixed MRP-CH CH RA powder # to RA (g) (g) (mg) 106-010.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 106-02  0.1/1 0.05 55 106-03  0.3/1 0.15 65 106-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 106-05  0.7/1 0.35 85 106-06  0.9/1 0.45 95 106-07   1/10.5 100 106-08   2/1 1.0 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CH and RA were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RA in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 106.2.

TABLE 106.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 106-01 Chocolate 1 21 2 4.33 2.67 106-02 1 2 1 2 4.33 2.67 106-03 1 3 2 2 3.67 2.33 106-04 13 2 2 3.67 2.33 106-05 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 106-06 2 2 1 2 4.33 3.17 106-072 3 1 2 4.00 3.00 106-08 2 4 2 3 3.00 2.50

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofMRP-CH to RA in this example is as shown in FIG. 70.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofMRP-CH to RA in this example is as shown in FIG. 71.

Conclusion:

The results showed that standard MRPs can significantly improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensity naturalsweeteners or sweetening agents such as Stevia extract. For example,steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside A. All ranges in tested ratiosof MRP-CH to RA from 0.01/1 to 2/1 had good taste (overall likeabilityscore >2), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 0.01/1 to 0.1/1and from 0.7/1 to 2/1, the products gave very good taste (score >2.5);further, preferred ratio ranges were from 0.7/1 to 1/1, products gavesuperior taste (score >3). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and99:1. This example demonstrates that MRPs can improve taste profile,flavor intensity and mouth feel of steviol glycosides.

Example 107. The Improvement of S-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRA

Common Process:

S-MRP-CH and RA were weighed and uniformly mixed according to the weightshown in Table 107.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amount shownin Table 107.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjected to amouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same as Example39.

TABLE 107.1 the weight of S-MRP-CH and RA The ratio Weight Weight Weightof of of of the mixed S-MRP-CH S-MRP-CH RA powder # to RA (g) (g) (mg)107-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 107-02  0.1/1 0.05 55 107-03  0.3/1 0.15 65107-04  0.5/1 0.25 75 107-05  0.7/1 0.35 85 107-06  0.9/1 0.45 95 107-07  1/1 0.5 100 107-08   2/1 1.0 150 107-09   3/1 1.5 200

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CH and RA were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RA in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 107.2.The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 107.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 107-01 Chocolate 1 31 2 4.00 2.50 107-02 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50 107-03 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50 107-04 23 1 2 4.00 3.00 107-05 2 4 2 1 3.67 2.83 107-06 2 4 2 1 3.67 2.83 107-072 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 107-08 2 3 2 2 3.67 2.83 107-09 2 4 3 2 3.00 2.50

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CH to RA in this example is as shown in FIG. 72.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CH to RA in this example is as shown in FIG. 73.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract) can significantlyimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensitynatural sweeteners or sweetening agents such as Stevia extract. Forexample, steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside A. All range in testedratios of S-MRP-CH to RA from 0.01/1 to 3/1 had good taste (overalllikeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from0.5/1 to 1/1, the products gave a very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat S-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feelof steviol glycosides. The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

Example 108. The Improvement of TS-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRA

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CH and RA were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 91.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 108.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test.

TABLE 108.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CH and RA The ratio Weight WeightWeight of of of of the mixed TS-MRP-CH TS-MRP-CH RA powder # to RA (g)(g) (mg) 108-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 108-02  0.1/1 0.05 55 108-03 0.3/1 0.15 65 108-04  0.5/1 0.25 75 108-05  0.7/1 0.35 85 108-06  0.9/10.45 95 108-07   1/1 0.5 100 108-08   2/1 1.0 150 108-09   3/1 1.5 200108-10   4/1 2.0 250

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CH and RA were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RA in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 108.2.

TABLE 108.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 108-01 Chocolate 1 21 1 4.67 2.83 108-02 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 108-03 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50 108-04 13 1 2 4.00 2.50 108-05 2 3 2 2 3.67 2.83 108-06 2 3 2 2 3.67 2.83 108-072 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 108-08 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 108-09 2 3 2 2 3.67 2.83108-10 2 3 2 3 3.33 2.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CH to RA in this example is as shown in FIG. 74.

The relationship between the overall results to the ratio of TS-MRP-CHto RA in this example is as shown in FIG. 75.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract, thaumatin) cansignificantly improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofhigh intensity natural sweeteners or sweetening agents such as Steviaextract. For example, steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside A. Allranges in tested ratios of TS-MRP-CH to RA from 0.01/1 to 4/1 had goodtaste (overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratiosranged from 0.1/1 to 2/1, the products gave very good taste (score >3).The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This exampledemonstrates that TS-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensityand mouth feel of steviol glycosides. The tasting procedure is the sameas Example 39.

Example 109. The Improvement of MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofSTV

Common Process:

MRP-FL and STV were weighed and uniformly mixed according to the weightshown in Table 109.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test.

TABLE 109.1 the weight of MRP-FL and STV The ratio of Weight of WeightVolume of STV to MRP-FL of STV pure water # MRP-FL (g) (g) (mL) 109-0110/1  50  5 100 109-02 10/3  50  15 100 109-03 10/5  50  25 100 109-0410/7  50  35 100 109-05 10/9  50  45 100 109-06 10/10  50  50 100 109-0710/40  50 200 100 109-08 10/70  50 350 100 109-09 10/100 50 500 100

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-FL and STV were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of STV in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 109.2.The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 109.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of overall feel sweet bitter- metallic sweet like- #flavor kokumi lingering ness aftertaste profile ability 109-01 floral 11 1 1 5.00 3.00 109-02 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 109-03 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 109-043 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 109-05 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 109-06 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00109-07 3 1 1.5 1 4.83 3.92 109-08 3 1 2 1 4.67 3.83 109-09 3 1 2.3 14.57 3.78

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofSTV to MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 76.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofSTV to MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 77.

Conclusion:

The results showed that standard MRPs can significantly improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensity naturalsweeteners such as Stevia extract. For example, steviol glycosidescomprise stevioside. All ranges in tested ratios of MRP-FL to STV from10:1 to 10:100 had good taste (overall likeability score >3), preferablywhen the ratio ranges were from 10:5 to 10:100, the products gave verygood taste (score >3.5). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and99:1. This example can further demonstrate that MRPs can improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of steviol glycosides.

Example 110. The Improvement of S-MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofSTV

Common Process:

S-MRP-FL and STV were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 110.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 110.1 the weight of S-MRP-FL and STV The ratio of Weight of Weightof Volume of STV to S-MRP-FL STV pure water # S-MRP-FL (g) (g) (mL)110-01 10/1  50 5 100 110-02 10/3  50 15 100 110-03 10/5  50 25 100110-04 10/7  50 35 100 110-05 10/9  50 45 100 110-06 10/10 50 50 100110-07 10/40 50 200 100

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-FL and STV were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of STV in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 110.2.

TABLE 110.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of overall feel sweet bitter- metallic sweet like- #flavor kokumi lingering ness aftertaste profile ability 110-01 floral 21 1 1 5.00 3.50 110-02 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 110-03 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 110-043 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 110-05 4 2 1.6 1 4.47 4.23 110-06 4 2 1.8 1 4.40 4.20110-07 4 3 2.5 1 3.83 3.92

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofSTV to S-MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 78.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofSTV to S-MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 79.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract) can significantlyimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensitynatural sweeteners or sweetening agents such as Stevia extract. Forexample, steviol glycosides comprise stevioside. All ranges in testedratios of STV to S-MRP-FL from 10:1 to 10:40 had good taste (overalllikeability score >3), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 10:7to 10:40, the products gave very good taste (score >3.5). The conclusioncan be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example can further demonstratethat S-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feelof steviol glycosides. The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

Example 111. The Improvement of TS-MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofSTV

Common Process:

TS-MRP-FL and STV were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 111.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 111.1 the weight of S-MRP-FL and STV The ratio of Weight of Weightof Volume of STV to TS-MRP-FL STV pure water # TS-MRP-FL (g) (g) (mL)111-01 10/1  50 5 100 111-02 10/3  50 15 100 111-03 10/5  50 25 100111-04 10/7  50 35 100 111-05 10/9  50 45 100 111-06 10/10 50 50 100111-07 10/40 50 200 100

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-FL and STV were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of STV in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 111.2.

TABLE 111.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of overall feel sweet bitter- metallic sweet like- #flavor kokumi lingering ness aftertaste profile ability 111-01 floral 11 1 1 5.00 3.00 111-02 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 111-03 1 2 1.4 1 4.53 2.77111-04 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 111-05 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 111-06 2 2 2 1 4.333.17 111-07 2 3 2 1 4.00 3.00

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofSTV to TS-MRP-FL in this example as shown in FIG. 80.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofSTV to TS-MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 81.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract, thaumatin) cansignificantly improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofhigh intensity natural sweeteners or sweetening agents such as Steviaextract. For example, steviol glycosides comprise stevioside. All rangesin tested ratios of STV to TS-MRP-FL from 10:1 to 10:40 had good taste(overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges werefrom 10:7 to 10:10, the products gave very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example can furtherdemonstrate that TS-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity andmouth feel of steviol glycosides. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

Example 112. The Improvement of MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel of RD

Common Process:

MRP-FL and RD were weighed and uniformly mixed according to the weightshown in Table 112.1, dissolved in 200 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test.

TABLE 112.1 the weight of MRP-FL and RD Ratio of Weight of Weight of RDto RD MRP-FL # MRP-FL (g) (g) 112-01 20:1  0.1 0.005 112-02 10:1  0.10.01 112-03 10:3  0.1 0.03 112-04 10:5  0.1 0.05 112-05 10:7  0.1 0.07112-06 10:9  0.1 0.09 112-07 10:10 0.1 0.1 112-08 10:15 0.1 0.15 112-0910:20 0.1 0.2

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-FL and RD were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RD in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 112.2.

TABLE 112.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of overall feel sweet bitter- metallic sweet like- #flavor kokumi lingering ness aftertaste profile ability 112-01 floral 12 1 1 4.67 2.83 112-02 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 112-03 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 112-042 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 112-05 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 112-06 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00112-07 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 112-08 4 1 1 1 5.00 4.50 112-09 4 1 1 1 5.004.50

Data analysis: The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofRD to MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 82.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio of RD toMRP-FL in this example is shown in FIG. 83.

Conclusion:

The results showed that standard MRPs can significantly improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensity naturalsweeteners or sweetening agents such as Stevia extract. For example,steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside D. All ranges in tested ratiosof RD to MRP-FL from 20:1 to 10:20 had good taste (overall likeabilityscore >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 10:3 to 10:20,the products gave very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can beextended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example can further demonstrate thatMRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofsteviol glycosides.

Example 113. The Improvement of S-MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRD

Common Process:

S-MRP-FL and RD were weighed and uniformly mixed according to the weightshown in Table 113.1, dissolved in 200 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test.

TABLE 113.1 the weight of S-MRP-FL and RD Ratio of Weight of Weight ofRD to RD S-MRP-FL # S-MRP-FL (g) (g) 113-01 20:1  0.1 0.005 113-02 10:1 0.1 0.01 113-03 10:3  0.1 0.03 113-04 10:5  0.1 0.05 113-05 10:7  0.10.07 113-06 10:9  0.1 0.09 113-07 10:10 0.1 0.1 113-08 10:15 0.1 0.15113-09 10:20 0.1 0.2

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-FL and RD were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RD in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 113.2.

TABLE 113.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 113-01 floralflavor 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 113-02 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 113-03 2 1 1 1 5.003.50 113-04 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 113-05 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 113-06 3 2 1 14.67 3.83 113-07 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 113-08 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 113-09 3 2 11 4.67 3.83

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofRD to S-MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 84. The tastingprocedure is the same as Example 39.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofRD to S-MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 85.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract) can significantlyimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensitynatural sweeteners or sweetening agents such as Stevia extract. Forexample, steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside D. All ranges intested ratios of RD to S-MRP-FL from 20:1 to 10:20 had good taste(overall likeability score >3), preferably when the ratio ranges werefrom 10:9 to 10:20, the products gave very good taste (score >3.5). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example can furtherdemonstrate that S-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity andmouth feel of steviol glycosides.

Example 114. The Improvement of TS-MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRD

Common Process:

TS-MRP-FL and RD were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 114.1, dissolved in 200 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 114.1 the weight of TS-MRP-FL and RD Ratio of RD Weight of Weightof to TS- RD TS-MRP-FL # MRP-FL (g) (g) 114-01 20:1  0.1 0.005 114-0210:1  0.1 0.01 114-03 10:3  0.1 0.03 114-04 10:5  0.1 0.05 114-05 10:7 0.1 0.07 114-06 10:9  0.1 0.09 114-07 10:10 0.1 0.1 114-08 10:15 0.10.15 114-09 10:20 0.1 0.2

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-FL and RD were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RD in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 114.2.

TABLE 114.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 114-01 floral2 1 1 1 4.67 3.50 114-02 2 1 1 1 4.67 3.50 114-03 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00114-04 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 114-05 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 114-06 3 1 1 1 5.004.00 114-07 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 114-08 4 2 1 1 4.67 4.33 114-09 4 2 1 14.67 4.33

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofRD to TS-MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 86.

The relationship between the overall results to the ratio of RD toTS-MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 87.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract, thaumatin) cansignificantly improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofhigh intensity natural sweeteners such as Stevia extract. For example,steviol glycosides which comprise rebaudioside D. All ranges in testedratios of RD to TS-MRP-FL from 20:1 to 10:20 had good taste (overalllikeability score >3.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 10:3to 10:20, the products gave very good taste (score >4). The conclusioncan be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example can further demonstratethat TS-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feelof steviol glycosides.

Example 115. The Improvement of MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel of RM

Common Process:

MRP-CA and RM were weighed and uniformly mixed according to the weightshown in Table 115.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 115.1 the weight of MRP-CA and RM # RM/MRP-CA Weight of RM (g)Weight of MRP-CA (g) 115-01 1/0.01 0.05 0.0005 115-02 1/0.1  0.005115-03 1/0.3  0.015 115-04 1/0.5  0.025 115-05 1/0.7  0.035 115-061/0.9  0.045

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CA and RM were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult data. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It shouldbe noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluationof the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness.That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RM in thesample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table115.2.

TABLE 115.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # kokumi lingeringbitterness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 115-01 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67115-02 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 115-03 2.5 2 1 1 4.67 3.58 115-04 3 2 1 1 4.673.83 115-05 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 115-06 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofRM to MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 88.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofRM to MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 89.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensityand mouth feel of high intensity natural sweeteners such as Steviaextract. For example, steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside M. Allranges in tested ratios of RM to MRP-CA from 1/0.01 to 1/0.9 had goodtaste (overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio rangeswere from 1/0.1 to 1/0.9, the products will give very good taste(score >3). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. Thisexample can further demonstrate that MRPs can improve taste profile,flavor intensity and mouth feel of steviol glycosides.

Example 116. The Improvement of S-MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRM

Common Process:

S-MRP-CA and RM were weighed and uniformly mixed according to the weightshown in Table 116.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 116.1 the weight of S-MRP-CA and RM # RM/S-MRP-CA Weight of RM (g)Weight of S-MRP-CA (g) 116-01 1/0.01 0.05 0.0005 116-02 1/0.1  0.005116-03 1/0.3  0.015 116-04 1/0.5  0.025 116-05 1/0.7  0.035 116-061/0.9  0.045

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CA and RM were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RM in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 116.2.

TABLE 116.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of overall feel sweet bitter- metallic sweet like- #kokumi lingering ness aftertaste profile ability 116-01 1 4 1 1 4 2.57116-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 116-03 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 116-04 3 2 1 1 4.673.83 116-05 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 116-06 4 2 1 1 4.67 4.33

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofRM to S-MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 90.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofRM to S-MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 91.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract) can significantlyimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensitynatural sweeteners such as Stevia extract. For example, steviolglycosides comprise rebaudioside M. All ranges in tested ratios of RM toS-MRP-CA from 1/0.01 to 1/0.9 had good taste (overall likeabilityscore >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 1/0.3 to 1/0.9,the products gave very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can beextended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 117. The Improvement of TS-MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRM

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CA and RM were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 117.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 117.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CA and RM Weight of Weight of RM/ RMTS-MRP-CA # TS-MRP-CA (g) (g) 117-01 1/0.01 0.05 0.0005 117-02 1/0.1 0.005 117-03 1/0.3  0.015 117-04 1/0.5  0.025 117-05 1/0.7  0.035 117-061/0.9  0.045 117-07 1/1   0.05

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CA and RM were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RM in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 117.2.

TABLE 117.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # kokumi lingeringbitterness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 117-01 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67117-02 1.5 3 1 1 4.33 2.92 117-03 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 117-04 2.5 2 1 14.67 3.58 117-05 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 117-06 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 117-07 3 1 11 5 4

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofRM to TS-MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 92.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofRM to TS-MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 93.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract, thaumatin) cansignificantly improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofhigh intensity natural sweeteners such as Stevia extract. For example,steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside M. All ranges in tested ratiosof RM to TS-MRP-CA from 1/0.01 to 1/1 had good taste (overalllikeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from1/0.3 to 1/1, the products gave very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 118. The Improvement of MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRD+RM (9:1)

Common Process:

MRP-CH, RD, and RM were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 118.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 118.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 118.1 the weight of MRP-CH, RD, and RM The ratio of MRP-CH toWeight of Weight of the The ratio of RD + RM MRP-CH Weight of Weight ofmixed powder # RD to RM (9:1) (g) RD (g) RM (g) (mg) 118-01 9/1 0.01/1 0.005 0.45 0.05 50.5 118-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 118-03 0.3/1 0.15 65 118-040.5/1 0.25 75 118-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 118-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 118-07   1/1 0.5100 118-08   2/1 1.0 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CH and RD+RM (9:1) were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof RD+RM (9:1) in the sample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The resultsare shown in Table 118.2.

TABLE 118.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 118-01 Chocolate 1 31 1 4.33 2.67 118-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 118-03 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 118-04 23 1 1 4.33 3.17 118-05 2 3 2 1 4.00 3.00 118-06 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 118-072 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 118-08 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofMRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) in this example is as shown in FIG. 94.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofMRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) in this example is as shown in FIG. 95.

Conclusion:

The results showed that standard MRPs can significantly improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensity naturalsweeteners such as Stevia extract. For example, steviol glycosidescomprise the composition of rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M (9:1). Allranges in tested ratios of MRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) from 0.01/1 to 2/1 hadgood taste (overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratioranges were from 0.5/1 to 2/1, the products gave very good taste(score >3). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 119. The Improvement of S-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRD+RM (9:1)

Common Process:

S-MRP-CH, RD, and RM were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 119.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 119.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test.

TABLE 119.1 the weight of S-MRP-CH, RD, and RM The The ratio Weightratio of S-MRP- Weight Weight Weight of the of CH to of of of mixed RDto RD + RM S-MRP- RD RM powder # RM (9:10) CH (g) (g) (g) (mg) 119-019/1 0.01/1   0.005 0.45 0.05 50.5 119-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 119-03 0.3/1 0.1565 119-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 119-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 119-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 119-07  1/1 0.5 100 119-08   2/1 1.0 150 119-09   3/1 1.5 200

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CH and RD+RM (9:1) were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof RD+RM (9:1) in the sample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The resultsare shown in Table 119.2. The tasting procedure is the same as Example39.

TABLE 119.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 119-01 Chocolate 1 41 1 4.00 2.50 119-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 119-03 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 119-04 22 1 1 4.67 2.83 119-05 2 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 119-06 2 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 119-072 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 119-08 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 119-09 2 2 2 3 3.67 2.83

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) in this example is as shown in FIG. 96.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) in this example is as shown in FIG. 97.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract) can significantlyimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensitynatural sweeteners such as Stevia extract. For example, steviolglycosides comprise the composition of rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M(9:1). All ranges in tested ratios of S-MRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) from0.01/1 to 3/1 had good taste (overall likeability score >2.5),preferably when the ratio ranges were from 0.5/1 to 1/1, the productsgave very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99and 99:1.

Example 120. The Improvement of TS-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRD+RM (9:1)

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CH, RD, and RM were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 120.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 120.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 120.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CH, RD, and RM The ratio of The ratioof TS- Weight Weight of the RD to MRP-CH to Weight of TS- Weight of ofRM mixed powder # RM RD + RM (9:1) MRP-CH (g) RD (g) (g) (mg) 120-01 9/10.01/1   0.005 0.45 0.05 50.5 120-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 120-03 0.3/1 0.15 65120-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 120-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 120-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 120-07  1/1 0.5 100 120-08   2/1 1.0 150 120-09   3/1 1.5 200 120-10   4/1 2.0250

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CH and RD+RM (9:1) were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of RD+RM (9:1) in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 120.2.

TABLE 120.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 120-01 Chocolate 1 31 1 4.33 2.67 120-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 120-03 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50 120-04 12 1 2 4.33 2.67 120-05 2 2 1 2 4.33 3.17 120-06 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 120-072 1 2 2 4.33 3.17 120-08 2 1 2 2 4.33 3.17 120-09 2 2 2 3 3.67 2.83120-10 2 2 3 3 3.33 2.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) in this example is as shown in FIG. 98.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (9:1) in this example is as shown in FIG. 99.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract, thaumatin) cansignificantly improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofhigh intensity natural sweeteners such as Stevia extract. For example,steviol glycosides comprise the composition of rebaudioside D andrebaudioside M (9:1). All ranges in tested ratios of TS-MRP-CH to RD+RM(9:1) from 0.01/1 to 4/1 had good taste (overall likeabilityscore >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 0.7/1 to 2/1,the products gave very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can beextended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 121. The Improvement of MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRD+RM (5:5)

Common Process:

MRP-CH and RD+RM (5:5) were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 121.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 121.1 the weight of MRP-CH and RD + RM (5:5) Ratio of MRP-CH toWeight of MRP- weight of RD + RM # RD + RM(5:5) CH (g) (5:5) (g) 121-010.01/1   0.0005 0.05 121-02 0.1/1 0.005 0.05 121-03 0.3/1 0.015 0.05121-04 0.5/1 0.025 0.05 121-05 0.7/1 0.035 0.05 121-06 0.9/1 0.045 0.05121-07   1/1 0.05 0.05 121-08   2/1 0.1 0.05

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CH and RD+RM (5:5) were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof RD+RM (5:5) in the sample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The resultsare shown in Table 121.2.

TABLE 121.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 121-01 chocolate 1 21 1 4.67 2.83 121-02 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 121-03 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 121-04 21 1 1 5.00 3.50 121-05 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 121-06 2 1 2 1 4.67 3.33 121-072 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 121-08 3 1 3 1 4.33 3.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofMRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) in this example is as shown in FIG. 100.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofMRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) in this example is as shown in FIG. 101.

Conclusion:

The results showed that standard MRPs can significantly improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensity naturalsweeteners such as Stevia extract. For example, steviol glycosidescomprise the composition of rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M (5:5). Allranges in tested ratios of MRP-CH to RD+RM(5:5) from 0.01/1 to 2/1 hadgood taste (overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratioranges were from 0.5/1 to 2/1, the products gave very good taste(score >3). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 122. The Improvement of S-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRD+RM (5:5)

Common Process:

S-MRP-CH and RD+RM (5:5) were weighed and uniformly mixed according tothe weight shown in Table 122.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 122.1 the weight of S-MRP-CH and RD + RM (5:5) Ratio of S-MRP-CHWeight of S- weight of # to RD + RM (5:5) MRP-CH (g) RD + RM (5:5) (g)122-01 0.01/1 0.0005 0.05 122-02  0.1/1 0.005 0.05 122-03  0.3/1 0.0150.05 122-04  0.5/1 0.025 0.05 122-05  0.7/1 0.035 0.05 122-06  0.9/10.045 0.05 122-07    1/1 0.05 0.05 122-08    2/1 0.1 0.05 122-09    3/10.15 0.05

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CH and RD+RM (5:5) were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof RD+RM (5:5) in the sample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The resultsare shown in Table 122.2.

TABLE 122.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 122-01 chocolate 1 21 1 4.67 2.83 122-02 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 122-03 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 122-04 22 2 1 4.33 3.17 122-05 2 1 2 1 4.67 3.33 122-06 3 1 2 1 4.67 3.83 122-073 1 2 1 4.67 3.83 122-08 3 1 3 1 4.33 3.67 122-09 3 1 4 1 4.00 3.50

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) in this example is as shown in FIG. 102.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) in this example is as shown in FIG. 103.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract) can significantlyimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensitynatural sweeteners such as Stevia extract. For example, steviolglycosides comprise the composition of rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M(5:5). All ranges in tested ratios of S-MRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) from0.01/1 to 3/1 had good taste (overall likeability score >2.5),preferably when the ratio ranges were from 0.3/1 to 3/1, the productsgave very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99and 99:1. This example can further demonstrate that S-MRPs can improvetaste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of steviol glycosides.

Example 123. The Improvement of TS-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRD+RM (5:5)

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CH and RD+RM (5:5) were weighed and uniformly mixed according tothe weight shown in Table 123.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 123.1 the weight of S-MRP-CH and RD + RM (5:5) Ratio of TS- MRP-CHto Weight of TS-MRP- weight of RD + RM # RD + RM (5:5) CH (g) (5:5) (g)123-01 0.01/1   0.0005 0.05 123-02 0.1/1 0.005 0.05 123-03 0.3/1 0.0150.05 123-04 0.5/1 0.025 0.05 123-05 0.7/1 0.035 0.05 123-06 0.9/1 0.0450.05 123-07   1/1 0.05 0.05 123-08   2/1 0.1 0.05 123-09   3/1 0.15 0.05123-10   4/1 0.2 0.05

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CH and RD+RM (5:5) were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of RD+RM (5:5) in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 123.2.

TABLE 123.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile likeability 123-01 chocolate 1 21 1 4.67 2.83 123-02 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 123-03 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 123-04 22 1 1 4.67 3.33 123-05 2 3 1 2 4.00 3.00 123-06 3 3 2 2 3.67 3.33 123-073 3 2 2 3.67 3.33 123-08 3 3 2 2 3.67 3.33 123-09 3 3 3 2 3.33 3.17123-10 4 4 3 2 3.00 3.50

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) in this example is as shown in FIG. 104.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (5:5) in this example is as shown in FIG. 105.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract, thaumatin) cansignificantly improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofhigh intensity natural sweetener such as Stevia extract. For example,steviol glycosides comprise the composition of rebaudioside D andrebaudioside M (5:5). All ranges in tested ratios of TS-MRP-CH to RD+RM(5:5) from 0.01/1 to 4/1 had good taste (overall likeabilityscore >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 1/1 to 4/1, theproducts gave very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can be extendedto 1:99 and 99:1. This example can further demonstrate that TS-MRPs canimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of steviolglycosides.

Example 124. The Improvement of MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRD+RM (1:9)

Common Process:

MRP-CH, RD, and RM were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 124.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 124.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 124.1 the weight of MRP-CH, RD, and RM The ratio of Weight of theThe ratio of MRP-CH to Weight of Weight of Weight of mixed powder # RDto RM RD + RM (1:9) MRP-CH (g) RD (g) RM (g) (mg) 124-01 1/9 0.01/10.005 0.05 0.45 50.5 124-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 124-03 0.3/1 0.15 65 124-040.5/1 0.25 75 124-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 124-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 124-07 1/1 0.5100 124-08 2/1 1.0 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CH and RD+RM (1:9) were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof RD+RM (1:9) in the sample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The resultsare shown in Table 124.2.

TABLE 124.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth sweet metallic score of overall feel linger- bitter-after- sweet like- # flavor kokumi ing ness taste profile ability 124-01Chocolate 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 124-02 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50 124-03 1 3 1 2 4.002.50 124-04 2 3 2 2 3.67 2.83 124-05 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 124-06 2 2 2 14.33 3.17 124-07 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 124-08 2 3 3 2 3.33 2.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofMRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) in this example is as shown in FIG. 106.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofMRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) in this example is as shown in FIG. 107.

Conclusion:

The results showed that standard MRPs can significantly improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensity naturalsweeteners such as Stevia extract, for instance the Stevia extractcomprises rebaudioside D and or rebaudioside M. All ranges in testedratios of MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) from 0.01/1 to 2/1 had good taste(overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges werefrom 0.7/1 to 1/1, the products gave very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 125. The Improvement of S-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRD+RM (1:9)

Common Process:

S-MRP-CH, RD, and RM were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 125.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 125.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 125.1 the weight of S-MRP-CH, RD, and RM The The ratio of Weightof Weight of ratio of S-MRP-CH S-MRP- Weight Weight the mixed RD to toRD + RM CH of RD of RM powder # RM (1:9) (g) (g) (g) (mg) 125-01 1/90.01/1 0.005 0.05 0.45 50.5 125-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 125-03 0.3/1 0.15 65125-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 125-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 125-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 125-071/1 0.5 100 125-08 2/1 1.0 150 125-09 3/1 1.5 200

Experiments:

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CH and RD+RM (1:9) were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof RD+RM (1:9) in the sample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The resultsare shown in Table 125.2.

TABLE 125.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth sweet metallic score of overall feel linger- bitter-after- sweet like- # flavor kokumi ing ness taste profile ability 125-01Chocolate 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 125-02 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 125-03 1 3 1 2 4.002.50 125-04 2 2 1 2 4.33 3.17 125-05 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 125-06 2 2 2 14.33 3.17 125-07 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 125-08 2 3 2 2 3.67 2.83 125-09 2 4 22 3.33 2.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) in this example is as shown in FIG. 108.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) in this example is as shown in FIG. 109.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract) can significantlyimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensitynatural sweeteners such as Stevia extract, for instance the Steviaextract comprises rebaudioside D and or rebaudioside M. All ranges intested ratios of S-MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) from 0.01/1 to 3/1 had goodtaste (overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio rangeswere from 0.5/1 to 1/1, the products gave very good taste (score >3).The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 126. The improvement of TS-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRD+RM (1:9)

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CH, RD, and RM were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 126.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 126.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 126.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CH, RD, and RM The ratio of The TS-MRP-Weight of ratio of CH to Weight of Weight Weight the mixed RD to RD + RMTS-MRP- of RD of powder # RM (1:9) CH (g) (g) RM (g) (mg) 126-01 1/90.01/1 0.005 0.05 0.45 50.5 126-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 126-03 0.3/1 0.15 65126-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 126-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 126-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 126-071/1 0.5 100 126-08 2/1 1.0 150 126-09 3/1 1.5 200 126-10 4/1 2.0 250

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CH and RD+RM (1:9) were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of RD+RM (1:9) in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 126.2.

TABLE 126.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth sweet metallic score of overall feel linger- bitter-after- sweet like- # flavor kokumi ing ness taste profile ability 126-01Chocolate 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 126-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 126-03 1 3 1 2 4.002.50 126-04 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50 126-05 1 3 2 2 3.67 2.33 126-06 2 3 2 23.67 2.83 126-07 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 126-08 2 3 2 3 3.33 2.67 126-09 2 3 23 3.33 2.67 126-10 2 3 2 3 3.33 2.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) in this example is as shown in FIG. 110.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) in this example is as shown in FIG. 111.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract, thaumatin) cansignificantly improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofhigh intensity natural sweeteners such as Stevia extract. For instance,the Stevia extract comprises Reb D and or Reb M. All ranges in testedratios of TS-MRP-CH to RD+RM (1:9) from 0.01/1 to 4/1 had good taste(overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio is 1/1, theproducts gave very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can be extendedto 1:99 and 99:1.

Examples 127-129. The Improvement of MRP, S-MRP and TS-MRP to the Tasteand Mouth Feel of Sweet Tea Extract

The sources of the sweet tea extract and MRP samples used in thefollowing Examples are as follows.

TABLE 127-129 Sample source Lot # specification Sweet tea extract, EPCNatural Products 140-32-02 RU 97.22% RU, rubusoside Co., Ltd, ChinaMRP-CA The product of Example 97 S-MRP-CA The product of Example 68thaumatin The product of EPC Natural 20180801 thaumatin Products Co.,Ltd, China 10.74% TS-MRP-CA the mixture of above S-MRP-CA and thaumatinwith the weight ratio of 10:1

Example 127. The Improvement of MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel of RU

Common Process:

MRP-CA and RU were weighed and uniformly mixed according to the weightshown in Table 127.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amount shownin Table 127.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjected to amouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same as Example39.

TABLE 127.1 the weight of MRP-CA and RU Weight of the Ratio of MRP-Weight of Weight of mixed powder # CA to RU MRP-CA (g) RU (g) (mg)127-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 127-02  0.1/1 0.05 55 127-03  0.3/1 0.15 65127-04  0.5/1 0.25 75 127-05  0.7/1 0.35 85 127-06  0.9/1 0.45 95 127-07   1/1 0.5 100

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CA and RU were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RU in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 127.2.

TABLE 127.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth sweet metallic score of overall feel linger- bitter-after- sweet like- # flavor kokumi ing ness taste profile ability 127-01Caramel 1 3 2 2 3.67 2.33 127-02 1 3 2 2 3.67 2.33 127-03 1 2 2 1 4.332.67 127-04 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 127-05 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 127-06 2 2 1 14.67 3.33 127-07 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofMRP-CA to RU in this example is as shown in FIG. 112.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofMRP-CA to RU in this example is as shown in FIG. 113.

Conclusion:

The results showed that standard MRPs can significantly improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensity naturalsweeteners such as sweet tea extract which comprises rubusoside. Allranges in tested ratios of MRP-CA to RU from 0.3/1 to 1/1 had good taste(overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges werefrom 0.5/1 to 1/1, the products gave very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 128. The Improvement of S-MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRU

Common Process:

S-MRP-CA, and RU were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 128.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 128.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 128.1 the weight of S-MRP-CA, and RU Ratio of S- Weight of MRP-CAto Weight of S- Weight of the mixed # RU MRP-CA (g) RU (g) powder (mg)128-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 128-02  0.1/1 0.05 55 128-03  0.3/1 0.15 65128-04  0.5/1 0.25 75 128-05  0.7/1 0.35 85 128-06  0.9/1 0.45 95 128-07   1/1 0.5 100 128-08    2/1 1.0 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CA and RU were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RU in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 128.2.

TABLE 128.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth sweet metallic score of overall feel linger- bitter-after- sweet like- # flavor kokumi ing ness taste profile ability 128-01Caramel 1 3 2 2 3.67 2.33 128-02 1 3 2 2 3.67 2.33 128-03 1 3 2 2 3.672.33 128-04 2 3 1 2 4.00 3.00 128-05 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 128-06 2 2 1 14.67 3.33 128-07 2 3 2 2 3.67 2.83 128-08 2 4 2 2 3.33 2.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CA to RU in this example is as shown in FIG. 114.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CA to RU in this example is as shown in FIG. 115.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract) can significantlyimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensitynatural sweeteners such as sweet tea extract which comprises rubusoside.All ranges in tested ratios of S-MRP-CA to RU from 0.5/1 to 2/1 had goodtaste (overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio rangeswere from 0.5/1 to 0.9/1, the products gave very good taste (score >3).The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 129. The Improvement of TS-MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofRU

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CA, and RU were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 129.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 129.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 129.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CA and RU Ratio of TS- Weight of MRP-CAto Weight of TS- Weight of the mixed # RU MRP-CA (g) RU (g) powder (mg)129-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 129-02  0.1/1 0.05 55 129-03  0.3/1 0.15 65129-04  0.5/1 0.25 75 129-05  0.7/1 0.35 85 129-06  0.9/1 0.45 95 129-07   1/1 0.5 100 129-08    2/1 1.0 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CA and RU were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. It should benoted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluation ofthe mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness. Thatis to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RU in the samplesolution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table 129.2.

TABLE 129.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth sweet metallic score of overall feel linger- bitter-after- sweet like- # flavor kokumi ing ness taste profile ability 129-011 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 129-02 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 129-03 1 2 2 1 4.33 2.67129-04 Caramel 1 2 2 1 4.33 2.67 129-05 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 129-06 2 1 2 24.33 3.17 129-07 2 1 2 1 4.67 3.33 129-08 2 1 3 1 4.33 3.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CA to RU in this example is as shown in FIG. 116.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CA to RU in this example is as shown in FIG. 117.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract, thaumatin) cansignificantly improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofhigh intensity natural sweeteners such as sweet tea extract whichcomprises rubusoside. All ranges in tested ratios of TS-MRP-CA to RUfrom 0.01/1 to 2/1 has good taste (overall likeability score >2.5),preferably when the ratio ranges were from 0.7/1 to 2/1, the productsgave very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99and 99:1.

Examples 130-132. The Improvement of MRP, S-MRP and TS-MRP to the Tasteand Mouth Feel of Monk Fruit Extract

The sources of the monk fruit extract and MRP samples used in thefollowing Examples are as follows.

TABLE 130-132 sample source Lot # specification Monk fruit extract,Hunan Huacheng LHGE- Mogroside V mogroside V20 Biotech, Inc., China180408 20.07% Monk fruit extract, Hunan Huacheng LHGE- Mogroside Vmogroside V50 Biotech, Inc., China 180722 50.65% MRP-FL The product ofExample 96 MRP-CA The product of The product of Example 97 S-MRP-FLExample 67 S-MRP-CA The product of Example 68 thaumatin The product ofEPC Natural 20180801 thaumatin Products Co., Ltd, China 10.74% TS-MRP-FLthe mixture of above S-MRP-FL and thaumatin with the weight ratio of10:1 TS-MRP-CA the mixture of above S-MRP-CA and thaumatin with theweight ratio of 10:1

Example 130. The Improvement of MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V20

Common Process:

MRP-FL and mogroside V20 were weighed and uniformly mixed according tothe weight shown in Table 130.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 130.1 the weight of MRP-FL and mogroside V20 Mogroside Weight ofmogroside Weight of MRP-FL # V20/MRP-FL V20 (g) (g) 130-01 1/0.01 0.050.0005 130-02 1/0.1  0.005 130-03 1/0.3  0.015 130-04 1/0.5  0.025130-05 1/0.7  0.035

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-FL and mogroside V20 were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows.It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof mogroside V20 in the sample solution was the same, 500 ppm. Theresults are shown in Table 130.2.

TABLE 130.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation mouthsweet profile feel sweet bitter- metallic score of overall # kokumilingenng ness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 130-01 1 3 1 1 4.332.67 130-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 130-03 3 3 1 1 4.33 3.67 130-04 3 2 1 14.66 3.83 130-05 4 2 1 1 4.66 4.33

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 118.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 119.

Conclusion:

The results showed that standard MRPs can significantly improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensity naturalsweeteners such as monk fruit concentrate or extract. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V20 to MRP-FL from 1/0.01 to 1/0.7 had goodtaste (overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio rangeswere from 1/0.3 to 1/0.7, the products gave very good taste (score >3).The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 131. The Improvement of S-MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V20

Common Process:

S-MRP-FL and mogroside V20 were weighed and uniformly mixed according tothe weight shown in Table 131.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 37.

TABLE 131.1 the weight of S-MRP-FL and mogroside V20 Mogroside Weight ofWeight of V20/S-MRP- mogroside S-MRP-FL # FL V20 (g) (g) 131-01 1/0.010.05 0.0005 131-02 1/0.1  0.005 131-03 1/0.3  0.015 131-04 1/0.5  0.025131-05 1/0.7  0.035 131-06 1/0.9  0.045 131-07 1/1    0.05 131-08 1/1.5 0.075

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-FL and mogroside V20 were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V20 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 131.2.

TABLE 131.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation mouthsweet profile feel sweet bitter- metallic score of overall # kokumilingenng ness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 131-01 1 3 1 1 4.332.67 131-02 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 131-03 2.5 3 1 1 4.33 3.42 131-04 3 2 1 14.66 3.83 131-05 3 2 1 1 4.66 3.83 131-06 3 2 1 1 4.66 3.83 131-07 3 2 11 4.66 3.83 131-08 4 2 1 1 4.66 4.33

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to S-MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 120.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to S-MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 121.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia Extract) can significantlyimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensitynatural sweeteners such as monk fruit concentrate or extract. All rangesin tested ratios of mogroside V20 to S-MRP-FL from 1/0.01 to 1/1.5 hadgood taste (overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratioranges were from 1/0.1 to 1/1.5, the products gave very good taste(score >3). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 132. The Improvement of TS-MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V20

Common Process:

TS-MRP-FL and mogroside V20 were weighed and uniformly mixed accordingto the weight shown in Table 132.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 132.1 the weight of TS-MRP-FL and mogroside V20 Mogroside Weightof mogroside Weight of TS-MRP-FL # V20/TS-MRP-FL V20 (g) (g) 132-011/0.01 0.05 0.0005 132-02 1/0.1  0.005 132-03 1/0.3  0.015 132-04 1/0.5 0.025 132-05 1/0.7  0.035 132-06 1/0.9  0.045 132-07 1/1    0.05 132-081/1.5  0.075 132-09 1/2    0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-FL and mogroside V20 were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V20 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 132.2.

TABLE 132.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation mouthsweet profile feel sweet bitter- metallic score of overall # kokumilingenng ness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 132-01 1 3 1 1 4.332.67 132-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 132-03 2.5 2 1 1 4.66 3.58 132-04 3 2 1 14.66 3.83 132-05 3 2 1 1 4.66 3.83 132-06 3 1 1 1 5 4 132-07 4 1 1 1 54.5 132-08 4 1 1 1 5 4.5 132-09 4 1 1 1 5 4.5

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to TS-MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 122.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to TS-MRP-FL in this example is as shown in FIG. 123.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract, thaumatin) cansignificantly improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofhigh intensity natural sweeteners such as monk fruit extract concentrateor extract. All ranges in tested ratios of mogroside V20 to TS-MRP-FLfrom 1/0.01 to 1/2 had good taste (overall likeability score >2.5),preferably when the ratio ranges were from 1/0.3 to 1/2, the productsgave very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99and 99:1.

Example 133. The Improvement of MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V50

Common Process:

MRP-CA and mogroside V50 were weighed and uniformly mixed according tothe weight shown in Table 133.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 133.1 the weight of MRP-CA and mogroside V50 Mogroside V50/ Weightof mogroside Weight of MRP-CA # MRP-CA V50 (g) (g) 133-01 20:1 0.1 0.005133-02 10:1 0.1 0.01 133-03 10:3 0.1 0.03 133-04 10:5 0.1 0.05 133-0510:7 0.1 0.07 133-06 10:9 0.1 0.09 133-07  10:10 0.1 0.1 133-08  10:150.1 0.15 133-09  10:20 0.1 0.2

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CA and mogroside V50 were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof mogroside V50 in the sample solution was the same, 500 ppm. Theresults are shown in Table 133.2.

TABLE 133.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth sweet metallic score of overall feel linger- bitter-after- sweet like- # flavor kokumi ing ness taste profile ability 133-01caramel 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 133-02 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 133-03 2 1 1 1 5.003.50 133-04 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 133-05 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 133-06 3 1 1 15.00 4.00 133-07 4 1 1 1 5.00 4.50 133-08 5 2 1 1 4.67 4.83 133-09 5 2 11 4.67 4.83

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 124.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 125.

Conclusion:

The results showed that standard MRPs can improve taste profile, flavorintensity and mouth feel of high intensity natural sweeteners such asmonk fruit concentrate or extract. All ranges in tested ratios ofmogroside V50 to MRP-CA from 20/1 to 10/20 had good taste (overalllikeability score >3), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 10/5to 10/20, the products gave very good taste (score >4). The conclusioncan be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 134. The Improvement of S-MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V50

Common Process:

S-MRP-CA and mogroside V50 were weighed and uniformly mixed according tothe weight shown in Table 134.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 134.1 the weight of S-MRP-CA and mogroside V50 Mogroside V50/S-Weight of mogroside Weight of S-MRP-CA # MRP-CA V50 (g) (g) 134-01 20:10.1 0.005 134-02 10:1 0.1 0.01 134-03 10:3 0.1 0.03 134-04 10:5 0.1 0.05134-05 10:7 0.1 0.07 134-06 10:9 0.1 0.09 134-07  10:10 0.1 0.1 134-08 10:15 0.1 0.15 134-09  10:20 0.1 0.2

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CA and mogroside V50 were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V50 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 134.2.

TABLE 134.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 134-01 Caramel2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 134-02 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 134-03 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33134-04 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 134-05 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 134-06 3 2 1 1 4.673.83 134-07 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 134-08 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 134-09 3 1 1 15.00 4.00

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to S-MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 126.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to S-MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 127.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract) can significantlyimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensitynatural sweeteners such as monk fruit concentrate or extract. All rangesin tested ratios of mogroside V50 to S-MRP-CA from 20/1 to 10/20 hadgood taste (overall likeability score >3), preferably when the ratioranges were from 10/15 to 10/20, the products gave very good taste(score >4). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 135. The Improvement of TS-MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V50

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CA and mogroside V50 were weighed and uniformly mixed accordingto the weight shown in Table 135.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 135.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CA and mogroside V50 Weight of Weightof Mogroside mogroside TS-MRP-CA # V50/TS-MRP-CA V50 (g) (g) 135-01 20:10.1 0.005 135-02 10:1 0.1 0.01 135-03 10:3 0.1 0.03 135-04 10:5 0.1 0.05135-05 10:7 0.1 0.07 135-06 10:9 0.1 0.09 135-07  10:10 0.1 0.1 135-08 10:15 0.1 0.15 135-09  10:20 0.1 0.2

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CA and mogroside V50 were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V50 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 135.2.

TABLE 135.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 135-01 Caramel1 1 1 1 5.00 3.00 135-02 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.50 135-03 2 1 1 1 5.00 3.50135-04 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 135-05 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 135-06 3 2 1 1 4.673.83 135-07 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 135-08 4 2 1 1 4.67 4.33 135-09 4 2 1 14.67 4.33

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 128.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 129.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract, thaumatin) cansignificantly improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofhigh intensity natural sweeteners such as monk fruit concentrate orextract. All ranges in tested ratios of mogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CA from20/1 to 10/20 had good taste (overall likeability score >3), preferablywhen the ratio ranges were from 10/15 to 10/20, the products gave verygood taste (score >4). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Examples 136-141. The Improvement of MRP, S-MRP and TS-MRP to the Tasteand Mouth Feel of Artificial Sweetener such as Sucralose and Aspartame

The sources of artificial sweetener and MRP samples used in thefollowing Examples are as follows.

TABLE 136-141 sample source Lot # specification sucralose Anhui JinHeIndustrial 201804023 99.72% CO., Ltd, China aspartame MRP-CH The productof Example 99 MRP-CA The product of Example 97 S-MRP- The product ofExample 101 CH S-MRP- The product of Example 68 CA thaumatin The productof EPC Natural 20180801 thaumatin Products Co., Ltd, China 10.74%TS-MRP- the mixture of above CH S-MRP-CH and thaumatin with the weightratio of 10:1 TS-MRP- the mixture of above CA S-MRP-CA and thaumatinwith the weight ratio of 10:1

Example 136. The Improvement of MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofAspartame

Common Process:

MRP-CH and aspartame were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 136.1, dissolved in pure water, and subjected to amouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same as Example39.

TABLE 136.1 the weight of MRP-CH and aspartame The ratio of Weight ofWeight of Volume of aspartame to aspartame MRP-CH pure water # MRP-CH(mg) (mg) (mL) 136-01 100/1  500 5 1000 136-02 10/1 50 5 100 136-03 10/350 15 100 136-04 10/5 50 25 100 136-05 10/7 50 35 100 136-06 10/9 50 45100 136-07  10/10 50 50 100 136-08  10/40 50 200 100 136-09  10/70 50350 100

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CH and aspartame were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof aspartame in the sample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The resultsare shown in Table 136.2.

TABLE 136.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 136-01Chocolate 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 136-02 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 136-03 2 2 1 1 4.673.33 136-04 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 136-05 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 136-06 4 2 1 14.67 4.33 136-07 5 2 1 1 4.67 4.83 136-08 5 2 1 1 4.67 4.83 136-09 5 22.3 1 4.33 4.62

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofaspartame to MRP-CH in this example is as shown in FIG. 130.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofaspartame to MRP-CH in this example is as shown in FIG. 131.

Conclusion:

The results showed that standard MRPs can significantly improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensity synthetic orartificial sweeteners such as aspartame. All ranges in tested ratios ofaspartame to MRP-CH from 100/1 to 10/70 had good taste (overalllikeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 10/5to 10/70, the products will give very good taste (score >3.5). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 137. The Improvement of S-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofAspartame

Common Process:

S-MRP-CH and aspartame were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 137.1, dissolved in pure water, and subjected to amouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same as Example39.

TABLE 137.1 the weight of S-MRP-CH and aspartame The ratio of Weight ofWeight of Volume of aspartame to aspartame S-MRP-CH pure water #S-MRP-CH (mg) (mg) (mL) 137-01 100/1  500 5 1000 137-02 10/1 50 5 100137-03 10/5 50 25 100 137-04 10/9 50 45 100 137-05  10/10 50 50 100137-06  10/20 50 100 100 137-07  10/30 50 150 100 137-08  10/40 50 200100 137-09  10/50 50 250 100

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CH and aspartame were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof aspartame in the sample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The resultsare shown in Table 137.2.

TABLE 137.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 137-01Chocolate 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 137-02 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 137-03 5 1 1 1 5.005.00 137-04 5 1 1 1 5.00 5.00 137-05 5 2 1 1 4.67 4.83 137-06 5 2 1 14.67 4.83 137-07 5 2 1 1 4.67 4.83 137-08 5 2 1.7 1 4.43 4.72 137-09 5 22.2 1 4.27 4.63

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofaspartame to S-MRP-CH in this example is as shown in FIG. 132.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofaspartame to S-MRP-CH in this example is as shown in FIG. 133.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract) can significantlyimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensitysynthetic sweetener such as aspartame. All ranges in tested ratios ofaspartame to S-MRP-CH from 100/1 to 10/50 had good taste (overalllikeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 10/1to 10/50, the products gave very good taste (score >3.5). The conclusioncan be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 138. The Improvement of TS-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofAspartame

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CH and aspartame were weighed and uniformly mixed according tothe weight shown in Table 138.1, dissolved in pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 138.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CH and aspartame The ratio of Weight ofWeight of Volume of aspartame to aspartame TS-MRP-CH pure water #TS-MRP-CH (mg) (mg) (mL) 138-01 100/1  500 5 1000 138-02 10/1 50 5 100138-03 10/5 50 25 100 138-04 10/9 50 45 100 138-05  10/10 50 50 100138-06  10/40 50 200 100 138-07  10/50 50 250 100 138-08  10/70 50 350100 138-09   10/100 50 500 100

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CH and aspartame were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof aspartame in the sample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The resultsare shown in Table 138.2.

TABLE 138.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 138-01Chocolate 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 138-02 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 138-03 4 2 1 1 4.674.33 138-04 4 2 1 1 4.67 4.33 138-05 4 4 1 1 4.00 4.00 138-06 4 4 1 14.00 4.00 138-07 4 4 1 1 4.00 4.00 138-08 5 5 1.7 1 3.43 4.22 138-09 5 52.2 1 3.27 4.13

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofaspartame to TS-MRP-CH in this example is as shown in FIG. 134.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofaspartame to TS-MRP-CH in this example is as shown in FIG. 135.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs (MRPs, Stevia extract, thaumatin) cansignificantly improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofhigh intensity synthetic sweetener such as aspartame. All ranges intested ratios of aspartame to TS-MRP-CH from 100/1 to 10/100 had goodtaste (overall likeability score >3), preferably when the ratio rangeswere from 10/5 to 10/100, the products gave very good taste (score >4).The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 139. The Improvement of MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofSucralose

Common Process:

MRP-CA and sucralose were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 139.1, dissolved in 100 ml pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 139.1 the weight of MRP-CA and sucralose The ratio of Weight ofWeight of Volume of sucralose to sucralose MRP-CA pure water # MRP-CA(mg) (mg) (mL) 139-01 10/1 15 1.5 100 139-02 10/3 15 4.5 100 139-03 10/515 7.5 100 139-04 10/7 15 10.5 100 139-05 10/9 15 13.5 100 139-06  10/1015 15 100 139-07  10/40 15 60 100 139-08  10/70 15 105 100 139-09  10/100 15 150 100

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CA and sucralose were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof sucralose in the sample solution was the same, 150 ppm. The resultsare shown in Table 139.2.

TABLE 139.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 139-01 Caramel1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50 139-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 139-03 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67139-04 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 139-05 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 139-06 2 2 1 1 4.673.33 139-07 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 139-08 2 2 1.2 1 4.60 3.30 139-09 2 2 2 14.33 3.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofsucralose to MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 136.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofsucralose to MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 137.

Conclusion:

The results showed that standard MRPs can significantly improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of high intensity syntheticsweetener such as sucralose. All ranges in tested ratios of sucralose toMRP-CA from 10:1 to 10:100 had good taste (overall likeabilityscore >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 10:10 to 10:100,the products gave very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can beextended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 140. The Improvement of S-MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofSucralose

Common Process:

S-MRP-CA and sucralose were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 140.1, dissolved in 100 ml pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 140.1 the weight of S-MRP-CA and sucralose The ratio of Weight ofWeight of Volume of sucralose to sucralose S-MRP-CA pure water #S-MRP-CA (mg) (mg) (mL) 140-01 10/1 15 1.5 100 140-02 10/3 15 4.5 100140-03 10/5 15 7.5 100 140-04 10/7 15 10.5 100 140-05 10/9 15 13.5 100140-06  10/10 15 15 100 140-07  10/40 15 60 100 140-08  10/70 15 105 100140-09   10/100 15 150 100

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CA and sucralose were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof sucralose in the sample solution was the same, 150 ppm. The resultsare shown in Table 140.2.

TABLE 140.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 140-01 Caramel1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50 140-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 140-03 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67140-04 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 140-05 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 140-06 2 2 1 1 4.673.83 140-07 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.80 140-08 3 2 1.2 1 4.60 3.80 140-09 3 2 2.21 4.27 3.63

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofsucralose to S-MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 138.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofsucralose to S-MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 139.

Conclusion:

The results showed that composition comprises S-MRPs (Stevia extract andMRPs) can significantly improve taste profile, flavor intensity andmouth feel of high intensity synthetic sweetener such as sucralose. Allranges in tested ratios of sucralose to S-MRP-CA from 10:1 to 10:100 hadgood taste (overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratioranges were from 10:9 to 10:100, the products gave very good taste(score >3). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1.

Example 141. The Improvement of TS-MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofSucralose

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CA and sucralose were weighed and uniformly mixed according tothe weight shown in Table 141.1, dissolved in 100 ml pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 141.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CA and sucralose The ratio of Weight ofWeight of Volume of sucralose to sucralose TS-MRP-CA pure water #TS-MRP-CA (mg) (mg) (mL) 141-01 10/1 15 1.5 100 141-02 10/3 15 4.5 100141-03 10/5 15 7.5 100 141-04 10/7 15 10.5 100 141-05 10/9 15 13.5 100141-06  10/10 15 15 100 141-07  10/40 15 60 100 141-08  10/70 15 105 100141-09   10/100 15 150 100

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CA and sucralose were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Itshould be noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, theevaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on theiso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentrationof sucralose in the sample solution was the same, 150 ppm. The resultsare shown in Table 141.2.

TABLE 141.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile likeability 141-01 Caramel1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 141-02 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 141-03 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83141-04 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 141-05 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 141-06 2 3 1 1 4.333.17 141-07 3 3 1 1 4.33 3.67 141-08 3 4 1 1 4.00 3.50 141-09 2 4 1 14.00 3.00

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofsucralose to TS-MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 140.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofsucralose to TS-MRP-CA in this example is as shown in FIG. 141.

Conclusion:

The results showed that compositions comprising TS-MRPs (MRPs, Steviaextract and thaumatin) can significantly improve taste profile, flavorintensity and mouth feel of high intensity synthetic sweetener such assucralose. All ranges in tested ratios of sucralose to TS-MRP-CA from10:1 to 10:100 had good taste (overall likeability score >2.5),preferably when the ratio ranges were from 10:7 to 10:70, the productsgave very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99and 99:1.

Example 142. Evaluation of the Effect of S-MRP on Sugar-Free ChocolateFormula

Production Method

1) cocoa liquid blocks, whole milk, Stevia extract (Convenent®,available from Sweet Green Fields, United States, Lot number 20170802)and S-MRP-CH (product of Example 85) were heated in a water bath at 60°C. to melt the cocoa liquid block and stirred to make the mixtureuniform;

2) mix the completely dissolved mixture in step 1 with lecithin;

3) continue to stir the mixture and cool down to 40° C.;

4) pour the mixture into a mold, freeze in the refrigerator to solidifyFormula.

TABLE 142.1 Weight No. 1 No. 2 No.3 (Low sweetness, (high sweetness, (NoS-MRP-CH Components sugar-free) sugar-free) added, Control) cocoa liquid 70 g  60 g  70 g blocks Stevia extract  30 g  40 g  30 g S-MRP-CH  60mg 120 mg \ whole milk  20 g  20 g  20 g lecithin 0.9 g  0.9 g 0.9 g

Evaluation

All the samples were evaluated by a panel of 10 persons. The evaluationresults are as follow. Method: All the samples were evaluated by a panelof 10 persons. The panel was asked to describe the taste profileaccording to the factors of sweetness, sweet lingering, mouth feel andoverall likeability and gave the positive or negative judgment to eachfactor by their acceptability.

TABLE 142.2 No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Positive Negative Positive NegativePositive Negative Sweetness 8 persons 2 persons 10 None 9 persons 1person  persons Sweet 9 persons 1 person  7 3 persons 5 persons 5persons lingering persons Mouth feel 9 persons 1 person  10 None 6persons 4 persons persons Overall 9 persons 1 person  10 None 5 persons5 persons likeability persons Evaluation Moderate Higher sweetnessModerate sweetness; sweetness; than No. 2; Sweet lingering is Sweetlingering is The intensity of very serious; improved compare tochocolate flavor is Lack of full body No. 3 (control); stronger; andsilky mouth feel Full body and silky More full body comparing to No.1and and silky than No. 2 No. 2

Conclusion:

For the chocolate formula with sweetening agent, high intensitysweetener either synthetic or natural as sweetener, the finished productlacked full body and a silky mouth feel. And at higher doses ofsweetening agents and or synthetic sweetener, the sweet lingering ofhigh intensity sweeteners became apparent, and the sweetness profile wasdifficult to be compatible with the flavor profile of chocolate itself.Using S-MRP-CH as a flavor enhancer and mouth feel modifier in low sugaror sugar free chocolate formula significantly improved the abovedefects, and the mouth feel acceptability of the formula wassignificantly increased. Thus, an embodiment comprising sweeteningagents, MRPs, fibers (such as inulin and polydextrose), sweeteners, suchas maltol, can be used for food including low sugar or sugar freechocolate.

Example 143. Evaluation of the Effect of MRP, S-MRP and TS-MRP onSugar-Free Cookie Formula

Production Methods

1. Stir butter at room temperature to soften it.

2. Mix monk fruit extract V20 with MRP-CA, S-MRP-CA or TS-MRP-CA,respectively and dissolve the mixture in milk.

3. Pour cake powder into the butter, mix with rubber board, and pour themilk into the butter at the same time to make dough.

4. Put the dough in the refrigerator for 30 min.

5. Put the dough in the oven, bake at 150° C. for 30 min.

TABLE 143.1 Formula Weight (g) No. 1 (No MRP No. 2 No. 3 No. 4Components added, control) (MRP) (S-MRP) (TS-MRP) cake powder 40 40 4040 butter 15 15 15 15 Whole milk 15 15 15 15 monk fruit 0.262 0.2620.131 0.131 extract V20 MRP-CA 0.184 S-MRP-CA 0.131 TS-MRP-CA 0.095

Evaluation

All the samples are evaluated by a panel of 10 persons. The evaluationresults are as follow. Method: All the samples were evaluated by a panelof 10 persons. The panel was asked to describe the taste profileaccording to the factors of sweetness, sweet lingering, mouth feel andoverall likeability and gave the positive or negative judgment to eachfactor by their acceptability.

TABLE 143.2 No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 Positive Negative Positive NegativePositive Negative Positive Negative sweetness 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 sweet1 9 4 6 7 3 8 2 lingering mouth feel 4 6 7 3 7 3 8 2 Overall 2 8 6 4 7 39 1 likeability evaluation Moderate sweetness; Moderate sweetness;Moderate sweetness; Moderate sweetness; Sweet lingering Some improvementSignificant improvement No sweet lingering is very serious; in sweetlingering; in sweet lingering; and astringent Lack of full body;Significant increasing Significant increasing aftertaste; Astringentaftertaste in full body mouth feel; in full body mouth feel; More fullbody Astringent aftertaste Astringent aftertaste than No. 2 and No. 3.

Conclusion

The cookie formula with sweetening agent, and or high intensitysweetener such as synthetic sweeteners such as aspartame, AC-K,sucralose as sweeteners lacked full body mouth feel. Because the foodproduct normally requires higher sweetness, it was necessary to add asweetening agent and or high intensity sweeteners at high doses.However, under such conditions, the very serious defects of highintensity sweeteners such as sweet lingering, bitterness and astringencybecame apparent and made the food products difficult to be accepted bymost consumers. When using MRP, S-MRP, or TS-MRP as flavor, flavorenhancers, mouth feel modifiers and/or sweeteners in such a sugar-freecookie, the resulting formula significantly overcame the originaldefects and the mouth feel acceptability of the product was improvedsignificantly. In particular, the application of TS-MRP in cookies gavethe best improvement for mouth feel.

Example 144. Evaluation of the Effect of S-MRP on Sugar-Free Juice

Materials

Sugar-free pineapple juice, available from Del Monte Philippines, Inc.,Philippine, sweetened by sucralose (300 ppm) and neotame (7 ppm),sweetness potency: 15% SE;

Original pineapple juice, available from Del Monte Philippines, Inc.,Philippine, without any sweetener;

S-MRP-FL: the product of Example 67

S-MRP-CA: the product of Example 68

Sucralose: available from Anhui JinHe Industrial Co., Ltd, China, lot#201804023

Thaumatin: available from EPC Natural Products Co., Ltd, China, lot#20180801, the content of thaumatin is 10.74%.

Monk fruit extract, mogroside V50, available from Hunan HuachengBiotech, Inc., China, lot #LHGE-180722, the content of mogroside V is50.65%

RA20/TSG95, Stevia extract, available from Sweet Green Fields, lot#YCJ20180403; RA 27.89%, TSG (JECFA2010) 99.03%;

Glycosylated steviol glycosides, Zolesse®, available from Sweet GreenFields, United States, conforming to FEMA GRAS 4845, Lot #20180730

Glycyrrhizin, Ammoniated, available from Ningbo Green-HealthPharmaceutical Co., Ltd, China, lot #20171201, conforming to FEMA GRAS258

TABLE 144.1 Formula Weight (mg) components No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 RA20/TSG9550 50 50 Glycosylated steviol glycosides 10 10 10 Thaumatin 0.5 0.5 0.1S-MRP-CA 5 5 7.5 S-MRP-FL 5 5 2.5 Sucralose \ 10 10 Original pineapplejuice 100 mL 100 mL 100 mL

Evaluation

All the samples were evaluated by a panel of 10 persons. The taste andmouth feel of the formula was compared to Sugar-free pineapple juice.The evaluation results are as follow. Method: All the samples wereevaluated by a panel of 10 persons. The panel was asked to describe thetaste profile according to the factors of metallic aftertaste, sweetlingering, and full body mouth feel. The intensity of the factors isshown by six levels, “−” for none, “+” for very slight, “++” for slight,“+++” for moderate, “++++” for strong, and “+++++” for very strong.

TABLE 144.2 Sugar-free pineapple juice No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 (control)Sweetness 9% 15% 15% 15% potency (SE) Metallic − + + +++ aftertastesweet + + + +++ lingering Full body +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ Overall Fullbody; Sweetness as Sweetness as High likeability Less sweet; same ascontrol; same as control; sweetness; evaluation Almost ImprovementImprovement Lack of no bad in metallic in metallic full body taste suchas aftertaste and aftertaste and mouth feel; metallic sweet lingering;sweet lingering; Serious aftertaste flavor of Keep the metallic andsweet floral present original flavor aftertaste and lingering ofpineapple astringency; juice, no other Significant flavor present sweetlingering

Conclusion:

For fruit juice formulations using sweetening agent and or highintensity sweeteners as sweeteners, the products lacked full body mouthfeel, as well as having a very serious sweet lingering, bitter,astringent and metallic taste. When S-MRP or TS-MRP was used as asweetener and a mouth feel modifier in the sugar free juice formula, itsignificantly overcome the original defects of the sweetening agent andor high intensity sweeteners, and the mouth feel acceptability of theproduct was significantly increased.

Examples 145-148. Determine the Sweetness Equivalency and SensoryAspects of S-MRP-FL vs RA50 in Water with Sucrose and in an Applicationwith Sucrose

The materials and formula used in the following Examples are as follows.

Materials

SGF RA50 lot 3070055, available from Sweet Green Fields

RA20/TSG95 lot 20180413, available from Sweet Green Fields

S-MRP-FL lot 240-33-01, available from EPC Natural Products Co., Ltd,China, prepared according to the method of Example 67.

Sucrose

Lemon Lime Flavor

Citric Acid

Distilled Water

Mineral Water

Lemon & Lime CSD: 50% Reduced Sugar Formula

Carbonated water 92.74%

Sucrose 5.00%

Citric acid 0.12%

Sodium benzoate 0.0211%

Lemon Lime Extract NAT WONF 863.0053U 0.10%

Example 145. Comparison of Sensory Profile of S-MRP-FL vs RA50

The following samples were compared against one another in mineralwater.

5% Sucrose+200 ppm RA50

5% Sucrose+200 ppm S-MRP-FL

Result: RA50 sample was ˜20% sweeter than the S-MRP-FL sample. Itindicated that S-MRP-FL could enhance the sweetness. In addition, theS-MRP at 200 ppm provided a much better mouth feel with a floral flavornote, and no identifiable off taste/bitterness when used in 5% sucrose.

Example 146: Comparison of Sensory Profile of S-MRP-FL vs RA50

The following samples were compared against one another in mineral water

300 ppm RA50

300 ppm S-MRP-FL

350 ppm S-MRP-FL

400 ppm S-MRP-FL

450 ppm S-MRP-FL

500 ppm S-MRP-FL

Result: 300 ppm RA50 and 450 ppm S-MRP-FL were approximately as sweet asone another in mineral water, so as a standalone product S-MRP-FL is˜33% less sweet than RA50 alone. However when used in addition to sugar,the gap in sweetness appeared to be lower, indicating that the S-MRP hadgood sweetness enhancing effects without being overly sweet itself.

Example 147: Comparison of Sensory Profile in Lemon & Lime CSD vs RA50

The following samples were compared to one another in a Lemon & Limebase. Samples were double blinded and tasted n=1

5% Sucrose+200 ppm RA50

5% Sucrose+200 ppm S-MRP-FL

5% Sucrose+100 ppm RA50+100 ppm S-MRP-FL

5% Sucrose+100 ppm RA20+100 ppm S-MRP-FL

Result: When using 100 ppm S-MRP-FL in a L&L beverage, as the limeportion of the flavor diminishes, it was demonstrated that S-MRP couldmodify the lemon and lime flavor profile. In addition, the mouth feel ofall the samples with S-MRP-FL was much improved over the basic RA50sample.

Example 148: Comparison of Sensory Profile in Lemon & Lime CSD vs RA50

The following samples were compared to one another in a Lemon & Limebase. Samples were double blinded and tasted n=1.

5% Sucrose+200 ppm RA50

5% Sucrose+150 ppm RA50+50 ppm S-MRP-FL

5% Sucrose+150 ppm RA20+50 ppm S-MRP-FL

5% Sucrose+155 ppm RA50+45 ppm S-MRP-FL

5% Sucrose+155 ppm RA20+45 ppm S-MRP-FL

5% Sucrose+160 ppm RA50+40 ppm S-MRP-FL

5% Sucrose+160 ppm RA20+40 ppm S-MRP-FL

Result: it was found that 160 ppm RA20+40 ppm S-MRP-FL was the besttasting sample, with low mouth-drying and good mouth feel. 200 ppm RA50was very dry and had a low mouth feel in comparison. It was also foundthat the 160 ppm RA50+40 ppm S-MRP had a slightly dryer sweetness thanthe equivalent sample made with RA20. At 40 ppm the S-MRP added improvedmouth feel and sugar-likeness, and slightly improved the Lemon aspect ofthe Lemon & Lime flavor. Using a higher amount than 40 ppm in thisapplication altered the flavor of the beverage and muted the Lime aspectwith a floral note. Overall, adding S-MRP modified the taste profile ofboth the Stevia extract and flavor. The combination of S-MRP with Steviaor other sweetening agents, high intensity synthetic sweeteners,sweeteners, and sweet enhancers can provide a satisfactory profile fortaste, aroma and texture. Such combinations can be done before, duringor after the Maillard reaction.

Example 149. The Improvement of S-MRP to Ketchup

Materials:

Sample Heinz Ketchup Classic (as seen on the label) is original sample.

The label of Heinz Ketchup Classic is as shown in FIG. 142.

4 samples are prepared from Heinz Ketchup 50% reduced sugar & salt.

The label of Heinz Ketchup 50% reduced sugar & salt is as shown in FIG.143.

S-MRP-FL: lot 240-89-01, available from EPC Natural Products Co., Ltd,China, prepared according to the method the same as Example 67.

Experiments:

Recipe I:

Ketchup Heinz 50% Weiniger Zucker & Salz (50% less salt and sugar) with4.5 ppm thaumatin and 25 ppm S-MRP-FL

Recipe II:

Ketchup Heinz 50% Weiniger Zucker & Salz (50% less salt and sugar) with7.5 ppm thaumatin and 10 ppm S-MRP-FL

Recipe III:

Ketchup Heinz 50% Weiniger Zucker & Salz (50% less salt and sugar) with6.75 ppm thaumatin and 12.5 ppm S-MRP-FL

Reference Sample I:

Ketchup Heinz 50% Weiniger Zucker & Salz (50% less salt and sugar)

Reference Sample II:

Ketchup Heinz Classic

TABLE 149.1 Batch/Lot No. Sample 03281103TK1 Recipe I 20181021TK1 RecipeII 34371027TK1 Recipe III 22281826TK1 Reference I (Sugar & Salt Reduced)11581554TK1 Reference II (Classic)

Results

TABLE 149.2 Reference I Appearance Smell Taste Texture Red Color,Typical Typical Viscous, Paste Viscous, Paste concentrated concentratedliquid liquid tomato, Fresh, tomato, Limited Acidic mouth feel, Acidicpeak, Slightly scratching

TABLE 149.3 Reference II Appearance Smell Taste Texture Red Color,Typical Typical Viscous, Paste Viscous, Paste concentrated concentratedliquid liquid tomato, Fresh, Tomato, Very Acidic aromatic sweet/sourbalance, Harmonic/mild acidity

Sensory properties

TABLE 149.4 Recipe I (compared to Reference I) Appearance Smell TasteTexture No change No change More intense and No change pleasant,Harmonic, Sweeter, Slight sweetener taste, Less acidic

TABLE 149.5 Recipe I (compared to Reference II) Appearance Smell TasteTexture No change No change Less mouth feel, No change Less sweet

TABLE 149.6 Recipe II (compared to Reference I) Appearance Smell TasteTexture No change No change More pleasant and No change balanced,Sweeter, No acidic peak

TABLE 149.7 Recipe II (compared to Reference II) Appearance Smell TasteTexture No change No change Mouth feel and No change sweetness near toreference

TABLE 149.8 Recipe III (compared to Reference I) Appearance Smell TasteTexture No change No change More pleasant and No change balanced,Slightly sweeter, no acidic, but mild taste

TABLE 149.9 Recipe III (compared to Reference II) Appearance Smell TasteTexture No change No change Mouth feel and No change sweetness almostcomparable to reference

Conclusion: Adding different combination of Stevia MRPs and thaumatincan significantly improve the taste, aroma and texture for sugar andsalt reduced tomato ketchup. The result indicated that all compositionsin this innovation can be used for sauces, vegetable concentrate, juiceconcentrate etc. to improve their profile of taste, aroma and texture.Method: For evaluation, the samples were tested by a panel of fourpeople. The panel was asked to determine the taste of each sample incomparison to a control sample without addition of the componentsdescribed above. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samplesfirst. The tester was allowed to re-taste, and then determine adescription of the taste. Afterwards, another 3 tasters tasted thesamples and the taste(s) was discussed amongst the testers to arrive ata suitable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed withthe result, the tasting was repeated.

Example 150. Preparation of S-MRP-PC from Stevia Extract, Glutamic Acidand Galactose

Stevia extract: available from Sweet Green Fields, Lot #20180409,prepared according to the method the same as Example 37, final powder.RA 24.33%, RD 3.49%, TSG (according to JECFA 2010) 62.29%

35 g Stevia extract, 10 g mannose and 5 g proline were mixed. The ratioof mannose to proline was 2:1 and the ratio of Stevia extract to themixture of mannose and proline is 7:3. Thus obtained mixture wasdissolved into 25 g pure water. No pH regulator was added and the pH wasabout 5. The solution was heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for 3hours. When the reaction complete, the reaction mixture was filtered byfilter paper and the filtrate was dried by spray dryer to obtain about41 g of an off white powder S-MRP-PC.

Example 151. Comparison of Maillard Reaction Products With or WithoutStevia

1. Materials and Equipment

1.1 Experiment Material

Stevia (RA 24.33%, RD 3.49%, Total Glycosides 62.29%, lot number:20180409) was purchased from Sweet Green Fields Co., Ltd (Zhejiang,China);

Galactose (99.2%, lot number: DG170710) was purchased from ZhejiangYixin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Zhejiang, China);

L-Glutamic acid (99.2%, lot number: 20180903) was purchased from AnhuiHuaheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Anhui, China).

1.2 Experiment Equipment

Standard Rail TriPlus RSH Base Configuration for Liquid and HeadspaceInjections (Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., China);

50/30 μm CAR/PDMS/DVB Extraction fiber (SUPELCO, USA);

TRACE1310 Gas Chromatography (Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., China);

ISQ7000 Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., China).

2. Preparation and Pretreatment of the Samples

2.1 Preparation of the Standard Maillard Reaction Products (MRPs)

Prepared from galactose and glutamic acid, lot number: 241-66-03,Example 98.

2.2 Preparation of the Citrus MRPs

Prepared from galactose, glutamic acid and Stevia, lot number:241-66-02, Example 98.

2.3 Pretreatment of Samples

Stevia, Standard MRPs and Citrus MRPs were accurately weighed at 0.5 gand placed in 20 mL empty bottles. The three samples were dissolved in10 ml water.

3. GC-MS analysis of Samples

Parameters of the inlet: carrier gas was He, flow rate was 1 mL/min, thesplit ratio was 5:1 and injection temperature was 250° C.

Temperature program: the program was started at an initial temperatureof 40° C. with a 5 min hold at 40° C., then increased 8° C/min up to240° C. with a 5 min hold at 240° C.

Parameter of the detectors: the ion source temperature was 300° C.; thetransmission line temperature was 240° C.; full scan: 33-500 amu.

Parameter of solid phase micro extraction (SPME): Samples were heated at60° C. for 5 min, then extracted with SPME needle for 40 min, desorbedat 250° C. for 5 min.

50-100 components with the maximum response value were searched in NISTand Wiley, and the components which with matching degree more than 60%were selected for analysis.

4. Results

Total Ion Chromatography (TIC) of three samples and component analysisare shown in attached FIGS. 144a to 144c and Table 151.1 to 151.3.

The response of the two MRPs was higher than that of Stevia. Alkaneswere the main components of Stevia, unsaturated hydrocarbons were themain components of the Standard MRPs while monoterpenes andsesquiterpenes were the main components of the Citrus MRPs. In addition,some characteristic components of Citrus just like limonene, bergamotol,aromadendrene oxide were found in the Citrus MRPs. The molecularstructures are shown in FIGS. 145a to 145 f.

TABLE 151.1 Component analysis of the Stevia RT Component Type Mw. CAS11.27 2,2,7,7-Tetramethyloctane alkane 170.335 1071-31-4   12.994-Isopropylidene-cyclohexanol alcohol 175020-74-3    13.78 Undecanealkane 156.308 1120-21-4   13.85 Nonanal aldehyde and 142.239 124-19-6 ketone 14.51 Cyclopentasiloxane, alkane 370.77  541-02-6  decamethyl-15.21 Undecane, 3-methyl- alkane 170.335 1002-43-3   15.78 Dodecanealkane 170.335 112-40-3  15.87 Decanal aldehyde and 156.265 112-31-2 ketone 17.35 1-Octanol, 2-butyl- alcohol 186.334 3913-02-8   17.62Cyclohexasiloxane, alkane 444.924 540-97-6  dodecamethyl- 17.89Naphthalene, 2-methyl- arene 142.197 91-57-6  18.19 Heptadecane,7-methyl- alkane 254.494 20959-33-5    18.41 2-Bromo dodecanehalohydrocarbon 249.231 13187-99-0    18.61 1,1,5-Trimethy1-1,2- arenedihydronaphthalene 18.71 1-iodo-2-methylundecane halohydrocarbon 296.23173105-67-6    18.81 Tridecane, 3-methyl- alkane 198.388 6418-41-3  18.9  1,3-Dioxane,4- alkane 56599-40-7    (hexadecyloxy)-2-pentadecyl-19.05 Tridecane, 3-methylene- alkane 196.372 19780-34-8    19.31Pentadecane alkane 212.415 629-62-9  19.48 Naphthalene, 1,4-dimethyl-arene 156.224 571-58-4  19.71 Naphthalene, 1,7-dimethyl- arene 157.224575-37-1  20.14 1-Hexadecanol alcohol 242.441 36653-82-4    20.27Naphthalene, 1-ethyl- arene 156.224 1127-76-0   20.38Cycloheptasiloxane, alkane 519.078 107-50-6  tetradecamethyl- 20.564-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa- aldehyde and 190.281 1203-08-3  1,3-dienyl)but-3-en-2-one ketone 20.77 2-Ethyl-1-dodecanol alcohol214.387 19780-33-7    20.9  Pentadecane alkane 212.415 629-62-9  20.97Butylated Hydroxytoluene phenol 220.35  128-37-0  21.3  Octadecane,6-methyl- alkane 268.521 10544-96-4    21.35 Hexadecane, 4-methyl-alkane 240.468 25117-26-4    21.42 Tetradecane, 4-ethyl- alkane 226.44155045-14-2    21.67 Tetradecane, 5-methyl- alkane 212.415 25117-32-2   21.97 Pentadecane, 3-methyl- alkane 226.441 2882-96-4   22.23 Pentanoicacid,2,2,4-trimethyl- ester 3-carboxyisopropyl, isobutyl ester 22.2810-heneicosene olefin 294.558 95008-11-0    22.4  Hexadecane alkane226.441 544-76-3  22.82 Cyclooctasiloxane, alkane 593.232 556-68-3 hexadecamethyl- 23.24 1-Decanol, 2-hexyl- alcohol 242.441 2425-77-6  23.87 Pentadecane, 2,6,10,14- alkane 268.521 1921-70-6   tetramethyl-24.79 Heptadecane, 3-methyl- alkane 254.494 6418-44-6   25.18 Eicosanealkane 282.547 112-95-8  29.98 Eicosane, 2-methyl- alkane 296.5741560-84-5  

TABLE 151.2 Component analysis of the Standard MRPs RT Component TypeMw. CAS  6.81 Furfural aromatic 96.084 98-01-1 heterocycle 10.512-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5- aromatic 110.111 620-02-0 methyl- heterocycte11.17 trisiloxane,1,1,1,5,5,5- alkane hexamethyl-3-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]- 12.11 4-phenyl-5-p-tolyl-2,5- aromatic 237.29636879- dihydro-oxazole heterocycte 73-9 12.19 11-Tridecenyl propionateacid 13.86 Nonanal aldehyde 142.239 124-19-6 and ketone 14.42,6-Dimethyl-1,3,5,7- diterpenoid 134.218 460-01-5 octatetraene, E,E-14.51 Cyclopentasiloxane, alkane 370.77 541-02-6 decamethyl- 16.145-Hydroxymethylfurfural aromatic 126.11 67-47-0 heterocycte 16.23 Furan,3-phenyl- aromatic 144.17 13679- heterocycte 41-9 17.33 Ionone aldehyde192.297 8013-90-9 and ketone 17.63 Cyclohexasiloxane, alkane 444.924540-97-6 dodecamethyl- 17.9 Bicyclo[4.4.1]undeca- olefin 142.1972443-46-1 1,3,5,7,9-pentaene 18.48 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- arene 174.282942-43-8 1,1,5,6-tetramethyl- 18.62 1, 1, 5-Trimethyl-1, 2- arenedihydronaphthalene 19.31 Tetradecane alkane 198.388 629-59-4 19.51Naphthalene, 1,7-dimethyl- arene 156.224 575-37-1 19.72 Naphthalene,2,6-dimethyl- arene 156.224 581-42-0 20.07 2,6,10,10-Tetramethyl-1-alcohol 212.3285 77981- oxaspiro[4.5]decan-6-ol 89-6 20.265,8,11-Eicosatriynoic acid, ester methyl ester 20.38 Cycloheptasiloxane,alkane 519.078 107-50-6 tetradecamethyl- 20.57 Methyl 6,8- acidoctadecadiynoate 20.84 Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3- alcoholol,3-allyl-6,6-dimethyl-2- methylene- 21 Cyclohexanone, 2,6-bis(2-aldehyde 92368- methylpropylidene)- and ketone 82-6 21.36 Doconexentacid 328.488 6217-54-5 21.43 2-Myristynoyl pantetheine amine 21.64à-Calacorene sesqui- 200.319 21391-99-1 terpene 21.75 Benzene,(1,3-dimethyl-2- arene 160.255 50704-01-3 butenyl)- 21.87 Silane,trichlorodocosyl- alkane 444.037 7325-84-0 21.97 Pentadecane, 3-methyl-alkane 226.441 2882-96-4 22.23 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3- ester 286.4076846-50-0 pentanediol diisobutyrate 22.4 Hexadecane alkane 226.441544-76-3 22.57 (1R,7S,E)-7-Isopropyl- sesqui- 220.35 81968-62-94,10-dimethylene- terpene cyclodec-5-enol 22.74 à-Corocalene sesqui-200.319 20129-39-9 terpene 22.82 Cyclooctasiloxane, alkane 593.232556-68-3 hexadecamethyl- 23.02 10-Heptadecen-8-ynoic ester 278.4316714-85-5 acid, methyl ester, (E)- 23.24 1-Hexadecanol alcohol 242.44136653-82-4 23.3 Cholestan-3-ol, 2- alcohol 22599-96-8 methylene-,(3á,5à)- 23.55 Naphthalene, 1,6-dimethyl- sesqui- 198.303 483-78-34-(1-methylethyl)- terpene 23.88 Heptadecane, 2,6-dimethyl- alkane268.521 54105-67-8 24.13 Heptadecane, 2,3-dimethyl- alkane 268.52161868-03-9 24.42 Octadecane, 2-methyl- alkane 268.521 1560-88-9 24.71Trihexadecyl borate ester 735.109 2665-11-4 24.79 Heptadecane, 3-methyl-alkane 254.494 6418-44-6 25.18 Eicosane alkane 282.547 112-95-8 25.27Hexadecane, 2,6,10,14- alkane 282.547 638-36-8 tetramethyl- 27.13Dibutyl phthalate ester 278.344 84-74-2

TABLE 151.3 Component analysis of the Citrus MRPs RT Component Type Mw.CAS 11.28 1 -Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6- diterpenoid 217.146 35719-octadiene 26-7 11.64 Carveol diterpenoid 152.233 99-48-9 12.21D-Limonene diterpenoid 136.234 5989-27-5 12.51 Benzeneacetaldehydediterpenoid 120.148 122-78-1 12.6 á-Ocimene diterpenoid 136.23413877-91-3 13.48 Cyclohexene, 3-methyl-6-(1- diterpenoid 136.234586-63-0 methylethylidene)- 13.77 Linalool diterpenoid 154.249 78-70-614.4 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3,5,7- diterpenoid 134.218 460-01-5octatetraene,E,E- 14.51 Cyclopentasiloxane, alkane 370.77 541-02-6decamethyl- 15.22 Falcarinol sesqui- 244.372 21852-80-2 terpene 15.71à-Terpineol diterpenoid 154.249 98-55-5 15.78 Dodecane alkane 170.335112-40-3 16.05 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4- arene 174.282 475-03-6 tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethyl- 16.14 3-Cyclohexene-1- aldehyde 152.233 29548-14-9acetaldehyde, and ketone à,4-dimethyl- 16.23 Furan, 3-phenyl- aromatic144.17 13679-41-9 heterocycte 16.37 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, olefin136.234 464-17-5 1,7,7-trimethyl- 16.69 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-diterpenoid 154.249 106-25-2 dimethyl-, (Z)- 16.85 Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-arene 174.282 475-03-6 tetrahydro- 1,1,6-trimethyl- 16.93 1H-Indene,2,3-dihydro- arene 174.282 942-43-8 1,1,5,6-tetramethyl- 17.33 Iononealdehyde 192.297 8013-90-9 and ketone 17.63 Cyclohexasiloxane, alkane444.924 540-97-6 dodecamethyl- 17.99 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro- arene174.282 942-43-8 1,1,5,6-tetramethyl- 18.62 1,1,5-Trimethyl-1,2- arenedihydronaphthalene 18.71 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa- aldehyde 190.2811203-08-3 1,3-dienyl)but-3-en-2-one and ketone 18.82 Tridecane,3-methyl- alkane 198.388 6418-41-3 19.05 Tridecane, 3-methylene- alkane196.372 19780-34-8 19.22 (E)-1-(2,3,6- arene trimethylphenyl)buta-1,3-diene 19.31 Tetradecane alkane 198.388 629-59-4 20.072,6,10,10-Tetramethyl-1- alcohol 212.3285 77981-89-6oxaspiro[4.5]decan-6-ol 20.27 Hexadecanethiol alcohol 258.506 25360-09-220.38 Cycloheptasiloxane, alkane 519.078 107-50-6 tetradecamethyl- 20.57Bergamotol, Z-à-trans- sesqui- 220.35 88034-74-6 terpene 20.84Bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-2-ene-4- alcohol ol,2-methyl-9- (prop-1-en-3-ol-2-yl)-21.01 methyl 4-heptylbenzoate acid 234.334 6892-80-4 21.1 α-agarofuranaromatic 220.35 5956-12-7 heterocycte 21.36 Octadecane, 6-methyl- alkane268.521 10544-96-4 21.43 Tetradecane, 4-ethyl- alkane 226.441 55045-14-221.63 β-calacorene sesqui- 200.319 50277-34-4 terpene 21.87 Sulfurousacid, pentyl ester tetradecyl ester 21.97 Pentadecane, 3-methyl- alkane226.441 2882-96-4 22.18 Isolongifolene, 4,5,9,10- sesqui- 156747-dehydro- terpene 45-4 22.4 Hexadecane alkane 226.441 544-76-3 22.56Aromadendrene oxide sesqui- 22489-11-8 terpene 22.74 Isolongifolene,4,5,9,10- sesqui- 156747- dehydro- terpene 45-4 22.82 Cyclooctasiloxane,alkane 593.232 556-68-3 hexadecamethyl- 23.24 Hexadecanol alcohol242.441 36653-82-4 23.88 Tetradecane, 2,6,10- alkane 240.468 14905-56-7trimethyl- 24.79 Heptadecane, 3-methyl- alkane 254.494 6418-44-6

Conclusion:

Compared with the Standard MRPs, the Citrus MRPs contained large amountsof monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. These components are new products ofthe Maillard reaction which Stevia was involved in. They were not foundin neither the Standard MRPs nor the Stevia. Furthermore, there weresome characteristic components of Citrus in the new products, such aslimonene, bergamotol, aromadendrene oxide. It was consistent with thesensory evaluation of the researchers, that there was no Citrus flavorin the standard MRPs, while a new and stronger Citrus flavor appearedafter Stevia was added.

Example 152. Stevia-Derived MRP Improves Taste of Beverages

TABLE 152.1 Test Ice Tea, Joint opinion 8 tasters Stevia-derived MRP(ppm) Lot no. 24051-01 Sweetness Flavor Product Tangerine (potency,profile) (increase, modified) Ice Tea — No sweetness, void Bitter,adstringent, basis Peach artificial peach (concentrate  5 No differenceSlightly less bitter diluted to to zero sample drinking  10 Still nosweet taste, Less bitter and strength, improved mouth feel astringent nosugar)  50 Slightly sweet taste, Less bitter and improved mouth feelastringent, flavor more harmonic, smoother 100 Sweet taste, acceptableHarmonic bitter/flavor mouth feel, slight balance, peach flavorlingering improved, smoother 200 Sweet taste (but Harmonic bitter/flavornot sweet enough), balance, peach flavor perfect mouth improved,smoother feel, lingering 500 Sweet, strong lingering, Unpleasant bitteroff bitter/metallic off-taste notes, reduced flavor perception due toStevia-off notes

Conclusion: sweetening agent derived MRPs can improve the mouth feel,enhance the flavor, and harmonize the overall taste and aroma of nosugar flavored beverages such as a tea beverage.

TABLE 152.2 Test Ice Tea, Joint opinion 8 tasters Stevia-derived MRP(ppm)- Lot number: 24051-01 Sweetness Flavor Product Tangerine (potency,profile) (increase, modified) Ice Tea — Sweet sugar taste, Bitter,adstringent, basis Peach slightly void artificial peach (concentrate  10Sweetness Slight flavor diluted to unchanged, improvement drinking lessvoid (stronger, strength, 5 more natural) % sugar)  50 More sweet Lessbitter, more than zero harmonic sample, improved flavor, flavor mouthfeel more intense 100 Sweetness Harmonic bitter/flavor enjoyable,balance, flavor more mouth feel good intense, fruity and smoother 200Sweetness enjoyable/ Harmonic bitter/flavor almost too sweet, balance,flavor more mouth-feel perfect, intense and smoother, slight off-notesmore natural taste 500 Sweetness Unpleasant bitter too high, offnotes,mouth feel reduced flavor too viscous, perception due Off-notes toStevia-off notes

Conclusion: Sweetening agent derived MRPs can improve the mouth feel,enhance the intensity of flavor, and harmonize the overall taste andaroma of low sugar flavored beverages such as a tea beverage.

TABLE 152.3 Test Ice Tea, Joint opinion 8 tasters Stevia-derived MRPs(ppm) Lot number 240-71-01 Sweetness Flavor Product Flora (potency,profile) (increase, modified) Ice Tea — No sweetness, void Bitter,astringent, basis Peach artificial peach (concentrate  5 No differenceSlightly less bitter, diluted to to zero sample flowery notes drinking 10 No difference to zero Less bitter, less strength, no sample, lessvoid astringent, fresh peach sugar) flavor  50 Slightly sweet taste,Less bitter, less improved mouth feel astringent, flavor more smooth andnatural 100 Sweet taste (not sweet Harmonic bitter and enough), improvedaromatic, peach flavor mouth feel, improved, smoother slight lingering200 Sweet taste, mouth Harmonic bitter/flavor feel acceptable, balance,peach flavor slightly, lingering improved, more natural 500 Sweet,strong lingering, Unpleasant bitter bitter (Stevia) off-taste offnotes,reduced flavor perception due to Stevia-off notes but still frech nearhtacte

Conclusion: Sweetening derived MRPs can improve the mouth feel, enhancethe freshness of flavor, and harmonize the overall taste and aroma ofsugar free flavored tea beverages.

TABLE 152.4 Stevia-derived MRPs (ppm) Lot number 240-71-01 SweetnessFlavor Product Flora (potency, profile) (increase, modified) Ice Tea —Sweet sugar taste, Bitter, astringent, basis Peach slightly voidartificial peach (concentrate  10 Sweetness unchanged, Flavor moreintense, diluted to less void less artificial drinking  50 More sweetthan zero Less bitter, Flavor more strength, 5 sample, improved intense,less artificial, % sugar) mouth feel flowery notes 100 Sweetnessenjoyable, Harmonic bitter/flavor mouth feel perfect balance, flavormore intense, improved smell and taste (more fruity) 200 Too sweet,mouth feel Harmonic bitter/flavor perfect, slight balance, flavor morebitter/metallic off-taste intense, improved smell and taste (fresh,fruity peach) 500 Too sweet, mouth feel Unpleasant still perfect, clearbitter/metallic off-notes, bitter/metallic off-taste flavor perceptiondue to Stevia-off notesTest Ice Tea, Joint opinion 8 tasters

Conclusion: Sweetening agent derived MRPs can improve the mouth feel,enhance the intensity of flavor and harmonize the overall taste andaroma of low sugar flavored tea beverages.

TABLE 152.5 Test Vegetable Juice, Joint opinion 8 tasters Stevia-derivedMRP (ppm) lot number 240-71-01 Sweetness Flavor Product Flora (potency,profile) (increase, modified) Carrot — Sweet, slightly fresh, typicalcarrot, Juice watery/void pleasant taste (freshly  10 Sweetnessunchanged, Flavor more fresh, more squeezed, less watery/void intensecarrot no added  50 More Sweet, mouth feel Flavor more fresh, moresugar) slightly improved intense carrot and flower 100 Sweetnessperfect, Flavor more intense, fresh mouth feel perfect, carrot andpleasant more harmonic flowery/grassy notes 200 Sweetness too high,Flavor more intense, fresh mouth feel overdone carrot, too much(viscous), slight flowery/grassy notes lingering 500 Sweetness too high,Flavor more intense, fresh mouth feel overdone carrot, substantially too(viscous), lingering, much flowery/grassy off-taste notes, Steviaoff-tasteConclusion: Sweetening agent derived MRP, can improve the mouth feel,enhance the freshness of flavor, harmonize the overall taste and aromaof without added sugar in a vegetable juice such as carrot juice.

TABLE 152.6 Test Vegetable Juice, Joint opinion 8 tasters Stevia-derivedMRPs (ppm) Lot Number 240-71-01 Sweetness Flavor Product Flora (potency,profile) (increase, modified) Tomato — slightly sweet, mouth fresh,typical tomato, Juice feel acceptable pleasant taste (commercial 10 Nodifference to zero Flavor more intense, product sample tomato and herbalnotes Rauch 50 More sweet, mouth feel Flavor more intense, Happyunchanged tomato/herbal notes, less Day, 3 % acidic, harmonic sugar) 100More sweet, mouth feel Flavor more intense, increased tomato/strongherbal notes, less acidic, harmonic, pleasant 200 Too sweet mouth feelFlavor more intense, sticky, slight lingering tomato/strong herbalnotes, less acidic, not pleasant 500 Sweetness too high, Flavor moreintense, mouth feel overdone unbalanced tomato/herbal (sticky lingering,off- notes, unpleasant pleasant taste

Conclusion: Sweetening agent derived MRPs can improve the mouth feel,enhance the flavor and harmonize the overall taste and aroma of lowsugar vegetable juice such as Tomato Juice.

TABLE 152.7 Test Yogurt, Joint opinion 8 tasters Stevia-derived MRPs(ppm) Lot number 240-71-01 Sweetness Flavor Product Flora (potency,profile) (increase, modified) Fruit — Sweet taste, Typical for theCocktail sugarlike, mouth product, fruity Yogurt feel acceptable(orange, cherry, (Commercial strawberry) and product, milky/acidic NÖM,14 10 Slight change in Flavor more % sugar) sweetness intense, freshnotes, perception more balanced sweet/sour taste 50 More (too) sweet,Flavor more mouth feel intense, fresh notes, optimized more balancedsweet/sour taste, harmonic 100 Too sweet mouth Flavor more feelincreased intense, herbal (more creamy) notes, optimum balancesweet/sour , taste, harmonic 200 Too sweet, Flavor more lingeringintense, too much herbal/grassy notes, balanced sweet/sour taste,harmonic 500 Too sweet, Unpleasant, off- lingering, off-notes notes,sticky, over-flavored (Stevia)

Conclusion: Sweetening agent derived MRPs can improve the mouth feel(creamy), intensify the flavor, harmonize the overall taste and flavorof full sugar fruited food such as yogurt.

TABLE 152.8 Test Yogurt, Joint opinion 8 tasters Stevia-derived MRPs(ppm) Lot number 240-51-01 Sweetness Flavor Product Tangerine (potency,profile) (increase, modified) Mango — Sweet taste, sugarlike, Typicalfor the Yogurt mouth feel ok, but product, fruity (Commercial“artificial” (mango) and product, milky/acidic NÖM no 10 Slight increasein More intense mango fat, 5% sugar) sweetness perception, flavorimproved mouth feel 50 More sweet, mouth feel More intense mangoimproved flavor, improved sweet/sour balance 100 Sweetness optimal, Moreintense mango mouth feel enjoyable flavor, optimized sweet/sour balance200 Too sweet, mouth feel More intense mango acceptable, lingeringflavor, sweet/sour balance overlaid by Stevia off-taste 500 Too sweet,lingering, Unpleasant, off- off-notes (Stevia) notes, sticky, over-flavored

Conclusion: Sweetening agent derived MRPs can improve the mouth feel,enhance the fruit flavor and harmonize the overall taste and aroma of nofat, less sugar flavored foods such as yogurt.

TABLE 152.9 Test Sugar Free Orange Beverage, Joint opinion 8 testpersons Stevia-derived MRPs (ppm) Lot number 240-51-01 Sweetness FlavorProduct Tangerine (potency, profile) (increase, modified) Sugar free, —Artificial sweet, void Typical for the Orange Taste (lack of mouth feel)product range, Brand Name slightly artificial, Gröbi bitter/metallic,(Sweetener: orange smell Na-cyclamate, 50 Still artificial sweet, Flavormore intense, Acesulfam K, less void more fresh orange, Na-saccharineless bitter/metallic, and harmonic Aspartame) 100 Traces of artificialFlavor more intense, sweetness, more fresh orange, improved harmonicsweet/sour mouth feel balance, no bitterness 200 Pleasant sugar- Flavormore intense, similar sweetness, more fresh orange, mouth feel harmonicsweet/sour substantially balance, no bitterness improved

Conclusion: Sweetening agent-derived MRPs can improve the mouth feel,intensity of flavor and harmonize overall taste and aroma of addedsynthetic high intensity sweeteners in sugar free fruit-flavoredbeverage.

TABLE 152.10 Test Cocoa low fat milk, Joint opinion 8 test personsStevia-derived MRPs (ppm) Lot number 240-51-01 Sweetness Flavor ProductChocolate (potency, profile) (increase, modified) Cocoa — SlightSweetness, void Typical for the prepared with (watery) taste product,bitter, cocoa powder astringent (Brand 50 Slightly sweeter, still Lessbitter, less Sacher) in low void (watery) taste astringent, slight fatmilk 0.9 % chocolate notes (Nöm 100 Sweeter, less void Cacao/chocolateFastenmilch) (watery) taste smell and taste, with 3 % bitter/sweetbalance Sugar added 200 Sweetness adequate, Harmonic cacao/ mouth feelchocolate smell and substantially improved taste, harmonic bitter/sweetbalance

Conclusion: Sweetening agent-derived MRPs can improve the mouth feel andharmonize the taste and aroma of low fat, low sugar Cocoa Milk.

Example 153. Test with Standard MRPs as Flavors

TABLE 153.1 Preparation of standard MRPs used as is after reaction Time,Reactants Solvent min T, ° C. Smell Color Taste 3.3 mM Phe 1 ml H₂O 40100 Flower, Bloomy brown sweet 3.3 mM Phe + 10 mM Glc + Flower, Bloomybrown sweet 3.3 mM Phe + 10 mM Xyl 9 ml Nutmeg brown sweet 10 mM ThrGlycerol Vanilla, Popcorn yellow sweet 10 mM Thr + 10 mM Glc CottonCandy yellow Sweet 10 mM Thr + 10 mM Xyl Burnt sugar yellow Sweet Phe .. . phenylalanine, Thr . . . threonine, Glc . . . glucose, Xyl . . .xylose Above flavors were added directly to the applications after thereaction and cooling rapidly (on ice).

Test 1

1000 ppm (=1 g/l) were added to plain yogurt (low fat 1%, NÖM Fasten),test results given are the joint opinion of 8 tasters. Method: Forevaluation, the samples were tested by a panel of eight people. Thepanel was asked to determine the taste of each sample in comparison to acontrol sample without addition of the components described above. 1trained taster tasted independently the samples first. The tester wasallowed to re-taste, and then determine a description of the taste.Afterwards, another 7 tasters tasted the samples and the taste(s) wasdiscussed among the testers to arrive at a suitable description. In casethat more than 1 taster disagreed with the result, the tasting wasrepeated. This test was used in the examples that follow.

TABLE 153.2 Reactants Smell Color Taste — Milky, acidic White Typicalfor low fat yogurt, harsh acidity, slightly watery, refreshing 3.3 mMPhe Milky, Acidic, Slightly Bloomy notes, type of Bloomy notes yellowsavory (salad dressing), harmonic acidity 3.3 mM Phe + Milky, Acidic,Slightly Bloomy notes, sweet, 10 mM Glc Bloomy notes yellow lightdessert course cream taste, harmonic acidity, increased mouth feel 3.3mM Phe + Milky, Acidic, Slightly Nutmeg notes, sweet, 10 mM Xyl Nutmegyellow type of savory (grill sauce), harmonic acidity 10 mM Thr Vanilla,Popcorn white Vanilla notes, sweet, light dessert course cream taste,harmonic acidity 10 mM Thr + Cotton Candy white Cotton Candy, sweet, 10mM Glc ice cream basis/sauce, harmonic acidity, increased mouth feel 10mM Thr + Burnt sugar white Burnt sugar taste, 10 mM Xyl slightly bitter,

The standard MRPs tested exerted a clear flavoring effect and a moderateflavor modifying effect.

Test 2

1000 ppm (=1 g/l) were added to sparkling water (Römerquelle), testresults given are the joint opinion of 8 tasters.

Method: The same as test 1 above.

TABLE 153.3 Reactants Smell Color Taste — None None Typical forsparkling water, slightly salty and metallic 3.3 mM Phe Bloomy notesSlightly Bloomy notes, yellow less salty 3.3 mM Phe + Bloomy notesSlightly Bloomy notes, 10 mM Glc yellow sweet, less salty, increasedmouth feel 3.3 mM Phe + Nutmeg, herbal notes Slightly Nutmeg notes,sweet, 10 mM Xyl yellow less salty, harmonic overall taste, smoother 10mM Thr Vanilla, Popcorn white Vanilla and caramel notes, sweet 10 mMThr + Cotton Candy white Cotton Candy, sweet, 10 mM Glc less salty,slightly astringent, harmonic overall taste, smooth 10 mM Thr + Burntsugar white Burnt sugar taste, sweet 10 mM Glc and bitter, astringent

The standard MRPs tested exerted a clear flavoring effect.

Test 3

1000 ppm (=1 g/l) were added to green tea (tea bags, Teekanne, preparedaccording to instructions), test results given are the joint opinion of8 tasters.

Method: The same as that of Test 1 above.

TABLE 153.4 Reactants Smell Color Taste — Herbal, Tea Greenish/ Typicalfor green tea, Yellow aromatic, bitter, astringent 3.3 mM Phe Herbalnotes Greenish/ Aromatic, more intense, more intense Yellow bitterastringent 3.3 mM Phe + Herbal notes Greenish/ Slightly sweet, aromatic,10 mM Glc more intense, Yellow more intense, fresher, more fresh lessbitter and astringent, less watery. 3.3 mM Phe + Herbal and Greenish/Slightly sweet, aromatic, 10 mM Xyl Nutmeg notes Yellow herbal andnutmeg taste, less bitter and astringent 10 mM Thr Herbal and Greenish/Slightly sweet, aromatic, vanilla notes Yellow herbal and vanilla taste,less astringent. 10 mM Thr + Herbal and Greenish/ Slightly sweet,aromatic, 10 mM Glc sweet notes Yellow herbal taste, less astringent,less watery 10 mM Thr + Herbal and Greenish/ Slightly sweet, aromatic,10 mM Glc burnt sugar Yellow herbal taste, bitter, notes astringent,pleasant

The standard MRPs tested exerted a clear flavoring effect and a moderateflavor modifying effect.

Example 154. Test with Standard MRPs as Flavors

TABLE 154.1 Preparation of standard MRPs used in a 1:10 dilution inglycerol after preparation. Time, Reactants Solvent min T, ° C. Smell¹⁾Color¹⁾ Taste¹⁾ 10 mM Phe 300 μl 10 170 Bloomy, light brown Slightlysweet + 10 mM 0, 1 M Flowery and salty, aromatic, Xyl KH₂PO₄₋ bloomynotes 10 mM Ala Puffer, Coffee light brown Slightly sweet + 10 mM pH 7,8 and salty, Xyl aromatic bitter 10 mM Lys Sweet, Honey, light brownSlightly sweet + 10 mM Popcorn and salty, honey Xyl notes 10 mM GlnUmami light brown Slightly sweet + 10 mM and salty, aromatic, Xyl savorytaste 10 mM Phe 1200 μl Pleasant, honey, light brown Slightly sweet + 10mM 0, 1 M caramel, and salty, Ala KH₂PO₄₋ bloomy, meat, aromatic,honey, + 10 mM Puffer, Barbecue caramel and Lys + 10 pH 7,8 umami notes,mM Gln savory taste + 40 mM Xyl Ala . . . alanine, Lys . . . lysine, Gln. . . glutamic acid ¹⁾ . . . after dilution with glycerol

Test 1

TABLE 154.2 Comparison of a mixture of single amino acid/xylose MRPsversus a combined reaction MRP Reactants Smell Color Taste Mixture(1:1:1:1): Umami, honey light Slightly sweet 10 mM Phe + 10 mM Xyl andbloomy notes brown and salty, aromatic 10 mM Ala + 10 mM Xyl bitterness,honey 10 mM Lys + 10 mM Xyl and umami notes 10 mM Gln + 10 mM Xyl(sweetened soup), slightly astringent Combined reaction of 10 Pleasant,honey, light Slightly sweet mM Phe +10 mM Ala + caramel, bloomy, brownand salty, 10 mM Lys + 10 mM meat, barbecue aromatic, honey, Gln + 40 mMXyl caramel and umami notes, savory taste, slightly astringent

A mixture of single amino acid and single sugar MRPs (Phe+Xyl, Ala+Xyl,Lys+Xy, Gly+Xyl), yields a flavor and taste profile which is similar butdistinguishable from a combined reaction of all amino acids with asingle sugar (Phe+Ala+Lys+Gly+Xyl).

Test 2

TABLE 154.3 Comparison of a mixture of single amino acid/xylose MRPswith a combined reaction MRP (1000 ppm after dilution added to sourcream with parsley, chive and garlic [sauce for oven baked potatoes])Reactants Smell Color Taste — Sour cream, White Sour cream, garlic,parsley, with acidic, garlic, chive green parsley, chive particlesMixture (1:1:1:1): Sour cream, White Sour cream, 10 mM Phe + 10 mM Xylgarlic, parsley, with garlic, parsley, 10 mM Ala + 10 mM Xyl chive,umami, green chive Harmonic 10 mM Lys + 10 mM Xyl honey and particlessweet/sour 10 mM Gln + 10 mM Xyl bloomy notes balance, honey and umaminotes, more full-bodied Combined reaction of 10 mM Sour cream, WhiteSour cream, Phe + 10 mM Ala + 10 mM garlic, parsley, with garlic,parsley, Lys + 10 mM Gln + 40 mM chive, honey, green chive Harmonic Xylcaramel particles sweet/sour meat notes balance, pleasant honey, carameland savory notes, smoother

A mixture of single amino acid and single sugar MRPs (Phe+Xyl, Ala+Xyl,Lys+Xy, Gln+Xyl), yields a flavor and taste profile which is similar butdistinguishable from a combined reaction of all amino acids with asingle sugar (Phe+Ala+Lys+Gly+Xyl).

Example 155. Investigations for MRPs Samples With/Without Stevia Extract

A series of samples were prepared and tested for antioxidant potential,sensory properties and the effect in various applications.

Stevia extract materials:

1) RA20/TSG(9)95;

2) RA80/TSG(9)95;

3) Sample A: the compositions was as follows:

TABLE 155.1 Lot # RD RA STV RF RC Dulc A RUB RB STB RM TSG(9) 201804023.61 22.39 21.16 1.51 9.35 0.8 0.41 0.03 0.29 1.81 61.36 20180501-1 3.0726.47 22.97 1.9 10.24 0.97 0.44 1 0.57 2.54 70.17 20180503-1 5.35 25.7418.87 2.11 11.41 0.56 0.34 2.01 0.86 3.22 70.47 20180505-1 6.33 21.6814.96 1.7 9.09 0.41 0.2 3.84 1.68 3.84 63.73 20180507-1 5.59 25.06 21.21.7 8.89 0.42 0.18 1.91 0.85 2.98 68.78 20180509-1 8.06 31.11 9.48 1.698.67 0.29 0.16 2.82 0.96 3.41 66.65

4) Sample B: the composition was as follows:

TABLE 155.2 Lot # RD RA STV RF RC Dulc A RUB RB STB RM TSG(9) 201804081.52 25.04 30.63 1.99 11.43 1.26 0.77 0.11 0.82 0.69 74.26 20180501-20.32 22.31 33.34 2.63 14.65 2.35 2.11 1.88 1.06 0.2 80.85 20180503-20.34 20.96 28.32 2.76 16.47 1.8 1.61 2.68 2.3 0.37 77.61 20180505-2 1.1526.07 29.31 2.96 17.16 1.57 1.32 1.89 0.67 0.64 82.74 20180507-2 0.4424.73 34.07 2.56 14.86 1.69 1.47 2.34 0.43 0.52 83.11

Sample Preparation:

Type “Floral”: 0.67 g Xylose and 0.33 g phenylalanine were dissolvedwith or without 4 g RA20/TSG(9)95 in 2.50 g deionized water. Thesolution was heated to 100° C. for 2 hours in a drying oven. Aftercooling to room temperature, the samples were diluted to 25 ml withwater.

Type “Tangerine”: 0.80 g galactose and 1.00 g glutamic acid weredissolved with or without 10.0 g Sample A in 4.00 g deionized water. Thesolution was heated to 100° C. for 2 hours in a drying oven. Aftercooling to room temperature, the samples were diluted to 25 ml withwater.

Type “Popcorn”: 1.00 g galactose and 0.50 g proline were dissolved withor without 3.5 g Sample A in 2.50 g deionized water. The solution washeated to 100° C. for 3 hours in a drying oven. After cooling to roomtemperature, the samples were diluted to 25 ml with water.

Type “Chocolate”: 1.00 g xylose and 0.50 g valine were dissolved with orwithout 3.50 g RA80/TSG(9)95 in 2.5 g deionized water. 0.50 g propyleneglycol was added to the reaction mixture. The solution was heated to120° C. for 0.75 hours in a drying oven. After cooling to roomtemperature, the samples were diluted to 25 ml with water.

From the samples prepared with steviol-glycosides, powdered samples wereobtained from EPC. (SG-MRP Flora Lot #240-71-01, SG-MRP Tangerine Lot#240-51-01, SG-MRP Popcorn Lot #211-31-24, SG-MRP Chocolate Lot#211-23-46). 500 mg of each sample was dissolved in 25 ml water andsubjected to the tests.

DPPH Test for Anti-Oxidant Potential

A 0.1 mM solution of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) wasprepared in ethanol, calibration samples were prepared with Ascorbicacid in a concentration of 0-1 mg/mL in water; as a negative controlsample water was used. The reacted samples were assayed after dilutionwith water. Powdered samples were weighed in and dissolved in water (500mg/25 ml) and if applicable further diluted.

0.2 ml sample (or calibration standard) solution was mixed with 0.2 mlsolution of DPPH° (0.1 mM) and 3.6 ml methanol. The mixture wasreacted—protected from light—at room temperature for 30 min. After 3minutes the absorbance at 517 nm was obtained against ethanol.Quantification was performed by linear regression of calibration testresults for ascorbic acid. The test results are given as ascorbic acidequivalents.

The following tables shows the test results for the DPPH test of thesamples tested.

As seen in the first table below, the samples prepared with thesteviol-glycosides Sample A and RA80/TSG(9)95 yielded a massive increasein the anti-oxidant radical scavenging potential. The effect ofRA20/TSG(9)95 could not be evaluated as Type Flora was also highlyactive without added steviol-glycosides.

As seen in the second table below, SG-MRP Flora and Chocolate showsubstantial anti-oxidant radical scavenging potential after beingspray-dried. SG-MRP Tangerine and Popcorn loses its anti-oxidant radicalscavenging potential during the drying procedure.

TABLE 155.3 Anti-oxidant potential of samples prepared without/withsteviol-glycosides Ascorbic acid equivalents (mg/ml) Sample No AddedSteviol-glycosides Added Steviol-glycosides Flora   0.157 0.155Tangerine <0.01 0.101 Popcorn <0.01 0.160 Chocolate <0.01 0.114

TABLE 155.4 Anti-oxidant potential of powdered samples (500 mg/25 ml)Sample Ascorbic acid equivalents (mg/ml) SG Flora 0.136 SG Tangerine0.012 SG Popcorn <0.01   SG Chocolate 0.137

Iron Reduction Test for Anti-Oxidant Potential

1 ml sample (or calibration standard) solution) was mixed with 0.2 MSodium phosphate buffer (pH=6.6) and 1 ml Potassium ferric(III)cyanidesolution in water (1% w/v) and incubated at 50° C. for 20 minutes. 10%(v/v) Trichloroacetic acid was then added and 2 ml of the resultingsolution was transferred to a 5 ml vial and 0.4 ml Iron-III-Chloridesolution in water (0.1% w/v) was added. The sample was incubated for 10minutes and absorbance read at 700 nm against a water control.Calibration samples were prepared with Ascorbic acid in concentrationsof 0-2 mg/mL in 0.2 M Sodium phosphate buffer (pH=6.6), as a negativecontrol sample water was used.

Powdered samples were weighed and diluted in 0.2 M Sodium phosphatebuffer (pH=6.6). The final concentrations of the test samples wereadjusted to fall within the calibration range.

Quantification was performed by linear regression of calibration testresults for ascorbic acid. The test results are given as ascorbic acidequivalents.

The following shows the test results for the Iron reduction test of thesamples tested.

TABLE 155.5 Iron Reduction potential of powdered samples (500 mg/25 ml)Sample Ascorbic acid equivalents (mg/ml) SG Flora 0.335 SG Tangerine<0.01   SG Popcorn <0.01   SG Chocolate 0.874

As can be noted, SG Flora and Chocolate show substantial active ironreduction potential while SG Tangerine and Popcorn did not possess anoticeable active iron reduction potential.

Sensory Analysis

The samples prepared in-house were subjected to descriptive, sensoryanalysis for color, odor and taste. The results presented are the jointopinion of five test persons. Samples were tested immediately afterreaction and cooling and after dilution with water. FIG. 146 containssensory analysis results for tests in final applications.

Method: For evaluation, the samples were tested by a panel of fivepeople. The panel was asked to determine the taste of each sample incomparison to a control sample without addition of the componentsdescribed above. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samplesfirst. The tester was allowed to re-taste, and then determine adescription of the taste. Afterwards, another 4 tasters tasted thesamples and the taste(s) was discussed amongst the testers to arrive ata suitable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed withthe result, the tasting was repeated.

Analytical Analysis

TABLE 155.6 Shimadzu GC-2010 Plus Gas Chromatograph Column AgilentDB-1701 60.0 m × 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 μm Column Oven 45° C. (3 min) → 15°C./min → 250° C. (23.67 min) Temperature GC Program Time 23.67 minMobile Phase He Constant Pressure 250.0 kPa Transfer Line 280° C.Temperature GCMS-QP2020 Mass Spectrometer Measurement Full Scan (50-400m/z) Mode Injection Head 500 μL Space Ion Source 200° C. TemperatureTriPlus RSH Autosampler (Head Space and SPME) Head SpaceEquilibrate/shake 90° C. for 40 minutes Condition SPME On-Board HeadSpace extraction columns, collect for 10 minutes, transfer to injector(PTV) Injection 250° C. Temperature

The following tables provide the results of the sensory analysis for allsamples tested. FIG. 147 shows the results of SG-MRPs flavor thresholddetermination.

Sensory Analysis of samples prepared without/with steviol-glycosidesimmediately after reaction

TABLE 155.7 Steviol- Sample Glycosides Color Odor Taste Flora − AmberMarzipan Bitter, herbal/flowery + Dark Amber Dried Transient bitter,flowers, intensive sweet, caramel flowery Tangerine − Colorless Neutral,Artificial, slightly unpleasant artificial, plastic + Yellow/OrangeSweet Transient bitter, (honey), intensive sweet, fruity fruity (orange/(orange/ tangerine skin) tangerine) Popcorn − Amber Intense Bitter,caramel, unpleasant glucose syrup + Amber Sweet Transient bitter,(caramel), intensive sweet Popcorn CHocolate − Brown Chocolate,Cacao/chocolate, smell after not sweet, solvents slightly sour + BrownChocolate, Transient bitter, slight smell sweet, chocolate aftersolvents

Sensory Analysis of samples prepared without/with steviol-glycosidesafter dilution in water

TABLE 155.8 Steviol- Sample Glycosides Color Odor Taste Flora − AmberDried Bitter, Flowers, Grass + Amber Dried flowers, Transient honeybitter, sweet, flowery Tangerine − Colorless artificial, Artificial,(slight plastic unpleasant precipitate) + Yellow (slight Sweet Transientprecipitate) (honey), fruity bitter, sweet, (orange/ fruity (orange/tangerine) tangerine skin) Popcorn − Amber Caramel, Bitter, glucosesyrup unpleasant + Amber Popcorn, Transient caramel bitter, intensivesweet CHocolate − Brown Chocolate bitter + Brown Chocolate, Transientslightly fruity bitter, sweet, chocolate

Sensory Analysis of powdered MRP samples (500 mg/25 ml)

TABLE 155.9 MRPs Color Odor Taste Flora Amber Dried Flowers, Transientbitter, Grass sweet, flowery Tangerine Yellow Fruity Orange Transientbitter, sweet, citrus fruits Popcorn Yellowish Popcorn, Transientbitter, caramel sweet, herbal, Popcorn Chocolate Brown Chocolate,Transient bitter, cacao sweet, chocolate/cacao

In general it was concluded that the powdered samples are similar incolor, odor and taste to the freshly prepared samples.

Analytical Analysis

The following table shows the flavor active components found by GC/MS inStevia extracts and in the SG-MRP samples.

Flavor active components detected in Stevia Extracts and MRPs samples(qualitative)

TABLE 155.10 Stevia-Extracts¹ Tangerine Popcorn Chocolate Flora1-Octen-3-ol 1 -Octen-3-ol 1-Hexen-3-ol 2-hexyldecanol 3-Heptanone,5-methyl- 2,4-Di-tert- 2,4-Di-tert- 2,4-Di-tert- butylphenol butylphenolbutylphenol 2-Ethyl-1- 2-Ethyl-l- dodecanol dodecanol 4- 4-Isopropylcyclohe Isopropylcyclohex xanone anone (+)-4-Carene 3,6- Nonadien-1 - ol, (E,Z)- 1 - Octadecanol 3-Hexanone, 2- methyl- 3-Hexen-2-one,5- methyl- 4- Isopropylcyclohex anone 2-Pheny1-3- (2-fury1)-propenal2-Phenylpropenal 2- Phenylpropen al 1-Propanol, 2,2- benzoate alpha.-Calacorene alpha- Terpineol Acetophenone Acetyl valeryl AzuleneBenzaldehyde Benzaldehyde Benzaldehye Benzene, 1- methy1-4-(1-methyletheny 1)- Benzeneacetaldehyde Benzeneacetaldehyde Benzoic Acidmethyl ester beta-Myrcene beta-Myrcene D-Limonene D-Limonene D-LimoneneD-Limonene E-15- Heptadecenal Farnesene epoxide, E- Furan, 2-[(methyldithio)me thyl]- Furan, 2-methyl- Furan, 3-phenyl- Furan, 3-phenyl- Furfural Furfural Furfural Hexanal, 2-ethyl- iso-Butyl aldehydepropylene glycol acetal L-alpha- L-alpha- Terpineol Terpineol Limoneneoxide, trans- Linalool Linalool Linalool Linalool Nonanal NonanalNonanoic acid, 9- Nonanoic Nonanoic oxo-, 1- acid, 9-oxo-, acid, 9-oxo-,methylethyl ester 1- 1-methylethyl methylethyl ester ester Pentadecane,2,6,10,14- tetramethyl- Phenol, 3,5- bis(1,1- dimethylethyl )-trans-Linalool trans- oxide (furanoid) Linalool oxide (furanoid) ¹Sum ofcompounds detected in Stevia extract, RA20/TSG(9)95, RA80/TSG(9)95.

Example 156. Correlation Between Steviol Glycosides and MRPs PreparedThereof

Materials: refer to Examples 37 and 155 for all samples used in thisexample.

Method: the correlation between steviol glycosides and MRPs prepared wasestablished by using HPLC/MS investigations.

FIG. 148a is a first HPLC chromatogram, UV/VIS detection 254 nm(indicative for non-steviol compounds) for the samples as tested.

FIG. 148b is a second HPLC chromatogram, UV/VIS detection 254 nm(indicative for non-steviol compounds) for the samples as tested.

FIG. 148c is a third HPLC chromatogram, UV/VIS detection 254 nm(indicative for non-steviol compounds) for the samples as tested.

FIG. 148d is a chromatogram, ESI-MS detection neg. mode (m/z=349) forthe samples as tested.

FIG. 149a through c shows ESI-MS spectra of 3 peaks related to theStevia extract of Example 37, sample A and sample B (9.8, 10.8 and 12.3minutes)

FIG. 150a through c shows UV-VIS spectra of 2 peaks related to theStevia extract of Example 37, sample A and sample B (9.8, 10.8 and 12.3minutes).

From FIGS. 148-150, it can be seen that three peaks were detected inStevia extract of Example 37, sample A and sample B as well as in theSG-MRP samples prepared thereof.

They do not appear in samples prepared without sample A and sample B(i.e. not even a small peak in SG-MRP Chocolate or Flora).

All 3 peaks are also observed in samples followed by 254 nm (indicativefor a benzol ring as part of the molecule).

The ESI-MS spectra and UV spectra are identical in all the samplespresented in Chromatogram 4 and 1, respectively.

Example 157: Combination of SG-MRP Floral with Sugar

Experimental:

Following test solutions were prepared with SG-MRP Floral:

TABLE 157.1 CaCl₂ MgCl₂ Sugar SG-MRP Sample Number (g/l) (g/1 (g/l)(g/l) #1 1 — — — #2 1 — 50 — #3 1 — — 0.1 #4 1 — 50 0.1 #5 — 1 — — #6 —1 50 — #7 — 1 — 0.1 #8 — 1 50 0.1

Then the samples were tasted in 2 series. Series 1 was tasted by fivetest persons using a random order of the samples under usual conditions.Series 2 was tasted by the same five persons using a random order of thesamples using a nose clamp to suppress nasal breathing while tasting.Method: For evaluation, the samples were tested by a panel of fivepeople. The panel was asked to determine the taste of each sample incomparison to a control sample without addition of the componentsdescribed above. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samplesfirst. The tester was allowed to re-taste, and then determine adescription of the taste. Afterwards, another 4 tasters tasted thesamples and the taste(s) was discussed amongst the testers to arrive ata suitable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed withthe result, the tasting was repeated.

Each sample was evaluated by the following six properties using a3-point scale (Weak/None if applicable)/Medium/Intense orSlow/Medium/Quick for onset of sweetness): Metallic, Salty, Bitter,Astringent, Sweet, Lingering and Onset of sweetness.

Test results are as follows, and reported as median values:

TABLE 157.2 Test series 1 under usual conditions: Sensory property #1 #2#3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 Metallic 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 Salty 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 Bitter2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 Astringent 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 Sweet  1* 2 2 3  1* 2 2 3Lingering  1* 1 2 2  1* 1 2 2 Onset  1* 3 2 1  1* 3 2 2 * . . . None

TABLE 157.3 Test series 2 with nose clip to suppress nasal breathing:Sensory property #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 Metallic 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 Salty2 1.5 1 1 3 2 1.5 1 Bitter 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 Astringent 2 1 1 1 2 1.5 1.51 Sweet  1* 2 2 3  1* 2 2 3 Lingering  1* 1 1.5 2  1* 1 2 2 Onset  1* 32 1  1* 3 2.5 2 * . . . None

As seen in the above Tables, SG-MRP and its combination with sugarreduced the metallic, salty and bitter taste perception when compared toan aqueous solution of the salts tested.

Example 158. Improvement of Probiotic Drink with TS-MRP

Materials:

S-MRP-FL: lot #240-71-01, available from EPC Natural Products Co., Ltd,China, prepared according to the method the same as Example 67.

Thaumatin: available from EPC Natural Products Co., Ltd, China, lot#20180801, the content of thaumatin is 10.74%.

TS-MRP-FL: the mixture of above S-MRP-FL and thaumatin with the weightratio of 10:1 (S-MRP-FL/thaumatin).

Probiotic drink:

TABLE 158.1 Sample Batch/Lot No. Sweetener adding Source Yakult 20181203Lot. Sugar, glucose Yakult light SDGC13 and sucralose (China) Yakult20181204 Lot. Sugar and Group IBJB2 glucose

Experiments:

Recipe:

Yakult light with 75 ppm S-MRP-FL

Reference Sample I:

Yakult light (70% less sugar added)

Reference Sample II:

Yakult (full sugar added)

Results

Sensory properties

TABLE 158.2 Reference I Appearance Smell Taste Mouth feel Flesh colorTypical flavor of Typical taste of Flat, Viscous probiotic drinkprobiotic drink, Astringent Acidic, less sweet

TABLE 158.3 Reference II Appearance Smell Taste Mouth feel Flesh colorbut Typical Typical taste of Full body, deeper than flavor of probioticdrink, Round reference I probiotic Very aromatic Viscous drinksweet/sour balance, Harmonic/mild acidity

TABLE 158.4 Recipe (compared to Reference I) Appearance Smell TasteMouth feel No change Almost More intense Full body, no change andpleasant, Round Harmonic, Sweeter, Less acidic

TABLE 158.5 Recipe (compared to Reference II) Appearance Smell TasteMouth feel Flesh Color but Almost Sweet and near to lighter than nochange acidic reference reference II, taste near to Viscous reference

Conclusion:

When compared to the full sugar probiotic drink, the sugar reducedexample has less mouth feel, was less sweet, more acidic and astrigent.It was surprising that when adding TS-MRP to sugar reduced probioticdrink, the mouth feel became full bodied and the acidic and sweet tastebecame harmonic. The taste profile had almost no difference incomparison to the full sugar example.

Examples 159-176. Improvement by MRP, S-MRP and TS-MRP to the Taste andMouth Feel of Monk Fruit Extract

The sources of the monk fruit extract and MRP samples used in thefollowing Examples are as follows.

TABLE 159-176 sample source Lot # specification Monk fruit HunanHuacheng LHGE- Mogroside V extract, Biotech, Inc., China 180722 50.65%mogroside V50 MRP-FL The product of Example 96 MRP-CH The product ofExample 99 MRP-CI The product of Example 98 MRP-CA The product ofExample 97 S-MRP-FL The product of Example 67 S-MRP-CH The product ofExample 101 S-MRP-CI The product of Example 100 S-MRP-CA The product ofExample 68 thaumatin The product of EPC 20180801 thaumatin NaturalProducts Co., Ltd, China 10.74% TS-MRP-FL the mixture of above S-MRP-FLand thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-CH the mixture ofabove S-MRP-CH and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-CI themixture of above S-MRP-CI and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1TS-MRP-CA the mixture of above S-MRP-CA and thaumatin with the weightratio of 10:1

Example 159. The Improvement of MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V50

Common Process:

MRP-FL and mogroside V50 were weighed and uniformly mixed according tothe weights shown in Table 159.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 159.1 the weight of MRP-FL and mogroside V50 Mogroside Weight ofmogroside Weight of # V50/MRP-FL V50 (g) MRP-FL (g) 159-01 1/0.01 0.050.0005 159-02 1/0.1 0.005 159-03 1/0.3 0.015 159-04 1/0.5 0.025 159-051/0.7 0.035 159-06 1/0.9 0.045 159-07 1/1 0.05 159-08 1/1.5 0.075 159-091/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-FL and mogroside V50 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V50 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 159.2.

TABLE 159.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel metallic score of sweet # kokumi sweet lingeringbitterness aftertaste profile overall like 159-01 1 4 1 1 4 2.5 159-02 13 1 1 4.33 2.67 159-03 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 159-04 3 3 1 1 4.33 3.67 159-053 2 2 1 4.33 3.67 159-06 3 2 2 1 4.33 3.67 159-07 3 2 2 1 4.33 3.67159-08 4 1 2 1 4.66 4.33 159-09 4 1 3 1 4.33 4.16

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to MRP-FL in this example is shown in FIG. 156.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to MRP-FL in this example is shown in FIG. 157.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs could significantly improve taste profile,flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extract compositionwhich comprises no less than 50% of mogroside. All ranges in testedratios of mogroside V50 to MRP-FL from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had good taste(overall like score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from1/0.3 to 1/2, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofmonk fruit extract.

Example 160. Improvement by MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V50

Common Process:

MRP-CH and mogroside V50 were weighed and uniformly prepared accordingto the weights shown in Table 160.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 160.1 the weight of MRP-CH and mogroside V50 Mogroside Weight ofmogroside Weight of # V50/MRP-CH V50 (g) MRP-CH (g) 160-01 1/0.01 0.050.0005 160-02 1/0.1 0.005 160-03 1/0.3 0.015 160-04 1/0.5 0.025 160-051/0.7 0.035 160-06 1/0.9 0.045 160-07 1/1 0.05 160-08 1/1.5 0.075 160-091/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CH and mogroside V50 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V50 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 160.2.

TABLE 160.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel metallic score of sweet # kokumi sweet lingeringbitterness aftertaste profile overall like 160-01 1 4 1 1 4.00 2.50160-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 160-03 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 160-04 3 3 2 1 4.003.50 160-05 3 2 2 1 4.33 3.67 160-06 4 2 2 1 4.33 4.17 160-07 4 2 2 14.33 4.17 160-08 4 2 3 1 4.00 4.00 160-09 4 1 3 1 4.33 4.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to MRP-CH in this example is shown in FIG. 158.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to MRP-CH in this example is shown in FIG. 159.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 50% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V50 to MRP-CH from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.3 to 1/2, the products provided a very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofmonk fruit extract.

Example 161. Improvement by MRP-CI to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V50

Common Process:

MRP-CI and mogroside V50 were weighed and uniformly prepared accordingto the weights shown in Table 161.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 161.1 the weight of MRP-CI and mogroside V50 Mogroside Weight ofmogroside Weight of # V50/MRP-CI V50 (g) MRP-CI (g) 161-01 1/0.01 0.050.0005 161-02 1/0.1 0.005 161-03 1/0.3 0.015 161-04 1/0.5 0.025 161-051/0.7 0.035 161-06 1/0.9 0.045 161-07 1/1 0.05 161-08 1/1.5 0.075 161-091/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CI and mogroside V50 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V50 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 161.2.

TABLE 161.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel metallic score of sweet # kokumi sweet lingeringbitterness aftertaste profile overall like 161-01 1 4 1 1 4.00 2.50161-02 1 4 1 1 4.00 2.50 161-03 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 161-04 2 3 1 1 4.333.17 161-05 3 3 1 1 4.33 3.67 161-06 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 161-07 3 2 1 14.67 3.83 161-08 4 2 1 1 4.67 4.33 161-09 4 2 1 1 4.67 4.33

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to MRP-CI in this example is shown in FIG. 160.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to MRP-CI in this example is shown in FIG. 161.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 50% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V50 to MRP-CI from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.3 to 1/2, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion could be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofmonk fruit extract.

Example 162. Improvement by S-MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V50

Common Process:

S-MRP-FL and mogroside V50 were weighed and uniformly prepared accordingto the weights shown in Table 162.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 162.1 the weight of S-MRP-FL and mogroside V50 Mogroside Weight ofWeight of V50/S-MRP- mogroside S-MRP-FL # FL V50 (g) (g) 162-01 1/0.010.05 0.0005 162-02 1/0.1 0.005 162-03 1/0.3 0.015 162-04 1/0.5 0.025162-05 1/0.7 0.035 162-06 1/0.9 0.045 162-07 1/1 0.05 162-08 1/1.5 0.075162-09 1/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-FL and mogroside V50 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V50 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 162.2.

TABLE 162.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel metallic score of sweet # kokumi sweet lingeringbitterness aftertaste profile overall like 162-01 1 4 1 1 4 2.5 162-02 13 1 1 4.33 2.67 162-03 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 162-04 3 3 1 1 4.33 3.67 162-053 3 2 1 4 3.5 162-06 3 2 2 1 4 3.5 162-07 3 2 2 1 4.33 3.67 162-08 3 1 31 4.33 3.67 162-09 4 1 3 1 4.33 4.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to S-MRP-FL in this example is shown in FIG. 162.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to S-MRP-FL in this example is shown in FIG. 163.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 50% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V50 to S-MRP-FL from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.3 to 1/2, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat S-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feelof monk fruit extract.

Example 163. Improvement by S-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V50

Common Process:

S-MRP-CH and mogroside V50 were weighed and uniformly prepared accordingto the weights shown in Table 163.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 163.1 the weight of S-MRP-CH and mogroside V50 Mogroside Weight ofWeight of S-MRP- # V50/S-MRP-CH mogroside V50 (g) CH (g) 163-01 1/0.010.05 0.0005 163-02 1/0.1 0.005 163-03 1/0.3 0.015 163-04 1/0.5 0.025163-05 1/0.7 0.035 163-06 1/0.9 0.045 163-07 1/1 0.05 163-08 1/1.5 0.075163-09 1/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CH and mogroside V50 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V50 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 163.2.

TABLE 163.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel metallic score of # kokumi sweet lingering bitternessaftertaste sweet profile overall like 163-01 1 5 1 1 3.67 2.33 163-02 14 1 1 4.00 2.50 163-03 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 163-04 3 3 1 1 4.33 3.67 163-053 3 2 1 4.00 3.50 163-06 4 2 2 1 4.33 4.17 163-07 4 2 2 1 4.33 4.17163-08 4 1 2 1 4.67 4.33 163-09 4 1 3 1 4.33 4.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to S-MRP-CH in this example is shown in FIG. 164.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to S-MRP-CH in this example is shown in FIG. 165.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 50% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V50 to S-MRP-CH from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.3 to 1/2, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat S-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feelof monk fruit extract.

Example 164. Improvement by S-MRP-CI to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V50

Common Process:

S-MRP-CI and mogroside V50 were weighed and uniformly prepared accordingto the weights shown in Table 164.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 164.1 the weight of S-MRP-CI and mogroside V50 Mogroside Weight ofWeight of S-MRP- # V50/S-MRP-CI mogroside V50 (g) CI (g) 164-01 1/0.010.05 0.0005 164-02 1/0.1 0.005 164-03 1/0.3 0.015 164-04 1/0.5 0.025164-05 1/0.7 0.035 164-06 1/0.9 0.045 164-07 1/1 0.05 164-08 1/1.5 0.075164-09 1/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CI and mogroside V50 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V50 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 164.2.

TABLE 164.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 164-01 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67164-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 164-03 1 2 1 1 4.67 2.83 164-04 2 2 1 1 4.673.33 164-05 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 164-06 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 164-07 3 2 1 14.67 3.83 164-08 4 1 1 1 5.00 4.50 164-09 4 1 2 1 4.67 4.33

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to S-MRP-CI in this example is shown in FIG. 166.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to S-MRP-CI in this example is shown in FIG. 167.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 50% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V50 to S-MRP-CI from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.5 to 1/2, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat S-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feelof monk fruit extract.

Example 165. Improvement by TS-MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V50

Common Process:

TS-MRP-FL and mogroside V50 were weighed and uniformly preparedaccording to the weights shown in Table 165.1, dissolved in 100 ml ofpure water, and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tastingprocedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 165.1 the weight of TS-MRP-FL and mogroside V50 Mogroside Weightof Weight of TS- # V50/TS-MRP-FL mogroside V50 (g) MRP-FL (g) 165-011/0.01 0.05 0.0005 165-02 1/0.1 0.005 165-03 1/0.3 0.015 165-04 1/0.50.025 165-05 1/0.7 0.035 165-06 1/0.9 0.045 165-07 1/1 0.05 165-08 1/1.50.075 165-09 1/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-FL and mogroside V50 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V50 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 165.2.

TABLE 165.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 165-01 1 4 1 1 4   2.5 165-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 165-03 2 3 1 1 433 3.17 165-04 3 2 1 1 4.663.83 165-05 3 2 1 1 4.66 3.83 165-06 3 3 2 1 4  3.5  165-07 3 3 2 1 4 3.5  165-08 4 4 2 1 3.66 3.83 165-09 4 4 3 1 3.33 3.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to TS-MRP-FL in this example is shown in FIG. 168.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to TS-MRP-FL in this example is shown in FIG. 169.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 50% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V50 to TS-MRP-FL from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.3 to 1/2, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat TS-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feelof monk fruit extract.

Example 166. Improvement by TS-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V50

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CH and mogroside V50 were weighed and uniformly preparedaccording to the weights shown in Table 166.1, dissolved in 100 ml ofpure water, and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tastingprocedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 166.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CH and mogroside V50 Mogroside Weightof TS- # V50/TS-MRP-CH Weight of mogroside V50 (g) MRP-CH (g) 166-011/0.01 0.05 0.0005 166-02 1/0.1 0.005 166-03 1/0.3 0.015 166-04 1/0.50.025 166-05 1/0.7 0.035 166-06 1/0.9 0.045 166-07 1/1 0.05 166-08 1/1.50.075 166-09 1/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CH and mogroside V50 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V50 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 166.2.

TABLE 166.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel metallic score of sweet # kokumi sweet lingeringbitterness aftertaste profile overall like 166-01 1 4 1 1 4.00 2.50166-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 166-03 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 166-04 2 3 1 1 4.333.17 166-05 2 4 1 1 4.00 3.00 166-06 3 4 1 1 4.00 3.50 166-07 3 4 2 13.67 3.33 166-08 4 4 2 1 3.67 3.83 166-09 4 4 3 1 3.33 3.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CH in this example is shown in FIG. 170.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CH in this example is shown in FIG. 171.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 50% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CH from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.5 to 1/2, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat TS-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feelof monk fruit extract.

Example 167. Improvement by TS-MRP-CI to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V50

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CI and mogroside V50 were weighed and uniformly preparedaccording to the weights shown in Table 167.1, dissolved in 100 ml ofpure water, and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tastingprocedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 167.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CI and mogroside V50 Mogroside Weightof TS- # V50/TS-MRP-CI Weight of mogroside V50 (g) MRP-CI (g) 167-011/0.01 0.05 0.0005 167-02 1/0.1 0.005 167-03 1/0.3 0.015 167-04 1/0.50.025 167-05 1/0.7 0.035 167-06 1/0.9 0.045 167-07 1/1 0.05 167-08 1/1.50.075 167-09 1/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CI and mogroside V50 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V50 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 167.2.

TABLE 167.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 167-01 1 4 1 1 4.00 2.50167-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 167-03 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 167-04 2 4 1 1 4.003.00 167-05 3 4 1 1 4.00 3.50 167-06 3 4 1 1 4.00 3.50 167-07 3 4 1 14.00 3.50 167-08 4 5 1 1 3.67 3.83 167-09 4 5 2 1 3.33 3.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CI in this example is shown in FIG. 172.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CI in this example is shown in FIG. 173.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 50% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V50 to TS-MRP-CI from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.5 to 1/2, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat TS-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feelof monk fruit extract.

Example 168. Improvement by MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V20

Common Process:

MRP-CH and mogroside V20 were weighed and uniformly prepared accordingto the weights shown in Table 168.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 168.1 the weight of MRP-CH and mogroside V20 Mogroside Weight of #V20/MRP-CH Weight of mogroside V20 (g) MRP-CH (g) 168-01 1/0.01 0.050.0005 168-02 1/0.1 0.005 168-03 1/0.3 0.015 168-04 1/0.5 0.025 168-051/0.7 0.035 168-06 1/0.9 0.045 168-07 1/1 0.05 168-08 1/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CH and mogroside V20 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V20 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 168.2.

TABLE 168.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 168-01 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33168-02 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33 168-03 2 2 1 3 4.00 3.00 168-04 2 2 1 2 4.333.17 168-05 2 2 1 2 4.33 3.17 168-06 3 2 2 2 4.00 3.50 168-07 3 2 2 24.00 3.50 168-08 2 3 3 2 3.33 2.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to MRP-CH in this example is shown in FIG. 174.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to MRP-CH in this example is shown in FIG. 175.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 20% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V20 to MRP-CH from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.3 to 1/1, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofmonk fruit extract.

Example 169. Improvement by MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V20

Common Process:

MRP-CA and mogroside V20 were weighed and uniformly prepared accordingto the weights shown in Table 169.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 169.1 the weight of MRP-CA and mogroside V20 Mogroside Weight of #V20/MRP-CA Weight of mogroside V20 (g) MRP-CA (g) 169-01 1/0.01 0.050.0005 169-02 1/0.1 0.005 169-03 1/0.3 0.015 169-04 1/0.5 0.025 169-051/0.7 0.035 169-06 1/0.9 0.045 169-07 1/1 0.05

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CA and mogroside V20 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V20 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 169.2.

TABLE 169.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 169-01 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33169-02 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33 169-03 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33 169-04 2 2 1 2 4.333.17 169-05 2 2 1 2 4.33 3.17 169-06 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 169-07 2 2 2 24.00 3.00

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to MRP-CA in this example is shown in FIG. 176.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to MRP-CA in this example is shown in FIG. 177.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 20% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V20 to MRP-CA from 1/0.01 to 1/1 had goodtaste (overall like score >2), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.5 to 1/1, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofmonk fruit extract.

Example 170. Improvement by MRP-CI to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V20

Common Process:

MRP-CI and mogroside V20 were weighed and uniformly prepared s accordingto the weights shown in Table 170.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 170.1 the weight of MRP-CI and mogroside V20 Mogroside Weight ofMRP- # V20/MRP-CI Weight of mogroside V20 (g) CI (g) 170-01 1/0.01 0.050.0005 170-02 1/0.1 0.005 170-03 1/0.3 0.015 170-04 1/0.5 0.025 170-051/0.7 0.035 170-06 1/0.9 0.045 170-07 1/1 0.05 170-08 1/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CI and mogroside V20 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V20 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 170.2.

TABLE 170.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 170-01 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50170-02 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50 170-03 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50 170-04 2 2 1 1 4.673.33 170-05 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 170-06 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 170-07 2 2 2 14.33 3.17 170-08 3 3 3 2 3.33 3.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to MRP-CI in this example is shown in FIG. 178.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to MRP-CI in this example is shown in FIG. 179.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 20% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V20 to MRP-CI from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.5 to 1/2, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel ofmonk fruit extract.

Example 171. Improvement by S-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V20

Common Process:

S-MRP-CH and mogroside V20 were weighed and uniformly prepared accordingto the weights shown in Table 171.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 171.1 the weight of S-MRP-CH and mogroside V20 Mogroside Weight ofS- # V20/S-MRP-CH Weight of mogroside V20 (g) MRP-CH (g) 171-01 1/0.010.05 0.0005 171-02 1/0.1 0.005 171-03 1/0.3 0.015 171-04 1/0.5 0.025171-05 1/0.7 0.035 171-06 1/0.9 0.045 171-07 1/1 0.05 171-08 1/2 0.1171-09 1/3 0.15

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CH and mogroside V20 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V20 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 171.2.

TABLE 171.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 171-01 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50171-02 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50 171-03 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50 171-04 2 2 1 2 4.333.17 171-05 2 2 2 3 3.67 2.83 171-06 2 2 2 3 3.67 2.83 171-07 2 2 2 24.00 3.00 171-08 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 171-09 2 2 3 2 3.67 2.83

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to S-MRP-CH in this example is shown in FIG. 180.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to S-MRP-CH in this example is shown in FIG. 181.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 20% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V20 to S-MRP-CH from 1/0.01 to 1/3 had goodtaste (overall like score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.5 to 1/3, the products provided very good taste (score near orbeyond 3). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This exampledemonstrates that S-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity andmouth feel of monk fruit extract.

Example 172. Improvement by S-MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V20

Common Process:

S-MRP-CA and mogroside V20 were weighed and uniformly prepared accordingto the weights shown in Table 172.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 172.1 the weight of S-MRP-CA and mogroside V20 Mogroside Weight ofS- # V20/S-MRP-CA Weight of mogroside V20 (g) MRP-CA (g) 172-01 1/0.010.05 0.0005 172-02 1/0.1 0.005 172-03 1/0.3 0.015 172-04 1/0.5 0.025172-05 1/0.7 0.035 172-06 1/0.9 0.045 172-07 1/1 0.05 172-08 1/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CA and mogroside V20 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V20 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 172.2.

TABLE 172.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 172-01 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33172-02 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33 172-03 2 3 1 3 3.67 2.83 172-04 2 3 1 3 3.672.83 172-05 2 3 2 1 4.00 3.00 172-06 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 172-07 2 2 2 14.33 3.17 172-08 2 3 2 2 3.67 2.83

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to S-MRP-CA in this example is shown in FIG. 182.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to S-MRP-CA in this example is shown in FIG. 183.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 20% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V20 to S-MRP-CA from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.7 to 1/1, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat S-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feelof monk fruit extract.

Example 173. Improvement by S-MRP-CI to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V20

Common Process:

S-MRP-CI and mogroside V20 were weighed and uniformly prepared accordingto the weights shown in Table 173.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water,and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure isthe same as Example 39.

TABLE 173.1 the weight of S-MRP-CI and mogroside V20 Mogroside Weight ofS- # V20/S-MRP-CI Weight of mogroside V20 (g) MRP-CI (g) 173-01 1/0.010.05 0.0005 173-02 1/0.1 0.005 173-03 1/0.3 0.015 173-04 1/0.5 0.025173-05 1/0.7 0.035 173-06 1/0.9 0.045 173-07 1/1 0.05 173-08 1/2 0.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CI and mogroside V20 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V20 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 173.2.

TABLE 173.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 173-01 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33173-02 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33 173-03 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33 173-04 2 3 1 3 3.672.83 173-05 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 173-06 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 173-07 2 2 2 24.00 3.00 173-08 2 3 2 3 3.33 2.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to S-MRP-CI in this example is shown in FIG. 184.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to S-MRP-CI in this example is shown in FIG. 185.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 20% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V20 to S-MRP-CI from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.7 to 1/1, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat S-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feelof monk fruit extract.

Example 174. Improvement by TS-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V20

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CH and mogroside V20 were weighed and uniformly preparedaccording to the weights shown in Table 174.1, dissolved in 100 ml ofpure water, and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tastingprocedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 174.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CH and mogroside V20 Mogroside Weightof Weight of # V20/TS-MRP-CH mogroside V20 (g) TS-MRP-CH (g) 174-011/0.01 0.05 0.0005 174-02 1/0.1 0.005 174-03 1/0.3 0.015 174-04 1/0.50.025 174-05 1/0.7 0.035 174-06 1/0.9 0.045 174-07 1/1 0.05 174-08 1/20.1 174-09 1/3 0.15 174-10 1/4 0.2

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CH and mogroside V20 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V20 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 174.2.

TABLE 174.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 174-01 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50174-02 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33 174-03 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33 174-04 2 3 2 3 3.332.67 174-05 2 3 2 3 3.33 2.67 174-06 2 3 2 2 3.67 2.83 174-07 2 2 2 24.00 3.00 174-08 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 174-09 2 3 3 2 3.33 2.67 174-10 2 3 32 3.33 2.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CH in this example is shown in FIG. 186.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CH in this example is shown in FIG. 187.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 20% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CH from 1/0.01 to 1/4 had goodtaste (overall like score >2), preferably when the ratio ranges from 1/1to 1/2, the products provided very good taste (score >3). The conclusioncan be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstrates that TS-MRPscan improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of monk fruitextract.

Example 175. Improvement by TS-MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V20

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CA and mogroside V20 were weighed and uniformly preparedaccording to the weights shown in Table 175.1, dissolved in 100 ml ofpure water, and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tastingprocedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 175.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CA and mogroside V20 Mogroside Weightof Weight of # V20/TS-MRP-CA mogroside V20 (g) TS-MRP-CA (g) 175-011/0.01 0.05 0.0005 175-02 1/0.1 0.005 175-03 1/0.3 0.015 175-04 1/0.50.025 175-05 1/0.7 0.035 175-06 1/0.9 0.045 175-07 1/1 0.05 175-08 1/20.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CA and mogroside V20 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V20 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 175.2.

TABLE 175.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 175-01 1 3 1 2 4.00 2.50175-02 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33 175-03 1 3 1 3 3.67 2.33 175-04 2 3 2 2 3.672.83 175-05 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 175-06 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 175-07 2 2 2 24.00 3.00 175-08 2 3 2 3 3.33 2.67

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CA in this example is shown in FIG. 188.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CA in this example is shown in FIG. 189.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 20% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CA from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2), preferably when the ratio ranges from1/0.7 to 1/1, the products provided very good taste (score >3). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat TS-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feelof monk fruit extract.

Example 176. Improvement by TS-MRP-CI to the Taste and Mouth Feel ofMogroside V20

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CI and mogroside V20 were weighed and uniformly preparedaccording to the weights shown in Table 176.1, dissolved in 100 ml ofpure water, and subjected to a mouth feel evaluation test. The tastingprocedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 176.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CI and mogroside V20 Mogroside Weightof TS- # V20/TS-MRP-CI Weight of mogroside V20 (g) MRP-CI (g) 176-011/0.01 0.05 0.0005 176-02 1/0.1 0.005 176-03 1/0.3 0.015 176-04 1/0.50.025 176-05 1/0.7 0.035 176-06 1/0.9 0.045 176-07 1/1 0.05 176-08 1/20.1

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CI and mogroside V20 were prepared in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture was asfollows. It should be noted that according to the sensory evaluationmethod, the evaluation of the mouth feel and the sweet profile is basedon the iso-sweetness. That is to say, in these evaluations, theconcentration of mogroside V20 in the sample solution was the same, 500ppm. The results are shown in Table 176.2.

TABLE 176.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth score of feel sweet metallic sweet overall # kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 176-01 1 2 1 2 4.33 2.67176-02 1 2 1 2 4.33 2.67 176-03 1 2 1 2 4.33 2.67 176-04 2 3 2 3 3.332.67 176-05 2 3 2 2 3.67 2.83 176-06 2 2 2 2 4.00 3.00 176-07 2 2 3 23.67 2.83 176-08 2 3 3 3 3.00 2.50

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CI in this example is shown in FIG. 190.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofmogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CI in this example is shown in FIG. 191.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a monk fruit extractcomposition which comprises no less than 20% of mogroside. All ranges intested ratios of mogroside V20 to TS-MRP-CI from 1/0.01 to 1/2 had goodtaste (overall like score >2.5), preferably when the ratio is 1/0.9, theproducts provided very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can beextended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstrates that TS-MRPs canimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of monk fruitextract.

Examples 177-185. The Improvement by MRP, S-MRP and TS-MRP to the Tasteand Mouth Feel of Sweet tea extract

The sources of the sweet tea extract and MRP samples used in thefollowing Examples are as follows.

TABLE 177-185 sample source Lot # specification Sweet tea EPC NaturalProducts Co., 140-32- RU 97.22% extract, Ltd, China 02 RU, rubusosideMRP-CH The product of Example 99 MRP-FL The product of Example 96 MRP-CIThe product of Example 98 S-MRP-CH The product of Example 101 S-MRP-FLThe product of Example 67 S-MRP-CI The product of Example 100 thaumatinThe product of EPC Natural 20180801 thaumatin Products Co., Ltd, China10.74% TS-MRP-CH the mixture of above S-MRP-CH and thaumatin with theweight ratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-FL the mixture of above S-MRP-FL andthaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-CI the mixture of aboveS-MRP-CI and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1

Example 177. Improvement by MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel of RU

Common Process:

MRP-CH, and RU were weighed and uniformly prepared according to theweights shown in Table 177.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 177.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 177.1 the weight of MRP-CH, and RU Ratio of Weight of WeightWeight of the MRP-CH MRP-CH of mixed powder # to RU (g) RU (g) (mg)177-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 177-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 177-03 0.3/1 0.15 65177-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 177-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 177-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 177-071/1 0.5 100 177-08 2/1 1 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CH and RU were prepared in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult data. The taste profile of the mixture was as follows. It shouldbe noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluationof the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness.That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RU in thesample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table177.2.

TABLE 177.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile like 177-01 chocolate 1 33 1 3.67 2.33 177-02 2 3 2 1 4.00 3.00 177-03 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 177-04 32 1 1 4.67 3.83 177-05 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 177-06 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 177-074 2 1 1 4.67 4.33 177-08 4 1 1 1 5.00 4.50

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofMRP-CH to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 192.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio of MRP-CHto RU in this example is shown in FIG. 193.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sweet tea extractcomposition which comprises rubusoside. All ranges in tested ratios ofMRP-CH to RU from 0.01/1 to 2/1 had good taste (overall like score >2),preferably when the ratio ranges from 0.3/1 to 2/1, the productsprovided very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can be extended to1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstrates that MRPs can improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sweet tea extract.

Example 178. Improvement of MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel of RU

Common Process:

MRP-FL, and RU were weighed and uniformly prepared according to theweight shown in Table 178.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountsshown in Table 178.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 178.1 the weight of MRP-FL, and RU Ratio of Weight of WeightWeight of the MRP-FL MRP-FL of mixed powder # to RU (g) RU (g) (mg)178-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 178-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 178-03 0.3/1 0.15 65178-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 178-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 178-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 178-071/1 0.5 100 178-08 2/1 1 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-FL and RU were prepared in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult data. The taste profile of the mixture was as follows. It shouldbe noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluationof the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness.That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RU in thesample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table178.2.

TABLE 178.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile like 178-01 Floral 1 3 2 14.00 2.50 178-02 2 3 2 1 4.00 3.00 178-03 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 178-04 3 2 21 4.33 3.67 178-05 3 2 3 1 4.00 3.50 178-06 3 2 3 1 4.00 3.50 178-07 3 13 1 4.33 3.67 178-08 4 1 3 1 4.33 4.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofMRP-FL to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 194.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio of MRP-FLto RU in this example is shown in FIG. 195.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a sweet tea extractcomposition which comprises rubusoside. All ranges in tested ratios ofMRP-FL to RU from 0.01/1 to 2/1 had good taste (overall likescore >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from 0.1/1 to 2/1, theproducts provided very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can beextended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstrates that MRPs canimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sweet teaextract.

Example 179. Improvement by MRP-CI to the Taste and Mouth Feel of RU

Common Process:

MRP-CI, and RU were weighed and uniformly prepared according to theweights shown in Table 179.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 179.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 179.1 the weight of MRP-CI, and RU Ratio of Weight of WeightWeight of the MRP-CI MRP-CI of RU mixed powder # to RU (g) (g) (mg)179-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 179-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 179-03 0.3/1 0.15 65179-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 179-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 179-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 179-071/1 0.5 100 179-08 2/1 1 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CI and RU were prepared in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult data. The taste profile of the mixture was as follows. It shouldbe noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluationof the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness.That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RU in thesample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table179.2.

TABLE 179.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile like 179-01 Citrus 1 3 3 13.67 2.33 179-02 1 3 3 1 3.67 2.33 179-03 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 179-04 3 2 11 4.67 3.83 179-05 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 179-06 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 179-07 4 11 1 5.00 4.50 179-08 4 1 1 1 5.00 4.50

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofMRP-CI to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 196.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio of MRP-CIto RU in this example is shown in FIG. 197.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a sweet tea extractcomposition which comprises rubusoside. All ranges in tested ratios ofMRP-CI to RU from 0.01/1 to 2/1 had good taste (overall like score >2),preferably when the ratio ranges from 0.3/1 to 2/1, the productsprovided very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can be extended to1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstrates that MRPs can improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sweet tea extract.

Example 180. Improvement by S-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel of RU

Common Process:

S-MRP-CH, and RU were weighed and uniformly prepared according to theweights shown in Table 180.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 180.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 180.1 the weight of S-MRP-CH, and RU Ratio of Weight of WeightWeight of the S-MRP-CH S-MRP-CH of RU mixed powder # to RU (g) (g) (mg)180-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 180-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 180-03 0.3/1 0.15 65180-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 180-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 180-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 180-071/1 0.5 100 180-08 2/1 1 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CH and RU were prepared in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult data. The taste profile of the mixture was as follows. It shouldbe noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluationof the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness.That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RU in thesample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table180.2.

TABLE 180.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile score of mouth feel sweet metallic sweet overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste profile like 180-01 chocolate 1 3 3 13.67 2.33 180-02 1 3 2 1 4.00 2.50 180-03 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 180-04 2 2 11 4.67 3.33 180-05 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 180-06 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 180-07 3 21 1 4.67 3.83 180-08 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CH to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 198.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CH to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 199.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a sweet tea extractcomposition which comprises rubusoside. All ranges in tested ratios ofS-MRP-CH to RU from 0.01/1 to 2/1 had good taste (overall likescore >2), preferably when the ratio ranges from 0.3/1 to 2/1, theproducts provided very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can beextended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstrates that MRPs canimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sweet teaextract.

Example 181. Improvement of S-MRP-FL by the Taste and Mouth Feel of RU

Common Process:

S-MRP-FL, and RU were weighed and uniformly prepared according to theweights shown in Table 181.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 181.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 181.1 the weight of S-MRP-FL, and RU Ratio of Weight of WeightWeight of S-MRP-FL S-MRP-FL of the mixed # to RU (g) RU (g) powder (mg)181-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 181-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 181-03 0.3/1 0.15 65181-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 181-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 181-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 181-071/1 0.5 100 181-08 2/1 1 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-FL and RU were prepared in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult data. The taste profile of the mixture was as follows. It shouldbe noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluationof the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness.That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RU in thesample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table181.2.

TABLE 181.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile like 181-01 Floral 1 3 3 13.67 2.33 181-02 1 3 2 1 4.00 2.50 181-03 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 181-04 2 2 11 4.67 3.33 181-05 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 181-06 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 181-07 3 21 1 4.67 3.83 181-08 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-FL to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 200.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofS-MRP-FL to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 201.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a sweet tea extractcomposition which comprises rubusoside. All ranges in tested ratios ofS-MRP-FL to RU from 0.01/1 to 2/1 had good taste (overall likescore >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from 0.3/1 to 2/1, theproducts provided very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can beextended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstrates that MRPs canimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sweet teaextract.

Example 182. Improvement by S-MRP-CI to the Taste and Mouth Feel of RU

Common Process:

S-MRP-CI, and RU were weighed and uniformly prepared according to theweights shown in Table 182.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 182.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 182.1 the weight of S-MRP-CI, and RU Ratio of Weight of WeightWeight of S-MRP-CI S-MRP-CI of RU the mixed # to RU (g) (g) powder (mg)182-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 182-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 182-03 0.3/1 0.15 65182-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 182-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 182-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 182-071/1 0.5 100 182-08 2/1 1 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CI and RU were prepared in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult data. The taste profile of the mixture was as follows. It shouldbe noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluationof the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness.That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RU in thesample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table182.2.

TABLE 182.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile like 182-01 Citrus 1 3 3 13.67 2.33 182-02 1 2 2 1 4.33 2.67 182-03 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 182-04 2 2 11 4.67 3.33 182-05 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 182-06 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 182-07 3 11 1 5.00 4.00 182-08 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CI to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 202.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CI to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 203.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a sweet tea extractcomposition which comprises rubusoside. All ranges in tested ratios ofS-MRP-CI to RU from 0.01/1 to 2/1 had good taste (overall likescore >2), preferably when the ratio ranges from 0.3/1 to 2/1, theproducts provide very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can beextended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstrates that MRPs canimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sweet teaextract.

Example 183. Improvement by TS-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouth Feel of RU

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CH, and RU were weighed and uniformly prepared according to theweights shown in Table 183.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 183.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 183.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CH, and RU Ratio of Weight of WeightWeight of TS-MRP- TS-MRP- of RU the mixed # CH to RU CH (g) (g) powder(mg) 183-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 183-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 183-03 0.3/1 0.1565 183-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 183-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 183-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 183-071/1 0.5 100 183-08 2/1 1 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CH and RU were prepared in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult data. The taste profile of the mixture was as follows. It shouldbe noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluationof the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness.That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RU in thesample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table183.2.

TABLE 183.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile like 183-01 chocolate 1 23 1 4.00 2.50 183-02 1 2 3 1 4.00 2.50 183-03 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 183-04 23 2 1 4.00 3.00 183-05 3 3 2 1 4.00 3.50 183-06 3 3 1 1 4.33 3.67 183-073 4 1 1 4.00 3.50 183-08 3 4 1 1 4.00 3.50

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CH to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 204.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CH to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 205.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a sweet tea extractcomposition which comprises rubusoside. All ranges in tested ratios ofTS-MRP-CH to RU from 0.01/1 to 2/1 had good taste (overall likescore >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from 0.3/1 to 2/1, theproducts provided very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can beextended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstrates that MRPs canimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sweet teaextract.

Example 184. Improvement by TS-MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouth Feel of RU

Common Process:

TS-MRP-FL, and RU were weighed and uniformly prepared according to theweights shown in Table 184.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 184.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 184.1 the weight of TS-MRP-FL, and RU Ratio of Weight of WeightWeight of TS-MRP- TS-MRP- of RU the mixed # FL to RU FL (g) (g) powder(mg) 184-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 184-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 184-03 0.3/1 0.1565 184-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 184-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 184-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 184-071/1 0.5 100 184-08 2/1 1 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-FL and RU were prepared in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult data. The taste profile of the mixture was as follows. It shouldbe noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluationof the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness.That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RU in thesample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table184.2.

TABLE 184.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile like 184-01 Floral 1 3 2 14.00 2.50 184-02 1 2 2 1 4.33 2.67 184-03 2 2 3 1 4.00 3.00 184-04 2 2 31 4.00 3.00 184-05 3 3 2 1 4.00 3.50 184-06 3 3 4 1 3.33 3.17 184-07 3 34 1 3.33 3.17 184-08 3 3 4 1 3.33 3.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-FL to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 206.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-FL to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 207.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a sweet tea extractcomposition which comprises rubusoside. All ranges in tested ratios ofTS-MRP-FL to RU from 0.01/1 to 2/1 had good taste (overall likescore >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from 0.3/1 to 2/1, theproducts provided very good taste (score >3). The conclusion can beextended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstrates that MRPs canimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sweet teaextract.

Example 185. Improvement by TS-MRP-CI to the Taste and Mouth Feel of RU

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CI, and RU were weighed and uniformly prepared according to theweights shown in Table 185.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 185.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouth feel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 185.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CI, and RU Ratio of Weight of WeightWeight of TS-MRP- TS-MRP- of RU the mixed # CI to RU CI (g) (g) powder(mg) 185-01 0.01/1 0.005 0.5 50.5 185-02 0.1/1 0.05 55 185-03 0.3/1 0.1565 185-04 0.5/1 0.25 75 185-05 0.7/1 0.35 85 185-06 0.9/1 0.45 95 185-071/1 0.5 100 185-08 2/1 1 150

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CI and RU were prepared in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult data. The taste profile of the mixture was as follows. It shouldbe noted that according to the sensory evaluation method, the evaluationof the mouth feel and the sweet profile is based on the iso-sweetness.That is to say, in these evaluations, the concentration of RU in thesample solution was the same, 500 ppm. The results are shown in Table185.2.

TABLE 185.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile mouth feel sweet metallic score of overall # flavor kokumilingering bitterness aftertaste sweet profile like 185-01 Citrus 1 2 3 14.00 2.50 185-02 1 2 3 1 4.00 2.50 185-03 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 185-04 3 2 11 4.67 3.83 185-05 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 185-06 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 185-07 3 21 1 4.67 3.83 185-08 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CI to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 208.

The relationship between the overall like results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CI to RU in this example is shown in FIG. 209.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs could significantly improve the tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of a sweet tea extractcomposition which comprises rubusoside. All ranges in tested ratios ofTS-MRP-CI to RU from 0. 01/1 to 2/1 had good taste (overall likescore >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges from 0.3/1 to 2/1, theproducts provided very good taste (score >3). The conclusion could beextended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstrates that MRPs canimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouth feel of sweet teaextract.

Example 186. The Synergic Effect of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP to Flavor

TABLE 186.1 materials Sample Source Lot # Specification Citrus flavorFONA 828.078 Vanilla flavor FONA 143.33081 Lemon flavor FONA  49.171SDCherry flavor FONA  33.13555 Peach flavor FONA 105.12533 Apple flavorFONA  03.125SD Mocha flavor FONA  43.31168 MRP-CH The product of Example99 MRP-CI The product of Example 98 MRP-FL The product of Example 96MRP-CA The product of Example 97 S-MRP-FL The product of Example 67S-MRP-CA The product of Example 68 S-MRP-CH The product of Example 101S-MRP-CI The product of Example 100 Thaumatin EPC Natural Products Co.,Ltd, 20180801 thaumatin China 10.74% TS-MRP-CH the mixture of aboveS-MRP-CH and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-CI themixture of above S-MRP-CI and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1TS-MRP-FL the mixture of above S-MRP-FL and thaumatin with the weightratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-CA the mixture of above S-MRP-CA and thaumatin withthe weight ratio of 10:1

Method

The flavor, MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP was dissolved into pure water,respectively. The solution was diluted with pure water to make severaldiluents with different concentrations. The threshold perception levelsof the flavor, MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP, were determined by sensoryevaluation.

Flavored solutions with the concentration of threshold perception levelwere prepared. MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP was added to the solution so thatits concentration was kept below its threshold concentration perceptionlevel.

It was determined whether the solution presented flavor by sensoryevaluation to determine whether MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP had a synergiceffect with the flavor.

Results

The threshold perception levels of flavor, MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP arelisted in the table below.

TABLE 186.2 Sample Concentration of threshold Category Productperception level (ppm) Flavor Citrus flavor 4 Vanilla flavor 13 Lemonflavor 5 Cherry flavor 20 Peach flavor 50 Apple flavor 7 Citrus flavor86 MRP MRP-CI 150 MRP-CA 60 MRP-CH 258 MRP-FL 220 S-MRP S-MRP-FL 45S-MRP-CA 75 S-MRP-CH 86 S-MRP-CI 80 TS-MRP TS-MRP-CH 86 TS-MRP-CI 110TS-MRP-FL 28 TS-MRP-CA 30

The results of sensory evaluation of the flavors after adding MRP, S-MRPor TS-MRP are as follow.

Note that “√” means the flavor can be perceived while “×” means theflavor cannot be perceived. “−” means the evaluation was not conducted.

TABLE 186.3 Flavor (Concentration, ppm) MRP Citrus Vanilla Lemon CherryPeach Apple Mocha (concentration, ppm) flavor (4) flavor (13) flavor (5)flavor (20) flavor (50) flavor (7) flavor (86) MRP-CI (150) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓— MRP-CA (60) x x ✓ x x ✓ — MRP-CH (258) — — — — — — ✓ MRP-FL (220) ✓ xx x x x — S-MRP-FL (45) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ — S-MRP-CA (75) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ —S-MRP-CH (86) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ S-MRP-CI (80) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ — TS-MRP-CH (50) —— ✓ ✓ — ✓ ✓ TS-MRP-CI (50) — — ✓ ✓ — ✓ — TS-MRP-FL (28) — — ✓ x — ✓ —TS-MRP-CA (30) — — x ✓ — ✓ —

Conclusion:

From the above sensory evaluation results, it was surprisingly foundthat when MRP, S-MRP, or TS-MRP was used under its threshold perceptionlevel, some or all of the thresholds of the flavors can be reduced.There is a clear synergistic effect of MRP, S-MRP, or TS-MRP to flavors.The synergistic effect of S-MRP to flavor is particularly significant.

Examples 187-189. The Synergistic Effect and Taste Improvement of MRP,S-MRP and TS-MRP to Thickeners

The materials used in the follow examples are listed in the table below.

TABLE 187-189 Sample Source Lot # Specification Carrageenan Gellan gumTamarind gum MRP-CH The product of Example 99 MRP-FL The product ofExample 96 MRP-CA The product of Example 97 S-MRP-FL The product ofExample 67 S-MRP-CA The product of Example 68 S-MRP-CH The product ofExample 101 Thaumatin EPC Natural Products Co., 20180801 thaumatin Ltd,China 10.74% TS-MRP-CH the mixture of above S-MRP-CH and thaumatin withthe weight ratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-FL the mixture of above S-MRP-FL andthaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-CA the mixture of aboveS-MRP-CA and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1

Example 187. The Synergistic Effect and Taste Improvement of MRP, S-MRPor TS-MRP to Carrageenan

Method

Carrageenan was added to pure water to prepare several carrageenansolutions with a concentration gradient as standard solutions forjudging the degree of kokumi of the carrageenan solutions.

A carrageenan solution was prepared at a concentration of 400 ppm.Different amounts of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP were added to the solutionsuch that the concentration of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP in the solution was50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm, 125 ppm or 150 ppm.

The degree of kokumi of the mixture solution was judged along with theodor masking effect, etc. by sensory evaluation to determine whetherMRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP had a synergistic effect and/or a taste improvementeffect on carrageenan. Method: For evaluation of the degree of kokumi,the sample solutions (described above) were tested by a panel of fourpeople. The panel was asked to taste the sample solutions and comparethem to standard solutions (described above) to judge which standardsolution the degree of kokumi of sample solution is similar to. 1trained taster tasted independently the samples first. The tester wasallowed to re-taste, and then made judgment. Afterwards, another 3tasters tasted and the judgments were discussed openly to find asuitable description. In the case that more than 1 taster disagreed withthe result, the tasting was repeated.

Results

The evaluation results in the table below are for the concentrations ofcarrageenan corresponding to the degree of kokumi solution after addingMRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP to a 400 ppm carrageenan solution.

TABLE 187.1 The concentration of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP(ppm) 50 75 100 125150 The MRP-CA 500 600 650 800 1000 concentrations MRP-FL 550 650 8001000 1100 of MRP-CH 700 800 1000 1300 1500 carrageenan S-MRP-CA 800 10001100 1200 1300 corresponding S-MRP-FL 650 750 1100 1200 1300 to thedegree S-MRP-CH 800 1000 1200 1500 1600 of kokumi TS-MRP-CA 700 900 10001400 1600 solution TS-MRP-FL 800 950 1100 1400 1500 (ppm) TS-MRP-CH 700900 1500 1600 1700

Conclusion:

When a thickener such as carrageenan is used, it is generally found thatin various food and beverage applications, full mouth feel (kokumi) canbe obtained by using a certain concentration of thickener. However, theviscosity of the material will also increase significantly. At the sametime, the thickener is usually used at a higher concentration in orderto obtain full mouth feel. But at such high concentrations (for example,when the concentration of carrageenan exceeds 1000 ppm), the appearanceof taste like starch paste can be clearly felt.

From the sensory evaluation results of this Example, it was surprisinglyfound that MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP had a significant synergistic effect onthe kokumi of a thickener such as carrageenan. While significantlyincreasing the full mouth feel, the use of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP did notsignificantly increase the viscosity of the solution. At the same time,using MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP, the amount of carrageenan was significantlyreduced while an equivalent kokumi feeling was achieved, so that thetaste of the starch paste was not felt in the final application, therebysignificantly improving the overall taste of the materials.

Example 188. The Synergistic Effect and Taste Improvement of MRP, S-MRPor TS-MRP to Gellan Gum

Method

Gellan gum was added to pure water to prepare several gellan gumsolutions with a concentration gradient as standard solutions forjudging the degree of kokumi of the gellan gum solutions.

A gellan gum solution was prepared at a concentration of 400 ppm.Different amounts of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP were added to the solutionsuch that the concentration of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP in the solution was50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm, 125 ppm or 150 ppm.

The degree of kokumi of the mixture solution was judged along with theodor masking effect, etc. by sensory evaluation to determine whetherMRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP had a synergistic effect and/or a taste improvementeffect on gellan gum. Method: For evaluation of the degree of kokumi,the sample solutions (described above) were tested by a panel of fourpeople. The panel was asked to taste the sample solutions and comparethem to standard solutions (described above) to judge to which standardsolution the degree of kokumi of sample solution is similar. 1 trainedtaster tasted independently the samples first. The tester was allowed tore-taste, and then made judgment. Afterwards, another 3 tasters tastedand the judgments were discussed openly to find a suitable description.In the case that more than 1 taster disagreed with the result, thetasting was repeated.

Results

The evaluation results in the table below are the concentrations ofgellan gum corresponding to the degree of kokumi solution after addingMRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP to a 400 ppm gellan gum solution.

TABLE 188.1 The concentration of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP(ppm) 50 75 100 125150 The MRP-CA 1800 1900 2050 2150 2300 concentrations MRP-FL 1700 18002000 2100 2300 of gellan gum MRP-CH 1900 2000 2100 2400 2600corresponding S-MRP-CA 1900 2000 2100 2200 2400 to the degree S-MRP-FL2000 2100 2200 2400 2600 of kokumi S-MRP-CH 1600 1700 1800 1950 2600solution (ppm) TS-MRP-CA 1800 1900 2100 2200 2400 TS-MRP-FL 1600 17001800 1900 2200 TS-MRP-CH 1900 2100 2200 2300 2400

Conclusion:

When a thickener such as gellan gum is used, it is generally found thatin various food and beverage applications, full mouth feel (kokumi) canbe obtained by using a certain concentration of thickener. However, theviscosity of the material will also increase significantly. At the sametime, the thickener is usually used at a higher concentration in orderto obtain full mouth feel. But at such high concentrations (for example,when the concentration of gellan gum exceeds 1400 ppm), the appearanceof a taste like starch paste can be clearly felt.

From the sensory evaluation results of this Example, it was surprisinglyfound that MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP had a significant synergistic effect onthe kokumi of a thickener such as gellan gum. While significantlyincreasing the full mouth feel, the use of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP did notsignificantly increase the viscosity of the solution. At the same time,using MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP, the amount of gellan gum was significantlyreduced while an equivalent kokumi feeling was achieved, so that thetaste of the starch paste was not felt in the final application, therebysignificantly improving the overall taste of the materials.

Example 189. The Synergistic Effect and Taste Improvement of MRP, S-MRPor TS-MRP to Tamarind Gum

Method

Tamarind gum was added to pure water to prepare several Tamarind gumsolutions with a concentration gradient as standard solutions forjudging the degree of kokumi of the Tamarind gum solutions.

A Tamarind gum solution was prepared at a concentration of 400 ppm.Different amounts of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP were added to the solutionsuch that the concentration of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP in the solution was50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm, 125 ppm or 150 ppm.

The degree of kokumi of the mixture solution was judged along with theodor masking effect, etc. by sensory evaluation to determine whetherMRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP had a synergistic effect and/or a taste improvementeffect on Tamarind gum.

Method: For evaluation of the degree of kokumi, the sample solutions(described above) were tested by a panel of four people. The panel wasasked to taste the sample solutions and compare them to standardsolutions (described above) to judge to which standard solution thedegree of kokumi of sample solution is similar. 1 trained taster tastedindependently the samples first. The tester was allowed to re-taste, andthen made judgment. Afterwards, another 3 tasters tasted and thejudgments were discussed openly to find a suitable description. In thecase that more than 1 taster disagreed with the result, the tasting wasrepeated.

Results

The evaluation results in the table below are the concentrations ofTamarind gum corresponding to the degree of kokumi solution after addingMRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP to a 400 ppm Tamarind gum solution.

TABLE 189.1 The concentration of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP (ppm) 50 75 100125 150 The MRP-CA 900 1200 1300 1400 1500 concentrations MRP-FL 600 8501000 1100 1200 of Tamarind MRP-CH 700 800 900 1200 1300 gum S-MRP-CA 9001200 1400 1500 1600 corresponding S-MRP-FL 1200 1300 1400 1600 1800 tothe degree S-MRP-CH 1400 1450 1500 1600 1800 of okumi TS-MRP-CA 14001500 1600 1800 2000 solution (ppm) TS-MRP-FL 1300 1400 1500 1700 2000TS-MRP-CH 1500 1800 2000 2100 2200

Conclusion

When a thickener such as Tamarind gum is used, it is generally foundthat in various food and beverage applications, full mouth feel (kokumi)can be obtained by using a certain concentration of thickener. However,the viscosity of the material will also increase significantly. At thesame time, the thickener is usually used at a higher concentration inorder to obtain full mouth feel. But at such high concentrations (forexample, when the concentration of Tamarind gum exceeds 1400 ppm), theappearance of a taste like starch paste can be clearly felt.

From the sensory evaluation results of this Example, it was surprisinglyfound that MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP had a significant synergistic effect onthe kokumi of a thickener such as Tamarind gum. While significantlyincreasing the full mouth feel, the use of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP did notsignificantly increase the viscosity of the solution. At the same time,using MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP, the amount of Tamarind gum was significantlyreduced when the same kokumi feeling was achieved, so that the taste ofthe starch paste was not felt in the final application, therebysignificantly improving the overall taste of the materials.

Example 190. The Taste Improvement by MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP with 100%Juice

TABLE 190.1 Materials Specifi- Sample Source Lot # cation 100%Agarose ®, Greece 20180423 orange juice MRP-CI The product of Example 98MRP-FL The product of Example 06 S-MRP-FL The product of Example 67S-MRP-CI The product of Example 100 Thaumatin EPC Natural Products Co.,20180801 thaumatin Ltd, China 10.74% TS-MRP- the mixture of aboveS-MRP-CI CI and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1 TS-MRP- themixture of above S-MRP-FL FL and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1

Method

MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP was added to the commercial product Agrose® 100%orange juice. The taste difference between the original juice and thejuice with MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP was compared by sensory evaluation tojudge whether MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP improved the taste of 100% juicedrinks. Method: the samples were evaluated by a panel of 4 persons. Thepanel was asked to describe the taste profile according to the factorsof acidic, bitter, and astringent taste. The intensity of the factors isshown by six levels, “−” for none, “+” for very slight, “++” for slight,“+++” for moderate, “++++” for strong, and “+++++” for very strong.

Results

MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP was added to the commercial product Agrose® 100%orange juice to prepare concentrations of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP to 300pp(MRP), 200 ppm (S-MRP) or 100 ppm (TS-MRP). The results of sensoryevaluation are as follow.

TABLE 190.2 acidic bitter astringent original juice + ++ + MRP-FL + − −MRP-CI + + − S-MRP-FL − + − S-MRP-CI + + − TS-MRP-FL − − − TS-MRP-CI − −−

Conclusion:

From the results of the sensory evaluation described above, it wassurprisingly found that the effect of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP on the tasteimprovement of 100% juice was very significant. After adding MRP, S-MRPor TS-MRP, the caloric content of the juice hardly changed; however, thetaste was significantly improved, especially the inhibition effect ofthe bitterness of the orange juice was very significant. Addition ofMRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP to other juice drinks, such as apple juice, grapejuice, tomato juice, grapefruit juice, cranberry juice, peach juice,pomegranate juice or coconut juice, can also achieve the similarimprovement in taste.

Example 191. Taste Improvement by MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP with Sugar FreeYogurt

TABLE 191.1 Materials Specifi- Sample Source Lot # cation Sugar freeJian Ai ® no sugar added G20181116F yogurt yogurt, Guangzhou PuchengDairy Co., Ltd., China RD, Sichuan Ingia Biosynthetic 20180914 RDrebaudioside D Co,. ltd, China 94.39% Vanilla flavor FONA 143.33081MRP-FL The product of Example 96 S-MRP-FL The product of Example 67Thaumatin EPC Natural Products Co., 20180801 thaumatin Ltd, China 10.74%TS-MRP-FL the mixture of above S-MRP- FL and thaumatin with the weightratio of 10:1

Method

Into the commercial product Jian Ai® no sugar added yogurt, RD was addedas a sweetener to obtain a control sample of sugar-free yoghurt. MRP,S-MRP or TS-MRP was added to the above control sugar-free yoghurt toobtain a test sample. The taste of the control and test samples wereevaluated as to whether MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP improved the taste of theyogurt drinks. The formulations of the samples are shown in Table 191.2.

TABLE 191.2 formulations of yogurt Formulation No sugar added VanillaMRP- S-MRP- TS-MRP- sample yogurt RD flavor FL FL FL 191-0 200 ml 700 mg6 mg (control) 191-1 200 ml 700 mg 6 mg 105 mg 191-2 200 ml 700 mg 6 mg21 mg 191-3 200 ml 700 mg 6 mg 35 mg

Results

Each sample was evaluated and the taste profiles of samples are shown intable 191.3.

TABLE 191.3 sensory evaluation of yogurt Sensory evaluation SweetMetallic sample flavor kokumi lingering bitter aftertaste acidic 191-0none 1 3 1 2 ++ (control) 191-1 vanilla 2 2 1 1 + 191-2 vanilla 2 2 11 + 191-3 vanilla 3 3 1 1 +

Conclusion

From the above sensory evaluation results, it was surprisingly foundthat the effect of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP on the taste improvement of thesugar-free yogurt was very remarkable. After adding MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRPto the yogurt, the taste of the sugar-free yogurt using Rebaudioside Das a sweetener was significantly improved, especially with regard toimprovement of mouth feel, the suppression of the sweet lingering andthe metallic aftertaste. The addition of MRP, S-MRP or TS-MRP tosugar-free yogurt with other natural or artificial high-intensitysweeteners can also improve the taste of the yogurt.

Examples 192-196. The Taste Improvement of TS-MRP with Commercial SugarFree Drinks

MRPs used in the following examples are listed in the table below.

TABLE 192-196 Specifi- Sample Source Lot # cation MRP-FL The product ofExample 96 MRP-CA The product of Example 97 S-MRP-FL The product ofExample 67 S-MRP-CA The product of Example 68 Thaumatin EPC NaturalProducts Co., 20180801 thaumatin Ltd, China 10.74% TS-MRP-FL the mixtureof above S-MRP-FL and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-CAthe mixture of above S-MRP-CA and thaumatin with the weight ratio of10:1

Example 192. Taste Improvement of TS-MRP on a Fat-Blocking CarbonatedDrink

Fat-Blocking Carbonated Drink:

KIRIN Mets COLA, available from Kirin Holdings Company, Japan.

Ingredients: Sparingly digestible dextrin, carbonate, caramel color,flavor, acidulant, sweetener (aspartame.L-phenylalanine compound,acesulfame, sucralose), calcium gluconate, caffeine

Samples

A specific amount of TS-MRP powder was dissolved in a fat-blockingcarbonated drink. The details are as follow.

TABLE 192.1 Weight (mg) Components No. 1 (control) No. 2 TS-MRP-CA 7.5TS-MRP-FL 5   KIRIN Mets COLA 100 mL 100 mL

Evaluation

All the samples were evaluated by a panel of 9 persons. The evaluationresults were as follow.

TABLE 192.2 No. 1 No. 2 Overall like 1 person 8 persons Metallic ++ −aftertaste Sweet ++ + lingering mouth feel +++ +++++ Evaluation Lowsweet Sweeter than control; potency; Significant improvement in metallicMetallic aftertaste; aftertaste and sweet lingering; Sweet lingering isSignificant increasing in full body serious; mouth feel; Lack of fullbody; Floral flavor is slightly presented

Conclusion:

For a fat-blocking carbonated drink that includes high-intensitysweeteners as sweeteners, there was a general lack of full body mouthfeel, as well as very serious sweet lingering and bitterness, metallicor other bad tastes present. TS-MRP was used as a sweetness enhancer anda mouth feel improver in such a fat-blocking carbonated drink, and theformulation significantly improved the original defects, and theacceptability of the improved product was remarkably increased.

Example 193. Taste Improvement of TS-MRP on Ready to Drink Coffee Drink

Ready to drink coffee drink

Mt. RAINIER (Caffe Latte Non-sugar), available from Morinaga MilkIndustry Co., Ltd.

Ingredients: coffee, malto-oligosaccharides, dairy products, milkproteins, salt, flavor, emulsifier, sweeteners (Acesulfame, sucralose)

Samples

A specific amount of TS-MRP powder was dissolved in a ready to drinkcoffee drink. The details were as follow.

TABLE 193.1 Weight (mg) Components No. 1 (control) No. 2 TS-MRP-FL  10Mt. RAINIER 100 mL 100 mL

Evaluation

All the samples were evaluated by a panel of 9 persons. The evaluationresults were as follow.

TABLE 193.2 No. 1 (control) No. 2 Overall like 0 9 Bitterness ++ +Metallic ++ − aftertaste Sweet ++ + lingering Mouth feel +++ +++++ Milky+++ +++++ evaluation Low sweet potency; Sweeter than control;Bitterness; Less bitter Metallic aftertaste; Significant improvement inmetallic Sweet lingering is aftertaste and sweet lingering; serious;Significant increasing in full body Lack of full body; mouth feel; Veryrich milky taste

Conclusion

For a ready to drink coffee drink using high-intensity sweeteners as asweetener, there was a general lack of full body mouth feel and milkyflavor, as well as very serious sweet lingering and bitterness, metallicor other bad tastes. TS-MRP was used as a sweetness enhancer and a mouthfeel improver in such a ready to drink coffee drink, and the formulationsignificantly improved the original defects, and the acceptability ofthe improved product was remarkably increased.

Example 194. Taste Improvement of TS-MRP on Non-Alcoholic Beer

Non-Alcohol Beer

ASAHI Healthy Style Non-alcohol beer, available from AHAHI, Japan.

Ingredients: Sparingly digestible dextrin, soybean peptide, carbonate,flavors, stabilizer (soybean polysaccharides), acidulant, caramel color,vitamin C, sweetener (Acesulfame)

Samples

A specific amount of TS-MRP powder was dissolved in a non-alcoholicbeer. The details were as follow.

TABLE 194.1 Weight (mg) Components No. 1 (control) No. 2 TS-MRP-FL  5ASAHI Healthy Style Non-alcohol beer 100 mL 100 mL

Evaluation

All the samples were evaluated by a panel of 9 persons. The evaluationresults were as follow.

TABLE 194.2 No. 1 (control) No. 2 Overall like 0 9 Bitterness +++ + acid++ − Mouth feel ++ ++++ evaluation Bitterness; Less bitter; Acid; Lessacidic; Lack of full body Significant increasing in full body mouthfeel;

Conclusion

For non-alcoholic beer using high-intensity sweeteners as a sweetener,there was a general lack of full body mouth feel and flavor, as well asvery serious bitterness, acid or other bad tastes. TS-MRP was used as amouth feel improver in such a non-alcoholic beer, and the formulationsignificantly improved the original defects, and the acceptability ofthe improved product was remarkably increased.

Example 195. Taste Improvement of TS-MRP on a Japanese Cocktail Drink

Japanese Cocktail Drink:

KIRIN HYOKETSU STRONG (Grapefruit), available from Kirin HoldingsCompany, Japan.

Ingredients: Grapefruit, Vodka, Acidic ingredients, flavor, sweeteners(acesulfame, sucralose)

Samples

A specific amount of TS-MRP powder was dissolved in a ready to drinkJapanese cocktail drink. The details were as follow.

TABLE 195.1 Weight (mg) Components No. 1 (control) No. 2 TS-MRP-FL  7.5KIRIN HYOKETSU STRONG 100 mL 100 mL

Evaluation

All the samples were evaluated by a panel of 9 persons. The evaluationresults were as follow.

TABLE 195.2 No. 1 (control) No. 2 Overall like 2 persons 7 personsAlcohol flavor ++ +++ intensity acid ++ + Mouth feel ++ ++++ evaluationAlcohol flavor and fruit flavor Alcohol flavor intensity are notcoordinated increased; Acidic Alcohol flavor and fruit Lack of full bodyflavor are harmonized; Less acid; Full body and smooth

Conclusion

For a cocktail drink using high-intensity sweeteners as sweetener, thereis a general lack of full body mouth feel, poor flavor coordination, aswell as very serious acidic or other bad tastes. TS-MRP was used as amouth feel improver in such a cocktail drink, and the formulationsignificantly improved the original defects, the intensity of thealcohol flavor was also enhanced, the coordination of flavors in thecocktail drink was better and the acceptability of the improved productwas remarkably increased.

Example 196. Taste Improvement of TS-MRP on Protein Shake

Protein Shake:

MEIJI SAVAS Whey Protein 100 (Cocoa), available from Meiji Holdings Co.,Ltd., Japan.

Ingredients: whey protein, cocoa powder, dextrin, vegetable oil, salt,emulsifier, vitamin C, flavors, thickeners (Pullulan), sweeteners(Acesulfame, sucralose), etc.

Samples

A specific amount of TS-MRP powder was dissolved in a protein shake. Thedetails were as follow.

TABLE 196.1 Weight Components No. 1 (control) No. 2 TS-MRP-FL  2.5 mgTS-MRP-CA   5 mg MEIJI SAVAS Whey Protein 100 10.5 g 10.5 g Pure water 100 mL  100 mL

Evaluation

All the samples were evaluated by a panel of 9 persons. The evaluationresults were as follow.

TABLE 196.2 No. 1 (control) No. 2 Overall like 3 persons 6 personssweetness ++ +++ Milky ++ ++++ Mouth feel ++ +++ Sweet +++ + lingeringevaluation Sweet lingering is flavor intensity increased, especiallyserious; for milky; Moderate flavor Significant improvement in sweetintensity; lingering; Sweeter than control; more palatable than control

Conclusion

For a protein shake using high-intensity sweeteners as a sweetener,there are general bad tastes such as sweet lingering, the flavor is notstrong and the palatability is poor. TS-MRP was used as a mouth feelimprover in such a sugar-free protein shake, and the formulationsignificantly improved the original defects, and the acceptability ofthe improved product was remarkably increased.

Example 197. Investigations with a Model System of Rebaudioside A andAmino Acids

Model System

Chemicals used for Maillard reactions were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich(Food Grade). Solvents and chemicals for analysis (LC/DAD/MS) weresupplied by Sigma-Aldrich (HPLC-grade and USP certified material). Reb-A(Lot Reb A 100 EPC 043-17-02) was supplied by EPC Natural Products Co,Ltd. All reactions were performed in sealed 10 mL Pyrex vials. Thegeneral procedure was to weigh in the reaction partner (0.1 molarconcentration of Rebaudioside A and amino acids) and to fill with thesolvent (0.1 MKH₂PO₄-buffer, pH=7.2) at a temperature of 60-70° C. Thevials were then immediately sealed and put into glass beakers filledwith sand positioned in a drying oven heated to 120° C. This proceduresecures adequate heat transfer to the vials. The reaction was stoppedafter 2 hours by placing the sealed vials into an ice bath. The reactedsample was then filtered (0.2 μm syringe filter) and injected into theHPLC/DAD/MS.

The HPLC system consisted of an Agilent 1100 system (autosampler,ternary gradient pump, column thermostat, DAD-UV/VIS detector) connectedin-line to an Agilent mass spectrometer (ESI-MS quadrupole G1956A VL).The samples were separated at 0.9 ml/min on a Phenomenex SynergiHydro-RP (150×3 mm) at 35° C. The mobile phase consisted of (A) 0.1%HCOOH (v/v) and (B) AcCN. A gradient of 2-6% (B) to 15-20% (B) wasapplied between 0 min to 15 min depending on the reaction partners.Between 15 and 20 min (B) was increased to 45-50% % which was kept for15 min. Detection consisted of UV/VIS-DAD (205 nm) coupled to ESI-MS(neg mode, 300° C., TIC from m/z 120-1200, fragmentor 100).

Mass Spectrometry

The following Tables show the molar mass of all amino acids and theircorresponding MRPs with Reb-A (assuming that the reaction runs similarto amino acid with a reducing sugar). Table 197.1 indicates that the MRPwas found using HPLC/MS. Table 197.2 indicated that the MRP was notfound, unmarked columns were not tested.

Test Results

For amino acids in Table 197.1 the expected MRP of Reb-A could beconfirmed analytically by the expected mass/charge ratio and thechromatographic separation (See FIG. 151 through FIG. 155). In Table197.2 amino acids are listed for which under the conditions tested noMRP were observed. The results showed that by controlling reactionconditions, reaction products of steviol glycoside(s) and amino acid(s)could surprisingly be formed. For products listed in Table 197.2, eventhough the compound of steviol glycoside and amino acid is not formed atthe given conditions, such resulting products still act as excellentproducts for flavor modifiers and sweeteners. Secondly, by adjusting thereaction conditions, it is believed that reaction products of steviolglycosides and amino acid(s) could be formed.

TABLE 197.1 Expected MRPs for Reb A (analytically confirmed) MRP Reb-A −Amino Acid mass MRP Reb-A* H₂O* Asparagine Asn N 132.1 1080.1 1062.1Aspartate Asp D 133.1 1081.1 1063.1 Isoleucine Ile I 131.2 1079.2 1061.2Leucine Leu L 131.2 1079.2 1061.2 Lysine Lys K 146.2 1094.2 1076.2Phenylalanine Phe F 165.2 1113.2 1095.2 Tryptophan Trp W 204.2 1152.21134.2 *. . . negative mode m/z = [M − H]⁻ or m/z = [M − H₂O − H]⁻

TABLE 197.2 Expected MRPs for Reb A (analytically not observed) MRPReb-A − Amino Acid mass MRP Reb-A* H₂O* Arginine Arg R 174.2 1122.21104.2 Cysteine Cys C 121.2 1069.2 1051.2 Methionine Met M 149.2 1097.21079.2 Valine Val V 117.1 1065.1 1047.1 *. . . negative mode m/z = [M −H]⁻ or m/z = [M − H₂O − H]⁻

Example 198. Use of Materials in Food Products

TABLE 198.1 Pizza dough, joint opinion 4 tasters Caramel Stevia-derivedSweetness Flavor Sample Thaumatin Tangerine MRP (ppm) Flora (potency,profile) (increase, modified) Pizza dough — — — — Not sweet Typical forbaked pizza, (wheat flour, 1.0 — 50 — Not sweet tasty olive oil, water,Typical for baked pizza, 2% salt) tasty, no change to reference 5minutes in 2.5 — 50 — Not sweet Typical for baked pizza, wood oven moretasty and spicy. 300° C. 4.0 — 50 — Slightly sweet Typical for bakedpizza, tasty, unpleasant sweetness, less tasty — — — — Not sweet,Typical for baked pizza, slightly void slightly to little salty Pizzadough 1.0 — 50 — Not sweet Typical for baked pizza, (wheat flour,slightly void slightly to little salty olive oil, water, 1% salt) 2.5 —50 — Not sweet, more Typical for baked pizza, 5 minutes in full-bodiedcomparable to high salt wood oven recipe 300° C. 4.0 — 50 — Slightlysweet Typical for baked pizza, tasty, unpleasant sweetness, lingeringStevia-derived MRP (tangerine) is prepared according to the methoddescribed in Example 100; the Stevia-derived MRP (Caramel) is preparedaccording to the method described in Example 68; and the Stevia-derivedMRP (Floral) is prepared according to the method described in Example67.

TABLE 198.2 Grounded meat patties (Burger), joint opinion 4 tastersPopcorn Stevia-derived Sweetness Flavor Sample Thaumatin Tangerine MRP(ppm) Flora (potency, profile) (increase, modified) Beef/Pig meat — — —— Not sweet Typical for grilled, 30% fat, salt, grounded meat, tastypepper, 1.0 — 50 — Not sweet Typical for grilled, charcoal groundedmeat, tasty, no grilled change 2.5 — 50 — Not sweet Typical for grilled,grounded meat, tasty, no change, slightly more tasty 4.0 — 50 — Slightlysweet Typical for roasted onions and eggs, too sweet — — — — Not sweetTypical for grilled, grounded meat, less tasty compared to high fat meatBeef/Pig meat 1.0 — 50 — Not sweet Typical for grilled, 10% fat, salt,grounded meat, almost pepper, same tastiness compared to charcoal highfat meat grilled 2.5 — 50 — Not sweet Typical for grilled, groundedmeat, same tastiness compared to high fat meat 4.0 — 50 — Slightlysweet, Typical for grilled, more chewiness grounded meat, sweet/bitternotes Stevia-derived MRP (tangerine) is prepared according to the methoddescribed in Example 100; the Stevia-derived MRP (popcorn) is preparedaccording to the method described in Example 150; and the Stevia-derivedMRP (Floral) is prepared according to the method described in Example67.

TABLE 198.3 Scrambled eggs, joint opinion 4 tasters PopcornStevia-derived Sweetness Flavor Sample Thaumatin Tangerine MRP (ppm)Flora (potency, profile) (increase, modified) Scrambled — — — — Slightlysweet Typical for roasted onions eggs (eggs, and eggs rape seed oil, 1.0— 50 — Same sweetness Typical for roasted onions onions 0.3% and eggs,more spicier salt ) (salty) 2.5 — 50 — Slightly Sweeter, more Typicalfor roasted onions full-bodied and eggs, more tasty, more salty 4.0 — 50— Substantial more sweet Typical for roasted onions too full-bodied(i.e. and eggs, too sweet added starch) 1.0 — 25 — Same sweetnessTypical for roasted onions and eggs, no change 2.5 — 25 — SlightlySweeter, more Typical for roasted onions full-bodied and eggs, slightlymore harmonic/balanced taste 4.0 — 25 — Substantial more sweet, Typicalfor roasted onions too full-bodied (i.e. and eggs, more harmonic/ addedstarch) balanced taste, slightly too sweet

TABLE 198.4 Ketchup, joint opinion 8 tasters Popcorn Stevia-derivedSweetness Flavor Sample Thaumatin Tangerine MRP (ppm) Flora (potency,profile) (increase, modified) Heinz — — — — Less sweet than Typicalconcentrated tomato, Ketchup Classical, void Fresh, Acidic, slightly(50% sugar sweetener scratching and salt 4.5 — 5 — Sweeter, slightlyTypical concentrated tomato, reduced) improved mouth Fresh, Acidic,slightly 22281826TK1 feel, scratching 4.5 — 10 — Sweeter, slightlyTypical concentrated tomato, improved mouth feel harmonic Acidity 4.5 —15 — Sweeter, improved Typical concentrated tomato, mouth feel lessacidic, sweet/sour balance, more salty 4.5 — 20 — Sweeter, improvedTypical concentrated tomato, mouth feel, slightly less acidic,sweet/sour lingering balance, more salty 4.5 — 25 — Sweeter, improvedTypical concentrated tomato, mouth feel, slightly more intense andpleasant, lingering harmonic, smoother, less acidic, more salty 4.5 — 30— Sweeter, improved Typical concentrated tomato, mouth feel, lingeringBitter off-notes, astringent Stevia-derived MRP (tangerine) is preparedaccording to the method described in Example 100; the Stevia-derived MRP(popcorn) is prepared according to the method described in Example 150;and the Stevia-derived MRP (Floral) is prepared according to the methoddescribed in Example 67.

TABLE 198.5 Ketchup, joint opinion 8 tasters Popcorn Stevia-derivedSweetness Flavor Sample Thaumatin Tangerine MRP (ppm) Flora (potency,profile) (increase, modified) Heinz — — — — Less sweet than Typicalconcentrated tomato, Ketchup Classical, void, Fresh, Acidic, slightly(50% sugar sweetener scratching and salt 7.5 — 5 — Sweeter, improvedTypical concentrated tomato, reduced) mouth feel, slightly Fresh, lessAcidic 22281826TK1 lingering, 7.5 — 10 — Sweeter, improved Typicalconcentrated tomato, mouth feel, slightly more intense and pleasant,lingering harmonic, sweet/sour balance, smoother 7.5 — 15 — Sweeter,improved Typical concentrated tomato, mouth feel, slightly slightoff-taste, and more lingering sweet than sour. 7.5 — 20 — Sweeter,improved Off-notes, over-flavored, mouth feel, slightly lingering 7.5 —25 — Sweeter, improved Off-notes, over-flavored, mouth feel, slightlylingering 7.5 — 30 — Sweeter, improved Off-notes, over-flavored mouthfeel, lingering

Conclusion: The combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and thaumatin improvethe general taste profile of baked foods including flavor, spiciness,mouth feel etc. They can also increase the salty taste for low salt foodproducts. Additionally, the Stevia-derived MRPs can increase thestrength of spiciness and saltiness of onion. They can significantlyimprove the taste profile of sugar and salt reduced sauces such astomato ketchup. They can increase the saltiness level, and harmonizeacidity with sweetness of the sauce. In particular, they can balance theacidity of acetic acid. Further, combinations of Stevia-derived MRPs andthaumatin can improve the taste profile of meat products, especially forreduced fat products by altering reduced fat foods to taste like that ofregular high fat foods.

Example 199. Sensory Analysis of Stevia-Derived MRP Flora vs RA50 andRA20/TSG95

Stevia-derived MRP Flora sensory analysis vs RA50

Aim: Determine the sweetness equivalency and positive/negative sensoryaspects of Stevia-derived MRP Flora vs RA50 in water with sucrose and inan application with sucrose

Materials

SGF RA50 lot 3070055

RA20/T5G95 lot 20180413

Stevia-derived MRP Flora lot EPC240-33-01, prepared as in Example 67.

Sucrose—Lemon Lime Flavor

Citric Acid

Distilled Water

Mineral Water

Lemon & Lime CSD: 50% Reduced Sugar Formula (CSD=carbonated soft drink)

Carbonated water 92.74%

Sucrose 5.00%

Citric acid 0.12%

Sodium benzoate 0.0211%

Lemon Lime Extract NAT WONF 863.0053U 0.10%

Experiment Round 1: Initial Tasting

The following samples were compared against one another in mineralwater.

5% Sucrose+200 ppm RA50

5% Sucrose+200 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora

Result: RA50 sample was ˜20% sweeter than the Stevia-derived MRP Florasample. However, the Stevia-derived MRP at 200 ppm provided much bettermouth feel with a floral flavor note, and no identifiable offtaste/bitterness when used in 5% sucrose. One person tested with a sipof water between testing two different solutions.

Round 2: Sweetness Equivalency

The following samples were compared against one another in mineral water

300 ppm RA50

300 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora, as prepared in Example 67.

350 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora

400 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora

450 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora

500 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora

Result: 300 ppm RA50 and 450 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora wereapproximately as sweet as one another in mineral water, so as astandalone product Stevia-derived MRP Flora is ˜33% less sweet than RA50alone. However when used in addition to sugar, the gap in sweetnessappears to be lower, indicating that the Stevia-derived MRP has somesweetness enhancing effects without being overly sweet itself. Oneperson tested with a sip of water between testing two differentsolutions.

Round 3: Comparison of Sensory Profile in Lemon & Lime CSD vs RA50

The following samples were compared to one another in a Lemon & Limebase. Samples were double blinded and tasted n=1

5% Sucrose+200 ppm RA50

5% Sucrose+200 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora, as prepared in Example 67.

5% Sucrose+100 ppm RA50+100 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora

5% Sucrose+100 ppm RA20+100 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora

Result: 100 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora is too much to use in a L&Lbeverage, as the lime end of the flavor gets drowned out. However, themouth feel of all the samples with Stevia-derived MRP Flora was muchimproved over the basic RA50 sample. One person tested with a sip ofwater between testing two different solutions.

Round 4: Comparison of Sensory Profile in Lemon & Lime CSD vs RA50

The following samples were compared to one another in a Lemon & Limebase. Samples were double blinded and tasted n=1.

5% Sucrose+200 ppm RA50

5% Sucrose+150 ppm RA50+50 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora, as prepared inExample 57.

5% Sucrose+150 ppm RA20+50 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora

5% Sucrose+155 ppm RA50+45 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora

5% Sucrose+155 ppm RA20+45 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora

5% Sucrose+160 ppm RA50+40 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora

5% Sucrose+160 ppm RA20+40 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora

Result: It was found 160 ppm RA20+40 ppm Stevia-derived MRP Flora to bethe best tasting sample, with low mouth-drying and good mouth feel. 200ppm RA50 was very dry and low mouth feel in comparison. It is found the160 ppm+40 ppm Stevia-derived MRP to have a slightly dryer sweetnessthan the equivalent sample made with RA20. At 40 ppm the Stevia-derivedMRP added improved mouth feel and sugar-likeness, and slightly improvedthe Lemon aspect of the Lemon & Lime flavor. Using a higher amount than40 ppm in this application altered the flavor of the beverage and mutedthe Lime aspect with a floral note. One person tested with a sip ofwater between testing two different solutions.

Example 200. Triangle Test: Adding Stevia-Derived MRP Floral andThaumatin

Test Samples

A combination of Stevia-derived MRP Floral, as prepared in Example 67,and thaumatin (10%) in a ratio of 10:1 was prepared by dissolving 1.83 gblend in 100 ml water. From this concentrate, 0.1 g was added to RedBull Sugar free (Acesulfam K, Aspartame). A combination ofStevia-derived MRP Floral and thaumatin (10%) in a ratio of 10:1, acombination of Stevia-derived MRP Caramel, as prepared in Example 68,and thaumatin (10%) in a ratio of 10:1 was prepared individually bydissolving 1.83 g blend in 100 ml water. Then take 1:1 ratio from eachand blend them, concentrate 0.1 g of new blend were added to Pepsi MaxSugar free (Aspartame and Acesulfam-K).

TABLE 200.1 Target Triangle Test A B Recognition of #1 Red Bull Red Bulldifference Sugarfree Sugarfree/Combination of Stevia-derived MRP andThaumatin Recognition of #2 Pepsi Max Pepsi Max difference SugarfreeSugarfree/Combination of Stevia-derived MRP and Thaumatin

Triangle Test

48 panelists were chosen according to Table 200.2 to establish with a99.9% probability (100-β) a scenario where 50% of the panelists (pd) canrecognize the difference at a significance level α=0.001. The panelistswere randomly allocated to 6 following sequences of the two samples Aand B: ABB, BAA, AAB, ABA and BAB. Panelists drank water between samplesto rinse their palates.

The samples were marked with random 3 digit numbers.

After conducting the test, the correct answers (i.e. different t samplewas correctly recognized) were compared to Table 200.3 (minimumrequired, correct answers for establishment of a difference at the givensignificance level).

TABLE 200.2 Minimum number of panelists for a triangle test β α p_(d)0.20 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.20 50% 7 12 16 25 36 0.10 12 15 20 30 430.05 16 20 23 35 48 0.01 25 30 35 47 62 0.001 36 43 48 62 81 0.20 40% 1217 25 36 55 0.10 17 25 30 46 67 0.05 23 30 40 57 79 0.01 35 47 56 76 1020.001 55 68 76 102 130 0.20 30% 20 28 39 64 97 0.10 30 43 54 81 119 0.0540 53 66 98 136 0.01 62 82 97 131 181 0.001 93 120 138 181 233

TABLE 200.3 Minimum number of correct answers for a triangle test toestablish a difference α n 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.001 6 4 5 5 6 — 7 4 5 56 7 8 5 5 6 7 8 9 5 6 6 7 8 10 6 6 7 8 9 11 6 7 7 8 10 12 6 7 8 9 10 137 8 8 9 11 14 7 8 9 10 11 15 8 8 9 10 12 16 8 9 9 11 12 17 8 9 10 11 1318 9 10 10 12 13 19 9 10 11 12 14 20 9 10 11 13 14 21 10 11 12 13 15 2210 11 12 14 15 23 11 12 12 14 16 24 11 12 13 15 16 25 11 12 13 15 17 2612 13 14 15 17 27 12 13 14 16 18 28 12 14 15 16 18 29 13 14 15 17 19 3013 14 15 17 19 31 14 15 16 18 20 32 14 15 16 18 20 33 14 15 17 18 21 3415 16 17 19 21 35 15 16 17 19 21 36 15 17 18 20 22 42 18 19 20 22 25 4820 21 22 25 27 54 22 23 25 27 30 60 24 26 27 30 33 66 26 28 29 32 35 7228 30 32 34 38 78 30 32 34 37 40 84 33 35 36 39 43 90 35 37 38 42 45 9637 39 41 44 48 102 39 41 43 46 50

3. Test Results

Find below the test results for the triangle tests performed.

TABLE 200.4 Triangle Correct Target Test answers InterpretationRecognition of #1 29/48 Highly significant (p < 0.001) differenceRecognition of #2 23/48 Highly significant (p < 0.05) difference

The description of the difference revealed for test #1 (Red Bull Sugarfree) following main statements (multiple answers):

better overall likeability (21/48 participants) sweeter, more pleasant(18/48 participants) smell different (17/48 participants)

More full-bodied, better mouth feel (16/48 participants)

The description of the difference revealed for test #2 (Pepsi Max Sugarfree) following main statements (multiple answers):

better overall likeability (29/48 participants) More full-bodied, bettermouth feel (27/48 participants) smell different (25/48 participants)sweeter, more pleasant (15/48 participants)

The results showed that by adding small amounts of combinations ofStevia-derived MRPs and thaumatin in sugar reduced beverages, the resultcould significantly improve the taste and aroma.

Example 201. Citrus Beverage FMP and Stability of Stevia-Derived MRP(Conditions 100 ppm and 200 ppm)

Commercial carbonized, sugar free flavored Citrus beverage (0.5 literbottles, Brand: Gröbi Zitrone, Sweetener: Sodium-cyclamate, Aspartame,Acesulfam K and Sodium-saccharin) was cooled to 2° C., opened anddirectly spiked with 50 or 100 mg Stevia-derived MRP (Tangerine forCitrus beverages or popcorn for Cola type). Bottles were recapped andtightly closed.

Closed bottles were brought to room temperature to dissolve theStevia-derived MRP completely. Thereafter bottles were stored at 4-6° C.and 20-22° C. Every 2 weeks samples are taken (room temperature samplesare then cooled to 4-6° C. and sensory evaluated.

Equally treated, but unspiked bottles were stored as control bottles fordirect comparison.

Stability tests were performed for Stevia-derived MRP for (mouth feel,improvement of sweetener profile), with 5 Tasters, with blinded tastetests with discussion of test results to reach a Joint Opinion.

Test Results

The sensory test results for the stability study in sugar free Citrusbeverage are presented below. Results are also noted in FIG. 210 throughFIG. 217.

TABLE 201.1 Sample Stevia-derived Storage (w) Temp Type MRP (ppm)Sensory evaluation  0 2-4° C. Citrus — Artificial Sweetness, void  02-4° C. Citrus 100 Less artificial, more mouth feel  0 2-4° C. Citrus200 Almost sugar like, slightly artificial, full-bodied  2 2-4° C.Citrus — Artificial Sweetness, void  2 2-4° C. Citrus 100 Lessartificial, more mouth feel, no change during 2 weeks of storage  2 2-4°C. Citrus 200 Almost sugar like, slightly artificial, full-bodied, nochange during 2 weeks of storage  2 20-22° C. Citrus — ArtificialSweetness, void  2 20-22° C. Citrus 100 Less artificial, more mouthfeel, no difference to samples stored at 2-4° C.  2 20-22° C. Citrus 200Almost sugar like, slightly artificial, full-bodied, less sweeter thansamples stored at 2-4° C.  4 2-4° C. Citrus — Artificial Sweetness, void 4 2-4° C. Citrus 100 Less artificial, more mouth feel, no change during4 weeks of storage  4 2-4° C. Citrus 200 Almost sugar like, slightlyartificial, full-bodied, no change during 4 weeks of storage  4 20-22°C. Citrus — Artificial Sweetness, void  4 20-22° C. Citrus 100 Lessartificial, more mouth feel, no difference to samples stored 4 weeks at2-4° C.  4 20-22° C. Citrus 200 Almost sugar like, slightly artificial,full-bodied, no difference to samples stored 4 weeks at 2-4° C.  6 2-4°C. Citrus — Artificial Sweetness, void  6 2-4° C. Citrus 100 Lessartificial, more mouth feel, no change during 6 weeks of storage  6 2-4°C. Citrus 200 Almost sugar like, slightly artificial, full-bodied, nochange during 6 weeks of storage  6 20-22° C. Citrus — ArtificialSweetness, void, reduced flavor perception  6 20-22° C. Citrus 100 Lessartificial, more mouth feel, reduced flavor perception compared tosample stored at 2- 4° C., more harmonic than reference  6 20-22° C.Citrus 200 Almost sugar like, slightly artificial, full-bodied, slightlyreduced flavor perception compared to sample stored at 2- 4° C., moreharmonic than reference  8 2-4° C. Citrus — Artificial Sweetness, void 8 2-4° C. Citrus 100 Less artificial, more mouth feel, no change during8 weeks of storage  8 2-4° C. Citrus 200 Almost sugar like, slightlyartificial, full-bodied, no change during 8 weeks of storage  8 20-22°C. Citrus — Artificial Sweetness, void, substantial reduced flavorperception  8 20-22° C. Citrus 100 Less artificial, more mouth feel,reduced flavor perception compared to sample stored at 2- 4° C., moreharmonic than reference  8 20-22° C. Citrus 200 Almost sugar like,slightly artificial, full-bodied, slightly reduced flavor perceptioncompared to sample stored at 2- 4° C., more harmonic than reference 102-4° C. Citrus — Artificial Sweetness, void 10 2-4° C. Citrus 100 Lessartificial, more mouth feel, no change during 10 weeks of storage 102-4° C. Citrus 200 Almost sugar like, slightly artificial, full-bodied,no change during 10 weeks of storage 10 20-22° C. Citrus — ArtificialSweetness, void, continuous reduced flavor perception (even compared to8 weeks of storage) 10 20-22° C. Citrus 100 Less artificial, more mouthfeel, reduced flavor perception compared to sample stored at 2- 4° C.,substantial more harmonic than reference 10 20-22° C. Citrus 200 Almostsugar like, slightly artificial, full-bodied, slightly reduced flavorperception compared to sample stored at 2- 4° C., substantial moreharmonic than reference

Conclusion: The results showed that Stevia-derived MRP couldsignificantly improve the taste profile and enhance the mouth feel ofsugar free flavored Citrus beverages stored at both 2-4° C. and 20-22°C. The improved effects were stable for at least 10 weeks.

Example 202. Cola Beverage—FMP and Stability of Stevia-Derived MRP(Conditions 100 ppm and 200 ppm)

Commercial carbonized, sugar free flavored cola beverage (0.5 literbottles, Brand: Sodastream syrup prepared according to instructions,Sweetener: Sodium-cyclamate, Aspartame, Acesulfam K and Sucralose) wascooled to 2° C., opened and directly spiked with 50 or 100 mgStevia-derived MRP (Tangerine for Citrus beverages or popcorn for Colatype). Bottles were recapped and tightly closed.

Closed bottles were brought to room temperature to dissolveStevia-derived MRP completely. Thereafter bottles were stored at 2-4° C.and 20-22° C. Every 2 weeks samples were taken (room temperature sampleswere then cooled to 4-6° C. and sensory evaluated.

Equally treated, but unspiked bottles were stored as control bottles fordirect comparison.

Stability tests were performed for Stevia-derived MRP (mouth feel,improvement of sweetener profile), with 5 Tasters, with blinded tastetests with discussion of test results to reach Joint Opinion.

Test Results

The sensory test results for the stability study in sugar free colabeverage are presented below. Results are also noted in FIG. 218 throughFIG. 225. The results showed that improvement of overall taste and aromaof the beverage by Stevia-derived FMPs is very stable, andStevia-derived FMPs could act as antioxidants for foods and beverages.

TABLE 202.1 Sample Stevia-derived Storage (w) Temp Type MRP (ppm)Sensory evaluation  0  2-4° C. Cola — Artificial Sweetness, void  0 2-4° C. Cola 100 Less artificial, better mouth feel  0  2-4° C. Cola200 Substantial less artificial and substantial increased mouth feel  2 2-4° C. Cola — Artificial Sweetness, void  2  2-4° C. Cola 100 Lessartificial, slightly more mouth feel, no change during 2 weeks ofstorage  2  2-4° C. Cola 200 Substantial less artificial and substantialincreased mouth feel, no change during 2 weeks of storage  2 20-22° C.Cola — Artificial Sweetness, void, no change  2 20-22° C. Cola 100 Lessartificial, better mouth feel, no difference to samples stored at 2-4°C.  2 20-22° C. Cola 200 Substantial less artificial and substantialincreased mouth feel, no difference to samples stored at 2-4° C.  4 2-4° C. Cola — Artificial Sweetness, void, no change  4  2-4° C. Cola100 Less artificial, better more mouth feel, no change during 4 weeks ofstorage  4  2-4° C. Cola 200 Substantial less artificial and substantialincreased mouth feel, no change during 4 weeks of storage  4 20-22° C.Cola — Artificial Sweetness, void, no change  4 20-22° C. Cola 100 Lessartificial, better mouth feel, no difference to samples stored at 2-4°C.  4 20-22° C. Cola 200 Substantial less artificial and substantialincreased mouth feel, no difference to samples stored at 2-4° C.  6 2-4° C. Cola — Artificial Sweetness, void, no change  6  2-4° C. Cola100 Less artificial, slightly more mouth feel, no change during 4 weeksof storage  6  2-4° C. Cola 200 Substantial less artificial andsubstantial increased mouth feel, no change during 4 weeks of storage  620-22° C. Cola — Artificial Sweetness, void, no change  6 20-22° C. Cola100 Less artificial, better mouth feel, no difference to samples storedat 2-4° C.  6 20-22° C. Cola 200 Substantial less artificial andsubstantial increased mouth feel, no difference to samples stored at2-4° C.  8  2-4° C. Cola — Artificial Sweetness, void, no change  8 2-4° C. Cola 100 Less artificial, slightly more mouth feel, no changeduring 8 weeks of storage  8  2-4° C. Cola 200 Substantial lessartificial and substantial increased mouth feel, no change during 8weeks of storage  8 20-22° C. Cola — Artificial Sweetness, void, nochange  8 20-22° C. Cola 100 Less artificial, better mouth feel, nodifference to samples stored at 2-4° C.  8 20-22° C. Cola 200Substantial less artificial and substantial increased mouth feel, nodifference to samples stored at 2-4° C. 10  2-4° C. Cola — ArtificialSweetness, void, no change 10  2-4° C. Cola 100 Less artificial,slightly more mouth feel, no mentionable change during 10 weeks ofstorage 10  2-4° C. Cola 200 Substantial less artificial and substantialincreased mouth feel, no mentionable change during 10 weeks of storage10 20-22° C. Cola — Artificial Sweetness, void, no change 10 20-22° C.Cola 100 Less artificial, better mouth feel, no difference to samplesstored at 2-4° C. 10 20-22° C. Cola 200 Substantial less artificial andsubstantial increased mouth feel, no difference to samples stored at2-4° C.

Conclusion: The results showed that Stevia-derived MRPs couldsignificantly improve the taste profile and enhance mouth feel of sugarfree flavored cola beverages stored at both 2-4° C. and 20-22° C. Theimproved effects were stable for at least 10 weeks.

Example 203. Aroma Stability in Powder Form and Liquid Form

Stevia-derived MRP (Tangerine, Popcorn, Floral, Chocolate) were storedat the following conditions:

Solid (as delivered) in sealed plastic bags, protected from light at20-22° C.

Liquid as a solution in water (200 ppm) in a sealed bottle, protectedfrom light at 2-4° C. and at 22-24° C.

Liquid as a solution (200 ppm) stored in water/0.1% citric acid in asealed bottle, protected from light at 2-4° C. and at 22-24° C.

As reference solutions, 200 ppm samples stored in water and water/0.1%citric acid were prepared and frozen to −30° C. in 100 ml portions.Under those conditions changes in the flavor profile were unlikely.

Every 2 weeks a sensory test was performed to evaluate the flavorstability.

Flavor Stability Evaluation—Difference to Reference Detected (5 Tasters,Triangle Test Design)

The stability test was based on the evaluation of the sample solution.Therefore, the sample stored in the solid form was evaluated bydissolving into a solution before evaluation.

In each table, one control and three samples were compared. Among them,“Freshly prepared” is a sample stored in solid form, which is the samplesolution prepared before evaluation.

TABLE 203.1 200 ppm samples stored in water and water/0.1% citric acidwere Reference prepared and frozen to −30° C. in 100 ml portions.Freshly prepared Solid samples which were stored in sealed plastic bagswere dissolved in water to make the concentration up to 200 ppm. Storedas liquid 2° C. Liquid as a solution in water (200 ppm) in a sealedbottle. Stored as liquid 22° C. Liquid as a solution (200 ppm) stored inwater/ 0.1% citric acid in a sealed bottle.

Test Results

TABLE 203.2 Storage Time: 0 weeks Sample Tangerine Popcorn FloralChocolate Water Reference — — — — Freshly prepared No No No No Stored asliquid 2° C. No No No No Stored as liquid No No No No 22° C.Water/Citric Acid Reference — — — — Freshly prepared No No No No Storedas liquid 2° C. No No No No Stored as liquid No No No No 22° C.

TABLE 203.3 Storage Time: 2 weeks Sample Tangerine Popcorn FloralChocolate Water Reference — — — — Freshly prepared No No No No Stored asliquid 2° C. No No No No Stored as liquid No No ? No 22° C. Water/CitricAcid Reference — — — — Freshly prepared No No No No Stored as liquid 2°C. No No No No Stored as liquid No No Yes¹ No 22° C. ¹loss of flavor

TABLE 203.4 Storage Time: 4 weeks Sample Tangerine Popcorn FloralChocolate Water Reference — — — — Freshly prepared No No No No Stored asliquid 2° C. No No No No Stored as liquid No No Yes¹ No 22° C.Water/Citric Acid Reference — — — — Freshly prepared No No No No Storedas liquid 2° C. No No No No Stored as liquid No No Yes¹ No 22° C. ¹lossof flavor

TABLE 203.5 Storage Time: 6 weeks Sample Tangerine Popcorn FloralChocolate Water Reference — — — — Freshly prepared No No No No Stored asliquid 2° C. No No No No Stored as liquid No No Yes¹ Yes² 22° C.Water/Citric Acid Reference — — — — Freshly prepared No No No No Storedas liquid 2° C. No No No No Stored as liquid No Yes² Yes¹ No 22° C.¹substantial loss of flavor ²slightly bitter

TABLE 203.6 Storage Time: 8 weeks Sample Tangerine Popcorn FloralChocolate Water Reference — — — — Freshly prepared No No No No Stored asliquid 2° C. No No No No Stored as liquid Yes³ No Yes¹ Yes² 22° C.Water/Citric Acid Reference — — — — Freshly prepared No No No No Storedas liquid 2° C. No No No No Stored as liquid Yes³ Yes² Yes¹ No 22° C.¹substantial loss of flavor ²slightly bitter ³Lost Freshness and reducedcitrus smell

TABLE 203.7 Storage Time: 10 weeks Sample Tangerine Popcorn FloralChocolate Water Reference — — — — Freshly prepared No No No No Stored asliquid 2° C. No No No No Stored as liquid Yes³ No Yes¹ Yes² 22° C.Water/Citric Acid Reference — — — — Freshly prepared No No No No Storedas liquid 2° C. No No No No Stored as liquid Yes³ Yes² Yes¹ No 22° C.¹substantial loss of flavor ²bitter ³Lost Freshness and substantiallyreduced citrus smell

The results showed that Stevia-derived FMPs have antioxidant propertieswhich could keep the taste and aroma stable in both liquid and solidform.

Example 204. Combination of Stevia-Derived MRP and Thaumatin in Tea,Coffee and Chocolate Beverages

Combinations of Stevia-derived MRP and thaumatin Caramel (blend ofStevia-derived MRP Caramel and thaumatin (10%)) in a ratio of 10:1 wasadded at different amounts to the samples below. Sensory evaluationswere performed and represent the joint opinion of 5 tasters.

TABLE 204.1 Combination of Stevia- derived MRP and Thaumatin Sample(ppm) Sweetness Flavor hot black 100 No change No substantial changeRussian tea 200 Sweet, slightly Harmonic/ (no sugar) lingering balancedsmell 300 Lingering Slight caramel, sweet Less bitter hot black 100 Nochange No substantial change espresso 200 Sweet, slightly Balancedsmell, coffee lingering Less bitter (no sugar) 300 Lingering Lessbitter. More sweet harmonic sweet/ acid balance hot cocoa 100 No changeLess astringent in milk 200 Sweet, slightly Less astringent, Less (nosugar) lingering bitter, more milky 300 Sweet, pleasant Less astringent,Less Lingering bitter, more milky, harmonic

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin could be used in tea, coffee andchocolate milk. The combination improved or changed the taste and flavorprofile of sugar free products. The added amount depends on desiredfinal products and sweetness and aroma of initial Stevia-derived MRPs.

Combinations of Stevia-derived MRP and thaumatin Flora (blend ofStevia-derived MRP Flora and thaumatin (10%)) in a ratio of 10:1 wasadded at different amounts to the samples below. Sensory evaluationswere performed and represent the joint opinion of 5 tasters. The resultsshowed that combinations of Stevia-derived MRPs and thaumatin couldimprove the overall taste and aroma of tea, coffee, and chocolatebeverages.

TABLE 204.2 Combination of Stevia- derived MRP and Thaumatin Sample(ppm) Sweetness Flavor Ice Tea Peach 100 Slightly More intense smell,(7% sugar) more sweet taste unchanged 200 More sweet, More intensesmell, full-bodied floral, more harmonic sour/sweet balance 300 Moresweet, More intense smell, full-bodied floral, harmonic sour/ sweetbalance, not bitterness Ice Tea Lemon 100 Slightly No substantial change(7% sugar) more sweet 200 More sweet, Increased citrus smell,full-bodied no bitter aftertaste 300 More sweet, No bitterness. Morefull-bodied harmonic sweet/acid balance Ice Tea Cherry 100 SlightlyIncreased fruity smell (7% sugar) more sweet 200 More sweet, Increasedfruity smell, full-bodied More natural cherry taste 300 More sweet,Increased fruity smell, full-bodied More natural cherry taste, moreharmonic taste

Conclusion: The result demonstrated that the combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin could be used in a sugar reduced teabeverage. The combination improved the taste, mouthfeel and aroma of thefinal products. The added amount depended on desired final product forsweetness or aroma of Stevia-derived MRPs. The combination was in rangeof 0.5 ppm to 2,000 ppm.

Example 205. Combination of Stevia-Derived MRP and Thaumatin Ready toUse Concentrate in Beverages

TABLE 205.1 Combination of Stevia- derived MRP and Thaumatin* CaramelSample (ml/L) Sweetness Flavor Flavored Water 0   Faint of Intensive,Ginger- sweetness, Ginger Lemongrass slightly (Brand: Vöslauer) rasping,sour 2.0 Sweeter, Intensive, still sour Ginger 3.0 Sweeter, Intensive,still sour Ginger 3.4 Pleasant Ginger more sweetness, harmonic harmonictaste than reference 3.8 Pleasant Ginger more sweetness, harmonicharmonic taste than reference slightly sticky 4.0 Very sweet Ginger moreharmonic than reference 6.0 Very sweet, Ginger more slightly stickyharmonic than reference Flavored Water 0   Faint of Intensive,Apple-Cranberry sweetness, Cranberry (Brand: Vöslauer) slightly sour 2.0Sweeter, Intensive, slightly sour Cranberry 3.0 Sweeter, Intensive,slightly sour Cranberry more intense than reference 3.4 PleasantIntensive, sweetness, Cranberry harmonic taste more intense and harmonicthan reference 3.8 Pleasant Intensive, sweetness, Cranberry harmonictaste more intense slightly sticky and harmonic than reference 4.0 Verysweet, Ginger more sticky harmonic than reference 6.0 Unpleasant sweet,Ginger more sticky, slightly harmonic rasping than reference *preparedaccording to recipe: (a) Blend Stevia-derived MRP and thaumatin (10%)with the ratio of 10:1 (b) Combination of Stevia-derived MRP andthaumatin Caramel: 1.83% (1.83 g blend in 100 g pure water)

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin could be used in flavored water. Thecombination improved the taste, mouthfeel and aroma of final productsignificantly. The amount added could vary from 0.5 ppm to 2,000 ppmdepending upon the desired taste profile of the final product and theinitial composition of Stevia-derived MRPs. Thaumatin concentration inthe final product can be in range of 0.1 ppm to 20 ppm.

TABLE 205.2 Combination of Stevia- derived MRP and Thaumatin* CaramelSample (ml/L) Sweetness Flavor Sugar free 0   Sweet, sour typical energydrink Energy 1.0 Pleasant sweet, No change Drink slightly sour toreference (Brand: 2.0 Pleasant More harmonic Red Bull) sweetness, thanreference, harmonic taste less intense 3.0 Pleasant More harmonicsweetness, than reference harmonic taste, slightly sticky 4.0 verysweet, More harmonic sticky than reference *prepared according torecipe: (a) Blend Stevia-derived MRP and thaumatin (10%) with the ratioof 10:1 (b) Combination of Stevia-derived MRP and thaumatin Caramel:1.83% (1.83 g blend in 100 g pure water)

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin could be used for sugar free energydrinks. The combination improved the taste, mouthfeel and aroma of theenergy drink by using high intensity synthetic sweeteners. Addingdifferent amounts of the combination of Stevia-derived MRPs andThaumatin created different taste and aroma profiles. The combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin can be used as a flavoring to improvethe taste profile of high intensity synthetic sweeteners.

Example 206. Comparison of Stevia-Derived MRPs with CorrespondingCombinations of Stevia-Derived MRPs and Thaumatin in Beverages

TABLE 206.1 Sample Flavor* Amount (mL/L) Sensory evaluation SugarfreeCombination of 2.0 Sweeter than beverage Stevia-derived reference, mild(Orange MRP and harmonic, balanced Brand: Thaumatin C Gröbi)Stevia-derived Sweeter than reference, MRP C mild and harmonicCombination of 2.0 Sweeter than Stevia-derived reference, bloomy, MRPand almost fully Thaumatin F harmonic taste Stevia-derived Sweeter thanMRP F reference, bloomy, almost fully harmonic taste, slight off-tasteCombination of 2.0 Sweeter than Stevia-derived reference, harmonic, MRPand balanced taste Thaumatin P Stevia-derived Sweeter than MRP Preference, harmonic and balanced taste Combination of 2.0 Sweeter thanStevia-derived reference, slight MRP and bitter chocolate, Thaumatin Chalmost harmonic taste Stevia-derived Sweeter than MRP Ch reference,slight bitter chocolate, almost harmonic taste Combination of 2.0 MuchSweeter Stevia-derived than reference, MRP and very aromatic, ThaumatinT pleasant taste Stevia-derived Sweeter than MRP T reference, pleasantlysour, pleasant taste C . . . Caramel, F . . . Flora, P . . . Popcorn, Ch. . . Chocolate, T . . . Tangerine *prepared according to recipe: (a)Stevia-derived MRP prepared according to recipe (b) Blend Stevia-derivedMRP and thaumatin (10%) with the ratio of 10:1 (c) Combination ofStevia-derived MRP and thaumatin Caramel: 1.83% (1.83 g blend in 100 gpure water)

Conclusion: The results demonstrated both Stevia-derived MRPs and itscombination with Thaumatin could be used for sugar free beverage as aflavor or a flavor modifier. The combination improved the taste,mouthfeel and aroma of the sugar free beverage using high intensitysynthetic sweeteners. The added combination can be in the range of 0.5ppm to 2,000 ppm. Thaumatin in the final product can be in the range of0.1 ppm to 20 ppm.

TABLE 206.2 Sample Flavor* Amount (mL/L) Sensory evaluation Sugar freeCombination of 1.6 Sweeter than beverage Stevia-derived reference,harmonic, (Cola Brand: MRP and balanced taste Coca Cola) Thaumatin CStevia-derived Sweeter than MRP C reference, harmonic taste Combinationof 1.6 Sweeter than Stevia-derived reference, almost MRP and harmonictaste, Thaumatin F slight lingering Stevia-derived Sweeter thanreference, MRP F bloomy, almost harmonic taste, slight lingeringCombination of 1.6 Sweeter than reference, Stevia-derived harmonic,optimum MRP and balanced taste Thaumatin P Stevia-derived Sweeter thanreference, MRP P harmonic and balanced taste Combination of 1.6 Sweeterthan Stevia-derived reference, bitter MRP and chocolate, almostThaumatin Ch harmonic taste Stevia-derived Sweeter than reference, MRPCh slightly bitter chocolate, almost harmonic taste Combination of 1.6Sweeter than Stevia-derived reference, aromatic, MRP and pleasant tasteThaumatin T Stevia-derived Sweeter than reference, MRP T aromatic,balanced, pleasant taste C . . . Caramel, F . . . Flora, P . . .Popcorn, Ch . . . Chocolate, T . . . Tangerine *prepared according torecipe: (a) Stevia-derived MRP prepared according to recipe (b) BlendStevia-derived MRP and thaumatin (10%) with the ratio of 10:1 (c)Combination of Stevia-derived MRP and thaumatin Caramel: 1.83% (1.83 gblend in 100 g pure water)

Conclusion: The results demonstrated both Stevia-derived MRPs and itscombination with Thaumatin could be used for sugar free cola and othercarbonated energy drinks and act as a flavor or a flavor modifier. Thecombination improved the taste, mouthfeel and aroma of sugar free colausing high intensity synthetic sweeteners. The added amount of thecombination can be in the range of 0.5 ppm to 2,000 ppm. Thaumatin inthe final product can be in the range of 0.1 ppm to 20 ppm.

TABLE 206.3 Sample Flavor* Amount (mL/L) Sensory evaluation Sugar freeCombination of 2.0 Sweeter and beverage Stevia-derived more balanced(Grapefruit MRP and than reference, Brand: Thaumatin C very sweet Gröbi)Stevia-derived Sweeter and more MRP C balanced than reference, verysweet, slightly sour Combination of 2.0 Sweeter than Stevia-derivedreference, MRP and almost balanced, Thaumatin F harmonic tasteStevia-derived Sweeter than MRP F reference, almost harmonic taste,slightly lingering Combination of 2.0 Sweeter than Stevia-derivedreference, MRP and harmonic, Thaumatin P optimum balanced tasteStevia-derived Sweeter than MRP P reference, harmonic and balanced tasteCombination of 2.0 Sweeter than Stevia-derived reference, bitter MRP andchocolate, almost Thaumatin Ch pleasant taste Stevia-derived Sweeterthan MRP Ch reference, slightly bitter chocolate, almost pleasant tasteCombination of 2.0 Sweeter than Stevia-derived reference, fresh, MRP andno bitterness, Thaumatin T aromatic, pleasant taste Stevia-derivedSweeter than MRP T reference, slightly bitter chocolate, aromaticpleasant taste C . . . Caramel, F . . . Flora, P . . . Popcorn, Ch . . .Chocolate, T . . . Tangerine *prepared according to recipe: (a)Stevia-derived MRP prepared according to recipe (b) Blend Stevia-derivedMRP and thaumatin (10%) with the ratio of 10:1 (c) Combination ofStevia-derived MRP and thaumatin Caramel: 1.83% (1.83 g blend in 100 gpure water)

Conclusion: The results demonstrated both Stevia-derived MRPs and itscombination with Thaumatin could be used for sugar free flavoredbeverages and act as a flavor or a flavor modifier. The combinationimproved the taste, mouthfeel and aroma of sugar free beverage usinghigh intensity synthetic sweeteners. The added amount of the combinationcan be in the range of 0.5 ppm to 2,000 ppm. Thaumatin in the finalproduct can be in the range of 0.1 ppm to 20 ppm.

TABLE 206.4 Sample Flavor* Amount (mL/L) Sensory evaluation Sugar freebeverage Combination of 2.0 Sweeter than reference, slightly (EnergyBrand: Red Stevia-derived sour, slightly more harmonic Bull) MRP andThaumatin C Stevia-derived Sweeter than reference, slightly MRP C sourCombination of 2.0 Sweeter than reference, harmonic, Stevia-derivedoptimum balanced taste MRP and Thaumatin F Stevia-derived Sweeter thanreference, harmonic MRP F and balanced taste Combination of 2.0 Sweeterthan reference, harmonic, Stevia-derived more balanced taste thanreference MRP and Thaumatin P Stevia-derived Sweeter than reference,harmonic MRP P and balanced taste Combination of 2.0 Sweeter thanreference, slightly Stevia-derived bitter chocolate, almost pleasant MRPand taste Thaumatin Ch Stevia-derived Sweeter than reference, slightlyMRP Ch bitter chocolate, almost pleasant taste Combination of 2.0Sweeter than reference, fresh, Stevia-derived slightly bitter chocolateMRP and Thaumatin T Stevia-derived Sweeter than reference, fresh, MRP Tslightly bitter chocolate C . . . Caramel, F . . . Flora, P . . .Popcorn, Ch . . . Chocolate, T . . . Tangerine * . . . preparedaccording to recipe: (a) Stevia-derived MRP prepared according to recipe(b) Blend Stevia-derived MRP and thaumatin (10%) with the ratio of 10:1(c) Combination of Stevia-derived MRP and thaumatin Caramel: 1.83% (1.83g blend in 100 g pure water)

Conclusion: The results demonstrated both Stevia-derived MRPs and itscombination with Thaumatin could be used for a sugar free energy drinkand act as a flavor or a flavor modifier. The combination improved thetaste, mouthfeel and aroma of the sugar free energy drink using highintensity synthetic sweeteners. The added amount of the combination canbe in the range of 0.5 ppm to 2,000 ppm. Thaumatin in the final productcan be in the range of 0.1 ppm to 20 ppm.

Example 207. Concentration/Sensory Evaluation of Combination ofStevia-Derived MRP and Thaumatin in Beverages

TABLE 207.1 Flavor Amount Sample (mL/L)* (mL/L) Sensory evaluationHomemade lemon Combination 0 Sour, typical lemon flavor lemonade(squeezed of Stevia- 2.0 Sour, typical lemon lemon juice 1:5 derived MRPflavor, slightly rasping, diluted with water, and sweeter than reference4% sugar, 1.5% Thaumatin C 3.0 Sour, typical lemon citric acid flavor,slightly rasping, (measured)) sweeter than 2.0 mL 4.0 Sweet/sour,typical lemon flavor, sweeter than 3.0 mL 5.0 Sweet/sour, typical lemonflavor, sweeter than 4.0 mL 6.0 Sweet/sour, typical lemon flavor,sweeter than 5.0 mL 8.0 Harmonic sweet/sour balance, typical lemonflavor, sweeter than 6.0 mL 10.0 Harmonic sweet/sour balance, typicallemon flavor, sweeter than 8.0 mL 12.0 Harmonic sweet/sour balance,typical lemon flavor, sweeter than 10.0 mL, slightly too sweet 20.0Harmonic sweet/sour balance, typical lemon flavor, sweeter than 12.0 mL,very sweet, slightly sticky *. . . C = Caramel

TABLE 207.2 Sample Flavor (mL/L)* Amount (mL/L) Sensory evaluationHomemade lemon Combination  0 Sweet/Sour, rasping, typical lemonlemonade (squeezed of Stevia-derived flavor lemon juice 1:5 MRP and  1.0Sweet/Sour, rasping, typical lemon diluted with water, Thaumatin Cflavor, sweeter than reference 6% sugar, 1.5%  2.0 Sweet/Sour, typicallemon flavor, (measured) ) sweeter than 1.0 mL  3.0 Sweet/Sour, typicallemon flavor, sweeter than 2.0 mL  4.0 Sweet/Sour, typical lemon flavor,sweeter than 3.0 mL  6.0 Sweet/Sour balance, typical lemon flavor,sweeter than 4.0 mL  7.0 Harmonic sweet/sour balance, typical lemonflavor, sweeter than 6.0 mL  8.0 Harmonic sweet/sour balance, typicallemon flavor, sweeter than 7.0 mL, slightly sticky 10.0 Harmonicsweet/sour balance, typical lemon flavor, sweeter than 8.0 mL, verysweet, slightly sticky * . . . C = Caramel

TABLE 207.3 Sample Flavor (mL/L)* Amount (mL/L) Sensory evaluationHomemade lemon Combination 0 Sweet/Sour, typical lemon flavor lemonade(squeezed of Stevia-derived 1.0 Sweet/Sour, typical lemon flavor, lemonjuice 1:10 MRP and sweeter than reference diluted with water, ThaumatinC 2.0 Optimum sweet/sour balance, 4% sugar, 1.5% typical lemon flavorcitric acid Combination 1.0 Sweet/Sour, typical lemon flavor, (measured)) of Stevia-derived sweeter than reference, more MRP and aromaticThaumatin T 2.0 Optimum sweet/sour balance, typical lemon flavor, morearomatic Homemade lemon Combination 0 Sweet/Sour, typical lemon flavorlemonade (squeezed of Stevia-derived 1.0 Optimum sweet/sour balance,lemon juice 1:10 MRP and typical lemon flavor, balanced diluted withwater, Thaumatin C 2.0 Optimum sweet/sour balance, 6% sugar, 1.5%typical lemon flavor, sweet, citric acid balanced (measured) )Combination 1.0 Optimum sweet/sour balance, of Stevia-derived typicallemon flavor, balanced, MRP and fruity Thaumatin T 2.0 Good Sweet/Sourbalance, very sweet, typical lemon flavor * . . . C = Caramel, T =Tangerine

TABLE 207.4 Lot # Stevia-derived MRP Flora 240-71-01 Stevia-derived MRPTangerine 240-51-01 Stevia-derived MRP Popcorn 211-31-24 Stevia-derivedMRP Chocolate 211-23-46 Stevia-derived MRP Caramel EPC-240-117-02Combination of Stevia-derived EPC-214-10-14 MRP and Thaumatin CaramelEPCalin(Thaumatin), 45% 20180201 Grobi Grapefruit 181108GG 1.5 G;08.08.19 (08:44) Grobi Orange 181219GO 1.5 G; 19.09.19 (10:53) CocaColasugarfree I.22L06:11WN; 24.05.2019 RedBull sugarfree M22A41;08.09.2019/0#6; 1668916/14:03 Voslauer Ingwer-Lemongrass L32550524;03.19 Voslauer Apfel-Cranberry L22552116; 03.19

Conclusion: The results demonstrated both Stevia-derived MRPs and itscombination with Thaumatin could be used for a sugar reduced lemonadebeverage and act as a flavor or a flavor modifier. The combinationimproved the taste, mouthfeel and aroma of the sugar reduced lemonade.The added amount of the combination can be in the range of 0.5 ppm to2,000 ppm. Thaumatin in the final product could be in the range of 0.1ppm to 20 ppm.

Example 208. Behavior of Stevia-Derived MRP and Thaumatin Chocolate andErythritol in Chocolate Baked Goods

(Example Chocolate Muffins)

Materials:

Baking Powder “Dr. Oetker”, Z21403 Mat.-Nr. 2-01-420999/001, 05.20L149/M.02

Eggs “Hausruck Ei”, Pn AT 40387

Cocoa powder “Pit&Pit”, D31A00; 8301 P1103211; OUT-0095546 DPD

Wheat flour “Haberfellner”, L805011, 12/2019, 09/08:00

Milk “Schärdinger”, 3.5% fat, 04.02.19 L7.2/015/00:10 A/S

Sunflower oil “Osolio”, 09.12.2019 18:46, L831600916

Sugar “Wiener Zucker”, L42170620 3

Thaumatin (45%, Lot #20180201)

Stevia-derived MRP Chocolate (Lot #211-23-46)

Erythritol

TABLE 208.1 Recipe Sugar Ingredients Amount 100% 70% 50% Baking powder 6.4 g 120 g 84 g 60 g Egg  1 Cocoa powder  20 g Flour 100 g Milk 120 mlSunflower Oil  50 ml Stevia-derived MRP — 0 or 250 μl 0 or 250 μl andThaumatin Chocolate Erythritol — 0 or 24 g 0 or 50 g

Preparation:

1. Pour flour and all the dry ingredients in one bowl (flour, sugar,cocoa powder, baking powder)

2. Whip all wet ingredients together and pour over the dry ingredients,mix with a hand mixer.

3. Pour mixture into baking pans and bake in a preheated oven of 170° C.for 20 min.

Preparation of Stevia-derived MRP and Thaumatin Chocolate solution: Add180 mg Stevia-derived MRP Chocolate to 5 mg thaumatin (45%) and dissolvein 10 ml water.

TABLE 208.2 Sensory evaluation Stevia-derived MRP Sugar Erythritol andThaumatin Sample [%] [%] Chocolate [μl] Sensory evaluation Reference 30— — Typical chocolate cake (Muffin), Soft texture, Sweet and harmonicbitter 30% SR plus 21 — 250 Soft texture, comparable mouthStevia-derived feel to Reference; less sweet and MRP and more aromatic(cocoa) than Thaumatin Reference 30% SR 21 5 — Soft texture, comparablemouth plus 5% feel to Reference; less sweet than Erythritol Reference30% SR plus 21 5 250 Soft texture, comparable mouth Stevia-derived feelto Reference; equally sweet MRP and and more aromatic (cocoa) thanThaumatin and Reference 5% Erythritol SR: sugar reduction

TABLE 208.3 Sensory evaluation Stevia-derived MRP Sugar Erythritol andThaumatin Sample [%] [%] Chocolate [μl] Sensory evaluation Reference 30— — Typical chocolate cake (Muffin), Soft texture, Sweet and harmonicbitter 50% SR plus 15 — 250 Slightly harder texture, reducedStevia-derived mouth feel compared to Reference; MRP and less sweet andmore aromatic (cocoa) Thaumatin than Reference 50% SR plus 15 10 — Softtexture, reduced mouth feel 10% Erythritol compared to Reference; lesssweet than Reference 50% SR plus 15 10 250 Soft texture, comparablemouth Stevia-derived feel to Reference; equally sweet MRP and and morearomatic (cocoa) than Thaumatin and Reference 10% Erythritol SR: sugarreduction

Conclusion: The combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatinsignificantly improved the taste, mouthfeel, texture and aroma of foodproducts such as baked goods when used in sugar reduced products. Thefurther combination with Erythoritol made the products more palatablethat without. The added amount of components depended on the sweetness,strength of flavor of initial Stevia-derived MRPs and the desired finalproduct. The added amount can be in the range of 0.5 ppm to 5,000 ppm.The amount of thaumatin in the final product can be in the range of 0.1ppm to 20 ppm.

Example 209. Sensory Evaluation of Thaumatin and Stevia-Derived MRPsPopcorn in Low Carb/Fat Vanilla Yogurt

Test Design:

Low Carb/Fat Vanilla Yogurt (LFVY) as Reference Sample.

Test Samples were composed of 80% Low Carb/Fat Vanilla Yogurt (LFVY) and20% Low Carb/Fat Plain Yogurt (LFY) with 0 ppm thaumatin (T)—0 ppmStevia-derived MRPs Popcorn (SAP), 0.5 ppm thaumatin (T)—18 ppmStevia-derived MRPs Popcorn (SAP), 1.0 ppm thaumatin (T)—36 ppmStevia-derived MRPs Popcorn (SAP), 1.5 ppm thaumatin (T)—54 ppmStevia-derived MRPs Popcorn (SAP) or 2.00 ppm thaumatin (T)—72 ppmStevia-derived MRPs Popcorn (SAP)

Sensory evaluations consisted of comparisons of sweetness, flavorintensity and mouth feel (each Sample was compared to a reference andwas a Joint Opinion of 5 tasters). FIG. 227 depicts the sweetness,flavor and mouth feel profiles of each sample of the LFVY.

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that both Stevia-derived MRPs andits combination with Thaumatin could improve taste, mouthfeel and aromaof low-carb/fat dairy products significantly. The amount added dependedon the sweetness and the type of aroma of the Stevia-derived MRPs. Theadded amount of Stevia-derived MRPs in the final product can be in therange of about 0.5 to about 2,000 ppm. Thaumatin in the final dairyproducts could be in the range of 0.1 ppm to 20 ppm.

Example 210. Sensory Evaluations of Stevia-Derived MRPs and Thaumatin inProtein Shake from Pea Protein Powder

Materials:

Bio Pea Protein (SRORGWDD181101F, MHD:16.11.2020, Nurafit SuperfoodsGmbH)

Milk “Schärdinger”, 26.02.19 L7. 4/036/22:05 A/S; TA 2355R1034.0290

Thaumatin, 45%, Lot #20180201

Erythritol (Food Grade, Sigma Aldrich)

Neohesperidin dihydrohalcone (NHDC) (≥96%, Lot #MKBT9446V, SigmaAldrich)

Stevia-derived MRPs Caramel, Lot #EPC-240-117-02

Stevia-derived MRPs Popcorn, Lot #211-31-24

Stevia-derived MRPs Tangerine, Lot #240-51-01

Apple Flavor SD, 01600822, Akras Flavors GmbH

Banana Flavor, 60265, Select Alimenta

Hazelnut Flavor, 60406, Select Alimenta

Caramel Flavor, 60532, Select Alimenta

Coconut Flavor, 60560, Select Alimenta

Mango Flavor SD, 730/12B, Akras Aroma GmbH

Vanilla Flavor SD, 01600332, Akras Flavours GmbH

Vanilla Flavor, 60297, Select Alimenta

Wild Berry Flavor SD, 510/11A, Akras Flavours GmbH

Preparation of Combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and thaumatinsolutions: 180 mg Stevia-derived MRPs (Caramel, Tangerine, Popcorn) wereadded to 5 mg Thaumatin (45%) and dissolved in 10 ml water.

The sample compositions below are based on a volume of 100 mL milk.Normally, bean protein powder has unpleasant off-note taste. The resultsdemonstrate that the innovative compositions used herein make the beanprotein powder taste good without off-note taste.

TABLE 210.1 Samples [composition per 100 ml in milk] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Materials BANANA CARAMEL Coconut Apple Apple-Mango Wild Berry HazelnutPea Protein Powder [mg] 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 Erythritol[mg] 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 NHDC [mg] 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Combination ofStevia-derived 160 160 160 — — — MRPs and thaumatin Caramel [μl]Combination of Stevia-derived — — — 200 200 200 — MRPs and thaumatinTangerine [μl] Combination of Stevia-derived — — — — — — 160 MRPs andthaumatin Popcorn [μl] Vanilla SELECT [mg] 200 200 200 200 200 200 200Vanilla SD AKRAS [mg] 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Banane AKRAS [mg] 300— — — — — — Karamel SELECT [mg] — 750 — — — — — Kokos SELECT [mg] — —500 — — — — Apfel SD AKRAS [mg] — — — 400 300 — — Mango SD AKRAS [mg] —— — — 24 — — Waldbeer SD AKRAS [mg] — — — — — 340 — Haselnuss SELECT[mg] — — — — — — 150 Taste impression Excellent Good Very good ExcellentGood Good Excellent Evaluation 10 8 9 10 7 7-8 10 (1-verybad/10-excellent)

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin improved the taste, mouthfeel andaroma of a protein product significantly. The further combination withone or more components selected from erythritol, NHDC, Vanilla and otherflavors made the product palatable. The added amounts depended on thesweetness, intensity of flavor of initial Stevia-derived MRPs andthaumatin and the desired final product. The added amount can be in therange of about 0.5 ppm to about 2,000 ppm. Thaumatin in the finalproduct could be in the range of about 0.1 ppm to about 20 ppm.

Example 211. Sensory Evaluation of Stevia-Derived MRPs and Thaumatin inRaspberry Jam

Materials:

Raspberry jam, calorie-reduced “D'arbo”, MHD:09.09.2020 L 253 8 20120,884312A

Raspberry jam extra, “D'arbo”, MHD:23.10.2020 L297 8 21:02, HIM 810084A

Thaumatin, 45%, Lot #20180201

Stevia-derived MRPs-Tangerine, Lot #240-51-01

Stevia-derived MRPs-Popcorn, Lot #211-31-24

Stevia-derived MRPs-Caramel, Lot #EPC-240-117-02

Preparation of Combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and thaumatinsolutions: 180 mg Stevia-derived MRPs (Tangerine, Popcorn, Caramel) wereadded to 5 mg thaumatin (45%) and dissolved in 10 ml water.

As a reference 1, Raspberry jam extra was used. As a reference 2,Raspberry jam calorie-reduced was used.

Sensory Evaluation:

The sensory evaluation was performed by 5 tasters (joint opinion).

Sweetness and sourness were rated on a scale from 0 (not sweet or sour)to 5 (very sweet or sour).

Before tasting, the tasters discussed the series of enhanced samples andtasted control samples (without added flavor) to find a commonality fordescriptions. Thereafter the flavored samples were tasted at variouslevels to find commonality on how to describe the flavors (taste, smell,intensity).

Then the “trained” tasters (4-5) blind taste tested independently allsamples of in the series. They were allowed to re-taste and preparednotes for the sensory attributes perceived.

In the last step the attributes noted were discussed openly to find amutually agreeable description. In case more than 1 taster disagreedwith the mutually agreeable description, the tasting was repeated.

The composition of the samples refers to added amount of a combinationof Stevia-derived MRPs and thaumatin given to 25 g of jam.

TABLE 211.1 Combination of Stevia- derived MRPs and Thaumatin Sample, 25g solution Amount, μl Sensory evaluation Raspberry jam, — — Sweetness(5), Sourness (4), regular (Ref 1) Raspberry jam, — — Sweetness (3),Sourness (3), softer calorie-reduced (Ref 2) texture Raspberry jam,Popcorn 400 Sweetness (4), Sourness (3), softer calorie-reduced texture,more aromatic than Ref 2 500 Pleasant Sweetness (4)/Sourness (4)balance, optimum harmonic & aromatic. 600 Sweetness (5), Sourness (4),overall taste close to Ref 1, slight lingering Sweetness Caramel 400Sweetness (4), Sourness (3), caramel note, more aromatic than Ref 2 500Pleasant Sweetness (4)/Sourness (4) balance, optimum harmonic & aromatic600 Sweetness (5), Sourness (4), overall taste close to Ref 1, slightlingering, strong caramel taste Tangerine 400 Sweetness (4), Sourness(3), caramel note, more aromatic than Ref 2, slight lingering sweetness500 Pleasant Sweetness (4)/Sourness (4) balance, optimum harmonic &aromatic 600 Sweetness (5), Sourness (4), overall taste close to Ref 1,slight lingering

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and thaumatin could be used for sugar reduced ornon-sugar added jams. The combinations improved the taste, mouthfeel andaroma of sugar reduced jams substantially. The amount of the combinationadded depended on the sweetness and flavor of the initial Stevia-derivedMRPs and Thaumatin, and also the desired final product. In general, theadded amount can be from about 0.5 ppm to about 5,000 ppm.

Example 212. Sensory Analysis of Thaumatin, Combination ofStevia-Derived MRPs and Thaumatin Popcorn and Stevia-Derived MRPsPopcorn in Yogurt Dressings

Materials:

Simply good yogurt dressing, 01.03.19 031, 12:18, 33276

Natural yogurt “Ja!Natürlich”, 1%, mild, 04.03.19, 06:37 2,9005182006827

Simply good yogurt dressing light, 15.02.19 017, 09:22

Thaumatin, 45%, Lot #20180201

Stevia-derived MRPs Popcorn, Lot #211-31-24

Preparation of Combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin Popcorn:180 mg Stevia-derived MRPs Popcorn were added to 5 mg thaumatin (45%)and dissolved in 10 ml water.

Sensory Evaluation:

The sensory evaluation was performed by 5 tasters (joint opinion).Before tasting, the tasters discussed the series of samples and tastedcontrol samples (without added flavor) to find a commonality fordescriptions. Thereafter the flavored samples were tasted at variouslevels to find commonality on how to describe the flavors (taste, smell,intensity).

Then the “trained” tasters (4-5) blind taste tested independently allsamples in the series. They were allowed to re-taste and prepared notesfor the sensory attributes perceived.

In the last step the attributes noted were discussed openly to find amutually agreeable description. In case more than 1 taster disagreedwith the mutually agreeable description, the tasting was repeated.

Behavior of Combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and thaumatin Popcorn inLight Yogurt Dressing

TABLE 212.1 Combination of Stevia- derived MRPs and Thaumatin BasisPopcorn (μl) Sensory Evaluation Light Yogurt — Mild sour and aromatic(herbal, Dressing savory), slightly sweet, watery (50 g) 100 Mild sourand more aromatic (herbal, savory), slightly sweet, less watery 125 Mildsour and more aromatic (herbal, savory), slightly sweeter, medium mouthfeel 150 Less sour and more aromatic (herbal, savory), sweeter, goodmouth feel 175 Balanced sweet/sour balance, more aromatic (herbal,savory), very good mouth feel 200 Mild sweet/sour balance, sweet, morearomatic (herbal, savory), very good mouth feel

The sample with 175 μl represented the best taste profile.

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and thaumatin could be used in sugar reduced yogurtand other dairy products. The combinations improved taste, mouthfeel andaroma profile of the final product significantly. The amount added inthe final product depended on the initial sweetness and flavor ofinitial product and desired target. In general, the combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and thaumatin can be added from about 0.5 ppm toabout 2,000 ppm. Thaumatin in the final product can be from about 0.1ppm to about 20 ppm.

Example 213. Comparison of Stevia-Derived MRPs Popcorn and Combinationof Stevia-Derived MRPs and Thaumatin Popcorn Solutions to 6.5% SugarSolution

TABLE 213.1.1 Sample Preparation Sensory evaluation Stevia- 400 μlStevia- The sweetness potency is the derived derived MRPs same as a 6.5%sugar solution. MRPs Popcorn solution + No aftertaste, sugar-like taste.Popcorn 100 ml 5% sugar solution Combination 300 μl The sweetnesspotency is the of Stevia- Combination of same as a 6.5% sugar solution.derived Stevia-derived MRPs No aftertaste. MRPs and and thaumatinthaumatin Popcorn solution + Popcorn 100 ml 5% sugar solution

Materials:

Thaumatin, 45%, Lot #20180201

Stevia-derived MRPs Popcorn, Lot #211-31-24

Preparation of Stevia-derived MRPs Popcorn solution: 180 mgStevia-derived MRPs Popcorn were directly weighed into a volumetricflask and dissolved in 10 ml water.

Preparation of Combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and thaumatin Popcornsolution: 180 mg Stevia-derived MRPs Popcorn were added to 5 mgthaumatin (45%) and dissolved in 10 ml water.

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that Stevia-derived MRPs and itscombination with Thaumatin can be used as a flavor and a sweetnessenhancer. The result can be extended to all type of Stevia-derived MRPsand its combination of Thaumatin. The threshold of sweetness or upperlimit of non-sweetness below 1.5% SE depends on the specific formulationof products. In case, the sweetness is above 1.5%, it can show sweetnesssynergy with sugar and other sweeteners.

Example 214. The Residue of Steviol Glycosides, Amino Acid and ReducingSugar in 5-MRP

Sample Preparation

Two S-MRP-CA samples were prepared according to the method described inExample 58. The lot #of the samples were 240-117-01 and 240-117-03.

Two S-MRP-FL samples were prepared according to the method described inExample 57. The lot #of the samples were 240-98-01 and 240-98-03.

Analysis of residue of steviol glycosides

The content of steviol glycosides in the S-MRP was analyzed by HPLCaccording to the method of JECFA 2010.

Reagents

Acetonitrile: more than 95% transmittance at 210 nm.

Standards

Stevioside: more than 99.0% purity on the dried basis.

Rebaudioside A: more than 99.0% purity on the dried basis.

Mixture of nine steviol glycosides standard solution: Containingstevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudiosideD, rebaudioside F, dulcoside A, rubusoside and steviolbioside. Thissolution is diluted with water-acetonitrile (7:3) accordingly and isused for the confirmation of retention times.

Standards are available from ChromaDex, USA.

Standard Solution

Accurately weigh 50 mg of stevioside and rebaudioside A standard intoeach of two 50-ml volumetric flasks. Dissolve and make up to volume withwater-acetonitrile (7:3).

Sample Solution

Accurately weigh 50-100 mg of sample into a 50-ml volumetric flask.Dissolve and make up to volume with water-acetonitrile (7:3).

Procedure

Inject 5 μL of sample solution under the following conditions.

Column: C18 column (length: 250 mm; inner diameter: 4.6 mm, particlesize: 5 μm)

Mobile phase: 32:68 mixture of acetonitrile and 10 mmol/L sodiumphosphate buffer (pH 2.6)

Flow rate: 1.0 ml/min

Detector: UV at 210 nm

Column temperature: 40° C.

Record the chromatogram for about 30 min.

Identification of the peaks and Calculation

Identify the peaks from the sample solution by comparing the retentiontime with the peaks from the mixture of nine steviol glycosides standardsolution. Measure the peak areas for the nine steviol glycosides fromthe sample solution. Measure the peak area for stevioside andrebaudioside A from their standard solutions.

Calculate the percentage of each of the eight steviol glycosides exceptrebaudioside A in the sample from the formula: %X=[W_(S)/W]×[f_(X)A_(X)/A_(S)]×100

Calculate the percentage of rebaudioside A in the sample from theformula: % Rebaudioside A=[W_(R)/W]×[A_(X)/A_(R)]×100

where

X is each steviol glycoside;

W_(S) is the amount (mg) calculated on the dried basis of stevioside inthe standard solution;

W_(R) is the amount (mg) calculated on the dried basis of rebaudioside Ain the standard solution;

W is the amount (mg) calculated on the dried basis of sample in thesample solution;

A_(S) is the peak area for stevioside from the standard solution;

A_(R) is the peak area for rebaudioside from the standard solution;

A_(X) is the peak area of X for the sample solution; and

f_(X) is the ratio of the formula weight of X to the formula weight ofstevioside: 1.00 (stevioside), 1.20 (rebaudioside A), 1.00 (rebaudiosideB), 1.18 (rebaudioside C), 1.40 (rebaudioside D), 1.16 (rebaudioside F),0.98 (dulcoside A), 0.80 (rubusoside) and 0.80 (steviolbioside).

Calculate the percentage of total steviol glycosides (sum the ninesteviol glycosides, stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B,rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside F, dulcoside A, rubusosideand steviolbioside).

Analysis of residue of amino acid

The content of amino acid in the S-MRP was analyzed by HPLC-ELSDaccording to the method of Chinese Journal of chromatography, Vol 29,No. 9, 908˜911.

Instrument

Agilent 1100 HPLC

Dikma SEVEX75 ELSD

Reagents

Alanine and phenylalanine: BR grade.

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), heptafluorobutyric acid, hydrochloric acid,methanol.

Procedure

Moble phase (A): 2 ml heptafluorobutyric acid and 1 ml trifluoroaceticacid were dissolve in 1000 ml water. Filter through 0.22 μm membrane.

Moble phase (B): methanol

Moble phase gradient

TABLE 214.1 Time (min) A (%) B (%)  0 100  0  8 100  0 11  78 22 21  7327 30  45 55 40  45 55

Column: SHISEIDO Capcell Pak C₁₈ MG ∥S5(5 μm, 4.6 mm×250 mm)

Standard Curve

Weigh 50 mg of the amino acid in a 50 ml volumetric flask, add 0.01mol/L hydrochloric acid solution to dissolve by ultrasonic and make upthe volume. Thus obtain the stock solution. Draw 1.0 mL, 2.0 mL, 3.0 mL,4.0 mL, 5.0 mL stock solution into 10 mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume by 0.01 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution. Filter by 0.22 μmmembrane.

Sample Solution

Weigh 50 mg of the amino acid in a 10 ml volumetric flask, add 0.01mol/L hydrochloric acid solution to dissolve by ultrasonic and make upthe volume. Filter by 0.22 μm membrane.

Analysis of residue of reducing sugar

The content of reducing sugar in S-MRP was entrusted to Eurofins foranalysis.

Result

The residues of steviol glycosides in S-MRP are listed in the tablebelow.

TABLE 214.2 Content (%) sample RD RA SS RF RC DA RU RB SB TSG*240-117-01 \ 17.78 42.45 0.34 1.75 \ 0.07 0.60 1.04 64.03 240-117-03 \17.92 42.39 0.30 1.72 \ 0.06 0.56 1.00 63.96 240-98-01 0.79 26.37 45.950.50 3.50 0.38 0.13 0.76 1.15 79.53 240-98-03 0.64 25.97 45.24 0.48 2.790.17 0.10 0.84 1.29 77.54 *the TSG means the total steviol glycosides,which is the sum of the nine steviol glycosides, stevioside,rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside F, dulcoside A, rubusoside and steviolbioside.

The residues of amino acid in S-MRP are listed in the table below.

TABLE 214.3 sample Type of amino acid Residue (%) 240-117-01 Alanine2.314 240-117-03 Alanine 2.240 240-98-01 Phenylalanine 1.932 240-98-03Phenylalanine 1.673

The residues of reducing sugar in S-MRP are listed in the table below.

TABLE 214.4 sample Type of reducing sugar Residue (%) 240-117-01 Xylose5.3 240-117-03 Xylose 5.3 240-98-01 Xylose 5.9 240-98-03 Xylose 5.4

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that Stevia-derived MRPs cancontain remaining unreacted sugar donor, amine donor and sweeteningagent under reaction conditions. This example can be extended to anyother type of sweetening agent-derived MRP. The remaining amount ofunreacted substances depend on the amount of added starting material andreaction conditions. Any or all reactants could be consumed completelyunder certain reaction condition depending upon targeted final products.

Example 215. Effect of Thaumatin, Stevia-Derived MRPs Flora andCombination of Stevia-Derived MRPs and Thaumatin Floral on the TasteModification (Mouth Feel) of Energy Drink

Materials:

Red Bull sugar free (06-17-19/A4 1, 164700167/11:20)

Thaumatin, 45%, Lot #20180201

Stevia-derived MRPs Floral, Lot #240-71-01

Preparation of thaumatin solution: 5 mg thaumatin (45%) were weighed anddissolved in 10 ml water.

Preparation of Stevia-derived MRPs Floral solution: 180 mgStevia-derived MRPs Floral were weighed and dissolved in 10 ml water.

Preparation of Combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and thaumatin Floralsolution: 180 mg Stevia-derived MRPs (Floral) were added to 5 mgthaumatin (45%) and dissolved in 10 ml water.

Sensory Evaluation

Before tasting, the tasters discussed the series of samples and tastedcontrol samples (without added flavor) to find a commonality fordescriptions. Thereafter the flavored samples were tasted at variouslevels to find a commonality on how to describe the flavors (taste,smell, intensity).

Four trained tasters blind taste tested independently all samples in theseries. They were allowed to re-taste and prepared notes for the sensoryattributes perceived.

In the last step the attributes noted were discussed openly to find amutually agreeable description. In case more than 1 taster disagreeswith the mutually agreeable description, the tasting was repeated.

TABLE 215.1 Test Results Sample Added Flavor Amount, μl Sensoryevaluation Red Bull sugar — — Sour, artificial sweet, artificial flavor,free, 100 ml void Stevia-derived MRPs 200 μl Less Sour, more naturalsweet, sweeter, Floral stronger flavor, better mouth feel Combination of200 μl Optimum Sweet/Sour Balance, natural Stevia-derived MRPs sweet,balanced flavor, very good mouth and thaumatin Floral feel

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the Stevia-derived MRPs andits combination with Thaumatin could improve the overall taste and aromaprofile of a sugar free energy drink. The amount added can be extendedto about 1 to about 2000 ppm. All types of Stevia-derived MRPs and itscombination with Thaumatin can be used.

Example 216. Effect of Stevia-Derived MRPs and Thaumatin in Fanta ZeroStrawberry Sweet, Fanta Lemon Zero, Schartner Bombe, Peach-MaracujaSugar-Free, Gröbi Orange Maracuja, Sugarfree

Materials:

Fanta Zero Strawberry Twist, 22.06.2019, L21M08:21WP

Fanta Zero Lemon, 14.03.2019, L12J11:24WP

Schartner Bombe, sugarfree, 25.09.2019 07:11, L/250919

Gröbi Orange Maracuja, 181219 GM 1.5 G, 19.09.19 (08:45) thaumatin, 45%,Lot #20180201

Stevia-derived MRPs Floral, Lot #240-71-01

Stevia-derived MRPs Tangerine, Lot #240-51-01

Stevia-derived MRPs Popcorn, Lot #211-31-24

Stevia-derived MRPs Chocolate, Lot #211-23-46

Stevia-derived MRPs Caramel, Lot #EPC-240-117-02

Preparation of Stevia-derived MRPs solutions: 180 mg Stevia-derived MRPs(Floral, Tangerine, Popcorn, Chocolate, and Caramel) were weighed anddissolved in 10 ml water.

Preparation of Combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatinsolutions: 180 mg Stevia-derived MRPs (Floral, Tangerine, Popcorn,Chocolate, Caramel) were added to 5 mg thaumatin (45%) and dissolved in10 ml water.

Sensory Evaluation

Before tasting, the tasters discussed the series of samples and tastedcontrol samples (without added flavor) to find a commonality fordescriptions. Thereafter the flavored samples were tasted at variouslevels to find commonality on how to describe the flavors (taste, smell,intensity).

Five trained tasters blind taste tested independently all samples in theseries. They were allowed to re-taste and prepared notes for the sensoryattributes perceived.

In the last step the attributes noted were discussed openly to find amutually agreeable description. In case more than 1 taster disagreedwith the result, the tasting was repeated.

TABLE 216.1 Sample Sweetener Amount, μl Taste impression Fanta Zero — —Sour, Sweet, fruity strawberry flavor, Strawberry quickly disappearing,low mouth feel Sweet 50 ml Combination of 100 Less Sour, sweeter,increased flavor Steviaroma-derived perception, more long-lasting,medium MRPs and Thaumatin mouth feel Caramel Stevia-derived 100 LessSour, sweeter, slightly increased MRPs Caramel flavor perception, mediummouth feel Combination of 100 Very good Sour/Sweet Balance,Stevia-derived increased flavor perception (floral notes), MRPs andThaumatin more long-lasting, good mouth feel Floral Stevia-derived 100Good Sour/Sweet Balance, increased MRPs Floral flavor perception (floralnotes), more long-lasting, medium mouth feel Combination of 100 Lesssour, sweeter, increased flavor Steviaroma-derived perception, morelong-lasting, medium MRPs and Thaumatin mouth feel PopcornStevia-derived 100 Less sour, sweeter, slightly increased MRPs Popcornflavor perception, more long-lasting, medium mouth feel Combination of100 Less sour, sweeter, increased flavor Steviaroma-derived perception(chocolate notes), more long- MRPs and Thaumatin lasting, medium mouthfeel Chocolate Stevia-derived 100 Less sour, sweeter, slightly increasedMRPs Chocolate flavor perception (chocolate notes), more long-lasting,medium mouth feel Combination of 100 Very good Sour/Sweet Balance,Steviaroma-derived increased flavor perception (citrus notes), MRPs andThaumatin more long-lasting, very good mouth feel TangerineStevia-derived 100 Good Sour/Sweet Balance, increased MRPs Tangerineflavor perception (citrus notes), more long-lasting, good mouth feel

TABLE 216.2 Sample Sweetener Amount, μl Sensory evaluation Fanta Lemon —— Sour, Sweet, fruity lemon flavor, quickly Zero 50 ml disappearing, lowmouth feel Combination 100 Very good Sour/Sweet Balance, increased offlavor perception, more long-lasting, good Steviaroma- mouth feelderived MRPs and Thaumatin Caramel Stevia-derived 100 Less Sour,sweeter, slightly increased flavor MRPs perception, medium mouth feelCaramel Combination 100 Very good Sour/Sweet Balance, increased offlavor perception (floral notes), more long- Steviaroma- lasting, verygood mouth feel derived MRPs and Thaumatin Floral Stevia-derived 100Good Sour/Sweet Balance, slightly MRPs Floral increased flavorperception (floral notes), more long-lasting, good mouth feelCombination 100 Good Sour/Sweet Balance, increased flavor of perception(burnt sugar notes), more long- Steviaroma- lasting, good mouth feelderived MRPs and Thaumatin Popcorn Stevia-derived 100 Less Sour,sweeter, slightly increased flavor MRPs perception, (burnt sugar notes),medium Popcorn mouth feel Combination 100 Less sour, sweeter, increasedflavor of perception (chocolate notes), more long- Steviaroma- lasting,good mouth feel derived MRPs and Thaumatin Chocolate Stevia-derived 100Less sour, sweeter, slightly increased flavor MRPs perception (chocolatenotes), more long- Chocolate lasting, medium mouth feel Combination 100Very good Sour/Sweet Balance, increased of flavor perception (citrusnotes), more long- Steviaroma- lasting, very good mouth feel derivedMRPs and Thaumatin Tangerine Stevia-derived 100 Good Sour/Sweet Balance,slightly MRPs increased flavor perception (citrus notes), Tangerine morelong-lasting, good mouth feel

TABLE 216.3 Sample Sweetener Amount, μl Sensory evaluation Schartner — —Sour, Sweet, fruity peach/maracuja (orange) Bombe, Peach- flavor,artificial, quickly disappearing, low Maracuja mouth feel sugarfree, 50ml Combination 100 Very good Sour/Sweet Balance, increased of flavorperception, more natural, more long- Steviaroma- lasting, good mouthfeel derived MRPs and Thaumatin Caramel Stevia-derived 100 GoodSour/Sweet Balance, slightly MRPs increased flavor perception, morelong- Caramel lasting, good mouth feel Combination 100 Very goodSour/Sweet Balance, increased of flavor perception (floral notes), moreSteviaroma- natural, more long-lasting, very good mouth derived MRPsfeel and Thaumatin Floral Stevia-derived 100 Good Sour/Sweet Balance,slightly MRPs Floral increased flavor perception (floral notes), morelong-lasting, good mouth feel Combination 100 Very good Sour/SweetBalance, increased of flavor perception, more natural, more long-Steviaroma- lasting, very good mouth feel derived MRPs and ThaumatinPopcorn Stevia-derived 100 Good Sour/Sweet Balance, slightly MRPsincreased flavor perception, more long- Popcorn lasting, good mouth feelCombination 100 of Steviaroma- Less sour, sweeter, increased flavorderived MRPs perception (chocolate notes), more long- and lasting, goodmouth feel Thaumatin Chocolate Stevia-derived 100 Less sour, sweeter,slightly increased flavor MRPs perception (chocolate notes), more long-Chocolate lasting, medium mouth feel Combination 100 Good Sour/SweetBalance, increased flavor of perception (citrus notes), less artificial.Steviaroma- more long-lasting, good mouth feel derived MRPs andThaumatin Tangerine Stevia-derived 100 Good Sour/Sweet Balance, slightlyMRPs increased flavor perception (citrus notes), Tangerine morelong-lasting, good mouth feel

TABLE 216.4 Sample Sweetener Amount, μl Sensory evaluation Gröbi Orange— — Sour, Sweet, fruity orange /maracuja Maracuja, flavor, artificial,quickly disappearing, low sugarfree, 50 mouth feel ml Combination 100Very good Sour/Sweet Balance, sweeter, of Stevia- increased flavorperception, more natural, derived MRPs more long-lasting, good mouthfeel and Thaumatin Caramel Stevia-derived 100 Good Sour/Sweet Balance,sweeter, slightly MRPs increased flavor perception, more long- Caramellasting, good mouth feel Combination 100 Good Sour/Sweet Balance,increased flavor of perception (floral notes), more long-lasting,Steviaroma- good mouth feel derived MRPs and Thaumatin FloralStevia-derived 100 Good Sour/Sweet Balance, slightly MRPs Floralincreased flavor perception (floral notes), more long-lasting, mediummouth feel Combination 100 Very good Sour/Sweet Balance, increased offlavor perception, more natural, more long- Steviaroma- lasting, verygood mouth feel derived MRPs and Thaumatin Popcorn Stevia-derived 100Good Sour/Sweet Balance, slightly MRPs increased flavor perception, lessartificial, Popcorn more long-lasting, good mouth feel Combination 100of Steviaroma- Less sour, sweeter, increased flavor derived MRPsperception (chocolate notes), more long- and lasting, good mouth feelThaumatin Chocolate Stevia-derived 100 Less sour, sweeter, slightlyincreased flavor MRPs perception (chocolate notes), more long- Chocolatelasting, medium mouth feel Combination 100 Very good Sour/Sweet Balance,increased of flavor perception (citrus notes), more Steviaroma- natural,more long-lasting, very good mouth derived MRPs feel and ThaumatinTangerine Stevia-derived 100 Good Sour/Sweet Balance, slightly MRPsincreased flavor perception (citrus notes), Tangerine more natural, morelong-lasting, good mouth feel

Conclusion: all these examples showed that both Stevia-derived MRPs andcombinations of Stevia-derived MPRs and thaumatin could significantlyimprove the overall taste and flavour profile of sugar free carbonatedsoft drinks. The added amount of the composition can be in the range ofabout 1 ppm to about 2,000 ppm, and all type of Stevia-derived MRPs andtheir combination with thaumatin can be used for sugar free or sugarreduced carbonated beverage and flavoured waters.

Examples 217-222: The Improvement of S-MRP and TS-MRP to the Taste andMouthfeel of Stevia Extract

The sources of the Stevia extract and MRP samples used in the followingExamples are as follows.

TABLE 217-222 sample source Lot # specification RA90/RD7, the SteviaSweet Green Fields 20151009 RA 90.8%, RD composition of RA90 % and 6.43%RD7 % RA80/RB10/RD6 Sweet Green Fields 20151207 RA 77.02%, RB 10.66%, RD6.84% RM, rebaudioside M Sichuan Ingia Biosynthetic 20180915 RM 93.03%,RD Co,.ltd, China 3.67% MRP-FL The product of Example 96 MRP-CA Theproduct of Example 97 S-MRP-CA The product of Example 68 S-MRP-PC Theproduct of Example 150 thaumatin The product of EPC Natural 20180801thaumatin 10.74% Products Co., Ltd, China TS-MRP-FL the mixture of aboveS-MRP- FL and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-PC themixture of above S-MRP- PC and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1

Example 217. The Improvement of MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouthfeel ofRA90/RD7+RM (1:9)

Common Process:

Dissolve 1 g MRP-FL into 99 g pure water to prepare a 1% MRP-FLsolution. Prepare 1% RA90/RD7 solution and 1% RM solution by the similarmethod. The solution of MRP-FL, RA90/RD7 and RM were weighed anduniformly mixed according to the weight shown in Table 217.1, add purewater to make the total volume to 100 ml, and subjected to a mouthfeelevaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 217.1 the weight of MRP-FL, RA90/RD7 and RM The ratio of Weight ofWeight of Weight of MRP-FL to MRP-FL RA90/RD7 RM RA90/RD7+ solutionsolution solution # RM(1:9) (g) (g) (g) 217-01  1/99 0.05 0.5 4.5 217-0210/90 0.56 0.5 4.5 217-03 20/80 1.25 0.5 4.5 217-04 30/70 2.1 0.5 4.5217-05 40/60 3.3 0.5 4.5 217-06 50/50 3.3 0.33 3 217-07 60/40 3.3 0.22 2217-08 70/30 3.3 0.14 1.27 217-09 80/20 3.3 0.083 0.74 217-10 90/10 3.30.03 0.3 217-11 99/1  3.3 0.003 0.03

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-FL, RA90/RD7 and RM were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows.The results are shown in Table 217.2.

TABLE 217.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile sweet score of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 217-01 1 3 1 1 4.332.67 217-02 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 217-03 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 217-04 3 2 1 14.67 3.83 217-05 3 1 2 1 4.67 3.83 217-06 3 2 2 1 4.33 3.67 217-07 4 1 21 4.67 4.33 217-08 4 2 2 1 4.33 4.17 217-09 4 1 1 1 5.00 4.50 217-10 3 13 1 4.33 3.67 217-11 2 1 3 1 4.33 3.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofMRP-FL to RA90/RD7+RM (1:9) in this example is as shown in FIG. 228.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofMRP-FL to RA90/RD7+RM (1:9) in this example is as shown in FIG. 229.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensityand mouthfeel of high intensity natural sweeteners such as Steviaextract. For example, steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside A,rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M. All ranges in tested ratios of MRP-FLto RA90/RD7+RM(1:9) from 1/99 to 99/1 had good taste (overalllikeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from10/90 to 90/10, the products will give very good taste (score >3). Thisexample can further demonstrate that MRPs can improve taste profile,flavor intensity and mouthfeel of steviol glycosides.

Example 218. The Improvement of S-MRP-PC to the Taste and Mouthfeel ofRA90/RD7+RM (5:5)

Common Process:

Dissolve 1 g S-MRP-PC into 99 g pure water to prepare a 1% S-MRP-PCsolution. Prepare 1% RA90/RD7 solution and 1% RM solution by the similarmethod. The solution of S-MRP-PC, RA90/RD7 and RM were weighed anduniformly mixed according to the weight shown in Table 218.1, add purewater to make the total volume to 100 ml, and subjected to a mouthfeelevaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 218.1 the weight of S-MRP-PC, RA90/RD7 and RM The ratio of Weightof S- Weight S-MRP-PC to MRP-PC Weight of of RM RA90/RD7 + solutionRA90/RD7 solution # RM (1:9) (g) solution (g) (g) 218-01  1/99 0.05 2.52.5 218-02 10/90 0.56 2.5 2.5 218-03 20/80 1.25 2.5 2.5 218-04 30/70 2.12.5 2.5 218-05 40/60 3.3 2.5 2.5 218-06 50/50 3.3 1.67 1.67 218-07 60/403.3 1.11 1.11 218-08 70/30 3.3 0.72 0.72 218-09 80/20 3.3 0.41 0.41218-10 90/10 3.3 0.18 0.18 218-11 99/1  3.3 0.017 0.017

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-PC, RA90/RD7 and RM were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. The results are shown in Table 218.2.

TABLE 218.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile sweet score of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 218-01 1 3 2 1 4.002.50 218-02 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 218-03 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 218-04 3 2 1 14.67 3.83 218-05 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 218-06 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 218-07 2 2 21 4.33 3.17 218-08 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 218-09 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 218-10 3 13 1 4.33 3.67 218-11 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-PC to RA90/RD7+RM (5:5) in this example is as shown in FIG. 230.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofS-MRP-PC to RA90/RD7+RM (5:5) in this example is as shown in FIG. 231.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavorintensity and mouthfeel of high intensity natural sweeteners such asStevia extract. For example, steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside A,rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M. All ranges in tested ratios ofS-MRP-PC to RA90/RD7+RM(1:9) from 1/99 to 99/1 had good taste (overalllikeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from10/90 to 99/1, the products will give very good taste (score >3). Thisexample can further demonstrate that S-MRPs can improve taste profile,flavor intensity and mouthfeel of steviol glycosides.

Example 219. The Improvement of TS-MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouthfeel ofRA90/RD7+RM (9:1)

Common Process:

Dissolve 1 g TS-MRP-CA into 99 g pure water to prepare a 1% TS-MRP-CAsolution. Prepare 1% RA90/RD7 solution and 1% RM solution by the similarmethod. The solution of TS-MRP-CA, RA90/RD7 and RM were weighed anduniformly mixed according to the weight shown in Table 179.1, add purewater to make the total volume to 100 ml, and subjected to a mouthfeelevaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 219.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CA, RA90/RD7 and RM The ratio of WeightTS-MRP-CA Weight of TS- Weight of of RM to RA90/RD7 + MRP-CA RA90/RD7solution # RM (9:1) solution (g) solution (g) (g) 219-01  1/99 0.05 4.50.5 219-02 10/90 0.56 4.5 0.5 219-03 20/80 1.25 4.5 0.5 219-04 30/70 2.14.5 0.5 219-05 40/60 3.3 4.5 0.5 219-06 50/50 3.3 3 0.33 219-07 60/403.3 2 0.22 219-08 70/30 3.3 1.27 0.14 219-09 80/20 3.3 0.74 0.083 219-1090/10 3.3 0.3 0.03 219-11 99/1  3.3 0.03 0.003

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CA, RA90/RD7 and RM were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. The results are shown in Table 219.2.

TABLE 219.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile sweet score of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 219-01 1 3 2 1 4.002.50 219-02 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 219-03 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 219-04 2 2 1 14.67 3.33 219-05 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 219-06 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 219-07 3 2 11 4.67 3.83 219-08 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 219-09 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 219-10 3 11 1 5.00 4.00 219-11 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CA to RA90/RD7+RM (9:1) in this example is as shown in FIG. 232.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CA to RA90/RD7+RM (9:1) in this example is as shown in FIG. 233.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavorintensity and mouthfeel of high intensity natural sweeteners such asStevia extract. For example, steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside A,rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M. All ranges in tested ratios ofTS-MRP-CA to RA90/RD7+RM(9:1) from 1/99 to 99/1 had good taste (overalllikeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from10/90 to 99/1, the products will give very good taste (score >3). Thisexample can further demonstrate that TS-MRPs can improve taste profile,flavor intensity and mouthfeel of steviol glycosides.

Example 220. The Improvement of MRP-CA to the Taste and Mouthfeel ofRA80/RB10/RD6+RM (1:9)

Common Process:

Dissolve 1 g MRP-CA into 99 g pure water to prepare a 1% MRP-CAsolution. Prepare 1% RA80/RB10/RD6 solution and 1% RM solution by thesimilar method. The solution of MRP-CA, RA80/RB10/RD6 and RM wereweighed and uniformly mixed according to the weight shown in Table220.1, add pure water to make the total volume to 100 ml, and subjectedto a mouthfeel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 220.1 the weight of MRP-CA, RA80/RB10/RD6 and RM The ratio ofWeight of MRP-CA to Weight of Weight of RM RA80/RB10/RD6 + MRP-CARA80/RB10/RD6 solution # RM (1:9) solution (g) solution (g) (g) 220-01 1/99 0.05 0.5 4.5 220-02 10/90 0.56 0.5 4.5 220-03 20/80 1.25 0.5 4.5220-04 30/70 2.1 0.5 4.5 220-05 40/60 3.3 0.5 4.5 220-06 50/50 3.3 0.333 220-07 60/40 3.3 0.22 2 220-08 70/30 3.3 0.14 1.27 220-09 80/20 3.30.083 0.74 220-10 90/10 3.3 0.03 0.3 220-11 99/1  3.3 0.003 0.03

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CA, RA80/RB10/RD6 and RM were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. The results are shown in Table 220.2.

TABLE 220.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile sweet score of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 220-01 1 3 1 1 4.332.67 220-02 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 220-03 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 220-04 3 3 1 14.33 3.67 220-05 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 220-06 3 3 1 1 4.33 3.67 220-07 3 3 11 4.33 3.67 220-08 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 220-09 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 220-10 3 11 1 5.00 4.00 220-11 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofMRP-CA to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM (1:9) in this example is as shown in FIG.234.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofMRP-CA to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM (1:9) in this example is as shown in FIG.235.

Conclusion:

The results showed that MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensityand mouthfeel of high intensity natural sweeteners such as Steviaextract. For example, steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside A,rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M. All ranges in testedratios of MRP-CA to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM(1:9) from 1/99 to 99/1 had goodtaste (overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio rangeswere from 10/90 to 99/1, the products will give very good taste(score >3). This example can further demonstrate that MRPs can improvetaste profile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of steviol glycosides.

Example 221. The Improvement of S-MRP-PC to the Taste and Mouthfeel ofRA80/RB10/RD6+RM (5:5)

Common Process:

Dissolve 1 g S-MRP-PC into 99 g pure water to prepare a 1% S-MRP-PCsolution. Prepare 1% RA80/RB10/RD6 solution and 1% RM solution by thesimilar method. The solution of S-MRP-PC, RA80/RB10/RD6 and RM wereweighed and uniformly mixed according to the weight shown in Table221.1, add pure water to make the total volume to 100 ml, and subjectedto a mouthfeel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 221.1 the weight of S-MRP-PC, RA80/RB10/RD6 and RM The ratio ofWeight of Weight S-MRP-PC to S-MRP-PC Weight of of RM RA80/RB10/RD6 +solution RA80/RB10/RD6 solution # RM (5:5) (g) solution (g) (g) 221-01 1/99 0.05 2.5 2.5 221-02 10/90 0.56 2.5 2.5 221-03 20/80 1.25 2.5 2.5221-04 30/70 2.1 2.5 2.5 221-05 40/60 3.3 2.5 2.5 221-06 50/50 3.3 1.671.67 221-07 60/40 3.3 1.11 1.11 221-08 70/30 3.3 0.72 0.72 221-09 80/203.3 0.41 0.41 221-10 90/10 3.3 0.18 0.18 221-11 99/1  3.3 0.017 0.017

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-PC, RA80/RB10/RD6 and RM were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. The results are shown in Table 221.2.

TABLE 221.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile sweet score of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 221-01 1 3 1 1 4.332.67 221-02 1 3 1 1 4.33 2.67 221-03 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 221-04 3 2 1 14.67 3.83 221-05 3 3 1 1 4.33 3.67 221-06 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 221-07 2 2 11 4.67 3.33 221-08 3 2 1 1 4.67 3.83 221-09 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00 221-10 3 11 1 5.00 4.00 221-11 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-PC to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM (5:5) in this example is as shown in FIG.236.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofS-MRP-PC to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM (5:5) in this example is as shown in FIG.237.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavorintensity and mouthfeel of high intensity natural sweeteners such asStevia extract. For example, steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside A,rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M. All ranges in testedratios of S-MRP-PC to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM(5:5) from 1/99 to 99/1 had goodtaste (overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio rangeswere from 20/80 to 99/1, the products will give very good taste(score >3). This example can further demonstrate that S-MRPs can improvetaste profile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of steviol glycosides.

Example 222. The Improvement of TS-MRP-FL to the Taste and Mouthfeel ofRA80/RB10/RD6+RM (9:1)

Common Process:

Dissolve 1 g TS-MRP-FL into 99 g pure water to prepare a 1% TS-MRP-FLsolution. Prepare 1% RA80/RB10/RD6 solution and 1% RM solution by thesimilar method. The solution of TS-MRP-FL, RA80/RB10/RD6 and RM wereweighed and uniformly mixed according to the weight shown in Table222.1, add pure water to make the total volume to 100 ml, and subjectedto a mouthfeel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 222.1 the weight of TS-MRP-FL, RA80/RB10/RD6 and RM The ratio ofWeight of Weight TS-MRP-FL to TS-MRP- Weight of of RM RA80/RB10/RD6 + FLRA80/RB10/RD6 solution # RM (9:1) solution (g) solution (g) (g) 222-01 1/99 0.05 4.5 0.5 222-02 10/90 0.56 4.5 0.5 222-03 20/80 1.25 4.5 0.5222-04 30/70 2.1 4.5 0.5 222-05 40/60 3.3 4.5 0.5 222-06 50/50 3.3 30.33 222-07 60/40 3.3 2 0.22 222-08 70/30 3.3 1.27 0.14 222-09 80/20 3.30.74 0.083 222-10 90/10 3.3 0.3 0.03 222-11 99/1  3.3 0.03 0.003

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-FL, RA80/RB10/RD6 and RM were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. The results are shown in Table 222.2.

TABLE 222.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory valuation sweetprofile sweet score of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 222-01 1 3 2 1 4.002.50 222-02 2 3 2 1 4.00 3.00 222-03 2 2 2 1 4.33 3.17 222-04 2 2 2 14.33 3.17 222-05 2 3 2 1 4.00 3.00 222-06 2 3 2 1 4.00 3.00 222-07 2 3 21 4.00 3.00 222-08 3 2 2 1 4.33 3.67 222-09 3 2 2 1 4.33 3.67 222-10 3 11 1 5.00 4.00 222-11 3 1 1 1 5.00 4.00

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-FL to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM (9:1) in this example is as shown in FIG.238.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-FL to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM (9:1) in this example is as shown in FIG.239.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavorintensity and mouthfeel of high intensity natural sweeteners such asStevia extract. For example, steviol glycosides comprise rebaudioside A,rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M. All ranges in testedratios of TS-MRP-FL to RA80/RB10/RD6+RM(9:1) from 1/99 to 99/1 had goodtaste (overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio rangeswere from 10/90 to 99/1, the products will give very good taste(score >3). This example can further demonstrate that TS-MRPs canimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of steviolglycosides.

Example 223. Preparation of Glycosylated Steviol Glycosides (GSG)

Common Process:

40 g Tapioca dextrin was dissolved in 400 ml water;

40 g Stevia extract was added to liquefied dextrin to obtain a mixture;

2 ml CGTase enzyme (available from Amano Enzyme, Inc.) was added to themixture and incubated at 75° C. for 24 hours to glycosylate steviolglycosides with glucose molecules derived from Tapioca dextrin.

After desired ratio of GSG and residual steviol glycoside contentsachieved, the reaction mixture was heated to 95° C. for 30 min toinactivate the CGTase, which is then removed by filter.

The resulting solution of GSG, residual steviol glycosides and dextrinis decolored by activate carbon and spray dried. Thus yield white powderGSG.

The details about the GSG products and their materials are as followed.

TABLE 223.1 Material Source of Product Material material Lot #Specification GSG-RA50 RA50 Sweet Green 20150705 RA 53.95% FieldsGSG-RA80 RA80 Sweet Green  3060365 RA 84.10% Fields GSG-RA95 RA95 SweetGreen  3040018 RA 95.1% Fields

Example 224. Preparation of S-MRP-FL from GSG-RA50

80 g GSG-RA50 (the product of EX. 223) is dissolved together with 6.7 gphenylalanine and 13.3 g xylose in 50 ml deionized water. Then stir themixture and heat it at about 95-100 degrees centigrade for about 2hours. When the reaction completes, the solution is dried by spraydryer. Thus obtain about 93 g of the light brown powder S-MRP-GRA50-FL.

Example 225. Preparation of S-MRP-CA from GSG-RA80

60 g GSG-RA80 (the product of EX. 223) is dissolved together with 10 galanine and 30 g xylose in 50 ml deionized water. Then stir the mixtureand heat it at about 95-100 degrees centigrade for about 2 hours. Whenthe reaction completes, the solution is dried by spray dryer. Thusobtain about 95.5 g of the brown powder S-MRP-GRA80-CA.

Example 226. Preparation of S-MRP-PC from GSG-RA95

35 g GSG-RA95 (the product of EX. 223), 10 g mannose and 5 g prolinewere mixed. The ratio of mannose to proline was 2:1 and the ratio ofStevia extract to the mixture of mannose and proline is 7:3. Thusobtained mixture was dissolved into 25 g pure water. No need to add anypH regulator and let the pH like what it really is. Then heat thesolution at about 100 degrees centigrade for 3 hours. When the reactioncompletes, filter the reaction mixture by filter paper and the filtratewas dried by spray dryer. Thus obtain about 42 g of off white powderS-MRP-GRA95-PC.

Examples 227-232. The Improvement of S-MRP and TS-MRP Derived from GSGto the Taste and Mouthfeel of Sweetener

The sources of the sweeteners, S-MRP and TS-MRP samples used in thefollowing Examples are as follows.

TABLE 227-232 sample source Lot # specification RA99 Sweet Green Fields140-24-01 RA 99.94% RD, rebaudioside D Sichuan Ingia BiosyntheticCo,.ltd, 20180914 RD 94.39% China RM, rebaudioside M Sichuan IngiaBiosynthetic Co,.ltd, 20180915 RM 93.03%, China RD 3.67% Monk fruitextract, Hunan Huacheng Biotech, Inc., China LHGE- Mogroside V mogrosideV50 180722 50.65% Sucralose Anhui JinHe IndustrialCO., Ltd, China201804023 99.72% Aspartame Acesulfame Anhui JinHe IndustrialCO., Ltd,China Potassium S-MRP-GRA50-FL The product of Example 224 S-MRP-GRA80-CAThe product of Example 225 S-MRP-GRA95-PC The product of Example 226thaumatin The product of EPC Natural Products 20180801 thaumatin Co.,Ltd, China 10.74% TS-MRP-GRA50- the mixture of above S-MRP-GRA50- FL FLand thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1 TS-MRP-GRA80- the mixture ofabove S-MRP-GRA80- CA CA and thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1TS-MRP-GRA95- the mixture of above S-MRP-GRA95- PC PC and thaumatin withthe weight ratio of 10:1

Example 227. The Improvement of S-MRP-GRA50-FL to the Taste andMouthfeel of RA99

Common Process:

Dissolve 1 g S-MRP-GRA50-FL into 99 g pure water to prepare a 1%S-MRP-GRA50-FL solution. Prepare 1% RA99 solution by the similar method.The solution of S-MRP-GRA50-FL and RA99 were weighed and uniformly mixedaccording to the weight shown in Table 227.1, add pure water to make thetotal volume to 100 ml, and subjected to a mouthfeel evaluation test.The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 227.1 the weight of S-MRP-GRA50-FL and RA99 The ratio of S-MRP-Weight of S-MRP- Weight of RA99 # GRA50-FL to RA99 GRA50-FL solution (g)solution (g) 227-01  1/99 0.05 5 227-02  5/95 0.26 5 227-03 10/90 0.56 5227-04 30/70 2.1 5 227-05 50/50 5 5 227-06 80/20 5 1.25 227-07 90/10 50.56 227-08 99/1  5 0.05

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-GRA50-FL and RA99 were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows.The results are shown in Table 227.2.

TABLE 227.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile sweet score of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 227-01 1.5 3 2.5 3.53.00 2.25 227-02 1.5 3 2.5 3 3.17 2.33 227-03 2 3 2 3 3.33 2.67 227-04 23 1.5 2.5 3.67 2.83 227-05 2.5 3.5 1.5 2.5 3.50 3.00 227-06 2.5 3 1 24.00 3.25 227-07 2.5 2.5 1 1.5 4.33 3.42 227-08 2.5 2 1 1.5 4.50 3.50

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-GRA50-FL to RA99 in this example is as shown in FIG. 240.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofS-MRP-GRA50-FL to RA99 in this example is as shown in FIG. 241.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs derived from GSG can improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of high intensity naturalsweeteners such as Stevia extract. For example, steviol glycosidescomprise rebaudioside A. All ranges in tested ratios of S-MRP-GRA50-FLto RA99 from 1/99 to 99/1 had good taste (overall likeability score >2),preferably when the ratio ranges were from 10/90 to 99/1, the productswill give very good taste (score >2.5), more preferably when the ratioranges were from 50/50 to 99/1, the products will give excellent taste(score >3.0). This example can further demonstrate that S-MRPs derivedfrom GSG can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel ofsteviol glycosides.

Example 228. The Improvement of S-MRP-GRA80-CA to the Taste andMouthfeel of RD+RM (1:3)

Common Process:

Dissolve 1 g S-MRP-GRA80-CA into 99 g pure water to prepare a 1%S-MRP-GRA80-CA solution. Prepare 1% RD solution and 1% RM solution bythe similar method. The solution of S-MRP-GRA80-CA, RD and RM wereweighed and uniformly mixed according to the weight shown in Table228.1, add pure water to make the total volume to 100 ml, and subjectedto a mouthfeel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 228.1 the weight of S-MRP-GRA80-CA RD and RM The ratio of Weightof S-MRP- S-MRP- Weight Weight GRA80-CA to GRA80-CA of RD of RM # RD +RM (1:3) solution (g) solution (g) solution (g) 228-01  1/99 0.05 1.253.75 228-02  5/95 0.26 1.25 3.75 228-03 10/90 0.56 1.25 3.75 228-0430/70 2.1 1.25 3.75 228-05 50/50 5 1.25 3.75 228-06 80/20 5 0.31 0.94228-07 90/10 5 0.14 0.42 228-08 99/1  5 0.013 0.038

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-GRA80-CA and RD+RM (1:3) were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. The results are shown in Table 228.2.

TABLE 228.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile sweet score of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 228-01 2 3.5 1.5 1.53.83 2.92 228-02 2 3 1.5 1.5 4.00 3.00 228-03 2 2.5 1.5 1.5 4.17 3.08228-04 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 228-05 2 2 1 1 4.67 3.33 228-06 2 2.5 1 1 4.503.25 228-07 2.5 2.5 1 1 4.50 3.50 228-08 2.5 3 1 1 4.33 3.42

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-GRA80-CA to RD+RM (1:3) in this example is as shown in FIG. 242.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofS-MRP-GRA80-CA to RD+RM (1:3) in this example is as shown in FIG. 243.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs derived from GSG can improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of high intensity naturalsweeteners such as Stevia extract. For example, steviol glycosidescomprise rebaudioside D and rebaudioside M. All ranges in tested ratiosof S-MRP-GRA80-CA to RD+RM (1:3) from 1/99 to 99/1 had good taste(overall likeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges werefrom 5/95 to 99/1, the products will give very good taste (score >3).This example can further demonstrate that S-MRPs derived from GSG canimprove taste profile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of steviolglycosides.

Example 229. The Improvement of S-MRP-GRA95-PC to the Taste andMouthfeel of Mogroside V50

Common Process:

Dissolve 1 g S-MRP-GRA95-PC into 99 g pure water to prepare a 1%S-MRP-GRA95-PC solution. Prepare 1% mogroside V50 solution by thesimilar method. The solution of S-MRP-GRA95-PC and mogroside V50 wereweighed and uniformly mixed according to the weight shown in Table229.1, add pure water to make the total volume to 100 ml, and subjectedto a mouthfeel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 229.1 the weight of S-MRP-GRA95-PC and mogroside V50 The ratio ofS-MRP- Weight of S-MRP- Weight of GRA95-PC to GRA95-PC solutionMOGROSIDE V50 # MOGROSIDE V50 (g) solution (g) 229-01  1/99 0.05 5229-02  5/95 0.26 5 229-03 10/90 0.56 5 229-04 30/70 2.1 5 229-05 50/505 5 229-06 80/20 5 1.25 229-07 90/10 5 0.56 229-08 99/1  5 0.05

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-GRA95-PC and mogroside V50 were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. The results are shown in Table 229.2.

TABLE 229.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile sweet score of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 229-01 1 3.5 1.5 3.53.17 2.08 229-02 1 3.5 1.5 3.5 3.17 2.08 229-03 1 3 1.5 3 3.50 2.25229-04 1.5 3 1 2.5 3.83 2.67 229-05 2 2.5 1 2.5 4.00 3.00 229-06 2.5 2.51 2 4.17 3.33 229-07 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 4.17 3.33 229-08 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 4.333.42

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-GRA95-PC to mogroside V50 in this example is as shown in FIG. 244.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofS-MRP-GRA95-PC to mogroside V50 in this example is as shown in FIG. 245.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs derived from GSG can improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of high intensity naturalsweeteners such as monk fruit concentrate or extract. All ranges intested ratios of S-MRP-GRA95-PC to mogroside V50 from 1/99 to 99/1 hadgood taste (overall likeability score >2), preferably when the ratioranges were from 30/70 to 99/1, the products will give very good taste(score >3). This example can further demonstrate that S-MRPs derivedfrom GSG can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel ofmonk fruit concentrate or extract.

Example 230. The Improvement of TS-MRP-GRA50-FL to the Taste andMouthfeel of Aspartame

Common Process:

Dissolve 1 g TS-MRP-GRA50-FL into 99 g pure water to prepare a 1%TS-MRP-GRA50-FL solution. Prepare 1% aspartame solution by the similarmethod. The solution of TS-MRP-GRA50-FL and aspartame were weighed anduniformly mixed according to the weight shown in Table 230.1, add purewater to make the total volume to 100 ml, and subjected to a mouthfeelevaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 230.1 the weight of TS-MRP-GRA50-FL and aspartame The ratio ofTS-MRP- Weight of GRA50-FL to Weight of TS-MRP- ASPARTAME # ASPARTAMEGRA50-FL solution (g) solution (g) 230-01  1/99 0.05 5 230-02  5/95 0.265 230-03 10/90 0.56 5 230-04 30/70 2.1 5 230-05 50/50 5 5 230-06 80/20 51.25 230-07 90/10 5 0.56 230-08 99/1  5 0.05

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-GRA50-FL and aspartame were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. The results are shown in Table 230.2.

TABLE 230.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile score sweet of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 230-01 1 2.5 0.5 2 4.332.67 230-02 1 2 0.5 2 4.50 2.75 230-03 1.5 2 0.5 2 4.50 3.00 230-04 1.52 0.5 2 4.50 3.00 230-05 1.5 2.5 0.5 1.5 4.50 3.00 230-06 1.5 2.5 1 14.50 3.00 230-07 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17 230-08 2 3 1 1 4.33 3.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-GRA50-FL to aspartame in this example is as shown in FIG. 246.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-GRA50-FL to aspartame in this example is as shown in FIG. 247.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs derived from GSG can improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of high intensity synthetic orartificial sweeteners such as aspartame. All ranges in tested ratios ofTS-MRP-GRA50-FL to aspartame from 1/99 to 99/1 had good taste (overalllikeability score >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from10/90 to 99/1, the products will give very good taste (score >3).

Example 231. The Improvement of TS-MRP-GRA80-CA to the Taste andMouthfeel of Sucralose

Common Process:

Dissolve 1 g TS-MRP-GRA80-CA into 99 g pure water to prepare a 1%TS-MRP-GRA80-CA solution. Prepare 1% sucralose solution by the similarmethod. The solution of TS-MRP-GRA80-CA and sucralose were weighed anduniformly mixed according to the weight shown in Table 231.1, add purewater to make the total volume to 100 ml, and subjected to a mouthfeelevaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 231.1 the weight of TS-MRP-GRA80-CA and sucralose The ratio ofTS-MRP- Weight of TS-MRP- Weight of GRA80-CA to GRA80-CA SUCRALOSE #SUCRALOSE solution (g) solution (g) 231-01  1/99 0.05 5 231-02  5/950.26 5 231-03 10/90 0.56 5 231-04 30/70 2.1 5 231-05 50/50 5 5 231-0680/20 5 1.25 231-07 90/10 5 0.56 231-08 99/1  5 0.05

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-GRA80-CA and sucralose were mixed in thisexample. Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementionedsensory evaluation method, and the average score of the panel was takenas the evaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is asfollows. The results are shown in Table 231.2.

TABLE 231.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile score sweet of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 231-01 1 3 1 2.5 3.832.42 231-02 1 3 1 2.5 3.83 2.42 231-03 1 2.5 1 2 4.17 2.58 231-04 1 2.51 2 4.17 2.58 231-05 1.5 2.5 1 2 4.17 2.83 231-06 1.5 2 0.5 1.5 4.673.08 231-07 1.5 1.5 0.5 1 5.00 3.25 231-08 1.5 1.5 0.5 1 5.00 3.25

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-GRA80-CA to sucralose in this example is as shown in FIG. 248.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-GRA80-CA to sucralose in this example is as shown in FIG. 249.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs derived from GSG can improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of high intensity synthetic orartificial sweeteners such as sucralose. All ranges in tested ratios ofTS-MRP-GRA80-CA to sucralose from 1/99 to 99/1 had good taste (overalllikeability score >2), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 10/90to 99/1, the products will give very good taste (score >2.5).

Example 232. The Improvement of TS-MRP-GRA95-PC to the Taste andMouthfeel of Acesulfame Potassium

Common Process:

Dissolve 1 g TS-MRP-GRA95-PC into 99 g pure water to prepare a 1%TS-MRP-GRA95-PC solution. Prepare 1% acesulfame potassium solution bythe similar method. The solution of TS-MRP-GRA95-PC and Acesulfamepotassium were weighed and uniformly mixed according to the weight shownin Table 232.1, add pure water to make the total volume to 100 ml, andsubjected to a mouthfeel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 232.1 the weight of TS-MRP-GRA95-PC and Acesulfame potassium Theratio of TS-MRP- Weight of Weight of GRA95-PC to TS-MRP- ACESULFAMEACESULFAME GRA95-PC POTASSIUM solution # POTASSIUM solution (g) (g)232-01  1/99 0.05 5 232-02  5/95 0.26 5 232-03 10/90 0.56 5 232-04 30/702.1 5 232-05 50/50 5 5 232-06 80/20 5 1.25 232-07 90/10 5 0.56 232-0899/1  5 0.05

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-GRA95-PC and Acesulfame potassium were mixedin this example. Each sample was evaluated according to theaforementioned sensory evaluation method, and the average score of thepanel was taken as the evaluation result data. The taste profile of themixture is as follows. The results are shown in Table 232.2.

TABLE 232.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile score sweet of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 232-01 1 3 1 2.5 3.832.42 232-02 1 3 1 2.5 3.83 2.42 232-03 1 2.5 1 2 4.17 2.58 232-04 1 2.51 2 4.17 2.58 232-05 1.5 2.5 1 2 4.17 2.83 232-06 1.5 2 0.5 1.5 4.673.08 232-07 1.5 1.5 0.5 1 5.00 3.25 232-08 1.5 1.5 0.5 1 5.00 3.25

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-GRA95-PC to Acesulfame potassium in this example is as shown inFIG. 250.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-GRA95-PC to Acesulfame potassium in this example is as shown inFIG. 251.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs derived from GSG can improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of high intensity synthetic orartificial sweeteners such as Acesulfame potassium. All ranges in testedratios of TS-MRP-GRA95-PC to Acesulfame potassium from 1/99 to 99/1 hadgood taste (overall likeability score >2), preferably when the ratioranges were from 10/90 to 99/1, the products will give very good taste(score >2.5).

Example 233. Separate the Volatile and Non-Volatile Substances of MRP

TABLE 233.1 Materials sample source Lot # specification MRP-FL Theproduct of Example 96 MRP-CA The product of Example 97

Common Process

1) 1 g MRP was dissolved in 3 L pure water.

2) The solution was evaporated at 60° C. and a vacuum of 0.02 MPa.

3) After evaporating about 1.5 L water, add 1.5 L pure water to thesolution and continue evaporation.

4) Repeat the stage 3) till the smell of the solution is no longernoticeable.

5) Evaporate the solution till the volume was less than 200 ml.

6) The concentrated solution was freeze-dried to obtain powder sample.

7) According to the common process, 1 g MRP-FL and 1 g MRP-CA weretreated, respectively. Thus obtain the non-volatile substances of MRP-FLand MRP-CA, which can be named NVS-MRP-FL and NVS-MRP-CA, respectively.

Example 234. The Mouthfeel Improve Effect of NVS-MRP to Stevia Extract

Common Process:

NVS-MRP-FL and RM were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 234.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 234.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouthfeel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 234.1 the weight of NVS-MRP-FL and RM The ratio of NVS- Weight ofNVS-MRP- # MRP-FL to RM FL (mg) Weight of RM (mg) 234-01  1/100 0.5 50234-02  1/10 5 50 234-03  3/10 15 50 234-04  5/10 25 50 234-05  7/10 3550 234-06  9/10 45 50 234-07 10/10 50 50 234-08 10/9  50 45 234-09 10/7 50 35 234-10 10/5  50 25 234-11 10/3  50 15 234-12 10/1  50 5 234-13100/1  50 0.5

Experiments

Several mixtures of NVS-MRP-FL and RM were mixed in this example. Eachsample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensory evaluationmethod, and the average score of the panel was taken as the evaluationresult. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. The results areshown in Table 234.2.

TABLE 234.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile score sweet of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 234-01 2 3 1 1 4.333.17 234-02 3 2 1 1 4.00 3.50 234-03 4 2 1 1 4.00 4.00 234-04 4 2 1 14.00 4.00 234-05 5 1 1 1 3.67 4.33 234-06 5 1 1 1 3.67 4.33 234-07 5 1 11 3.67 4.33 234-08 5 1 1 1 3.67 4.33 234-09 5 1 1 1 3.67 4.33 234-10 5 11 1 3.67 4.33 234-11 5 1 1 1 3.67 4.33 234-12 5 1 1.5 1 3.50 4.25 234-135 1 2 1 3.33 4.17

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofNVS-MRP-FL to RM in this example is as shown in FIG. 252.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofNVS-MRP-FL to RM in this example is as shown in FIG. 253.

Conclusion:

The results showed that NVS-MRPs can significantly improve taste profileand mouthfeel of high intensity natural sweeteners or sweetening agentssuch as Stevia extract although there is little volatile substance orodorous substance in it. For example, steviol glycosides compriserebaudioside M. All ranges in tested ratios of NVS-MRP-FL to RM from1/100 to 100/1 had good taste (overall likeability score >3), preferablywhen the ratio ranges were from 3/10 to 100/1, the products gave verygood taste (score >4). This example demonstrates that NVS-MRPs canimprove taste profile and mouthfeel of steviol glycosides.

Example 235. The Mouthfeel Improve Effect of NVS-MRP to Sucralose

Common Process:

NVS-MRP-CA and Sucralose were weighed and uniformly mixed according tothe weight shown in Table 235.1. The mixed powder was weighed in theamount shown in Table 235.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, andsubjected to a mouthfeel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is thesame as Example 39.

TABLE 235.1 the weight of NVS-MRP-CA and sucralose The ratio of NVS-MRP-Weight of NVS-MRP- Weight of # CA to sucralose CA (mg) sucralose (mg)235-01   1/100 0.5 50 235-02   1/10 5 50 235-03   3/10 15 50 235-04  5/10 25 50 235-05   7/10 35 50 235-06   9/10 45 50 235-07  10/10 50 50235-08  10/9 50 45 235-09  10/7 50 35 235-10  10/5 50 25 235-11  10/3 5015 235-12  10/1 50 5 235-13 100/1 50 0.5

Experiments

Several mixtures of NVS-MRP-CA and sucralose were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows. Theresults are shown in Table 235.2.

TABLE 235.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile score sweet of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 235-01 1 3 1 2 4.002.50 235-02 3 2 1 1 4.00 3.50 235-03 4 2 1 1 4.00 4.00 235-04 4 2 1 14.00 4.00 235-05 4 2 1 1 4.00 4.00 235-06 5 2 1 1 4.00 4.50 235-07 5 2 11 4.00 4.50 235-08 5 2 1 1 4.00 4.50 235-09 5 1 1 1 3.67 4.33 235-10 5 11 1 3.67 4.33 235-11 5 1 1 1 3.67 4.33 235-12 5 1 1 1 3.67 4.33 235-13 51 1 1 3.67 4.33

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofNVS-MRP-CA to sucralose in this example is as shown in FIG. 254.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofNVS-MRP-CA to sucralose in this example is as shown in FIG. 255.

Conclusion:

The results showed that NVS-MRPs can significantly improve taste profileand mouthfeel of high intensity artificial sweeteners or sweeteningagents such as sucralose although there is little volatile substance orodorous substance in it. All ranges in tested ratios of NVS-MRP-CA tosucralose from 1/100 to 100/1 had good taste (overall likeabilityscore >2.5), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 3/10 to 100/1,the products gave very good taste (score >4). This example demonstratesthat NVS-MRPs can improve taste profile and mouthfeel of sucralose.

Example 236. The Effect of Reaction Temperature to the Scent of S-MRP-FL

In this example, the reaction of phenylalanine, xylose and Steviaextract was added in the process. The reaction conditions were asfollow.

Stevia extract: GSG-RA20, available from Sweet Green Fields.

Weight ratio of xylose to phenylalanine: 2:1;

Weight ratio of Stevia extract to the blend of xylose and phenylalanine:80:20;

The total weight of Stevia extract, xylose and phenylalanine: 5 g; notedas following table.

TABLE 236.1 Weight ratio of Stevia extract to the blend of reducingsugar and amino acid GSG-RA20 xylose phenylalanine 80:20 4 g 0.67 g 0.33g

Propylene glycol: 2.5 g

Temperature: 100° C., 120° C., 140° C., 160° C., 180° C.;

Duration: 1 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

The odor of all the resultant mixtures after reaction completion wereevaluated by a panel of 4 trained persons. For evaluation of the odor,the samples were tested by a panel of four people. The panel smelled thereaction mixture, discussed and then gave a description that all testerscould accept.

TABLE 236.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture # Reactiontemperature Description of the odor 236-1 100° C. Floral 236-2 120° C.Floral 236-3 140° C. Floral 236-4 160° C. Floral 236-5 180° C. Burnt andslight floral

Conclusion:

All S-MRPs produced by the reaction in different temperature can act asflavor, flavor enhancers, mouthfeel modifiers or as sweeteners withfloral flavor. Preferably when the reaction temperature is ranged from100° C. to 160° C., the floral flavor is more intensive.

Example 237. The Effect of Reaction Temperature to the Scent of S-MRP-CA

In this example, the reaction of alanine, xylose and Stevia extract wasadded in the process. The reaction conditions were as follow.

Stevia extract: GSG-RA20, available from Sweet Green Fields.

Weight ratio of xylose to alanine: 3:1;

Weight ratio of Stevia extract to the blend of xylose and alanine:60:40;

The total weight of Stevia extract, xylose and alanine: 5 g; noted asfollowing table.

TABLE 237.1 Weight ratio of Stevia extract to the blend of reducingsugar and amino acid GSG-RA20 xylose alanine 60:40 3 g 1.5 g 0.5 g

Propylene glycol: 2.5 g

Temperature: 100° C., 120° C., 140° C., 160° C., 180° C.;

Duration: 1 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

The odor of all the resultant mixtures after reaction completion wereevaluated by a panel of 4 trained persons. For evaluation of the odor,the samples were tested by a panel of four people. The panel smelled thereaction mixture, discussed and then gave a description that all testerscould accept.

TABLE 237.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture # Reactiontemperature Description of the odor 237-1 100° C. Caramel 237-2 120° C.Caramel 237-3 140° C. Burnt and slight Caramel 237-4 160° C. Burnt andslight Caramel 237-5 180° C. Burnt and slight Caramel

Conclusion

All S-MRPs produced by the reaction in different temperature can act asflavor, flavor enhancers, mouthfeel modifiers or as sweeteners withcaramel flavor. Preferably when the reaction temperature is ranged from100° C. to 120° C., the caramel flavor is more intensive.

Example 238. The Effect of Reaction Temperature to the Scent of S-MRP-PC

In this example, the reaction of proline, rhamnose and Stevia extractwas added in the process. The reaction conditions were as follow.

Stevia extract: GSG-RA20, available from Sweet Green Fields.

Weight ratio of rhamnose to proline: 2:1;

Weight ratio of Stevia extract to the blend of rhamnose and proline:70:30;

The total weight of Stevia extract, rhamnose and proline: 5 g; noted asfollowing table.

TABLE 238.1 Weight ratio of Stevia extract to the blend of reducingsugar and amino acid GSG-RA20 rhamnose proline 70:30 3.5 g 1.0 g 0.5 g

Propylene glycol: 2.5 g

Temperature: 100° C., 120° C., 140° C., 160° C., 180° C.;

Duration: 1 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

The odor of all the resultant mixtures after reaction completion wereevaluated by a panel of 4 trained persons. For evaluation of the odor,the samples were tested by a panel of four people. The panel smelled thereaction mixture, discussed and then gave a description that all testerscould accept.

TABLE 238.1 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture # Reactiontemperature Description of the odor 238-1 100° C. Popcorn 238-2 120° C.Popcorn 238-3 140° C. Popcorn 238-4 160° C. Burnt and slight Popcorn238-5 180° C. Burnt

Conclusion

All S-MRPs produced by the reaction in different temperature can act asflavor, flavor enhancers, mouthfeel modifiers or as sweeteners withspecial flavor. Preferably when the reaction temperature is ranged from100° C. to 140° C., the more intensive popcorn flavor can be obtained.

Example 239. The Effect of Reaction Pressure to the Scent of S-MRP

In this example, the effect of reaction pressure to the characteristicof S-MRP was evaluated.

Three couple of experiments had been done. In one couple of experiments,one was carried under normal pressure (0.1 MPa) and the other wascarried under high pressure (0.17 MPa). The reaction conditions otherthan pressure were as follow.

Stevia extract: GSG-RA20, available from Sweet Green Fields.

The materials and their weights were as following table.

TABLE 239.1 # Reaction pressure GSG-RA20 Reducing sugar/weight Aminoacid/weight 239-1-1  0.1 MPa   4 g Xylose/0.67 g Phenylalanine/0.5 g239-1-2 0.17 MPa   4 g Xylose/0.67 g Phenylalanine/0.5 g 239-2-1  0.1MPa   3 g Xylose/1.5 g Alanine/0.5 g 239-2-2 0.17 MPa   3 g Xylose/1.5 gAlanine/0.5 g 239-3-1  0.1 MPa 3.5 g Rhamnose/1 g Proline/0.5 g 239-3-20.17 MPa 3.5 g Rhamnose/1 g Proline/0.5 g

Propylene glycol: 2.5 g

Temperature: 120° C.;

Duration: 1 hours;

pH regulation: no pH regulator added.

The odor of all the resultant mixtures after reaction completion wereevaluated by a panel of 4 trained persons. For evaluation of the odor,the samples were tested by a panel of four people. The panel smelled thereaction mixture, discussed and then gave a description that all testerscould accept.

TABLE 239.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture # Reaction pressureDescription of the odor 239-1-1  0.1 MPa Floral 239-1-2 0.17 MPa Smoked239-2-1  0.1 MPa Caramel 239-2-2 0.17 MPa Burnt and slight caramel239-3-1  0.1 MPa Popcorn 239-3-2 0.17 MPa Burnt and slight Popcorn

Conclusion:

All S-MRPs produced by the reaction in different pressure can act asflavor, flavor enhancers, mouthfeel modifiers or as sweeteners withspecial flavor. When the reaction conditions other than pressure aresame, the products produced under high pressure tend to produce strongerodors, such as smoked or burnt smell.

Example 240. The Effect of Reaction pH Value to the Scent of S-MRP

In this example, the effect of reaction pH value to the characteristicof S-MRP was evaluated.

Three groups of experiments had been done. In each group of experiments,the materials and reaction conditions are same except pH value. Thereaction conditions other than pH value were as follow.

Stevia extract: GSG-RA20, available from Sweet Green Fields.

The materials and their weights were as following table.

TABLE 240.1 # GSG- Reducing Amino pressure Reaction RA20 sugar/weightacid/weight Group I 0.1 MPa   4 g Xylose/0.67 g Phenylalanine/0.5 gGroup II 0.1 MPa   3 g Xylose/1.5 g Alanine/0.5 g Group III 0.1 MPa 3.5g Rhamnose/1 g Proline/0.5 g

water: 2.5 g, use HCl or NaOH to adjust the pH to predetermined value;

Temperature: 100° C.;

Duration: 1 hour.

The odor of all the resultant mixtures after reaction completion wereevaluated by a panel of 4 trained persons. For evaluation of the odor,the samples were tested by a panel of four people. The panel smelled thereaction mixture, discussed and then gave a description that all testerscould accept.

TABLE 240.2 Scent evaluation of the reaction mixture Description of theodor Group pH 1 pH 3 pH 5 pH 7 pH 8 pH 10 pH 12 pH 14 Group I SlightFloral Floral Floral Floral Floral Floral smoked floral Group II burntCaramel Caramel Caramel Caramel Caramel Caramel burnt Group II SlightSlight popcorn popcorn popcorn popcorn popcorn popcorn popcorn popcorn

Conclusion:

All S-MRPs produced by the reaction in different pH value can act asflavor, flavor enhancers, mouthfeel modifiers or as sweeteners withspecial flavor. When the reaction conditions other than pH value aresame, the products produced at pH 3 to pH 12 can give the same flavor.In more acidic or alkaline conditions, such as pH 1 or pH 14, the smellof the products tend to produce stronger odors, such as smoked or burntsmell.

Example 241. Preparation of S-MRP with Molasses Flavor

Stevia extract: GSG-RA20, available from Sweet Green Fields.

40 g Stevia extract, 20 g xylose and 6.65 g alanine were mixed. Themixture was dissolved into 33 g pure water. No pH regulator was addedand the pH was about 5. The solution was heated at about 100 degreescentigrade for 1.5 hours. Add 20 g molasses (Red Seal® Blackstrapmolasses, available from Red Seal Natural Health Ltd., New Zealand). Thesolution was continued heating for 30 minutes. When the reaction wascomplete, the reaction mixture was filtered by filter paper and thefiltrate was dried by spray dryer to provide about 78 g of brown powderwith molasses flavor. The product was named S-MRP-MO.

Example 242. Preparation of S-MRP with Dried Tangerine Peel Flavor

Stevia extract: GSG-RA20, available from Sweet Green Fields.

45 g Stevia extract, 3.75 g galactose and 1.25 g glutamic acid weremixed. The mixture was dissolved into 25 g pure water. No pH regulatorwas added and the pH was about 5. The solution was heated at about 100degrees centigrade for 1 hour. Add 20 g grinded dried tangerine peel tothe reaction mixture. The solution was continued heating for 90 minutes.When the reaction was complete, the reaction mixture was centrifuged andthe supernatant was dried by spray dryer to provide about 45 g of brownpowder with dried tangerine peel flavor. The product was named S-MRP-TP.

Example 243. Evaluate the Taste Profile of S-MRPs Compare to TheirMaterials

The products of Example 241 and Example 242 and their materials wereevaluated for their sensory characteristics. The test method and theevaluation results are as followed.

Test method:

The samples were dissolved in deionized water with ultrasound at roomtemperature and left to equilibrate for 30 min. The concentrations ofthe solutions were all 400 ppm.

Panel: 4 persons

For evaluation of the taste profile, the samples were tested by a panelof four people. 1 trained taster tasted independently the samples first.The taster was asked to describe the taste profile and score 0-5according to the increasing sugar like, bitterness, aftertaste andlingering taste profiles. The first taster was allowed to re-taste, andthen make notes for the sensory attributes perceived. Afterwards,another 3 tasters tasted and the attributes were noted and discussedopenly to find a suitable description. In case that more than 1 tasterdisagreed with the results, the tasting was repeated. For example, a “5”for sugar like is the best score for having a taste that is sugar likeand conversely a value of 0 or near zero is not sugar like. Similarly, a“5” for bitterness, aftertaste and lingering is not desired. A value ofzero or near zero means that the bitterness, aftertaste and/or lingeringis reduced or is removed.

Result:

TABLE 243.1 S-MRP products of Example 202 and Example 203 comparing toGSG-RA20 sample Taste profile description mouthfeel Bitternessaftertaste Lingering GSG-RA20 More sweet; 3 1 1 1 Flat; A little bitter;Some herbal aftertaste; Sweet lingering S-MRP-MO (Ex. 241) Less sweet; 50 0 0 Almost no bitterness; Full mouthfeel; No other aftertaste;Molasses aroma and taste. S-MRP-TP (Ex. 242) Less sweet; 4 0 0 0 Almostno bitterness; Full mouthfeel; No other aftertaste; Tangerine aroma andtaste.

Conclusion:

The taste profile of Stevia extract components can be improved byMaillard reaction. It provides the Stevia component with full mouthfeel, decreased or eliminated bitterness and a shortened sweetlingering. Also it can provide special flavor.

Example 244-246. The Improvement of MRP, S-MRP and TS-MRP to the Tasteand Mouthfeel of Advantame

The sources of advantame and MRP samples used in the following Examplesare as follows.

TABLE 244-246 sample source Lot # Specification Advantame AJI SWEER VM95TM14117- Maltodextrin available from 3 95%, AJINOMOTO CO., INC.Advantame 5% MRP-CH The product of Example 99 S-MRP-CH The product ofExample 101 thaumatin The product of EPC Natural 20180801 thaumatinProducts Co., Ltd, China 10.74% TS-MRP- the mixture of above CH S-MRP-CHand thaumatin with the weight ratio of 10:1

Example 244. The Improvement of MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouthfeel ofAdvantame

Common Process:

MRP-CH and Advatame were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 244.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 244.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouthfeel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 244.1 the weight of MRP-CH and Advantame The ratio of MRP- Weightof Weight of # CH to Advantame MRP-CH (mg) Advantame (mg) 244-01   0:1 012 244-02 0.1:1 1.2 12 244-03 0.2:1 2.4 12 244-04 0.3:1 3.6 12 244-050.4:1 4.8 12 244-06 0.5:1 6 12 244-07 0.6:1 7.2 12 244-08 0.7:1 8.4 12244-09 0.8:1 9.6 12 244-10 0.9:1 10.8 12 244-11   1:1 12 12 244-12   3:136 12

Experiments

Several mixtures of MRP-CH and Advantame were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows.The results are shown in Table 244.2.

TABLE 244.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile score sweet of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 244-01 1 2 1 2 4.332.67 244-02 2 2 1 2 4.33 3.17 244-03 3 2 1 2 4.33 3.67 244-04 4 2 1 24.33 4.17 244-05 4 2 1 2 4.33 4.17 244-06 4 1 1 1.5 4.83 4.42 244-07 4 11 1.5 4.83 4.42 244-08 4 1 1 1.5 4.83 4.42 244-09 4 1 1.5 1 4.83 4.42244-10 5 1 1.5 1 4.83 4.92 244-11 5 1 1.5 1 4.83 4.92 244-12 5 1 1.5 14.83 4.92

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofMRP-CH to Advantame in this example is as shown in FIG. 256.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofMRP-CH to Advantame in this example is as shown in FIG. 257.

Conclusion:

The results showed that standard MRPs can significantly improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of high intensity artificialsweeteners such as Advantame. Because of the less mouthfeel, the tasteof Advantame is common. However, all ranges in tested ratios of MRP-CHto Advantame from 0.1/1 to 3/1 had good taste (overall likeabilityscore >3), preferably when the ratio ranges were from 0.3/1 to 3/1, theproducts gave superior taste (score >4). The conclusion can be extendedto 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstrates that MRPs can improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of Advantame.

Example 245. The Improvement of S-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouthfeel ofAdvantame

Common Process:

S-MRP-CH and Advatame were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 245.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 245.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouthfeel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 245.1 the weight of S-MRP-CH and Advantame The ratio of S- Weightof Weight of MRP-CH to S-MRP- Advantame # Advantame CH (mg) (mg) 245-01  0:1 0 12 245-02 0.1:1 1.2 12 245-03 0.2:1 2.4 12 245-04 0.3:1 3.6 12245-05 0.4:1 4.8 12 245-06 0.5:1 6 12 245-07 0.6:1 7.2 12 245-08 0.7:18.4 12 245-09 0.8:1 9.6 12 245-10 0.9:1 10.8 12 245-11   1:1 12 12245-12   3:1 36 12

Experiments

Several mixtures of S-MRP-CH and Advantame were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows.The results are shown in Table 245.2.

TABLE 245.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile score sweet of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 245-01 1 2 1 2 4.332.67 245-02 3 2 1 2 4.33 3.67 245-03 3 2 1 2 4.33 3.67 245-04 3 2 1 24.33 3.67 245-05 3 2 1 1.5 4.50 3.75 245-06 3 2 1 1.5 4.50 3.75 245-07 42 1 1.5 4.50 4.25 245-08 5 2 1 1 4.67 4.83 245-09 5 2 1.5 1 4.50 4.75245-10 5 3 1.5 1 4.17 4.58 245-11 5 3 1.5 1 4.17 4.58 245-12 5 3 1.5 14.17 4.58

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CH to Advantame in this example is as shown in FIG. 258.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofS-MRP-CH to Advantame in this example is as shown in FIG. 259.

Conclusion:

The results showed that S-MRPs can significantly improve taste profile,flavor intensity and mouthfeel of high intensity artificial sweetenerssuch as Advantame. Because of the less mouthfeel, the taste of Advantameis common. However, all ranges in tested ratios of S-MRP-CH to Advantamefrom 0.1/1 to 3/1 had good taste (overall likeability score >3),preferably when the ratio ranges were from 0.6/1 to 3/1, the productsgave superior taste (score >4). The conclusion can be extended to 1:99and 99:1. This example demonstrates that S-MRPs can improve tasteprofile, flavor intensity and mouthfeel of Advantame.

Example 246. The Improvement of TS-MRP-CH to the Taste and Mouthfeel ofAdvantame

Common Process:

TS-MRP-CH and Advatame were weighed and uniformly mixed according to theweight shown in Table 246.1. The mixed powder was weighed in the amountshown in Table 246.1, dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, and subjectedto a mouthfeel evaluation test. The tasting procedure is the same asExample 39.

TABLE 246.1 the weight of TS-MRP-CH and Advantame The ratio of Weight ofWeight of TS-MRP-CH TS-MRP-CH Advantame # to Advantame solution (mg)solution (mg) 246-01   0:1 0 12 246-02 0.1:1 1.2 12 246-03 0.2:1 2.4 12246-04 0.3:1 3.6 12 246-05 0.4:1 4.8 12 246-06 0.5:1 6 12 246-07 0.6:17.2 12 246-08 0.7:1 8.4 12 246-09 0.8:1 9.6 12 246-10 0.9:1 10.8 12246-11   1:1 12 12 246-12   3:1 36 12

Experiments

Several mixtures of TS-MRP-CH and Advantame were mixed in this example.Each sample was evaluated according to the aforementioned sensoryevaluation method, and the average score of the panel was taken as theevaluation result data. The taste profile of the mixture is as follows.The results are shown in Table 246.2.

TABLE 246.2 the score in sensory evaluation sensory evaluation sweetprofile score sweet of mouthfeel linger- bitter- metallic sweet overall# kokumi ing ness aftertaste profile likeability 246-01 1 2 1 2 4.332.67 246-02 4 2 1 2 4.33 4.17 246-03 4 2 1 2 4.33 4.17 246-04 5 2 1 1.54.50 4.75 246-05 5 2 1 1.5 4.50 4.75 246-06 5 2 1 1 4.67 4.83 246-07 5 21 1 4.67 4.83 246-08 5 2 1 1 4.67 4.83 246-09 5 2 1 1 4.67 4.83 246-10 52 1.5 1 4.50 4.75 246-11 5 3 1.5 1 4.17 4.58 246-12 5 3 1.5 1 4.17 4.58

Data Analysis

The relationship between the sensory evaluation results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CH to Advantame in this example is as shown in FIG. 260.

The relationship between the overall likeability results to the ratio ofTS-MRP-CH to Advantame in this example is as shown in FIG. 261.

Conclusion:

The results showed that TS-MRPs can significantly improve taste profile,flavor intensity and mouthfeel of high intensity artificial sweetenerssuch as Advantame. Because of the less mouthfeel, the taste of Advantameis common. However, all ranges in tested ratios of TS-MRP-CH toAdvantame from 0.1/1 to 3/1 had superior taste (score >4). Theconclusion can be extended to 1:99 and 99:1. This example demonstratesthat TS-MRPs can improve taste profile, flavor intensity and mouthfeelof Advantame.

Example 247. Preparation of Citrus Flavor MRP from Crude Stevia Extract

1) Air-dried leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (1 kg) were extracted withdistilled water at 45-55° C. for 2 hours. The extracting step wasrepeated three times. The volume of water in each extracting stage was 5L, 5 L and 3 L, respectively. The liquid extract was separated from thesolids by centrifugation. The filtered supernatant liquid extract wasflocculated and the supernatant was separated by centrifugation. Thesupernatant was passed through a macroporous resin (1 L, resin model:T28, available from Sunresin new materials Co. Ltd., China) and thendesorbed with 3 L of 65% ethanol/water. The desorption solution wastreated by 1 L of cationic exchange resin and 1 L of anion exchangeresin for desalination and decoloration. The desorption solution wasspray-dried to a powder and designated as the crude Stevia extract(abbreviated as CSE).

2) The crude Stevia extract was dissolved in 10 times its weight of purewater. The solution was treated by 1 L of cationic exchange resin and 1L of anion exchange resin. The desorption solution was spray-dried to apowder and designated as the re-treated crude Stevia extract(abbreviated as RCSE).

3) 45 g re-treated crude Stevia extract, 1.25 g galactose and 3.75 gglutamic acid were mixed. The mixture was dissolved into 25 g purewater. No pH regulator was added and the pH was about 5. The solutionwas heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for 2 hours. When thereaction was complete, the reaction mixture was filtered by filter paperand the filtrate was dried by spray dryer to provide about 45 g of anoff white powder with Citrus flavor and designated as RC SE-MRP-CI.

Example 248. Analytical Analysis

The CSE, RCSE and RCSE-MRP-CI prepared according to Example 247 andstandard MRP-CI prepared according to Example 100 were analyzed in thisexample.

The products were dissolved in pure water, respectively. Theconcentration of each solution is 1% w/v.

The odor of all the resultant solutions were evaluated by a panel of 4trained persons.

TABLE 248.1 Results: Product odor CSE Strong herbal RCSE HerbalRCSE-MRP-CI Strong citrus MRP-CI odorless

The volatile substances contained in the products were analyzed by GC/MSto determine the source of Citrus flavor.

Analytical Methods

TABLE 248.2 Thermo Scientific GC/MS Column Thermo TG30.0 m × 0.25 mmI.D., 0.25 μm Column Oven Rate (° C.) Temperature hold time (min)Temperature 14 50 3 300 5 GC Program Time 26.8 min Mobile Phase HeTransfer Line 250° C. Temperature GC/MS Mass Spectrometer MeasurementMode Full Scan (45-250 m/z) Ion Source 280° C. Temperature RSHAutosampler (Head Space) SPME On-Board Head Space extraction columns,Extract 15 min, incubation 15 min(Material: PDMS 100 um), PDMS AgitatorTemperature: 75° C. Injection Temperature 200° C.

Results

FIG. 262 shows GC/MS spectra of standard MRP-CI.

FIG. 263 shows GC/MS spectra of CSE.

FIG. 264 shows GC/MS spectra of RCSE.

FIG. 265 shows GC/MS spectra of RCSE-MRP-CI.

Analysis

It can be found from the comparison between CSE and RCSE that aftertreating with ionic exchange resin, some volatile substances have beendecreased significantly or eliminated. The details show in table below.

TABLE 248.3 Retention time Structural CAS Molecule Main (min) ProposalNo. weight Flavor Changes 9.67 Benzyl 100-51-6 108.13 — Decrease alcohol10.74 Phenylethyl 60-12-8 122 Flower Decrease Alcohol 10.41 Linalool78-70-6 154 Flower Eliminate and spicy 13.38 Eugenol 97-53-0 164 spicy,Decrease clove- significantly like scent

When comparing the spectra of RCSE, standard MRP-CI and RCSE-MRP-CI, itcan be found that some volatile substances appear or increase inRCSE-MRP-CI. The details show in table below.

TABLE 248.4 Retention CAS Molecule Main time (mm) Structural ProposalNo. weight Flavor Changes 8.52 2-Furancarboxaldehyde 620-02-0 110 appear9.37 Limonene 5989- 136 citrus appear 54-8 10.07 trans-Linalool oxide34995- 170 Wood appear 10.28 77-2 10.40 (−)-cis-Myrtanol 51152- 154Flower appear 12-6 Isopulegol 89-79-2 154 11.59 à-Terpineol 98-55-5 154Flower increase 11.73 1,3-Cyclohexadiene-1- 116-26-7 150 appearcarboxaldehyde, 2,6,6-trimethyl 11.87 3-Cyclohexene-1- 29548- 152 appearacetaldehyde, à,4-dimethyl 14-9 12.44 4-Isopropyl-1,3- 62831- 154 appearcyclohexanedione 62-3 2-Propyl-5-oxohexanoic 10297- 172 appear acid 76-412.57 Ionone 8013- 192 Flower, appear 90-9 wood and fruit 12.692(1H)-Naphthalenone, 4707- 182 appear octahydro-8a-hydroxy-4a- 07-7methyl- 2-ethyl-2-hexenal 645-62-5 126.2 appear 13.33 Naphthalene,1,2-dihydro- 30364- 172 appear 1,1,6-trimethyl 38-6 13.763-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1- 4951- 178 appear cyclohexen-1-yl)-2- 40-0 propenal2,5-Octadecadiynoic acid 57156- 290 91-9 14.05 3-Buten-2-one,4-(2,6,6-1203- 190.3 appear trimethyl-1,3- 08-3 cyclohexadien-1-yl)Benzenepropanal 103-95-7 190.3 appear

Conclusion

Citrus flavor can be perceived in RCSE-MRP-CI but cannot be perceived instandard MRP-CI. However, use CSE as materials to produce CSE-MRP-CIaccording to the process of RCSE-MRP-CI (step 3 of Example 184), theCitrus flavor still cannot be perceived. So after treating with ionicexchange resins, there must be some key flavor substances decreased oreliminated which influence the presentation of Citrus flavor. Inaddition, when RCSE participate in the process of Maillard reaction,there must be some key flavor substances appear or increase which canpresent Citrus flavor. These substances cannot be produced without RCSE,so they do not exist in standard MRP-CI.

Example 249. Preparation of S-MRP-PC

In this example several S-MRP-PC were prepared according to similarmethod except that the Stevia extract participated in the reaction atdifferent stages.

Common Process:

0.6 g rhamnose and 0.4 g proline were mixed. Thus obtained mixture wasdissolved into 2.5 g pure water. No pH regulator was added and the pHwas about 5. The solution was heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for3 hours. 4 g Stevia extract (GSG-RA20, available from Sweet GreenFields) was added to the reaction mixture at different stages,respectively. When the reaction complete, the reaction mixture wasfiltered by filter paper and the filtrate was dilute by pure water tomake the solid content to 625 ppm.

The details of the production are as followed.

TABLE 249.1 # The stage of adding Stevia extract 249-1 At the beginningof reaction 249-2 1 hour after the beginning of reaction 249-3 2 hoursafter the beginning of reaction

Example 250. THE SENSORY EVALUATION of the S-MRP-PC

The products of Example 249 and their material, GSG-RA20, (availablefrom Sweet Green Fields) were evaluated. The concentration of GSG-RA20was set to 500 ppm in order to make the concentration of Stevia extractin the sample solutions of material and products identical. The sensoryevaluation method is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 250.1 Result Sweet- Flavor sweet bitter- metallic Sample ness(intensity) kokumi lingering ness aftertaste GSG- 5 Herbal 0 2 1 1 RA20(moderate) 249-1 4 Popcorn 2 1 0 0 (strong) 249-2 4 Popcorn 3 1 0 0(very strong) 249-3 4 Popcorn 2 1 0 0 (strong)

Conclusion

When preparing S-MRPs, whenever the Stevia extract was added, theproduct with good flavor and taste can be produced. The taste profile ofStevia extract such as GSG-RA20 can be improved no matter when itparticipates in the Maillard reaction.

Example 251. Preparation of S-MRP-FL

In this example several S-MRP-FL were prepared according to similarmethod except that the Stevia extract participated in the reaction atdifferent stages.

Common Process:

0.67 g xylose and 0.33 g phenylalanine were mixed. Thus obtained mixturewas dissolved into 2.5 g pure water. No pH regulator was added and thepH was about 5. The solution was heated at about 100 degrees centigradefor 3 hours. 4 g Stevia extract (GSG-RA20, available from Sweet GreenFields) was added to the reaction mixture at different stages,respectively. When the reaction complete, the reaction mixture wasfiltered by filter paper and the filtrate was dilute by pure water tomake the solid content to 625 ppm.

The details of the production are as followed.

TABLE 251.1 # The stage of adding Stevia extract 251-1 At the beginningof reaction 251-2 1 hour after the beginning of reaction 251-3 2 hoursafter the beginning of reaction

Example 252. The Sensory Evaluation of the S-MRP-FL

The products of Example 251 and their material, GSG-RA20, (availablefrom Sweet Green Fields) were evaluated. The concentration of GSG-RA20was set to 500 ppm in order to make the concentration of Stevia extractin the sample solutions of material and products identical. The sensoryevaluation method is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 252.1 Results Sweet- Flavor sweet bitter- metallic Sample ness(intensity) kokumi lingering ness aftertaste GSG- 4 Herbal 0 2 1 1 RA20(4) 251-1 4 Floral 2.5 0.5 0 0 (3.5) 251-2 4 Floral 2 1 1 0 (2.5) 251-34 Floral 2 1 1 0 (2)

Conclusion

When preparing S-MRPs, whenever the Stevia extract was added, theproduct with good flavor and taste can be produced. The taste profile ofStevia extract such as GSG-RA20 can be improved no matter when itparticipates in the Maillard reaction.

Example 253. Preparation of S-MRP-CA

In this example several S-MRP-CA were prepared according to similarmethod except that the Stevia extract participated in the reaction atdifferent stages.

Common Process:

1.5 g xylose and 0.5 g alanine were mixed. Thus obtained mixture wasdissolved into 2.5 g pure water. No pH regulator was added and the pHwas about 5. The solution was heated at about 100 degrees centigrade for3 hours. 3 g Stevia extract (GSG-RA20, available from Sweet GreenFields) was added to the reaction mixture at different stages,respectively. When the reaction complete, the reaction mixture wasfiltered by filter paper and the filtrate was dilute by pure water tomake the solid content to 2%.

The details of the production are as followed.

TABLE 253.1 # The stage of adding Stevia extract 253-1 At the beginningof reaction 253-2 1 hour after the beginning of reaction 253-3 2 hoursafter the beginning of reaction

Example 254. The Sensory Evaluation of the S-MRP-CA

The products of Example 253 and their material, GSG-RA20, (availablefrom Sweet Green Fields) were evaluated.

Add 5 mg GSG-RA20 or 0.4 ml product solution of Example 213 to 50 mlCoke Zero (sweetened by sucralose, aspartame and ACE-K, available fromCoca-Cola), respectively. Thus make the concentration of Stevia extractin the Coke Zero solutions of material and products identical. Thesensory evaluation method is the same as Example 39.

TABLE 254.1 Result sweet metallic Sample kokumi lingering bitternessaftertaste GSG-RA20 1 2 1 1 253-1 4 1 1 0 253-2 3 1 1 0 253-3 3 1 1 0

Conclusion

When preparing S-MRPs, whenever the Stevia extract was added, theproduct with good flavor and taste can be produced. The taste profile ofStevia extract such as GSG-RA20 can be improved no matter when itparticipates in the Maillard reaction.

Example 255. Sensory Evaluation of GSGs and SGs, Thaumatin, NHDC andCombinations Thereof

Materials and Methods

Materials

EPCalin (Thaumatin 45%), Lot #20180201, Neohesperidine dihydrohalcone(NHDC) (≥96%, Lot #MKBT9446V, Sigma Aldrich), Stevia composition:Combination of GSGs and SGs (referred as “GSGs and SGs”), Lot #3070301

Sample Preparation

4.5 ppm Thaumatin (equivalent to 10 ppm EPCalin) was dissolved in water.Increasing amounts of NHDC (1-5 ppm) were added to the solution and thesensory properties were evaluated.

50 ppm (GSGs and SGs) were dissolved in water. Increasing amounts ofNHDC (1-5 ppm) were added to the solution and the sensory propertieswere evaluated.

50 ppm (GSGs and SGs) and 4.5 ppm Thaumatin (equivalent to 10 ppmEPCalin) were dissolved in water. Increasing amounts of NHDC (1-5 ppm)were added to the solution and the sensory properties were evaluated.

Results

TABLE 255.1 Sensory evaluation of combinations of EPCalin and NHDCSample Sensory evaluation 10 ppm NHDC Sweet, steep onset of sweetness,no lingering 10 ppm EPCalin Sweet, lingering 10 ppm EPCalin + 1 ppmSlightly sweeter than pure EPCalin, NHDC lingering, quicker onset 10 ppmEPCalin + 2 ppm Sweeter than pure EPCalin, lingering, NHDC quicker onset10ppm EPCalin + 3 ppm Considerably sweeter than pure NHDC EPCalin,lingering, quicker onset

When NHDC was added in higher amounts (4 and 5 ppm), it yielded longlasting lingering. That is most likely due to the FMP of NHDC boostingof the sensory properties of thaumatin. See for example, FIG. 266, for agraphical representation of the time/intensity profile of NHDC andthaumatin and combinations thereof.

TABLE 255.2 Sensory evaluation of combinations of Combination of GSGsand SGs and NHDC Sample Sensory evaluation 50 ppm Combination of GSGsand SGs Sweet (2), no lingering 50 ppm Combination of GSGs Sweet (3), nolingering and SGs + 1 ppm NHDC 50 ppm Combination of GSGs Sweet (3), nolingering and SGs + 2 ppm NHDC 50 ppm Combination of GSGs Sweet (4), nolingering and SGs + 3 ppm NHDC 50 ppm Combination of GSGs Sweet (5), nolingering and SGs + 4 ppm NHDC 50 ppm Combination of GSGs Sweet (5), nolingering and SGs + 5 ppm NHDC Sweetness intensity was rated on 5-pointscale

FIG. 267 is a graphical representation of sweetness intensity andmouth-feel of combinations with NHDC and Combination of GSGs and SGs.

FIG. 268 and FIG. 269 are graphical representations of time/intensityprofile of combinations with NHDC and Combination of GSGs and SGs.

TABLE 255.3 Sensory evaluation of combinations of Combination of GSGsand SGs/EPCalin and NHDC Sample Sensory evaluation 50 ppm Combination ofGSGs and Sweet (3), lingering (4), SGs/10 ppm EPCalin mouth-feeling (2)50 ppm Combination of GSGs and Sweet (4), lingering (3), SGs/10 ppmEPCalin + 1 ppm NHDC mouth-feeling (3) 50 ppm Combination of GSGs andSweet (5), lingering (3), SGs/10 ppm EPCalin + 2 ppm NHDC mouth-feeling(4) 50 ppm Combination of GSGs and Sweet (5), lingering (3), SGs/10 ppmEPCalin + 3 ppm NHDC mouth-feeling (5) Sweetness intensity was rated ona 5-point scale

Addition of 4, 5 ppm NHDC boosts the lingering.

FIG. 270 is a graphical representation of the sweetness intensity,lingering and mouth-feel of combinations with NHDC and Combination ofGSGs and SGs/EPCalin.

FIG. 271 is a graphical representation of the time/intensity profile ofcombinations with NHDC and Combination of GSGs and SGs/EPCalin.

Conclusions:

Combinations of EPCalin (Thaumatin) with 1-3 ppm NHDC provided increasedsweetness and quicker onset of sweetness.

Compositions of sweetening agents, for instance, GSGs and SGs with 1-5ppm NHDC yielded increased sweetness and mouth-feel together with aquicker onset of sweetness.

Compositions of sweetening agents and sweetener enhancers, such ascombinations of GSGs and SGs/EPCalin with 1-3 ppm NHDC providedincreased sweetness and mouth-feel together with a quicker onset ofsweetness and a slight increase in lingering. However, the overalllingering contributed by thaumatin for the combination of Thaumatin withsteviol glycosides (GSGs and SGs) was considerably lower when comparedto thaumatin alone.

The results showed that compositions of Thaumatin with dihydrochalconeglycosides like NHDC, compositions of sweetening agents withdihydrochalcone glycosides like NHDC, composition of sweetening agents,Thaumatin and dihydrochalcone glycosides like NHDC have a synergisticeffect, and can be used as a flavor or a sweetener.

The ratio in the compositions can be varied as per the desired purpose.For instance, every ingredient in the composition can be in the range offrom about 0.1 ppm to about 99.5%.

Example 256. Combination of Stevia-Derived MRPs and Thaumatin

Material and Methods

Materials

D-Xylose, ≥99%, STBG7912, Sigma Aldrich, EPCalin (Thaumatin 45%), Lot#20180201, DL-Phenylalanine, 98%, Lot #51K1696, Sigma Aldrich, Steviolglycosides TSG95, Lot #20180413

Sample Preparation

Combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin 1: 0.67 g xylose, 0.33g phenylalanine and 4 g Steviol glycosides TSG95 were dissolved in 2.5 gdeionized water. The solution was heated to about 100° C. for 1 h. Afterthe reaction, 0.278 g EPCalin (45%) was added to the sample and thenwater was added to a final mass of 25 g.

Combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin 2: 0.67 g xylose, 0.33g phenylalanine, 4 g steviol glycosides TSG95 and 0.278 g EPCalin (45%)were dissolved in 2.5 g 5 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 4). The solutionwas heated to about 100° C. for 1 h. After the reaction, water was addedto a final mass of 25 g.

Combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin 3: 0.67 g xylose, 0.33g phenylalanine, 4 g steviol glycosides TSG95 and 0.278 g EPCalin (45%)were dissolved in 2.5 g water. The solution was heated to about 100° C.for 1 h. After the reaction, water was added to a final mass of 25 g.

Each sample was added at a concentration of 1500 ppm to freshly preparedlemon juice (squeezed lemons diluted 1:5 with tap water) containing 4%sugar.

Each sample was added at a concentration of 1500 ppm to Red BullSugarfree (13.03.2020/D #3, 1716331/15:59).

Each sample was added at a concentration of 1000 ppm to Felix Ketchup noadded sugar (31.12.2019 L8352, 11:48).

Sensory Evaluation

For all samples the color and flavor were documented by the analyst anda second independent trained taster.

Before tasting the tasters discussed the upcoming series of samples andtasted samples with the predetermined attributes (sweetness) withvarying intensities to find a common description. Four trained tastersblind taste tested independently all samples of a series. They wereallowed to re-taste and prepared notes for sensory attributes perceivedincluding the relative intensity.

In the last step the attributes noted were discussed openly to find anacceptable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed withthe description, the tasting was repeated.

Results

TABLE 256.1 Color and smell of a differently prepared combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin. Sample Color Smell Combination ofStevia-derived Brown Flowery MRPs and Thaumatin 1 Combination ofStevia-derived Brown Flowery MRPs and Thaumatin 2 Combination ofStevia-derived Brown Flowery MRPs and Thaumatin 3

TABLE 256.2 Taste of a differently prepared combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin in lemon juice. Sample Taste Reference(Lemon Juice with Lemon, Sweet, slightly to sour 4% sugar) Combinationof Stevia-derived More intense lemon and sweeter than MRPs and Thaumatin1 reference, sweet/sour balance palatable, more balanced flavorCombination of Stevia-derived More intense lemon and sweeter than MRPsand Thaumatin 2 reference, sweet/sour balance prefect, perfectlybalanced flavor Combination of Stevia-derived More intense lemon andsweeter than MRPs and Thaumatin 3 reference, sweet/sour balancepalatable, more balanced flavor Overall Ranking; Best 2, followed by 1equal to 3

TABLE 256.3 Taste of a differently prepared combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin in Red Bull Sugarfree. Sample TasteReference (Red Bull Sugarfree) Typical Taste of Red Bull SugarfreeCombination of Stevia-derived Sweeter than reference, MRPs and Thaumatin1 more balanced sweetness, more harmonic flavor Combination ofStevia-derived Sweeter than reference, optimum MRPs and Thaumatin 2balanced sweetness, balanced flavor Combination of Stevia- Sweeter thanreference, derived MRPs more balanced and Thaumatin 3 sweetness, moreharmonic flavor Overall Ranking; Best 2, followed by 1 equal to 3

TABLE 256.4 Taste of a differently prepared combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatin in Felix Ketchup no added sugar.Sample Taste Reference (Felix Ketchup no added sugar) Spicy, sweet-sourtaste, slightly empty Combination of Stevia-derived Sweeter thanreference, MRPs and Thaumatin 1 more balanced mouth- feeling, moreharmonic flavor Combination of Stevia-derived Sweeter than reference,MRPs and Thaumatin 2 optimum mouth- feeling, balanced flavor Combinationof Stevia-derived Sweeter than reference, MRPs and Thaumatin 3 morebalanced mouth- feeling, more harmonic flavor Overall Ranking; Best 2,followed by 1 equal to 3

Conclusions

Combinations of Stevia-derived MRPs and thaumatin prepared by reactionof an amino acid, the sugar and SGs with thaumatin added afterwardswithout involving Thaumatin in the reaction could be used, but is ratedless palatable than the same combination prepared in a “one-pot” in asodium acetate buffer (pH=4) when added to lemon juice (4% sugar), RedBull Sugarfree and Ketchup with no added sugar. A combination ofStevia-derived MRPs and thaumatin prepared in “one-pot” in water wasrated equal to a combination of Stevia-derived MRPs and Thaumatinprepared by reaction of the amino acid, the sugar and SGs with thaumatinadded afterwards without involving Thaumatin in the reaction when addedto lemon juice (4% sugar), Red Bull Sugarfree and Ketchup with no addedsugar.

The examples show that any ingredient in the composition of thisinvention could be either added before Maillard reaction, or afterwardswithout involving it in the reaction. Both type of products can be usedas a flavor or a sweetener to improve the taste, mouthfeel and aroma offinal products.

The ratio of every ingredient in the composition, sweetening agent,sugar donor, amine donor, sweet enhancer can be varied as per thedesired target. Every ingredient in the composition can be in the rangeof from about 0.1 ppm to about 99.5%.

Example 257. Preparation and Sensory Analysis of Stevia-Derived MRPswith Thaumatin Instead of Amino Acid

Materials:

D-Galactose, ≥99%, Lot #039K00592V, Sigma-Aldrich

Stevia composition A (SGA): Combination of GSGs and SGs, Lot #3070301

“SGA” or “ZO” as used throughout the specification and figures refers toa composition that is GSG-RA20.

EPCalin (Thaumatin 45%, Lot #20180201)

Sample Preparation:

0.8 g galactose, 2 g EPCalin (45%) and 10 g SGA (Combination of GSGs andSGs) were dissolved in 30 g deionized water. The solution was heated atabout 100° C. for 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. After the reactiontime, the samples were transferred to ice-cold water. After cooling tothe room temperature, a sensory analysis (color, odor, taste) wasperformed. For the taste evaluation the samples were diluted with water1:1000.

Sensory Analysis:

Before tasting the tasters discussed the upcoming series of samples tofind commonality of the factors to be described and the rating on theintensity scale (5-point scale: 0 (none)-5 (very strong). Thereafter thesamples were tasted at the use level to find commonality on how todescribe the flavors (color, odor, taste, intensity).

Five trained tasters were blind taste tested independently all samplesof a series. They were allowed to re-taste and made notes for thesensory attributes perceived. In the last step the attributes noted werediscussed openly to find an agreeable description. In case that morethan 1 taster disagreed with the description, the tasting was repeated.

Time/Intensity rating was performed by 5 tasters who, while tasting,could press a button which records the exact timing on a computer (i.e.first press=start, second press=onset of sweetness). The test resultsgiven are the median values for the 5 tasters.

TABLE 257.1 Reaction time Sample (min) Color Odor Taste 1 0 ClearNeutral Sweet (5), very long lingering (5), bitter (2) 2 10 Milk-brownCitrus (3), Sweet (5), long Sweet (4), lingering (4), bitter (1) Sour(3) 3 20 Milk-brown Citrus (3), Sweet (5), lingering Sweet (4), (3),bitter (1) Sour (3) 4 30 Milk-brown Citrus (4), Sweet (5), lingeringSweet (4), (2), bitter (0) Sour (4) 5 45 Milk-brown Citrus (4), Sweet(4), lingering Sweet (4), (2), bitter (0) Sour (4) 6 60 Dark milk-Citrus (4), Sweet (4), lingering brown Sweet (4), (2), bitter (0) Sour(4) 7 90 Dark milk- Citrus (4), Sweet (4), lingering brown Sweet (4),(2), bitter (0) Sour (4) 8 120 Dark milk- Citrus (4), Sweet (4),lingering brown Sweet (4), (2), bitter (0) Sour (4)

TABLE 257.2 Sweetness Time/Intensity profile of a Stevia-derived MRPssample with Thaumatin instead of Amino Acid REACTION NO TIME ONSET MAXLINGERING LINGERING TASTE [min] [sec] [sec] ON [sec] OFF [sec] [sec] 01.5 4.0 10.5 29.5 50.0 10 1.5 4.0 8.0 27.0 41.0 20 1.5 4.0 9.0 25.5 36.030 1.5 3.0 8.0 21.5 30.0 45 1.5 4.0 7.5 20.0 29.0 60 1.0 3.0 5.5 21.030.0 90 1.5 3.5 8.5 21.5 28.0 120 1.5 3.0 8.0 22.0 27.0

FIG. 272 is a graphical description of a Summary View of the sweetnesstime/intensity profile of the Stevia-derived MRP samples with thaumatinin place of an amino acid.

FIG. 273 and FIG. 274 are graphical descriptions of the sweetnesstime/intensity profile of the Stevia-derived MRP samples with thaumatinin place of an amino acid for selected heating times.

Conclusions

Replacement of amino acid by thaumatin and use of a sweetening agent,such as combination of GSGs and SGs as a steviol-glycoside extract,yielded a fruity Citrus flavor with a sweet taste and no discernibleafter taste.

When comparing different reaction times, the lingering sweetness (mostlikely caused by thaumatin) is substantially shortened (from 50 to 30seconds) without a loss of sweetness or taste modifications.

The results showed that the Stevia-derived MRPs could be prepared bythaumatin without amine donor. The resultant products could be used as aflavor or as a sweetener. Surprisingly, the lingering of thaumatin couldbe reduced substantially by this method. This example can be extended todifferent types of sugar donor or different types of sweetening agent.Every ingredient in the composition can be in the range of from about0.1 to about 99.5%. The reaction conditions such as temperature, PHvalue, reaction time etc. can be varied as per the desired products.

Example 258. Use of Protein(s) or Peptides or Combinations of Proteinsand Peptides as Additional Amino Source

The addition of proteins to the preparation of Stevia-derived MRPs canhave an influence on the sensory properties.

Materials

D-Xylose, ≥99%, STBG7912, Sigma Aldrich; DL-Phenylalanine, 98%, Lot#51K1696, Sigma Aldrich; Stevia extract TSG95, Lot #20180413; Spirulinaextract (acid stable blue, mainly peptides), Lot #EPC-245-50; milkprotein C8654 Sigma-Aldrich, Casein sodium salt from bovine milk

Sample Preparation

Stevia derived MRP with Spirulina I: 0.67 g xylose, 0.33 gphenylalanine, 4 g Stevia extract TSG95 and 0.2 g spirulina extract weredissolved in 2.5 g deionized water. The solution was heated at about100° C. for 2 h. After the reaction, the slurry was diluted with 25 gwater.

Stevia derived MRP with Spirulina II: 0.67 g xylose, 0.33 gphenylalanine, 4 g Stevia extract TSG95 and 0.1 g spirulina extract weredissolved in 2.5 g deionized water. The solution was heated at about100° C. for 2 h. After the reaction, the slurry was diluted with 25 gwater.

Stevia derived MRP with dried milk protein: 0.67 g xylose, 0.33 gphenylalanine, 4 g Stevia extract TSG95 and 0.1 g milk protein weredissolved in 2.5 g deionized water. The solution was heated at about100° C. for 2 h. After the reaction, the slurry was diluted with 25 gwater.

100 μl of the Stevia derived MRP were added to 100 ml Reb BullSugarfree.

Sensory evaluation

For all samples the color and flavor were documented by the analyst anda second independent trained taster.

Before tasting the tasters discussed the upcoming series of samples andtasted samples with the predetermined attributes with varyingintensities to find commonality for the description. Four trainedtasters blind taste tested independently all samples of a series. Theywere allowed to re-taste and made notes for the sensory attributesperceived including the relative intensity.

In the last step the attributes noted were discussed openly to find anagreeable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed withthe description, the tasting was repeated.

Results

TABLE 258.1 Sensory evaluation of Stevia derived MRP with Spirulina IColor Odor Taste* Taste Profile in RB sugarfree** Dark MarzipanIntensive sweet, Increased mouth-feeling, brown protein marzipan notes,protein aftertaste aftertaste *after dilution 1:100 **compared tocontrol sample without added Stevia derived MRP

TABLE 258.2 Sensory evaluation of Stevia derived MRP with Spirulina IITaste Profile in RB Color Odor Taste* sugarfree** Dark MarzipanIntensive sweet, Slight Increased brown protein aftertastemouth-feeling, marzipan notes, Slight protein aftertaste *after dilution1:100 **compared to control sample without added Stevia derived MRP

In both experiments with spirulina, the blue color changed irreversiblyto brown.

TABLE 258.3 Sensory evaluation of Stevia derived MRP with Milk proteinColor Odor Taste* Taste Profile in RB sugarfree** Light Grass, Sweet,heated milk Increased mouth-feeling, slight brown heated milk notenotes, harmonic milk *after dilution 1:100 **compared to control samplewithout added Stevia derived MRP

Conclusions:

Compositions comprising MRPs prepared by use of proteins from varioussources have a substantial effect on the sensory properties of Steviaderived MRPs. The product can be used in food or beverage as a flavor ora sweetener to enhance the taste, mouthfeel and/or aroma of the finalproduct. The ratio of protein, peptide, or combination of protein andpeptide added can be in the range of from about 0.1% to about 99.5% onweight to weight basis based on the total amount of starting material.The examples can be extended to other types of sugar donors, sweeteningagent, and protein/peptides.

Example 259. MRP with Varying Ratios of Stevia Composition

Materials:

D-(−)-Fructose, Lot #BCBC1225, Sigma Aldrich

L(+)-Lysine, Lot #0001442572, Sigma Aldrich

Steviol glycosides (referred to as SGA): combination of GSGs and SGs,Lot #3070301

Conditions:

Solution: Phosphate buffer, 0.2 M, pH 8.0

Heating Type: Drying oven, 100° C.

Heating Time: 2 h

Sensory Evaluation

Before tasting the tasters discussed the upcoming series of samples andtasted regular samples (without added flavor) to find a commonality fordescription. Thereafter the flavored samples were tasted at the uselevel to find a common description for how to describe the flavors(taste, smell, intensity).

Four trained tasters blind taste tested independently all samples of aseries. They were allowed to re-taste and made notes for the sensoryattributes perceived.

In the last step the attributes noted were discussed openly to find anagreeable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed withthe description, the tasting was repeated.

TABLE 259.1 Sample Color Flavor   1% 10 mM Lys + 100% Yellow Sweet,caramel-like  10 mM Fru  10% 10 mM Lys + 100% Yellow Sweet, caramel-like 10 mM Fru  50% 10 mM Lys + 100% Yellow Popcorn, sweet  10 mM Fru 100%10 mM Lys + 100% Yellow Popcorn, sweet  10 mM Fru 100% 10 mM Lys + 1%Light yellow Yeast, Umami  10 mM Fru 100% 10 mM Lys + 10% Light yellowSweet, Yeast, Umami  10 mM Fru 100% 10 mM Lys + 50% Light yellowPopcorn, caramel-like  10 mM Fru 100% 10 mM Lys + 100% Yellow Sweet,caramel-like,  10 mM Fru + 1% SGA harmonic 100% 10 mM Lys + 100% YellowSweet, honey, harmonic  10 mM Fru + 10% SGA 100% 10 mM Lys + 100% YellowSweet, honey, flowery,  10 mM Fru + 50% SGA harmonic 100% 10 mM Lys +100% Dark yellow Honey, Flowery  10 mM Fru + 100% SGA 100% 10 mM Lys +100% Dark yellow Honey, Flowery,  10 mM Fru + 200% SGA 100% 10 mM Lys +100% Dark yellow Honey, herbal  10 mM Fru + 400% SGA 100% 10 mM Lys +100% Light brown Honey, herbal  10 mM Fru + 600% SGA 100% 10 mM Lys +100% Light brown Herbal (dried  10 mM Fru + 1000% SGA green spices)

Conclusions: By changing the ratio of sweetening agent, such as steviolglycosides in the composition, Stevia-derived MRPs could createdifferent types of sweetness and aroma profile of products. All thesetypes of products can be used as a flavor or as a sweetener for food,beverage, feed, cosmetic or a pharmaceutical. The type and amount ofsugar donor, amine donor, sweetening agent, the reaction condition suchas reaction time, temperature, PH value etc. can be varied as per thedesired requirement of the final product.

Example 260. Effects of Different Reaction Time

Introduction

The following examples were prepared to investigate the influence of thereaction time on the sensory properties of Stevia derived MRPs (usingcombinations of GSGs and SGs).

Material and Methods

Materials:

D-(−)-Fructose, Lot #BCBC1225, Sigma Aldrich, D-Xylose, ≥99%,Sigma-Aldrich, STBG7912, L(+)-Lysine, Lot #0001442572, Sigma Aldrich,Stevia composition (referred as ZO): combination of GSGs and SGs, Lot#3070301

Gröbi Orange (181228 GO 1.5 G; 28.09.19 (11:55), Drink Star GmbH)

Methods:

Sample Preparation

Samples were dissolved as provided in Table 260.1 in 10 mL phosphatebuffer (0.2 M, pH 7.0), heated to 120° C. for 10-120 minutes, cooleddown to room temperature and sensory analysis was conducted.

TABLE 260.1 Sample No, Composition and heating time at 120° C. SampleNo. Sample Heating Time  1 10 mM Lys + 10 mM Fru + 1 g ZO  10 min  2 10mM Lys + 10 mM Fru + 1 g ZO  20 min  3 10 mM Lys + 10 mM Fru + 1 g ZO 30 min  4 10 mM Lys + 10 mM Fru + 1 g ZO  45 min  5 10 mM Lys + 10 mMFru + 1 g ZO  60 min  6 10 mM Lys + 10 mM Fru + 1 g ZO  90 min  7 10 mMLys + 10 mM Fru + 1 g ZO 120 min  8 10 mM Lys + 10 mM Xyl + 1 g ZO  10min  9 10 mM Lys + 10 mM Xyl + 1 g ZO  20 min 10 10 mM Lys + 10 mM Xyl +1 g ZO  30 min 11 10 mM Lys + 10 mM Xyl + 1 g ZO  45 min 12 10 mM Lys +10 mM Xyl + 1 g ZO  60 min 13 10 mM Lys + 10 mM Xyl + 1 g ZO  90 min 1410 mM Lys + 10 mM Xyl + 1 g ZO 120 min

The Stevia-derived MRPs were then added at the concentrations given inFIGS. 275 through 284 to sugar-free beverages to investigate theincrease of sweetness when compared to the beverage without addedStevia-derived MRPs.

Sensory Evaluation

For all samples the color and flavor were documented by the analyst anda second independent trained taster.

Before tasting the tasters discussed the upcoming series of samples andtasted samples with the predetermined attributes (sweetness) withvarying intensities to find commonality in description. The intensitywas rated on 0 (no increase)-5 (intensive) scale. Four trained tastersblind taste tested independently all samples of a series. They wereallowed to re-taste and made notes for the sensory attributes perceivedincluding the intensity.

In the last step the attributes noted were discussed openly to find andacceptable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed withthe description, the tasting was repeated.

Results

TABLE 260.2 Sensory test results for the color and flavor (odor) ofStevia-derived MRPs (Lys/Fru/Zo) with increasing heating times SampleNo. Color* Sweet Honey Herbal Flowery 1 Yellow 1 4 0 0 0 2 Yellow 1 3 00 0 3 Yellow 2 2 1 0 0 4 Yellow 2 1 2 2 0 5 Yellow 3 0 3 2 0 6 Yellow 30 4 0 2 7 Yellow 3 0 4 0 2 *Numbers indicate intensity of color

FIG. 275 is a graphical description of the sensory test results for theflavor (odor) of Stevia-derived MRPs (Lys/Fru/Zo) with increased heatingtime.

TABLE 260.3 Sensory test results for the color and flavor (odor) ofStevia-derived MRPs (Lys/Xyl/Zo) with increasing heating times SampleNo. Color* Sweet Honey Flowery  8 Yellow 1 2 0 3  9 Yellow 1 3 0 3 10Yellow 2 4 0 2 11 Yellow 2 4 0 1 12 Yellow 3 5 1 0 13 Yellow 4 5 2 0 14Yellow 5 5 3 0 *Numbers indicate intensity of color

FIG. 276 is a graphical description of the sensory test results for theflavor (odor) of Stevia-derived MRPs (Lys/Xyl/Zo) with increased heatingtimes.

TABLE 260.4 Sensory test results for the taste of Stevia-derived MRPs(Lys/Fru/Zo) with increasing heating times Sample No. Sweet HerbalFlowery Bitterness 1 4 0 0 1 2 4 0 0 1 3 4 0 0 1 4 4 2 1 2 5 3 3 1 2 6 31 3 2 7 3 0 3 2

FIG. 277 is a graphical description of sensory test results for thetaste of Stevia-derived MRPs (Lys/Fru/Zo) with increased heating time.

TABLE 260.5 Sensory test results for the taste of Stevia-derived MRPs(Lys/Xyl/Zo) with increasing heating times Sample No. Sweet HoneyBitterness 8 4 0 0 9 4 1 1 10 4 2 1 11 4 3 0 12 4 3 0 13 3 4 1 14 3 4 2

FIG. 278 is a graphical description of sensory test results for thetaste of Stevia-derived MRPs (Lys/Xyl/Zo) with increased heating times.

FIG. 279 and FIG. 280 provide comparison of added amounts ofStevia-derived MRPs (Lys/Fru/ZO) with different heating times and theperceived added sweetness.

FIG. 281 and FIG. 282 provide comparison of added amounts ofStevia-derived MRPs (Lys/Xyl/ZO) with different heating times and theperceived added sweetness.

FIG. 283 provides comparison of added amounts of Stevia-derived MRPs(Lys/Fru/ZO) with different heating times and the perceived addedsweetness.

FIG. 284 provides comparison of added amounts of Stevia-derived MRPs(Lys/Xyl/ZO) with different heating times and the perceived addedsweetness.

Conclusions

When heating a Stevia-derived MRP comprised of Lysine/Fructose/Steviacomposition for different time periods (10-120 min at 120° C.) the colorincreases and the odor changes substantially from sweet to honey, thenherbal and finally flowery notes. The taste changes from solely sweet toherbal/flowery sweet with a slight, palatable bitterness.

When heating a Stevia-derived MRP comprised of Lysine/Xylose/Steviacomposition for different time periods (10-120 min at 120° C.) the colorincreases and the odor changes substantially from sweet/flowery tosweet/honey. The taste changes from solely sweet to honey/sweet with aslight, palatable bitterness.

When adding Stevia-derived MRPs comprised of Lysine/Fructose/Steviacomposition with different heating times (10-120 min at 120° C.) to asugar-free beverage at different concentrations the perceived sweetnesschanges depending from the concentration added and the heating time. Inall cases investigated the perceived sweetness is significantly higherwhen compared to the reference (no Stevia-derived MRP added).

When adding Stevia-derived MRPs comprised of Lysine/Xylose/Steviacomposition with different heating times (10-120 min at 120° C.) to asugar-free beverage at different concentrations the perceived sweetnesschanges depending from the concentration added and the heating time. Inall cases investigated the perceived sweetness is significantly higherwhen compared to the reference (no Stevia-derived MRP added).

This example showed different flavor profiles could be obtained fromchange of reaction temperature for compositions of sugar donor, aminedonor and sweetening agent. The example can be extended to differentcomposition of sugar donor, amine donor and sweetening agent. Anycomposition selected from sugar donor, amine donor, sweetening agent canbe in the range of from about 0.1% to about 99.9% in the initialpreparation materials for the Maillard reaction. The reaction conditionscan be adjusted to achieve a desired flavor profile. For instance, thePH value can vary from 1 to 14, the temperature range can be from 0 to200 degrees centigrade or higher, preferably from about 10 to about 180centigrade, more preferably for about 40 to about 120 centigrade.Reaction time can be from a few seconds to few days, more preferably afew hours.

Example 261. Investigations with Stevia-Derived MRPs, NHDC and Thaumatin

Introduction

This example demonstrated addition of NHDC, NHDC and thaumatin in theproduct, especially in the reaction, enhanced the taste profile ofproducts.

Material and Methods

Materials

D-Xylose, ≥99%, STBG7912, Sigma Aldrich; DL-Phenylalanine, 98%, Lot#51K1696, Sigma Aldrich; Stevia composition (referred as SGA):Combination of GSGs and SGs, Lot #3070301; Stevia extract TSG95, Lot#20180413; EPCalin, 45%, Lot #20180201; Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone(NHDC) (≥96%, Lot #MKBT9446V, Sigma Aldrich)

Redbull sugarfree, SEGLS 04AT, 8L91B19C; PR: 06.03.19/18:07N 3, EX:06.03.20/173113

Sample Preparation

Stevia-derived MRPs (Reference): 0.67 g xylose, 0.33 g phenylalanine and4 g Stevia extract TSG95 were dissolved in 2.5 g deionized water. Thesolution was heated at about 100° C. for 2 h. After the reaction wascomplete, the slurry was diluted with 25 g water.

Stevia-derived MRPs by Combination of GSGs and SGs: 0.67 g xylose, 0.33g phenylalanine, 4 g SGA(Combination of GSGs and SGs) were dissolved in2.5 g deionized water. The solution was heated at about 100° C. for 2 h.After the reaction was complete, the slurry was diluted with 25 g water.

Stevia-derived MRPs by Combination of GSGs and SGs and NHDC: 0.67 gxylose, 0.33 g phenylalanine, 4 g SGA (Combination of GSGs and SGs) and3 ppm (=82.5 μg) NHDC were dissolved in water. The solution was heatedat about 100° C. for 2 h. After the reaction was complete, the slurrywas diluted with 25 g water.

Stevia-derived MRPs by SGA (Combination of GSGs and SGs), NHDC andThaumatin: 0.67 g xylose, 0.33 g phenylalanine, 4 g SGA (Combination ofGSGs and SGs), 3 ppm (=82.5 μg) NHDC and 5 ppm (=302.5 μg EPCalin 45%).Thaumatin were dissolved in 2.5 g deionized water. The solution washeated at about 100° C. for 2 h. After the reaction was complete, theslurry was diluted with 25 g water.

150 μl of the each sample was added to 100 ml Redbull sugar free andmixed. The taste profiles of the samples were compared. As a control, aRedBull sugar free sample without the addition of Steviaroma was used.

Sensory Evaluation

For all samples the color and flavor were documented by the analyst anda second independent trained taster.

Before tasting the tasters discussed the upcoming series of samples andtasted samples with predetermined attributes with varying intensities tofind a commonality in description. Four trained tasters blind tastetested independently all samples of a series. They were allowed tore-taste and made notes for the sensory attributes perceived includingthe relative intensity.

In the last step the attributes noted were discussed openly to find anacceptable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed withthe description, the tasting was repeated.

Results

TABLE 261.1 Color and Smell of the Stevia derived MRP samples SampleColor Smell Stevia derived MRP (Reference) Brown Intensive Flowery,pleasant Stevia derived MRP by SGA(Combination Brown Flowery, slightlyof GSGs and SGs) acidic, pleasant Stevia derived MRP by SGA(CombinationBrown Flowery, slightly of GSGs and SGs)/NHDC acidic, pleasant Steviaderived MRP by SGA(Combination Flowery, slightly of GSGs andSGs)/NHDC/Thaumatin acidic, pleasant

TABLE 261.2 Sensory Evaluation of Stevia derived MRP samples SampleSweet Flowery Fruity/Sour Lingering Stevia derived MRP (Reference) 4 4 13 Stevia derived MRP by 3 3 2 2 SGA(Combination of GSGs and SGs) Steviaderived MRP by 3 3 3 2 SGA(Combination of GSGs and SGs)/NHDC Steviaderived MRP by 4 3 3 3 SGA(Combination of GSGs and SGs)/NHDC/Thaumatin

TABLE 261.3 Sensory Evaluation of Stevia derived MRP samples in Red BullSugarfree Sample Taste profile Control (RB Sugar Free) Typical for RBsugarfree, Sweet (4), harmonic (2), slightly metallic, poormouth-feeling (2), acidic (4) Stevia derived MRP (Reference) Sweet (7),increased mouth-feeling (3), harmonic (3), acidic (4) Stevia derived MRPby Sweet (6), increased mouth-feeling SGA(Combination of GSGs and (3),harmonic (3), less acidic (3) SGs) Stevia derived MRP by Sweet (6),increased mouth-feeling SGA(Combination of GSGs and (4), harmonic (4),less acidic (3) SGs)/NHDC Stevia derived MRP by Lingering Sweet (6),increased SGA(Combination of GSGs and mouth-feeling (4), harmonic (4),SGs)/NHDC/Thaumatin acidic (4), The shaded portions was ranked best by 4out of 4 tasters

Conclusion

The comparison of Stevia derived MRPs prepared with different SGs(Stevia extract or a combination of GSGs and SGs) yielded differentsensor profiles as seen in Table 2. All samples can be used forenhancing taste, mouthfeel, or aroma of food or beverage products. Theproducts that included the addition of NHDC or NHDC/Thaumatin beforeheating the sample mixture can be used for flavor or as a sweetener toenhance the taste, mouthfeel, or aroma of the food or beverage products.

When adding the different samples to a sugarfree beverage, again thesource of Stevia Components including types of steviol glycosides,non-steviol glycosides substances such as volatile and non-volatilesubstances provide different taste profiles as seen in Table 3. Additionof NHDC improved the mouth-feel and harmony of taste impression yieldinga substantially improved taste profile. Addition of NHDC/Thaumatinyielded an improved flavor profile with slight lingering sweetness.

This example showed that adding a dihydrochalcone, such as NHDC or itscombination with a sweetener enhancer such as Thaumatin in the MRPssystem, can enhance the taste, monthfeel and aroma of the products. Theadded amount of NHDC and its combination with Thaumatin in theformulation can be in the range of from about 0.1 ppm to about 99.5%.

This example can be extended to other dihydrochalcone glycosides, suchas glycyphllin, pholorizin, trilobatin, naringin dihydrochalcone, andother dihydroflavoids.

Example 262. Different Ratios of Amino Acids and Reducing Sugar

Introduction

The following examples were prepared to investigate the effect ofdifferent ratios of amino acid donors to reducing sugars on the sensoryproperties of MRPs in a model example for lysine and fructose. In asecond series of examples the effect of different amounts ofsteviol-glycosides were added to the model system described above forevaluation of the sensory properties of Stevia-derived MRPs.

Material and Methods

Materials:

D-(−)-Fructose, Lot #BCBC1225, Sigma Aldrich

L(+)-Lysine, Lot #0001442572, Sigma Aldrich

Stevia composition (referred as SGA): Combination of GSGs and SGs, Lot#3070301

Methods:

Sample Preparation

Samples were dissolved as provided in Tables 1 and 2 in 10 mL phosphatebuffer (0.2 M, pH 8.0) and heated to 100° C. for 2 hours.

Sensory Evaluation

Before tasting the tasters discussed the upcoming series of samples andtasted samples with predetermined attributes (sweet, caramel, popcorn,umami, honey, flowery, herbal (dried green spices), kokumi [series 2])with varying intensities to find commonality in description. Theintensity was rated on 0 (none)-5 (medium)-10 (intensive) scale. Fourtrained tasters blind taste tested independently all samples of aseries. They were allowed to re-taste and made notes for the sensoryattributes perceived including the intensity.

In the last step the attributes noted were discussed openly to find anacceptable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed withthe description, the tasting was repeated.

Results

TABLE 262.1 Sensory test results for varying ratios of lysine:fructoseFlavor (10-point intensity scale) Caramel- Sample Color Sweet likePopcorn Umami 0.01 mM Yellow 2 4 0 0 Lys + 10 mM Fru 1 mM Lys + Yellow 33 0 0 10 mM Fru 5 mM Lys + Yellow 4 1 1 0 10 mM Fru 10 mM Lys + Yellow 51 3 0 10 mM Fru 10 mM Lys + Light 3 1 1 1 5 mM Fru yellow 10 mM Lys +Light 2 0 0 2 1 mM Fru yellow 10 mM Lys + Light 1 0 0 3 0.01 mM Fruyellow

FIG. 285 is a graphical representation of sensory test results forvarying ratios of lysine: fructose.

TABLE 262.2 Sensory test results for varying ratios of Steviacomposition (SGA: Combination of GSGs and SGs) added to fixed ratio oflysine/fructose Flavor (10-point intensity scale) Sample Color SweetCaramel Honey Flowery Herbal Kokumi 10 mM Lys + Yellow 5 1 0 0 0 3 10 mMFru 10 mM Lys + Yellow 5 3 0 0 0 5 10 mM Fru + 0.01 mM SGA* 10 mM Lys +Yellow 5 0 3 0 0 6 10 mM Fru + 1 mM SGA 10 mM Lys + Yellow 6 0 3 2 0 610 mM Fru + 5 mM SGA 10 mM Lys + Dark 6 0 4 3 0 7 10 mM Fru + yellow 10mM SGA 10 mM Lys + Dark 7 0 4 4 0 6 10 mM Fru + yellow 20 mM SGA 10 mMLys + Dark 8 0 5 1 2 6 10 mM Fru + yellow 40 mM SGA 10 mM Lys + Light 80 4 1 3 5 10 mM Fru + brown 60 mM SGA 10 mM Lys + Light 9 0 3 0 3 5 10mM Fru + brown 80 mM SGA 10 mM Lys + Light 9 0 1 0 5 4 10 mM Fru + brown100 mM SGA *Molar weight of Stevia composition [Combination of GSGs andSGs, marked as SGA] was estimated to 1270 g/mol

FIG. 286 is a graphical representation of sensory test results forvarying ratios of SGA added to fixed ratio of lysine/fructose.

Conclusions

Varying ratios of lysine: fructose yield, under the same conditions,(temperature, pH-value and duration of heating) MRPs with substantialdifferent sensory properties. Not only the intensity but also the basicsensory type changes surprisingly. For example, at a ratio of 1:100 forlysine: fructose the MRPs' taste and smell is caramel/sugar-like whereasa ratio of 100:1 provides Umami smell/taste.

When adding increasing amounts of sweetening agent, such as a Steviacomposition (for instance, a combination of GSGs and SGs) the sensoryproperties change gradually from sweet/caramel-like (no Combination ofGSGs and SGs) to honey/flowery [ratio MRP: (Stevia composition:Combination of GSGs and SGs) is 1:1-1:2] and finally to herbal notes[ratio MRP: Stevia composition (Combination of GSGs and SGs) is 1:10].This test shows that (a) addition of sweetening agent, such as acombination of GSGs and SGs provides Stevia-derived MRPs with uniquesensory properties and (b) different amounts of sweetening agents, suchas combinations of GSGs and SGs added to a fixed ratio of lysine:fructose yield different sensory properties of the resultingStevia-derived MRPs.

The results showed that different compositions used in the Maillardreaction, either combinations of sugar donor and amine donors, orcombination of sugar donors, amine donors, and sweetening agent couldresult in different tasting and aroma products. All products could beused as a flavor or sweetener. This example can be extended to any typesof sugar donor, amine donor, or sweetening agent. The ratio of everyingredient used in the composition can be in the range of from about 0.1to about 99.5%.

Example 263. Effect of Different Reaction Time

Materials:

D-(−)-Fructose, Lot #BCBC1225, Sigma Aldrich

L(+)-Lysine, Lot #0001442572, Sigma Aldrich

Stevia composition (Referred as SGA): combination of GSGs and SGs, Lot#3070301

Xylose: commercial sample sent by EPC

Conditions:

Solution: Water

Heating Type: Drying oven, 120° C.

Heating time: different (from 10 to 120 min)

Sensory Evaluation

Before tasting the tasters discussed the upcoming series of samples andtasted regular samples (without added flavor) to find a commonality fordescription. Thereafter the flavored samples were tasted at the uselevel to find an acceptable description of the flavors (taste, smell,intensity).

Four trained tasters blind tasted tested independently all samples of aseries. They were allowed to re-taste and made notes for the sensoryattributes perceived.

In the last step the attributes noted were discussed openly to find anacceptable description. In case that more than 1 taster disagreed withthe description, the tasting was repeated.

TABLE 263.1 Heating time, No. Sample, 10 ml min Color Flavor Taste  1 10mM Lys + 10 mM  10 Yellow Sugar Sweet, no Fm + 100 mg SGA Sweetbitterness  2 10 mM Lys + 10 mM  20 Yellow Sugar Sweet, Fm + 100 mg SGASweet slightly bitter  3 10 mM Lys + 10 mM  30 Yellow Sweet, Sweet, Fm +100 mg SGA honey slightly bitter  4 10 mM Lys + 10 mM  45 Yellow Sweet,Sweet, Fm + 100 mg SGA herbal slightly bitter, herbal flavor  5 10 mMLys + 10 mM  60 Yellow Herbal Sweet, Fm + 100 mg SGA (Peppermint)slightly bitter, herbal flavor  6 10 mM Lys + 10 mM  90 Yellow Herbal,Sweet, Fm + 100 mg SGA honey slightly bitter, flowery flavor  7 10 mMLys + 10 mM 120 Intensive Flowery, Sweet, Fm + 100 mg SGA yellow honeyslightly bitter, flowery flavor  8 10 mM Lys + 10 mM  10 Yellow Sweet,Sweet, no Xyl + 100 mg SGA flowery bitterness  9 10 mM Lys + 10 mM  20Yellow Plant oil, Sweet, Xyl + 100 mg SGA pungent slightly bitter 10 10mM Lys + 10 mM  30 Yellow Sugar Sweet, Xyl + 100 mg SGA Sweet slightlybitter 11 10 mM Lys + 10 mM  45 Yellow Sugar Sweet, no Xyl + 100 mg SGAsweet bitterness, sugar candy flavor 12 10 mM Lys + 10 mM  60 YellowSweet, Sweet, no Xyl + 100 mg SGA honey bitterness, honey flavor 13 10mM Lys + 10 mM  90 Intensive Honey Sweet, Xyl + 100 mg SGA yellowslightly bitter, honey flavor 14 10 mM Lys + 10 mM 120 Light HoneySweet, Xyl + 100 mg SGA brown slightly bitter, honey flavor

Taste impression of the obtained MRPs in soft beverage

Materials: Gröbi Orange (181228 GO 1.5 G; 28.09.19 (11:55), Drink StarGmbH)

To determine the potential sweetness potency of the prepared MRPs andthe effect of the heating time on their sweetness, the followingconcentrations of the MRPs were added to the soft beverage Gröbi Orangeand sensory evaluated (see Experiments 1-3)¹.

TABLE 263.2 Experiment 1 Beverage MRP Concentration, Sensory sample, 50ml Sample ppm evaluation  1  1 8000 ++++ (Lys + Fru + SGA, 10′)  2  27000 ++++ (Lys + Fm + SGA, 20′)  3  3 6000 +++ (Lys + Fm + SGA, 30′)  4 4 5000 +++ (Lys + Fru + SGA, 45′)  5  5 4000 ++ (Lys + Fm + SGA, 60′) 6  6 3000 ++ (Lys + Fm + SGA, 90′)  7  7 2000 + (Lys + Fru + SGA, 120′) 8  8 8000 ++++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 10′)  9  9 7000 ++++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA,20′) 10 10 6000 +++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 30′) 11 11 5000 +++ (Lys + Xyl +SGA, 45′) 12 12 4000 ++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 60′) 13 13 3000 ++ (Lys +Xyl + SGA, 90′) 14 14 2000 + (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 120′) ¹++++—strong sweet;+++—sweet; ++—light sweet; +—the same sweetness with the reference(beverage without MRPs)

TABLE 263.3 Experiment 2 Beverage Concentration, Sensory sample, 50 mlMRP Sample ppm evaluation  1  1 2000 + (Lys + Fru + SGA, 10′)  2  2 3000++ (Lys + Fm + SGA, 20′)  3  3 4000 ++ (Lys + Fm + SGA, 30′)  4  4 5000+++ (Lys + Fru + SGA, 45′)  5  5 6000 +++ (Lys + Fm + SGA, 60′)  6  67000 ++++ (Lys + Fm + SGA, 90′)  7  7 8000 ++++ (Lys + Fru + SGA, 120′) 8  8 2000 + (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 10′)  9  9 3000 ++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 20′)10 10 4000 ++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 30′) 11 11 5000 +++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA,45′) 12 12 6000 +++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 60′) 13 13 7000 ++++ (Lys + Xyl +SGA, 90′) 14 14 8000 ++++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 120′)

TABLE 263.4 Experiment 3 Beverage sample, Concentration, Sensory 50 mlMRP Sample ppm evaluation  1  1 4000 ++ (Lys + Fru + SGA, 10′)  2  24000 ++ (Lys + Fm + SGA, 20′)  3  3 4000 ++ (Lys + Fru + SGA, 30′)  4  44000 ++ (Lys + Fru + SGA, 45′)  5  5 4000 ++ (Lys + Fm + SGA, 60′)  6  64000 ++ (Lys + Fm + SGA, 90′)  7  7 4000 ++ (Lys + Fru + SGA, 120′)  8 8 4000 ++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 10′)  9  9 4000 ++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 20′)10 10 4000 ++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 30′) 11 11 4000 ++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA,45′) 12 12 4000 ++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 60′) 13 13 4000 ++ (Lys + Xyl +SGA, 90′) 14 14 4000 ++ (Lys + Xyl + SGA, 120′)

Conclusion: Different compositions of sugar donor, amine donor, andsweetening agent under different reaction times during the Maillardreaction can create different tastes and aroma profile of the products.The products can be used for food, beverage, feed, cosmetics or in thepharmaceutical industry as a flavor or a sweetener. This example can beextended to any composition of sugar donor, amine donor and sweeteningagent. The reaction temperature can vary from about 0 to about 200°centigrade, preferably from about 20 to about 180° centigrade. The PHvalue can vary from 1 to about 14, and the reaction time can vary from afew seconds to few days.

Example 264. Preparation and Sensory Analysis of Reacted Stevia-DerivedMRPs Samples as Well as MRPs With and Without Steviol Glycosides

Aim: determine whether the addition of steviol glycosides to the samplesbefore heating has a different effect than the addition of Steviaextracts to the samples after heating.

Materials:

D-Galactose, ≥99%, Lot #039K00592V, Sigma-Aldrich

D-Xylose, ≥99%, STBG7912, Sigma Aldrich

L(+)-Glutamic acid, 58198, Merck

DL-Phenylalanine, 98%, Lot #51K1696, Sigma Aldrich

L-Proline, puriss, 11662, Loba Chemie

D-Valine, 98%, Lot #20H0295, Sigma Aldrich

Propylene glycol, ≥99.5%, Lot #MKBH3622V, Sigma Aldrich

Steviol glycosides (referred as Awesome-01, containing big molecules ofsteviol glycosides), Lot #20180702-11

Steviol glycosides (referred as Awesome SG95-01), Lot #20180501-1

RA80/T5G95, Lot #CT001/10-120901

Steviol glycosides (referred as Suprema TSG95), Lot #20180413

TABLE 264.1 Preparation methods of Reacted Stevia-derived MRPs, MRP andMRP + SG samples Preparation methods 1 Reacted Stevia- 2 3 Samplederived MRPs MRP MRP + SG² Flora 0.67 g xylose, 0.33 g 0.67 g xylose and0.33 g 12.5 ml phenylalanine and 4 g phenylalanine were MRP + SupremaTSG95 were dissolved in 2.5 g 2 g dissolved in 2.5 g deionized water.The Suprema deionized water. The solution was heated at TSG95 solutionwas heated at about 100° C. for 2 h. about 100° C. for 2 h. After thereaction, the After the reaction, the slurry was diluted by slurry wasdiluted by 25 g water. 25 g water. Tangerine 0.8 g galactose, 1 g 0.8 ggalactose and 1 g 12.5 ml glutamic acid and 10 g glutamic acid wereMRP + Awesome SG95-01 is dissolved in 4 g deionized 5 g dissolved in 4 gwater. The solution was Awesome deionized water. The heated at about100° C. solution was heated for 2 h. After the SG95-01 at about 100° C.reaction, the slurry was for 2 h. After the diluted by 25 g water.reaction, the slurry was diluted by 25 g water. Popcorn 1 g galactose,0.5 g 1 g galactose and 0.5 g 12.5 ml + proline and 3.5 g proline weredissolved 1.75 g Awesome-01 were in 2.5 g deionized water. Awesome-dissolved in 2.5 g The solution was heated 01 deionized water. The atabout 100° C. for 3 h. solution was heated at After the reaction, theabout 100° C. for 3 h. slurry was diluted by After the reaction, the 25g water. slurry was diluted by 25 g water. Chocolate 1 g xylose, 0.5 gvaline 1 g xylose and 0.5 g 12.5 ml and 3.5 g RA80/TSG95 valine weredissolved in MRP + were dissolved in 2.5 g 2.5 g deionized water. 1.75 gdeionized water. 0.5 g 0.5 g propylene glycol RA80/ propylene glycol waswas added to the reaction TSG95 added to the reaction mixture. Thesolution mixture. The solution was heated at about was heated at about120° C. for 45 min. After 120° C. for 45 min. the reaction, the slurryAfter the reaction, the was diluted by 25 g slurry was diluted by water.25 g water. ²SG-Steviol glycoside

TABLE 264.2 Sensory evaluation of flavoring samples Preparation method 1Sensory Reacted Stevia- 2 3 Sample characteristics derived MRPs MRPMRP + SG Floral Appearance, Dark brown Cappuccino Dark brown colorBrown, slight precipitate. Odor Intensive Less intensive Less intensiveflowery flowery than 1 flowery than 1 More intensive flowery than 2Taste³ Intensive sweet, Slightly Sweet, Intensive sweet, flowery flavorslightly bitter, no slightly bitter, flowery flavor Slightly lessflowery flavor than 1 Tangerine Appearance, Orange, slightly Yellow,slightly Orange, slightly color turbid turbid turbid Odor Intensivefruity Unpleasant Fruity and Sour, and sour artificial slightlyartificial Taste² Intensive sweet, Unpleasant Intensive sweet, fruityartificial slightly bitter, slightly less fruity than 1 PopcornAppearance, Brown Dark brown Dark brown color Odor Popcorn UnpleasantPopcorn, Slightly artificial artificial Taste² Intensive Sweet,Unpleasant, Intensive sweet, Popcorn intensively Popcorn, slightlyartificial bitter, Chocolate Appearance, Dark brown Dark brown, slightDark brown color precipitate Odor Intensive Less intensive Lessintensive Chocolate Chocolate than 1, Chocolate than 1 slightlyartificial More intensive Chocolate than 2 Taste² Intensive sweet,Slightly sweet, Intensive sweet, Chocolate Slightly bitter, Chocolate,very slightly Chocolate slightly bitter ³For evaluation, the flavoringssamples were diluted 1:100 with water

Taste impression of Reacted Stevia-derived MRPs, MRP and MRP+SG inhomemade lemonade

Preparation of homemade lemonade:

Squeeze the lemons with a lemon squeezer

Dilute the obtained lemon juice 1:5 with water

Add to the lemonade 4% sugar

TABLE 264.3 Sensory evaluation Amount [μl/100 ml Samples lemonade] Tasteimpression Floral Reacted 150 Pleasant sweet, sour, flowery flavorStevia- derived MRPs MRP 150 Less sweet, sour, less flowery flavor thanReacted Stevia-derived MRPs MRP + SG 150 Sweeter than ReactedStevia-derived MRPs , less flowery flavor than Reacted Stevia-derivedMRPs but more than MRP Tangerine Reacted 150 Pleasant sweet, sour,intensive citrus notes Stevia- derived MRPs MRP 150 Less sweet, sour,less citrus notes than Reacted Stevia-derived MRPs MRP + SG 150 Sweeterthan Reacted Stevia-derived MRPs , less citrus notes than ReactedStevia-derived MRPs but more than MRP, slightly lingering PopcornReacted 150 Pleasant sweet, sour, slight burnt sugar Stevia- derivedMRPs MRP 150 Less sweet, sour, burnt sugar/Popcorn MRP + SG 150 Pleasantsweet, sour, burnt sugar/Popcorn Chocolate Reacted 150 Pleasant sweet,sour, strong and long-lasting Stevia- Chocolate derived MRPs MRP 150Less sweet, sour, strong and long-lasting Chocolate MRP + SG 150 Sweeterthan Reacted Stevia-derived MRPs, sour, strong Chocolate

Taste impression of Reacted Stevia-derived MRPs, MRP and MRP+SG inketchup without added sugar

Materials:

Ketchup without added sugar “Felix”, 31.12.2019 L8352 11:48, P 17189/15

Felix Tomaten Ketchup mild, 31.01.2020 L9003 14:41, P17079/24

Sensory evaluation of original ketchup samples: Both samples have apleasant sweet-sour taste, spicy. The sweetness potency is almost thesame, but Felix Ketchup without sugar has another sweetness profile andslightly more sour taste.

TABLE 264.4 Sensory evaluation of the ketchup samples without addedsugar with Reacted Stevia- derived MRPs, MRP and MRP + SG⁴ Amount[μl/100 g Samples ketchup] Taste impression Tangerine Reacted 75Pleasant sweet, more harmonic and natural, milder Stevia- than reference(Original Ketchup without added derived sugar) MRPs MRP 75 Less sweetthan the Reacted Stevia-derived MRPs sample, no flavor modifying effectsMRP + SG 75 Sweeter than the Reacted Stevia-derived MRPs sample, veryslightly more harmonic and natural Popcorn Reacted 85 Pleasant sweet,more harmonic and natural, milder Stevia- than reference (OriginalKetchup without added derived sugar) MRPs MRP 85 Less sweet than theReacted Stevia-derived MRPs sample, no flavor modifying effects MRP + SG85 Sweeter than the Reacted Stevia-derived MRPs sample, slightly moreharmonic and natural ⁴The samples Flora and Chocolate were not includedto the analysis because these flavors do not harmonize well with theketchup taste.

Conclusions: The results showed that all products, includingconventional Maillard products, combinations of conventional Maillardproducts and sweetening agents, and reacted sweetening agent-derivedMaillard products can be used as a flavor or a flavor modifier toimprove the taste, mouthfeel and/or aroma of a food or beverage,preferably the combination of conventional Maillard products, andreacted sweetening agent-derived Maillard products, more preferablyreacted sweetening agent-derived Maillard products. The results can beextended to any type of Maillard products, combination of conventionalMaillard products and sweetening agent, or reacted sweeteningagent-derived Maillard products, regardless of the composition ofinitial raw material and reaction condition.

Example 265. Vegetarian Foods with MRPs

Vegetarian foods have become popular. Regular proteins etc. arechallenged to have similar tastes like meat, chicken fish, etc.Therefore, it is desirable to look for new solutions for meat-like,chicken-like or fish-like flavors. One embodiment of vegetarian foodsincludes compositions in this invention that provide flavor that isnon-animal based compositions that have a meat-like, chicken-like orfish-like taste.

In certain MRPs, it is possible to have low soluble or insoluble aminoacids or by products thereof in the final products. One embodimentherein comprises processes to use filtration methods to remove insolublematerials from any MRPs composition.

Compositions in this invention such as conventional MRPs (from areducing sugar and an amine), or non-conventional (a non-reducing sugarmaterial) Stevia derived MRPs, can provide quick onset of the sweeteningagent or other high synthetic sweeteners. One embodiment comprises amethod of using compositions in this invention to improve quick-onset ofsweetening agent or other high synthetic sweeteners. Another embodimentherein is of sugar reduced foods and beverages including thecompositions described throughout which can be used for quick onsetsweetness.

Except for possible harmful substances created by the nature of cooking,MRPs occur naturally in bread, meat etc. by baking and grilling etc. TheMRPs of such cooking do have a challenge of unpredictability,reproducibility, reproducible smells and or reproducible taste whenprepared. The current embodiments overcome these disadvantages andprovide reproducible taste, smell and are predictable, i.e. same amountsof the conventional and non-conventional MRPS described herein, whenadded to food or beverages even from different batches yield the samesmell/taste in the same product. One embodiment described herein is tomake the smell and taste profile of food and beverage predictable andreproducible with the use and inclusion of the compositions describedherein.

Tabletops: tabletop sugar replacements in general lack good tastecompared with sugar, especially for solid tabletop replacements. Theinventors have found solutions to make tabletop sugar replacements morepalatable. For instance, in one aspect, the product tastes like molassesand comprises compositions as such as described herein.

In general, amino acids could be classified by characteristics. One ormore amino acids from the following categories can be selected and usedin the embodiments described herein. The skilled artisan shouldunderstand that the inventors found optimum conditions to demonstrateMaillard reactions and formation of MRPs without limitation.

(1) Nonpolar Amino Acids

Ala: Alanine

Gly: Glycine

Ile: Isoleucine

Leu: Leucine

Met: Methionine

Trp: Tryptophan

Phe: Phenylalanine

Pro: Proline

Val: Valine

(2) Polar Amino Acids

Cys: Cysteine

Ser: Serine

Thr: Threonine

Tyr: Tyrosine

Asn: Asparagine

Gln: Glutamine

(3a) Polar Basic Amino Acids (Positively Charged)

His: Histidine

Lys: Lysine

Arg: Arginine

(3b) Polar Acidic Amino Acids (Negatively Charged)

Asp: Aspartate

Glu: Glutamate

Example 266. Baked Ham Flavor

one or more compositions selected from sweetening agents, sweetener,sweetener enhancer could be added in ratio of from about 1 to about 99%on a weight/weight basis of total raw material into the followingformulation to create a Baked ham flavor:

Water 10%

Porklard 5% to 10%

Cysteine 1% to 5%

xylose 1% to 5%

Char Oil hickory 1% to 5%

Hydrolyzed vegetable protein 5% to 10%

sunflower oil 50% to 75%

Mix them well with heating to 110 degree C. for two hours.

Cool with mixing to 95 degree C. for one hour.

Allow to separate and filter top oil layer while warm.

Example 267. Tea Flavor

Another example is to add one or more compositions selected fromsweetening agent, sweetener, sweetener enhancer in ratio of from about 1to about 99% on a weight to weight basis of total material in thefollowing formulation to create tea flavored products:

Reducing sugar: high fructose corn syrup

Protein: theanine

Acids: citric acid or phosphoric acid

The ratio of reducing sugar and acid is 1 to 0.5. Theanine is from about0.01 to about 0.5%.

1. The mixture was heated at 100 to 120 degree C. for 15 minutes.

2. Soluble tea solids was added to the solution and then heated at 182degree C. for 30 minutes. The ratio of tea solids and reducing sugar isabout 1:6 to about 2:8.

3. Distilled water was added to the mixture and kept at 100 degree C.for 45 minutes followed by filtration.

Example 268. Specific Vegetable Flavor

Add one or more compositions selected from sweetening agent, sweetener,and sweetener enhancer by ratio of from about 1 to about 99% on a weightto weight basis of total raw material in the following formulation tocreate specific vegetable flavored products:

Reducing sugars: glucose, fructose, or sucrose.

Dehydrated vegetables: cabbage, onion, leek, tomato, eggplant, broccolisprouts, kidney beans, corn and bean sprouts.

Soybean oil   500~700 Kgs. Selected vegetable   30~70 Kgs. Sugar andwater   25~50 Kgs. Cysteine 0.001~0.05 Kgs.

The mixture was mixed uniformly and maintained at the temperature of 135degree C. for 3 hours.

The solution was cooled down.

Example 269. Mushroom Flavor

Mushroom flavor products can be prepared by adding one or morecompositions selected from sweetening agent, sweetener, and sweetenerenhancer in ratio of from about 1 to about 99% on a weight to weightbasis of total raw material by following procedures:

1. Mushroom Hydrolysate:

Milled dry mushroom 10 to about 30 grams were mixed with distilled waterin a ratio of 1:10 to about 1:50.

The mixtures were preheated at 85 degree C. for 30 minutes in order todenature protein.

After cooling the mixture to 0 degree C., the enzymatic hydrolysis wasconducted in two steps.

a. The 1st Step:

The pH of the mixture was adjusted to about 4 to about 6, then cellulosewas added at a ratio of 2:100 or 5:100 while the temperature was betweenabout 55 and about 70 degrees for 2-3 hours.

b. The 2nd Step:

The pH was adjusted to 7, then neutral protease was added with at aratio of 3:100.

The mixture was digested at 55 degree C. for another 2 hours.

The hydrolysate was heated at 100 degree C. or higher for 30 minutes toinactivate the enzymes and was then centrifuged.

The final supernatant was collected.

2. Maillard Reaction Of Mushroom

D-xylose (0.05˜0.20 g) and L-cysteine (0.10˜0.20 g) were dissolved into30 ml of mushroom hydrolysate.

The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 7.4˜8.

Then the mixture was heated at 140 degree C. for 135 minutes.

Example 270. Cheese Flavor

In another example, one or more compositions selected from sweeteningagent, sweetener, sweetener enhancer in ratio of from about 1 to about99% on a weight to weight basis of total raw material could be added inthe following enzyme modified cheese flavor process:

Cheddar cheese base preparation:

Cheddar cheese: 48%

Water: 48%

Trisodium Citrate: 2%

Salt: 1.85%

Sorbic Acid: 0.15%

Method:

Cook the Cheddar cheese base, then cool cheddar cheese base to about40˜45 centigrade, add the enzyme (the enzyme could be one or moreselected from Lipase AY30, R, Protease M, A2, P6, Glutaminase SD);

Mix thoroughly;

Pour the mixture into the jar provided, seal the lid;

Incubate for 7.5 hours at 45 centigrade;

Allow to cool.

Example 271. White Meat Flavor

In another example, one or more compositions selected from sweeteningagent, sweetener, sweetener enhancer could be added in ratio of fromabout 1 to about 99% on weight to weight basis of total raw material inthe following White meat reaction flavor preparation formulation:

1.25 g Cysteine, 1.00 g leucine, 1.25 g xylose, 2.00 g dextrose, 2.00 gsalt, 3 g torula yeast bionis goldcell (one or more other type of yeastssuch as bakers yeast Biospringer BA10, Antolysed Yeast D120/8-PW,Maxarome standard powder, Prime Extract Maxarome Selected, HVP (Protex2538, Exter 301, Springer 2020, Gistex HUMLS could be used too), 1.5 gsunflower oil, and 13 g water.

Method: Make the mixture and heat it as per general process flavor'sproduction method.

Example 272. Red Meat Flavor

In another example, one or more compositions selected from sweeteningagent, sweetener, sweetener enhancer could be added in ratio of fromabout 1 to about 99% on a weight to weight basis of total raw materialin the following Red meat reaction flavor preparation:

1.5 g cysteine hydrocholoride, 1.0 g methionine, 1.0 g thiamine, 1.0 gxylose, 1.5 g MSG,0.5 g ribotide, 9.0 g maxarome plus, 5.0 g gistex, 1.5g onion powder, 1.0 g groundnut oil, 0.1 g black pepper oleoresin, and26.0 g water.

Method: Weigh ingredients into screw cap bottles provided;

Mix thoroughly then measure the PH;

React under pressure at 125 centigrade for 30 minutes at 20 psi.

Example 273. Use Red Meat Flavor in Beef Burger

Above prepared flavors could be used in beef burger as an example:

102 g Minced beef, 100 g Minced chicken, 36 g chopped onion, 5 g rusk(dry type), 3 g water, 2.5 g salt, 0.25 g ground black pepper and1.25-3.00 g reaction flavors.

Method: weigh ingredients into a bowl; mix until ingredients combined;divide into 60 g portion; form into a burger shape, fry.

Again, it should be emphasized that one or more compositions selectedfrom sweetening agent, sweetener, sweetener enhancer detailed herein canbe added before, during or after the Maillard reaction, preferablybefore and during the reaction without limitation of examples. The aminedonor could be amino acid, peptide, protein or their mixture from eithervegetable or animal source or their mixture. The fat could be eithervegetable or animal source or their mixture, too.

Consumers are now open and willing to experiment with spices toexperience new flavors like tamarind, lemongrass, ginger, kaffir lime,cinnamon and clove. From candy to beer to tea, everything with ginger isnow fashionable. Ginger works well in alcoholic beverages as a mixer, inginger beer itself, in confections, muffins and cookies.

Sodium metabisulfite, olive oil and ascorbic acid were found to beeffective to stabilize the antibacterial activity. 1.5% CMC shows a goodperformance too. Ginseng is one of the top 10 bestselling herbal dietarysupplements in US, but ginseng-containing products have been mostlylimited to the beverage, despite a growing functional food market. Theoriginal ginseng flavors include bitterness and earthiness and must beminimized in order to establish potential success in the US market. Theembodiments described herein can successfully solve this issue and makenew ginseng food products such as cookies, snacks, cereals energy bars,chocolates and coffee with great taste.

Example 274. Improve the Flavor of Herbs

In Asia, especially south-east Asia, Rose, Jasmine, Pandan, Lemon grass,yellow ginger, blue ginger, lime leaf, curry leave, Lilies, basil,coriander, coconut etc. are specific local flavors. In East Asia, manyherbs are used in the cooking such as Artemisia argyi, dandelion,Codonopsis pilosula, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Membranous MilkvetchRoot, rhizoma gastrodiae etc. The inventors have found that addingsweetening agents, sweetening agents and Thaumatin could significantlyimprove the taste profile of these flavors and their added products. Forexample, one or more composition selected from sweetening agent,sweetener, sweetener enhancers could be added in ratio of from about 1to about 99% on a weight to weight basis of total raw material in thefollowing processes to prepare such flavored products:

Lilies as a raw material were washed and milled to give a lily slurry.

Alpha-amylase (0.1-0.8%) was added and treated at 70 degree C. for oneand half hours.

Protease (0.05-0.20% by mass of the lily) was then added and heated at55 degree C. for 70 minutes.

One or more composition selected from sweetening agent, sweetener,sweetener enhancers could be also added in following process:

Fenugreek extract:

The seeds were roasted and crushed uniformly.

The seeds were extracted with ethyl alcohol, filtered to obtain ayellowish brown solution followed by concentration.

An extract 10 parts, glucose 1 part and proline 0.6 parts were mixedtogether and heated at 110˜120 degree C. for 4-6 hours.

Example 275. Improve the Flavor of Savory

Savory is full of flavor, delicious and tasty-usually something thatsomeone has cooked.

Savory foods are appetizing, pleasant or agreeable to the taste orsmell, but there is a need to find suitable compatible a sweet tastebalanced solution. One or more substances selected from sweeteningagents, sweeteners, sweetener enhancers can be added into followingformulation in ratio of 1-99% on a weight to weight basis of total rawmaterial to produce well balanced sweet products:

1) Tomato Sauce Formula:

olive oil 25~50 grams onion diced 150~200 grams garlic minced 10~20grams tomato paste 600~900 grams salt 5~10 grams basil chopped 10~20grams black pepper ground 0.5~2 gram Cooking and mixing for 25 minutes

2) Grilled Flavor Formula:

Beef tallow or soybean oil is passed through a grilling device beingheated at 450 degree C. continuously. The grilled flavor is collectedthrough a condenser.

3) Roasted Meat Flavor:

A mixture of 8.0˜10 grams of cysteine, 8.0˜10 grams of thiamine, and 300grams of vegetable protein hydrolysate is brought to 1000 grams by theaddition of water and adjusted to a pH of 5.

The mixture is then boiled under reflux condition (100˜110 degree C.) atatmospheric pressure for 3-5 hours and allowed to cool. A roasted meatflavor was formed.

4) Chicken Base Flavored Products:

water 10% hydrolyzed vegetable protein 10~20% xylose 0.10~0.50% cysteine0.20~0.50% Premixing to form slurry. Adding premix to sunflower oilwhile mixing. sunflower oil 50~80%

Heating with constant mixing to about 100˜110 degree C. for two to threehours.

Cool the mixture down to about 80 degree C. with mixing for another onehour.

Example 276. Improve the Tastes of Flavonoids

Flavonoids are an important and widespread group of plant naturalproducts that possess many biological activities. These compounds arepart of the wide range of substances called “polyphenols”, which arewidely known mainly by their antioxidant properties, and are present inhuman dietary sources showing great health benefits.

Neohesperidine and naringin, which are flavanone glycosides present inCitrus fruits and grapefruit, are responsible for the bitterness ofCitrus juices. These substances and their derivates such asneohesperidine chalcone, naringin chalcone, phloracetophenone,neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, naringin dihydrochalcone etc. can begood candidates for bitterness or sweetener enhancers. The inventorssurprisingly found adding these components in the compositions describedherein could help the masking the bitterness or aftertaste of otheringredients and made the taste cleaner. One embodiment includes thecompositions described herein and further comprises flavonoids, morepreferably flavonoids containing flavonone glycosides. The ratio offlavonoids in the composition could be in range of from about 0.1 ppm to99.9%.

Metal salts of dihydrochalcone having the following formula:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and hydroxy,R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy andpropoxy, and R″ is selected from the group consisting ofneohesperidoxyl, B-rutinosyl and B-D-glucosyl, M is a mono- or divalentmetal selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal and analkaline earth metal, and n is an integer from 1 to 2 corresponding tothe valence of the selected metal M.

Typical compounds of the above formula are the alkali or alkaline earthmetal monosalts of the following:

Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, having the formula:

2′,4′,6′,3-tetrahydroxy-4-n-propoxydihydrochalcone 4′-ß neohesperidosidehaving the formula:

naringin dihydrochalcone of the formula:

prunin dihydrochalcone of the formula:

hesperidin dihydrochalcone having the formula:

hesperitin dihydrochalcone glucoside having the formula:

The alkali metal includes sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidium, caesium,and ammonium, while the term alkaline earth metal includes calcium,strontium and barium. Other alkali amino acids can serve as counterions.Thus embodiments of compositions described herein further comprise oneor more salts of dihydrochalcone.

The composition described herein can further comprise one or moreproducts selected from Trilobatin, phyllodulcin, Osladin, PolypodosideA, Eriodictyol, Homoeriodicyol sodium salt, hesperidin or hesperetin,Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, naringin dihydrocholcone, or advantame toprovide additional flavors and products. Another embodiment comprises ofthe compositions described herein and one or more of the aforementionedproducts, wherein the ratio of one or more products selected in thecomposition can be in the range of from about 0.1% to about 99.9%.

Advantame is high potency synthetic sweetener and can be used as aflavor enhancer. The inventors found that adding advantame into thecompositions described herein can boost the flavor and taste profile ofa food or beverage. In one aspect, Advantame can be added afterconventional or non-conventional Maillard reaction. One embodimentprovides compositions described herein which further comprise advantame,wherein the amount of advantame can be in the range of from about 0.01ppm to about 100 ppm.

Creating a sweet enhanced meat process flavor can be obtained by addinga sweetening agent by using one or more of following ingredients: Asource of Sulphur: Cysteine, (cystine), glutathione, methionine,thiamine, inorganic sulphides, meat extracts, egg derivatives; AminoNitrogen Source: Amino acids, HVP's, yeast extracts, meat extracts; TheSugar Component: Pentose and hexose sugars, Vegetable powders, (onionpowder, tomato powder), hydrolysed gums, dextrins, pectins, alginates.Fats and Oils: Animal fats, vegetable oils, coconut oil. Enzymehydrolyzed oils and fats. Other Components: Herbs, spices, IMP, GMP,acids, etc.

Pigs, especially young pigs, appreciate good and pleasant tastes andaroma much the way young children do. Cats are notoriously fussy aboutthe taste and smell of their feed. Feeds such as rapeseed meal, whichhas a bitter taste, are used as good protein sources for cattle, sheep,and horses. Even chickens are known for their taste discrimination, aschickens are selective to their feeds. Green, natural or organic farmingof animals become more and more popular. Therefore, there is a need tofind a solution to satisfy market requirements. An embodiment of feed orfeed additives comprises the compositions described herein.

The intense sweetness and flavor/aroma enhancement properties of thecompositions described herein provide useful applications in improvingthe palatability of medicines, traditional Chinese medicine, foodsupplements, beverage, food containing herbs, particularly those withunpleasant long-lasting active ingredients not easily masked by sugar orglucose syrups, let alone sweetening agents or synthetic high intensitysweeteners. The inventors surprisingly found the compositions describedherein can mask the unpleasant taste and smell of the productscontaining these substances, for instance Goji berries juice, seabuckthorn juice, milk thistle extract, Ginkgo biloba extract etc. Thustraditional Chinese medicine, or food supplements can be combined withone or more of compositions described herein, especially when used as amasking agent.

Except for a reduced sugar donor and an amine donor, sweetening agent(s)and all other ingredients can be either added before, during and afterthe conventional Maillard reaction, more preferably before and duringthe Maillard reaction. An embodiment of composition in this inventionpreparable by adding all ingredients in the Maillard reaction to reacttogether.

Products such as maltol, ethyl-maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin,m-methylphenol, and m-(n)-propylphenol can further enhance themouthfeel, sweetness and aroma of the compositions described herein. Oneembodiment of compositions described herein further comprise one or moreproducts selected from maltol, ethyl-maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin,m-methylpheonol, m-(n)propylphenol. For instance, combinations ofstandard (conventional) MRPs and maltol, standard (conventional) MRPsand Vanillin, Sweetening agent derived MRPs (non-conventional MRPs) andmaltol, Sweetening agent derived MRPs and vanillin etc. are provided.For example, a food or beverage can include the compositions mentionedin this paragraph.

The Stevia extract containing volatile and unvolatile terpine and orterpinoids substances could be purified further in order to obtain thetasteful sweet profile with aroma. Treating the extract with achromatographic column or other separation resins, or other separationmethods, such as distillation, could reserve most of tasteful aromaterpine and or terpinoids substances containing oxygen in the structureand remove the unpleasant taste substances. An embodiment of Steviaextract comprises enriched aroma terpene substances containing oxygen inthe structure. To enhance the Citrus or tangerine taste, the inventorssurprisingly found that good Citrus materials could be obtained by heatprocessing of Stevia extract, especially Stevia extract containingterpines and or terpinoids under acidic conditions, especially in thepresence of citric acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malicacid etc., more preferably citric acid, Thus, substances such aslinalool reacted with citric acid with or without a Maillard reaction.Vacuum distillation or column chromatography (such as by silica gel),any type of macroporous resins, for example smacropore resin, ionexchange resins produced by Dow, Sunresin can be used for furtherpurification. One embodiment is a method to produce Citrus flavoredStevia extract by using a heat process, with or without a Maillardreaction, under acidic conditions, more preferably with a Maillardreaction under citric acid conditions. One embodiment provides a Citrusflavored Stevia extract preparable by heat processing with or without aMaillard reaction, preferably with a Maillard reaction under acidicconditions, more preferably under citric acid conditions.

Example 277. Different Solvents for the Maillard Reactions

The solvent used for Maillard reaction or carrier for products can beselected from any approved solvent or their mixture used in the food andbeverage, feed, pharmaceuticals, or cosmetics industries. One embodimentherein provides any composition described herein comprises oral approvedsolvents.

For example, one or more products selected from following lists could beused as a solvent except water for the Maillard reaction or acting ascarrier for Maillard reaction products. The ratio of solvent toreactants, solvent in total combination of solvent and reactants onweight to weight basis can be in range of 1% to 99%.

Acetone,

Benzyl alcohol

1,3-Butylene glycol

Carbon dioxide

Castor oil

Citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides

Ethyl acetate

Ethyl alcohol

Ethyl alcohol denatured with methanol

Glycerol (glycerin)

Glyceryl diacetate

Glyceryl triacetate (Triacetin)

Glyceryl tributyrate (Tributyrin)

Hexane

Isopropyl alcohol

Methyl alcohol

Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone)

Methylene chloride

Monoglycerides and diglycerides

Monoglyceride citrate

1,2-propylene glycol

Propylene glycol mono-esters and diesters

Triethyl citrate

Citrus and tangerine have subtle difference. It could be exchangeable inthis specification as flavor.

Example 278. Compounds from the Heating Process

Heat processing leads to breakdown of heat sensitive terpenes, aldehydesand ketones easily. Maillard reaction by products/degradation products,including furanone, can be responsible for off-flavors and can producepigments which darken the color of the product. Compounds created fromheat processing are classified into three groups:

1. Sugar dehydration/fragmentation products including furans, pyrones,cyclopentenes, carbonyl compounds and acids.

2. Amino acid degradation products including aldehydes, sulfur andnitrogen compounds (ammonia and amines).

3. Volatile produced by further interactions such as pyrroles,pyridines, pyrazines, imidazoles, oxoles, thiazoles, trithiolanes,thiophenes etc.

Maillard reactions can forms pyrazines (boiling point 115 degree C.),pyridines (b.p. 115 degree C.), pyroles (b.p. 129 degree C.), thiazole(b.p. 117 degree C.), thiophenes (b.p. 84 degree C.), oxazoles (b.p. 70degree C.). These compounds belong to high volatile substances includingcaramel (b.p. 170 degree C.), phenol (b.p. 182 degree C.).

Formation of furan (b.p. 31 degree C.) belongs to low volatilesubstances.

An embodiment of any composition in this invention comprises one or morelow volatile substances, and/or one or more high volatile substancesresulting from a Maillard reaction.

Example 279. Selection of Amino Acids

The selection of amino acids from Arg, Cys, Gly, His, Lys, Val has thegreatest effect of antioxidant activity. Xylose performs well inantioxidant activity too. Glucose-casein (milk) and lactose-casein showantioxidant properties. One embodiment provides methods to use MaillardReaction products described herein to improve the antioxidant propertyof foods, beverages, feeds and pharmaceutical products.

Example 280. Thermal Process Reaction Schemes

A thermal process flavouring is a product prepared for its flavouringproperties by heating raw materials that are foodstuffs or constituentsof foodstuffs. This process is analogous to the traditional home cookingof ingredients of plant and animal origin.

Raw Materials that are Subject to Thermal Processing Quoted by IOFI

Raw materials for process flavourings shall consist of one or more ofthe following:

14.5.1 Protein nitrogen sources:

Foods containing protein nitrogen (meat, poultry, eggs, dairy products,fish, seafood, cereals, vegetable products, fruits, yeasts) and theirextracts

Hydrolysis products of the above, autolyzed yeasts, peptides, aminoacids and/or their salts.

14.5.2 Reducing Sugars

Examples: Maltose Syrup, glucose, fructose, galactose

14.5.3 Fat or fatty acid sources:

Foods containing fats and oils

Edible fats and oil from animal, marine or vegetable origin

Hydrogenated, transesterified and/or fractionated fats and oils

Hydrolysis products of the above.

14.5.4 Other raw materials listed in Table 1 below

14.6 Ingredients that may be Added After Thermal Processing

14.6.1 Flavourings as defined in the Codex Guidelines for the use offlavourings CAC/GL 66-2008 and flavour enhancers as defined by CAC/GL36-1989.

14.6.2 Suitable non-flavouring food ingredients as listed in Annex I.

14.7 Preparation of Process Flavourings

Process flavourings are prepared by processing together raw materialslisted

under 14.5 as follows:

14.7.1 The product temperature during processing shall not exceed 180°C.

14.7.2 The processing time shall not exceed ¼ hour at 180° C., withcorrespondingly longer times at lower temperatures, i.e., a doubling ofthe heating time for each decrease of temperature by 10° C.

14.7.3 The pH during processing shall not exceed 8.

14.7.4 Flavourings, (14.6.1) and non-flavouring food ingredients(14.6.2) shall only be added after processing is completed, unlessotherwise specified.

Materials Used in Processing Recommended by IOFI

Foodstuffs, herbs, spices, their extracts and flavouring substancesidentified therein.

Water

Thiamine and its hydrochloric acid salt

Ascorbic acid

Citric acid

Lactic acid

Fumaric acid

Malic acid

Succinic acid

Tartaric acid

The sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and ammonium salts of theabove acids

Guanylic acid and inosinic acid and its sodium, potassium and calciumsalts

Inositol

Sodium, potassium- and ammonium sulfides, hydrosulfides and polysulfides

Lecithin

Acids, bases and salts as pH, regulators:

Acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid

Sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium hydroxide

The salts of the above acids and bases

Polymethylsiloxane as antifoaming agent (not participating in theprocess).

It should be mentioned that “heat flavor”, “reaction flavor”,“processing flavor” and “maillard reaction flavors” are exchangeable inthis specification of invention.

The compositions in final MRPs depends on conditions of reactions, suchas sugar donor, amine donor, other added ingredients, the temperature,pH-value, the solvent and the duration of reaction. One compound whichis formed in each Maillard reaction is the “Amadori rearrangementproduct (ARP)”, which the inventor had already determined in manysamples prepared in this invention. An embodiment of compositioncomprises any resultants from one or more selected from the followingreactions:

In these general formula of molecular structure, R, R1, R2 couldrepresent any possible group in the structure.

The composition of final Maillard reaction products might containremaining unreacted sugar donor, amine donor and other ingredients addedin the reaction. By adjusting the reaction condition, the composition offinal Maillard reaction products may not contain the remainingreactants. For instance, the reducing sugars in roasting cocoa beansdisappeared after roasting 30 minutes. Amino acids were destroyed.Heating of threonine and glucose at 103 degree C. for 8 hours rapidlyand extensively destroyed the amino acids. Other amino acids had thesimilar decomposition rate. The guidance of thermal processing flavorsonly regulates the precursors and temperature/pH condition. The residuesare not mentioned. In this specification, the composition of finalMaillard reaction products contains or does not contain the remainingunreacted reactants. The inventors have demonstrated several examples toshow that the final Maillard reaction products either contain or do notcontain the different reactants.

When a sweetening agent is added into the Maillard reaction, asdemonstrated in many examples described throughout this application, theinventors surprisingly found an unconventional Maillard reaction couldoccur with sweetening agents such as steviol glycosides. A new substancecould be formed in case the reaction condition is suitable like areduced sugar and an amino acid. A representative example isdemonstrated as follows:

As seen in following reaction scheme, the first reaction step betweenthe reducing sugar and the amino group is a condensation reactionyielding a product which is usually denoted as MM (Maillard ReactionIntermediate) or (after further reaction steps) Amadori Product, Both,MM and Amadori Products share the same molar mass.

Reaction Scheme 1, Example of early Maillard reaction between xylose andphenylalanine

Reaction Scheme 2, General formation of Amadori products

Basically the molar mass of any MM can calculated as molar mass of thesugar plus the molar mass of the amino acid minus 18.

Structural proposal (several isomers are formed) of MRP Phe-Reb-Abetween reaction of Phenylalanine and Reb-A could be drawn as follows:

An embodiment of composition comprises the resulting products from thereaction between steviol glycosides and an amine donor.

Low solids content beverages such as tea, mineral enriched energydrinks, or low content juice flavored beverages always has hadchallenges when formulating them into low or no sugar versions becauseof poor mouthfeel. Adding the compositions described herein can solvethis problem of poor mouthfeel and make it easier for formulators todevelop low and no sugar versions.

Some sweeteners and sweetening enhancers are proteins or peptides, it orhydrolyzed products such as peptides, amino acids can be used directlyin the Maillard reaction with or without amine donor. One embodimentprovides MRPs that are preparable by a sugar donor and a peptide and orprotein sweetener and or sweetening enhancers with or without anotheramine donor. Another embodiment provided herein is a food, beverage,feed or pharma product including a composition described herein preparedby this method. Another embodiment, is a composition comprising theingredients preparable by using peptide or protein sweetener, and orsweet enhancer, and or their hydrolyzed products as amine donor in aMaillard reaction or flavor preparation.

Some natural colors are peptide, proteins, such as spirulina blue, canbe used as an amine donor with or without another amine donor in theMaillard reaction. An embodiment of MRPs is preparable by sugar donorand peptide, and or protein color with or without additional aminedonor. An embodiment of a food, beverage, feed, pharmaceutical productcomprises the ingredient prepared by using peptide or protein color asan amine donor in the Maillard reaction or flavor preparation.

Example 281. Proof of Amadoris in MRPs with SGs

Introduction

Following examples were performed to investigate the formation ofAmadori-products from the aldose sugar xylose and different amino acidsunder various reaction conditions. Amadori products are defined reactionproducts of aldoses in the Maillard reaction. If ketoses are usedinstead of aldoses, the corresponding products are known asHeyns-products.

Part of the experiments were aimed to provide high amounts of Amadoriproducts (reflux-heating in ethanol) whereas the second part was aimedto provide evidence for Amadori products and to evaluate the sensoryproperties.

In a second series of experiments xylose was replaced by Reb-A or Reb-Bas sugar-donor to investigate whether these compounds participate in aMaillard reaction according to reaction scheme 1.

Table 281.1 depicts the nominal mass and the expected m/z-value forAmadoris products obtained with xylose and Amadori-like products withrebaudioside A (Reb-A) and rebaudioside B (Reb-B).

Reaction Scheme 1, possible reaction products for Reb-A and Reb-B in aMaillard reaction

TABLE 281.1 Nominal mass and m/z-values of Amadori and Amadori-likereaction products Amino Sugar Nominal Mass expected m/z expected m/zAcid Donor Reaction product [M + H]⁺ [M + Na]⁺ Ala Xyl 221 222 244 GlyXyl 207 208 230 Lys Xyl 278 279 301 Glu Xyl 279 280 302 Ala Reb-A 10381039 1061 Gly Reb-A 1024 1025 1047 Lys Reb-A 1078 1079 1101 Glu Reb-A1079 1080 1102 Ala Reb-B 876 877 899 Gly Reb-B 862 863 884 Lys Reb-B 916917 939 Glu Reb-B 917 918 940 Ala Glc¹ 251 252 274 Gly Glc 237 238 260Lys Glc 308 309 331 Glu Glc 309 310 332 Ala . . . Alanine; Gly . . .Glycine; Lys . . . Lysine; GLu Glutamic acid, Xyl . . . Xylose; Glc . .. Glucose¹ . . . liberated from Reb-A or Reb-B I.

Material and Methods

Materials:

L-Alanine, ≥99.5%, Sigma Aldrich, CAS:56-41-7, PCode: 50409126,L(+)-Glutamic acid, 58198, Merck

Glycine, Sigma-Aldrich ACS reagent, ≥98.5% 410225, L(+)-Lysine, SigmaAldrich, L5501-5G, Lot #0001442572, Rebaudioside A, EPC-Lab, Lot No.RA110117-01; (11171, RD-S12), Rebaudioside B, EPC-Lab, Lot No. RB100722;(11172, RD-S15), Sodium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrous, >99%, Fluka,7558-80-7; EINECS: 2314492, D-Xylose, ≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich, STBG7912

Methods:

Sample Preparation

Dissolve samples as given in Tables 281.2 and 281.3 in 10 mL ethanol andheat under reflux conditions for 4 hours. Thereafter cool rapidly toroom temperature.

Dissolve samples as given in Tables 281.3 to 281.6 in 10 mL phosphatebuffer (0.2 M, pH 8.60), heat to 90° C. for 2 hours. Dissolve samples asgiven in Table 265.7 in 10 mL phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 8.60), heat to90° C. for 2 hours.

Analytical Conditions

The HPLC system consisted of an Agilent 1100 system (autosampler,ternary gradient pump, column thermostat, VWD-UV/VIS detector,DAD-UV/VIS detector) connected in-line to an Agilent mass spectrometer(ESI-MS quadrupole G1956A VL). For HPLC analysis the reacted sampleswere injected after filtration (2 μm syringe filters).

The samples were separated at 0.9 ml/min on a Phenomenex SynergiHydro-RP (150×3 mm) at 35° C. by gradient elution. Mobile Phase Aconsisted of a 0.1% formic acid in water. Mobile Phase B consisted of0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The gradient started with 2% B, wasincreased linearly in 5 minutes to 15% B and kept at this condition foranother 15 minutes. Injection volume was set to 20 μl.

The detectors were set to 205 nm (VWD), to 254 and 380 nm (DAD withspectra collection between 200-600 nm) and to ESI positive mode TIC m/z120-800, Fragmentor 1000, Gain 2 (MS, 300° C., nitrogen 12 l/min,nebulizer setting 50 psig. Capillary voltage 4500 V).

Sensory Evaluation

For all samples the color and flavor were documented by the analyst anda second independent trained taster.

Results

On Table 281.2 and 281.3 the test results for the reaction of Xylose orReb-A with selected amino acids after reflux heating for 4 hours inethanol are shown. All samples appeared yellow to brown colored andprovided a smell of burnt sugar. The analytical evaluation suggests inall samples that the Maillard reaction has been initiated. Forchromatograms see FIG. 287.

TABLE 281.2 Analytical and Sensory test results for of amino acids andxylose after 4 hours reflux heating in 10 mL ethanol Maillard ReactionSample Color Smell product(s)* 10 mM Ala + 10 mM Xyl Brown Burnt sugar,caramel yes 10 mM Gly + 10 mM Xyl Yellow Burnt sugar yes 10 mM Lys + 10mM Xyl Yellow Popcorn, caramel yes 10 mM Glu + 10 mM Xyl Brown Burntsugar, sour yes *Amadori product detected by HPLC/MS

TABLE 281.3 Analytical and Sensory test results for of amino acids andReb-A after 4 hours reflux heating in 10 mL ethanol Maillard ReactionSample Color Smell product * 10 mM Ala + 10 mM Reb-A Light Caramel yesyellow 10 mM Gly + 10 mM Reb-A Yellow Burnt sugar yes 10 mM Lys + 10 mMReb-A Yellow Popcorn yes 10 mM Glu + 10 mM Reb-A Light Burnt sugar, yesyellow fruity *. . . Amadori products and Amaori-like products detectedby HPLC/MS

On Tables 281.4-281.5 the test results for the reaction of Xylose orReb-A with selected amino acids after heating for 2 hours in phosphatebuffer, pH=6, at 90° C. are shown. All samples appeared yellow to browncolored and provided a smell of burnt sugar. The analytical evaluationsuggests in all samples that the Maillard reaction has been initiated.

TABLE 281.4 Analytical and Sensory test results for of amino acids andxylose after 2 hours at 90° C. in 10 mL phosphate buffer (pH = 6)Maillard Reaction Sample Color Smell product* 10 mM Ala + 10 mM XylColorless Fruity yes 10 mM Gly + 10 mM Xyl Colorless Odorless yes 10 mMLys + 10 mM Xyl Yellow Popcorn yes 10 mM Glu + 10 mM Xyl Colorless Souryes *Amadori product detected by HPLC/MS

TABLE 281.5 Analytical and Sensory test results for of amino acids andReb-A after 2 hours at 90° C. in 10 mL phosphate buffer (pH = 6)Maillard Reaction Sample Color Smell product* 10 mM Ala + 10 mM Reb-AColorless Plant Oil yes 10 mM Gly + 10 mM Reb-A Colorless Burnt sugaryes 10 mM Lys + 10 mM Reb-A Yellow Sweet, burnt sugar yes 10 mM Glu + 10mM Reb-A Colorless Peppermint yes *Amadori products and Amaori-likeproducts detected by HPLC/MS

On Tables 281.6-281.7 the test results for the reaction of Reb-B withselected amino acids after heating for 2 hours in phosphate buffer, pH=6or pH=9, at 90° C. are shown. Samples heated at pH=6 appeared colorlessand without smell. The analytical evaluation suggests that the Maillardreaction has not been initiated. Samples heated at pH=8 appeared yellowto brown colored and provided a smell of burnt sugar. The analyticalevaluation suggests in all samples that the Maillard reaction has beeninitiated.

TABLE 281.6 Analytical and Sensory test results for of amino acids andReb-B after 2 hours at 90° C. in 10 mL phosphate buffer (pH = 6)Maillard Reaction Sample Color Smell product* 5 mM Ala + 5 mM Reb-BColorless Odorless no 5 mM Gly + 5 mM Reb-B Colorless Odorless no 5 mMLys + 5 mM Reb-B Colorless Odorless no 5 mM Glu + 5 mM Reb-B ColorlessOdorless no

TABLE 281.7 Analytical and Sensory test results for of amino acids andReb-B after 2 hours at 90° C. in 10 mL phosphate buffer (pH = 8)Amadori-like Sample Color Smell product* 5 mM Ala + 5 mM Reb-B LightSweet, burnt yes yellow sugar 5 mM Gly + 5 mM Reb-B Light Sour, pungentyes yellow 5 mM Lys + 5 mM Reb-B Light Popcorn yes yellow 5 mM Glu + 5mM Reb-B Light Cacao yes yellow

Conclusion

These experiments showed that xylose and selected amino acids—whenheated in ethanol—are converted to Maillard reaction products, morespecifically to the expected Amadori products.

These experiments showed that Reb-A and selected amino acids—when heatedin ethanol—react to Maillard reaction products. An Amadori product wasobserved which is formed from glucose, liberated from Reb-A, and aminoacids. A second Maillard reaction product was observed which suggest areaction between of Reb-A after loss of one glucose (most likely Reb-B)and amino acids.

These experiments showed that Reb-B and selected amino acid—when heatedat pH=8 for 2 hours at 90° C.—react to Maillard products.

Example 282. MRPs with Amadori Products

Materials:

L-Alanine, ≥99.5%, Sigma Aldrich, CAS:56-41-7, PCode: 50409126

L(+)-Glutamic acid, 58198, Merck

Glycine

L(+)-Lysine, Sigma Aldrich, L5501-5G, Lot #0001442572

Rebaudioside A, EPC-Lab, Lot No. RA110117-01; (11171, RD-S12)

Rebaudioside B, EPC-Lab, Lot No. RB100722; (11172, RD-S15)

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrous, ≥99%, Fluka, 7558-80-7; EINECS:2314492

D-Xylose, ≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich, STBG7912

Sensory Evaluation

Before tasting the tasters are discussing the upcoming series of samplesand taste regular samples (without added flavour) to find a common senseof the description. Thereafter the flavored samples were tasted at theuse level to find a common sense on how to describe the flavors (taste,smell, intensity).

Four trained tasters were tasting blinded and independently all samplesof a series. They were allowed to re-taste and are making notes for thesensory attributes perceived.

In the last step the attributes noted were discussed openly to find acompromise description. In case that more than 1 taster disagrees withthe compromise, the tasting was repeated.

TABLE 282.1 Solution, Heating Heating Sample 10 ml time, h type ColorFlavor 10 mM Ala + MeOH 4 Refluxing Dark Sweet, 10 mM Xyl brown caramel10 mM Gly + MeOH 4 Refluxing Dark Caramel 10 mM Xyl brown 10 mM Lys +MeOH 4 Refluxing Light Popcorn, 10 mM Xyl brown caramel 10 mM Glu + MeOH4 Refluxing Brown Sour, 10 mM Xyl pungent 10 mM Ala + EtOH 4 RefluxingBrown Burnt sugar, 10 mM Xyl caramel 10 mM Gly + EtOH 4 Refluxing YellowBurnt sugar 10 mM Xyl 10 mM Lys + EtOH 4 Refluxing Yellow Popcorn, 10 mMXyl caramel 10 mM Glu + EtOH 4 Refluxing Brown Burnt 10 mM Xyl sugar,sour 10 mM Ala + Phosphate 2 Drying Colorless Fruity 10 mM Xyl buffer,oven, 0.2M, pH 6.0 90° C. 10 mM Gly + Phosphate 2 Drying ColorlessOdorless 10 mM Xyl buffer, oven, 0.2M, pH 6.0 90° C. 10 mM Lys +Phosphate 2 Drying Yellow Popcorn 10 mM Xyl buffer, oven, 0.2M, pH 6.090° C. 10 mM Glu + Phosphate 2 Drying Colorless Sour 10 mM Xyl buffer,oven, 0.2M, pH 6.0 90° C. 10 mM Ala + EtOH 4 Refluxing Light Caramel 10mM yellow Reb-A 10 mM Gly + EtOH 4 Refluxing Yellow Burnt sugar 10 mMReb-A 10 mM Lys + EtOH 4 Refluxing Yellow Popcorn 10 mM Reb-A 10 mMGlu + EtOH 4 Refluxing Light Burnt sugar, 10 mM yellow fruity Reb-A 10mM Ala + Phosphate 2 Drying Colorless Plant Oil 10 mM buffer, oven,Reb-A 0.2M, pH 6.0 90° C. 10 mM Gly + Phosphate 2 Drying Colorless Burntsugar 10 mM buffer, oven, Reb-A 0.2M, pH 6.0 90° C. 10 mM Lys +Phosphate 2 Drying Yellow Sweet, 10 mM buffer, oven, burnt sugar Reb-A0.2M, pH 6.0 90° C. 10 mM Glu + Phosphate 2 Drying Colorless Peppermint10 mM buffer, oven, Reb-A 0.2M, pH 6.0 90° C.

TABLE 282.2 Heating Heating Sample Solution, 10 ml time, h type ColorFlavor 5 mM Ala + 5 Phosphate buffer, 4 Refluxing Light yellow Sweet, mMReb-B 0.2M, pH 8.0 caramel 5 mM Gly + 5 Phosphate buffer, 4 RefluxingLight yellow Burnt sugar mM Reb-B 0.2M, pH 8.0 5 mM Lys + 5 Phosphatebuffer, 4 Refluxing Light yellow Popcorn mM Reb-B 0.2M, pH 8.0 5 mMGlu + 5 Phosphate buffer, 4 Refluxing Light yellow Cacao mM Reb-B 0.2M,pH 8.0 10 mM Ala + Phosphate buffer, 2 Drying Colorless Odorless 10 mMReb-B 0.2M, pH 6.0 oven, 90° C. 10 mM Gly + Phosphate buffer, 2 DryingColorless Odorless 10 mM Reb-B 0.2M, pH 6.0 oven, 90° C. 10 mM Lys +Phosphate buffer, 2 Drying Colorless Odorless 10 mM Reb-B 0.2M, pH 6.0oven, 90° C. 10 mM Glu + Phosphate buffer, 2 Drying Colorless Odorless10 mM Reb-B 0.2M, pH 6.0 oven, 90° C. 5 mM Ala + 5 Phosphate buffer, 2Drying Colorless Odorless mM Reb-B 0.2M, pH 6.0 oven, 90° C. 5 mM Gly +5 Phosphate buffer, 2 Drying Colorless Odorless mM Reb-B 0.2M, pH 6.0oven, 90° C. 5 mM Lys + 5 Phosphate buffer, 2 Drying Colorless OdorlessmM Reb-B 0.2M, pH 6.0 oven, 90° C. 5 mM Glu + 5 Phosphate buffer, 2Drying Colorless Odorless mM Reb-B 0.2M, pH 6.0 oven, 90° C. 5 mM Ala +5 Phosphate buffer, 2 Drying Light yellow Sweet, burnt mM Reb-B 0.2M, pH8.0 oven, 90° C. sugar 5 mM Gly + 5 Phosphate buffer, 2 Drying Lightyellow Sour, mM Reb-B 0.2M, pH 8.0 oven, 90° C. pungent 5 mM Lys + 5Phosphate buffer, 2 Drying Light yellow Popcorn mM Reb-B 0.2M, pH 8.0oven, 90° C. 5 mM Glu + 5 Phosphate buffer, 2 Drying Light yellow CacaomM Reb-B 0.2M, pH 8.0 oven, 90° C.

What is claimed is:
 1. A dough comprising: (1) a first componentcomprising a Maillard reaction product (MRP) composition formed from areaction mixture comprising: (a) one or more reducing sugars having afree carbonyl group, and (b) one or more amine donors having a freeamino group; and (2) one or more Stevia-related components selected fromthe group consisting of Stevia extracts, glycosylated Stevia extracts,steviol glycosides, and glycosylated steviol glycosides, wherein thefirst and second components are present in the dough in a concentrationrange of 0.0001-20 wt % of the dough.
 2. The dough of claim 1, whereinthe one or more amine donors comprise thaumatin.
 3. The dough of claim1, wherein the one or more amine donors comprise an amino acid andthaumatin.
 4. The dough of claim 1, further comprising one or moresweeteners selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), naringin dihydrochalcone, maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame. 5.The dough of claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture comprises thaumatin,or NHDC, or both.
 6. The dough of claim 1, wherein the first componentis present in the dough in an 1 amount in the range of 0.0001-1 wt % ofthe dough.
 7. The dough of claim 1, wherein the amine donors compriseone or more of a primary amine compound, a secondary amine compound, anamino acid, a protein, a peptide, a yeast extract or mixtures thereof.8. The dough of claim 1, wherein the one or more reducing sugarscomprise a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, anpolysaccharide, or a combination thereof.
 9. The dough of claim 1,further comprising a sweetener selected from the group consisting ofsweet tea extracts, swingle extracts, sweet tea glycosides, mogrosides,glycosylated sweet tea glycosides, and glycosylated mogrosides.
 10. Abakery product made from the dough of claim
 1. 11. A dough comprising:(1) a first component comprising a Maillard reaction product (MRP)composition formed from a reaction mixture comprising: (a) one or moreStevia-related components selected from the group consisting of Steviaextracts, glycosylated Stevia extracts, steviol glycosides, andglycosylated steviol glycosides, and (b) one or more amine donors havinga free amino group; and (2) a second component comprising one or moresweeteners, wherein the first and second components are present in thedough in a concentration range of 0.0001-50 wt % of the dough.
 12. Thedough of claim 11, wherein the reaction mixture further comprises one ormore reducing sugars having a free carbonyl group.
 13. The dough ofclaim 12, wherein the one or more reducing sugars comprise amonosaccharide, a disaccharide, an oligosaccharide, an polysaccharide,or a combination thereof.
 14. The dough of claim 11, further comprisingthaumatin.
 15. The dough of claim 11, wherein the reaction mixturecomprises thaumatin, or neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), or both.16. The dough of claim 11, wherein the one or more sweeteners comprise asweetener selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, xylitol,mannitol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, erythritol,trehalose, raffinose, cellobiose, tagatose, allulose, inulin,N—[N-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propyl]-alpha-aspartyl]-L-phenylalanine1-methyl ester, glycyrrhizin, sodium cyclamate, brazzein, miraculin,curculin, pentadin, mabinlin, thaumatin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone(NHDC), naringin dihydrochalcone, maltol, ethyl maltol and advantame.17. The dough of claim 11, wherein the first component is present in thedough in a concentration range of 0.001-20 wt % of the dough.
 18. Thedough of claim 11, wherein the first component is present in the doughin an amount in the range of 0.01-2 wt % of the dough.
 19. The dough ofclaim 11, wherein the amine donors comprise one or more of a primaryamine compound, a secondary amine compound, an amino acid, a protein, apeptide, a yeast extract or mixtures thereof.
 20. A bakery product madefrom the dough of claim 11.